Original Article Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics. 2020;7(4):8-15

Impaired Spiritual Health and Social Cohesion: Explaining the Effects of Kharg Oil Terminal Bureaucracy on the Life of the Natives

Received 24 Apr 2020; Accepted 19 Oct 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jhsme.7.4.8

Ghanbar Omrani1 , Hassan Malaekeh2* , Saeed Mirtorabi3 1 Islamic Azad University Shahreza Branch, Phd Student. 2 Assistant Professor of Political Science,Islamic Azad University Shahreza Branch, Isfahan, Iran. 3 Assistant Professor of Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Crude oil is the most important exported product and a major pillar of national economic development. The majority of Iran's crude oil exports are shipped from the Kharg oil terminal, which has required the establishment of massive oil facilities and related bureaucratic institutions on Kharg Island. Nonetheless, regardless of its economic benefits for the country, it is necessary to study the effects of this terminal on the life of island residents from different dimensions. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the cultural and social consequences of bureaucratic activities of this company from the experts' perspective.

Methods: In this qualitative research, the needed data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The participants included knowledgeable people with the most accurate and useful information about the subject of the research. Their views were obtained, and the data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method.

Results: The initial codes were extracted from the data, and after refining and classifying them, 24 concepts were identified which finally fell into five categories. Accordingly, the reduced spiritual health and disintegration of social cohesion among the native residents of Kharg were identified as the major cultural and social consequence of the facilities and oil terminal of Kharg Island.

Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, it can be concluded that the merely economic and technological outlook on development and modernity is insufficient. Disregard for the cultural and social dimensions of modernity leaves adverse traces on people's lives. Therefore, it is indispensable that these dimensions be taken into account in a comprehensive and balanced way to avoid the risks of such measures.

Keywords: Bureaucracy, Kharg, Oil, Qualitative Content Analysis, Social Cohesion, Spiritual Health.

*Correspondence: Should be addressed to Dr. Hassan This is an open-access article distributed under the Malaekeh. Email: [email protected] terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License

Please Cite This Article As: Omrani G, Malaekeh H, Mirtorabi S. Impaired Spiritual Health and Social Cohesion: Explaining the Effects of Kharg Oil Terminal Bureaucracy on the Life of the Natives. Health Spiritual Med Ethics. 2020;7(4):8-15.

Introduction il as a strategic commodity has been economic activities, such as agriculture and inextricably linked to our country's native industries. The substantial oil revenues Oeconomic development in the last enabled the government to achieve its hundred years; moreover, it has affected other objectives without the support of the nation aspects of development as well. The First and (3). In this regard, the relative industrial Second Pahlavi Governments relied on oil development in 1953-1978 was largely due to revenues to plan for transformation and the dominant role of government backed by oil development in society within the dominant revenues (3). single-product economy at that time (1) (2). In Oil, along with natural gas, replaced coal and so doing, oil replaced the resources from other bring about fundamental changes to people's

