A Style Manual for Writing Graduate Theses and Dissertations
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KADİR HAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAM OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN STUDIES HISTORY OF PROTEST SPACES IN ISTANBUL GİZEM FİDAN MASTER THESIS İSTANBUL, AUGUST,2019 Student’ s Full Name Fidan Gizem Ph.D. Master Thesis Thesis Master (or M.S. or M.A.) (or Thesis 20 11 20 19 APPENDIX B HISTORY OF PROTEST SPACES IN ISTANBUL GİZEM FİDAN MASTER THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Kadir Has University in partial fulfillments or the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Studies Master Program. İSTANBUL, AUGUST,2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... i ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ v 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Archival Resources ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data Collecting Method ....................................................................................... 5 1.3 Methodology: Critical Realism and Multi Correspondence Analysis ............. 6 1.4 Structure of Thesis ............................................................................................. 11 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: FROM PUBLIC SPACE TO PROTEST SPACE ... 15 2.1 Constitution of Public Sphere ........................................................................... 15 2.2 Spaces of Contention .......................................................................................... 18 2.3 Spaces of Appearance and Protest Spaces ....................................................... 21 3. PROTEST SPACES IN ISTANBUL: 1961-2010 ................................................... 24 3.1 Rise and Fall of Street Manifestations .............................................................. 24 3.2 Meetings and Marches at the Center: Historical Peninsula ........................... 36 3.3 Meetings and Marches at the Center: Pera ..................................................... 54 3.4 Meetings and Marches in Anatolian Side ......................................................... 68 3.5 Meetings in Periphery ........................................................................................ 74 3.6 Occupations and General Strikes ..................................................................... 76 4. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 82 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX A: MAPS OF PROTEST SPACES BETWEEN 1961- 1979 ............... 93 A.1 General Map ...................................................................................................... 93 A.2 Diagram of Protest Percentages ....................................................................... 94 A.3 Squares for Worker Manifestations ................................................................ 95 A.4 Student Movements ........................................................................................... 96 A.5 Meetings for Public Participation and Commemoration ............................... 97 A.6 Other Meeting Spaces ....................................................................................... 98 A.7 Occupations and General Strikes..................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B: MAPS OF PROTEST SPACES BETWEEN 1980- 1999 .............. 100 B.1 General Map ..................................................................................................... 100 B.2 Diagram of Protest Percentages ..................................................................... 101 B.3 Square Manifestations ..................................................................................... 102 B.4 Protests formed around Public Buildings ...................................................... 103 B.5 Right- Wing and Student Manifestations ...................................................... 104 B.6 New Topics in Manifestations ......................................................................... 105 B.7 Occupations and General Strikes ................................................................... 106 APPENDIX C: MAPS OF PROTEST SPACES BETWEEN 2000-2010 .............. 107 C.1 General Map .................................................................................................... 107 C.2 Diagram of Protest Percentages ..................................................................... 108 C.3 Meetings for Public Participation .................................................................. 109 C.4 Protests formed around Public Buildings ..................................................... 110 C.5 Student Movements ......................................................................................... 111 C.6 Civil Servant and General Public Meetings .................................................. 112 C.7 Protests initiated by Workers and Self- Employed ...................................... 113 C.8 Meetings for Support ...................................................................................... 114 C.9 Other Meeting Places ...................................................................................... 115 C.10 New Topics in Manifestations and Occupations ......................................... 116 APPENDIX D: MAP OF PROFESSIONAL PROFILES ACCORDING TO 1990 CENSUS ....................................................................................................................... 117 HISTORY OF PROTEST SPACES IN ISTANBUL ABSTRACT Main aim of this thesis is to examine evolution of protest spaces in İstanbul. While examining these spaces, I asked how social movements establish a relationship with the city and whether searching for particular spaces in which this relationship materialized can provide a new way of looking at the history of city and its transformation. For these purposes, a database of manifestations in İstanbul’s public spaces have been collected from newspapers and other periodical publications. News from 1960s which can be considered as the era of new wave in street manifestations chosen as start point for archival research whereas 2010 which marks a turning point because of May 1st celebrations in İstanbul marked its ending. This data provided a base for locating distinctive protest spaces in city’s borders. By using multi correspondence analysis, protests as well as their spaces, actors, dates and topics have been clustered. In order to understand the continuity and transformation, protest spaces and factors affecting their mobilization singularly examined according to location and in relation to turning points in Turkey’s political history. This helped to understand mobilizations of different groups and their relation to particular protest spaces. Keywords: protest, social movements, public space, protest space, İstanbul i İSTANBUL’UN PROTESTO MEKANLARI TARİHİ ÖZET Bu tezin amacı, İstanbul'daki protesto alanlarının evrimini incelemektir. Tez bu mekanları incelerken,toplumsal hareketlerin kentle nasıl bir ilişki kurduğunu ve bu ilişkinin gerçekleştiği belirli alanları aramanın kent tarihine ve dönüşümünü incelemek için yeni bir bakış açısı sağlayıp sağlayamayacağını sorar. Bu amaçla, gazetelerdeki ve diğer süreli yayınlardaki haberler kullanılarak İstanbul’un kamusal alanlarındaki protestoları içeren bir veritabanı toplanmıştır. Sokak hareketlerinde yeni bir dönem olarak kabul edilen 1960'lı yıllar, arşiv araştırması için başlangıç noktası olarak seçilirken İstanbul'da 1 Mayıs kutlamaları nedeni ile bir dönüm noktası işaret eden 2010 son tarihi işaretler. Bu veri, şehirdeki protesto mekanlarını bulabilmek için bir temel oluşturur. Çoklu mütekabiliyet analizi kullanılarak, protestoların yanı sıra mekanları, aktörleri, tarihleri ve konuları kümelenmiştir. Sürekliliği ve değişimi anlamak için protesto mekanları ve mobilizasyonlarını etkileyen unsurlar, bulundukları yere göre ve Türkiye'nin siyasi tarihindeki dönüm noktaları ile ilişkili olarak incelenmiştir. Bu, farklı aktör gruplarının ve mekanların diğer tüm değişkenler ile ilişkilerini anlayıp şehir ile bağlantılarını irdelemeyi sağlamıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: protesto, toplumsal hareketler, kamusal alan, protesto mekanı, İstanbul ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Prof. Dr. H. Murat Güvenç who has been a role model for me. He was incredibly helpful not only in thesis, but also throughout all of my post graduate study process. I also thank to rest of my thesis committee Associate Professor Ayfer Bartu Candan and Assistant Professor Dr. Ezgi Tuncer for helping me to shape my research. I would also like to express my gratitude to all İstanbul Studies Center team; Murat Tülek, Özlem Ünsal and Funda Dönmez Ferhanoğlu for creating such a friendly environment for me to work in. I would also like to thanks to all Kadir Has Architecture