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The Effects of Bureaucracy on Spiritual Health and Social Cohesion lives across the globe (4). The economic impact purposive sampling and according to the of oil, as well as its political and social effects, knowledge and experiences of individuals in the still persists in our country. Kharg Island, field of study to obtain the maximum located at a distance of 32 km from Genaveh information, as well as diverse views and port and 70 km from Bushehr, was considered a attitudes related to their work and educational suitable place for an oil export terminal due to experiences. In the current study, 25 experts its unique climatic characteristics. The were interviewed, including a range of construction of this terminal changed the department employees, oil company managers, traditional economic structure of the island city officials, private sector activists, as well as which was based on agriculture and fishing. In academic experts and seminary scholars. addition, it affected its population composition, Since the sampling was purposive, this study environmental situation, and many aspects of did not have a predetermined fixed sample people's life. size, rather sample size determination was left Oil facilities and their powerful technocrats to the researcher's discretion over the adequacy controlled life on the island since the oil of the data, which continued until data industry was the lifeblood of the country's saturation. The semi-structured interview was economy, and its maintenance, management, the data collection instrument in the current and development required a complicated study. In this regard, the interviewees were bureaucracy. Therefore, the new people who asked some guiding and open-ended questions. came to the region to manage the oil terminal The interviews began with the main research disturbed the balance of power and structures; question and continued according to the consequently, two unequal life structure interviewee's responses to collect relevant data confronted each other in the region. about different dimensions of the subject. The The establishment of massive oil facilities in interviews lasted within 30-80 min. the region was supposedly a sign of The majority of participants were interviewed development and modernity. Nonetheless, it in their workplace at their convenient time. did not have a tangible impact on the economic The interviews were recorded with the consent well-being of the native people; moreover, it of the participants, while the interviewee's exerted serious adverse effects due to the responses were accurately transcribed in a few imposition of class distinction, as well as cases who withheld consent. The qualitative economic and social inequalities between the content analysis was used to analyze the data; two groups. The privileged group had a moreover, it was attempted to discover the tendency toward snobbery in their clothing, meanings, priorities, and attitudes of the hospitality, food, and many customs. On the participants through linguistic analysis. To this other hand, the disadvantaged group tolerated end, after the full transcription of the the suppressed anger caused by deprivation. interviews, the resulting texts were fully This class conflict has led to adverse social and studied. Thereafter, different parts of the text, cultural consequences for human life and including words, sentences, and paragraphs, relationships. were assigned the initial codes in this stage. In light of the aforementioned issues, the The obtained codes were refined after present study aims to identify the social and examining the similarities and differences, cultural consequences of bureaucracy resulting which resulted in the extraction of 24 concepts. from the presence of the oil terminal in Kharg In the next stage, similar concepts were put Island. together, and categories emerged from the analysis of the relationships, as well as their Methods aggregation and combination. These categories This qualitative study was conducted using the formed the main themes of the research which content analysis method. The needed data were coherently explicated the findings as a whole. collected through in-depth semi-structured In the current study, apart from the interviews. The participants were selected via interviewees' opinions, their emotional states

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Omrani G, et al were also taken into account. It was attempted interviews. to summarize their perceived experiences presented in the interviews in form of concepts Result in an effort to help the audience infer and The study participants consisted of 22 interpret the implied meanings in participants' subjects, out of whom 6 (24%) cases were responses to the greatest extent possible. female, and 19 (76%) subjects were male. In The researchers were assured of the validity terms of education level, 11 (44%) cases had a or acceptability of the data through various bachelor's degree, 13 (52%) subjects had a means, such as constant examination of data master's degree, and 1 (4%) participant had a and control of the interviews, and their seminary education. The majority of the analysis under the auspices of consultants and interviewees (44%) were in the age range of supervisors. In order to check the reliability 40- 50 years, 24% of cases were below 40 and consistency, in addition to the supervisors years of age, and 32% fell within the age range and consultants, the opinions of one political of more than 50 years. science professor and one management Participants included people with managerial professor were also used. experience in government offices, membership in the city council, or responsibilities in Ethical considerations different departments of the oil company. The present research was conducted with the After coding and classifying the resulting approval of the Ethics Committee of the Islamic concepts, the findings of the interviews were Azad University, Shahreza Branch. In order to classified into 5 categories and 24 concepts. ensure ethical considerations, the participants The derived categories included approaches, were provided with necessary explanations economic outputs, social outputs, cultural about the research to encourage their outputs, and consequences which are presented cooperation and willingness. Furthermore, they in Table 1. were assured of the confidentiality of their In summary, based on participants' point of responses. Moreover, privacy was fully view, the dominant approaches adopted by the observed in the interviews, and all respondents oil company in the Kharg region were were asked for permission to record their as follows: monopoly and extravagance,

Table 1. Scales and sub-classes of study findings Categories Subcategorize Monopoly and extravagance Influencing the parliamentary and city council elections Influencing the appointments of local managers Affecting the decisions of provincial and national officials Approaches Controlling and directing local media and news Concentration of different facilities Non-use of native labor and human resources Cost-benefit decision-making Disregard for the rights and interests of the majority of society Justification of the negative consequences of oil exports, such as environmental degradation Economic outputs Destruction of the traditional economy based on agriculture and fishing Ignorance of public health ( diseases inflicted by oil terminal) A detrimental role in the growth of civic institutions in the region Fostering inequality and escalating social conflicts Inequality in access to welfare and communication facilities Social outputs Residents' distrust in the mangers of the oil company Disappointment and despair among the young Promotion of emigration to the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf Disrupting the cultural integrity of the region Decreased participation in social activities and religious ceremonies Cultural outputs Promoting the values which challenge the traditional value system Unequal distribution of educational facilities between the oil company and native residents Decreased spiritual health Outcomes Disintegration of social cohesion

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The Effects of Bureaucracy on Spiritual Health and Social Cohesion influencing the parliamentary and city council The right to participate in the council elections, influencing the appointments of elections is subject to the length of residence local managers, affecting the decisions of (at least one year). Nonetheless, as stated by provincial and national officials, controlling some participants, the managers of the oil and directing local media and news, the company deploy the satellite employees who concentration of different facilities, non-use of live elsewhere and practically take over the native labor and human resources, and cost- city council. It results in the election of a benefit decision-making. They added that all mayor who acts in line with the company's these issues have led to economic, social, and policies and disregards the demands of the cultural outcomes. people. They also pointed out that although the These outputs, which are the primary results island's residents are limited in inter-island of applying the aforementioned approaches, transportation due to the absence of road eventually produce secondary outcomes. They transport, the oil companies have scheduled are presented in the aforementioned table as charter flights to Tehran every day; therefore, consequences covering such issues as a the company's managers have easy access to decrease in spiritual health and the impairment the top officials of the country. of social cohesion. Interviewees believed that Moreover, the parliamentary members and the Kharg oil terminal was much more than an other officials need to use the facilities of the economic enterprise and technical facilities oil company to visit the island. Consequently, active in the field of oil and its exports. In they can easily convey the policies and fact, it performs a vital and crucial role in programs that sometimes only serve their own numerous social and political relations in the special interests. Regarding the role of the region. media, one of the participants said: "Even This influence, which is due to the many radio and television are not allowed to possibilities available to that group, has been broadcast the news of the Kharg Island". exerted through various means, such as Furthermore, the provincial press and news influencing the council and parliamentary sites have to follow their policies since they election process, as well as the press and need the help of some oil company managers media. In this regard, it has a significant to cover some of their expenses. potential to influence the decisions of political This process in the performance of the oil officials and members of parliament. The company has led to various outputs in the participants also indicated that the oil company economic, social, and cultural dimensions. In tends to monopolize and prioritize their the economic sector, the oil exports justify relatives' interests over those of the majority of such negative issues as the destruction of the people and the public interest. This inclination traditional economy based on agriculture and has harmed the social and cultural values of fishing, the disregard for the rights and society. interests of the majority of society, and Based on participants' point of view, the environmental destruction. One participant dominant approaches adopted by the oil stated" Traditional fishing spots, as well as the company in the Kharg region were as follows: wheat and grain farms, were allocated to oil monopoly and extravagance, influencing the facilities. Seawater is contaminated by the parliamentary and city council elections, disposal of ballast water and oil spills. influencing the appointments of local Such events have an adverse effect on the managers, affecting the decisions of provincial health of people and residents of the region. A and national officials, controlling and directing participant stated: "Oil export wharves emit all local media and news, the concentration of kinds of harmful gases in the air, which has different facilities, non-use of native labor and caused various diseases among the residents; human resources, and cost-benefit decision- moreover, the oil company refuses to help making. They added that all these issues have patients with specific diseases". They believed led to economic, social, and cultural outcomes. that the industrialization of the region and the

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Omrani G, et al presence of the oil industry was imposed on and social cohesion pose serious threats to the native people. It did not bring the island individual and social domains, respectively. residence the desired development and According to the participants, the damages benefits; moreover, it negatively affected their inflicted by the behavior of the oil company in traditional living structures. the region has gone beyond the financial and The social outcomes of this process include welfare issues. Moreover, they have left their the deterrent role of the oil company in the traces deep down inside people and endanger growth of civil institutions, pessimism, and their spiritual health by provoking various the residents' distrust in the managers of the conflicts. oil company. Based on participants' responses, Furthermore, due to the social contradictions the concept of "corporate" and "non- caused by the approach of the oil company, corporate" in this island, like all oil-producing social cohesion has given way to permanent areas where the oil company has special contradictions between the island and the authority and position, has a special meaning company, which have sometimes escalated that is repeated in the historical mentality of into clashes and sit-ins. Although these the people, residents, and employees of the oil conflicts are latent in society, they can be a company. source of concern, especially in a region where The term "corporate" refers not only to the the country's most important oil facilities are apparent concept but also the development and located. prosperity, and "non-corporate" signifies deprivation and backwardness. Children grow Discussion up with the surface meaning of this concept The present study aimed to shed light on the and its inner significance and internalize it. effects of the bureaucracy of the oil terminal According to them, other classes of the located on Kharg Island on the cultural and society, especially the youth, are driven to social aspects of life among the native despair since they cannot convey their residents of this region. Some findings demands. Consequently, were are witnessing a obtained from the perspectives of the experts tendency toward emigration to the Arab and participants focused on the processes by countries of the Persian Gulf. Nonetheless, this which the company and its governing structure inclination is not compatible with peoples' assert their overwhelming dominance over commitment to their country, especially in the social relations. Another part of the findings border areas. described the outcomes of this process in The aforementioned events have also economic, social, and cultural dimensions, and challenged the cultural situation of the country, finally, some study results dealt with the as well as the cultural, moral, and spiritual consequences of this issue. structures of life among the residents resulting Regardless of the technical and operational in reduced participation in religious practices aspects on which the operation of the Kharg oil and ceremonies. Furthermore, due to the lack terminal depends, this organization seems to of educational facilities on the island, the have a bureaucratic function that has affected native children do not have access to adequate various aspects of life on this island. educational facilities. In addition, the Bureaucracy refers to the organization and promotion of values which conflict with the administrative relations based on special traditional value system of the region, along administrative rules and formalities that have with other factors, has seriously disrupted the given rise to permanent positions (5). It cultural integrity of the region. manages the current affairs of the institution As a final consequence of all the above- and advances its goals according to certain mentioned issues, the participants' statements systems and regulations ( 6). can be summarized in the two concepts of Such a structure is rationally designed to reduced spiritual health and impaired social establish connections among the institutions of cohesion. The impairment of spiritual health a complex society (7). It has a coherent context

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The Effects of Bureaucracy on Spiritual Health and Social Cohesion or administrative power that manages the of the appropriate ways to adapt to problems affairs of an institution according to specific (14). Spiritual health enables human beings to systems and regulations (8). Bureaucracy dates understand meaning and purpose in life back to before the Industrial Revolution in through communication with the superior Europe (9). Bureaucrats are able to provide power and attention to one of the most their own interpretations of the law owing to important aspects of human existence (15). the facilities available to them. Therefore, as Today, human beings have achieved a wide bureaucracies grow exponentially, their passion range of welfare facilities in the field of for power increases, and they influence not science and technology; nevertheless, this only the execution of law but also the decisions development has not been able to bring them of legislators. the ultimate and desirable peace (16). The The bureaucracy of the oil company in Kharg findings of the present study demonstrated island and many oil-producing areas, due to that the bureaucrats of the oil company are an their numerous possibilities and, most obstacle to the fulfillment of some of importantly, the dependence of the country's the needs of the people, including the economy on oil, can enter the domains of other development of social infrastructure and civic organizations and sometimes serves for the institutions. Through proper education and benefits of that special office. This situation information dissemination, these institutions contradicts people's expectations from the can enable people to participate in decisions government, especially a religious government. and projects that bring about fundamental The performance of bureaucracy affects changes to their lives. Peoples' nonpar- people's perception of spirituality, politics, and ticipation establishes a kind of social ethics. These bureaucrats' disregard for the disintegration and targets the political culture basic needs of the people in the region affects and spiritual health of citizens. the residents' perception of ethics, spirituality, Kharg Island, as the location of the most politics, as well as religious and moral important oil facilities in the country, is a inclinations. gathering place for employees from all over The fact that the mental, spiritual, and the country and from different ethnic groups physical health of people is the prerequisite and tribes in order to achieve a national goal. for the development and progress in society In this regard, the capacities of this highlight the importance of health and organization, including its bureaucratic spiritual well-being. Islam regards health as a capacity, must serve the national interest, the prelude to achieving other perfections and most important of which is social cohesion. indicated the importance and necessity of Nonetheless, nowadays, the existing sense of health, hygiene, as well as their impact on life discrimination sometimes causes conflicts and in this world and the hereafter (10). Although tensions among members of society and even biological processes and material structures various oil companies which may lead to are relatively the same for all people, mental adverse consequences. health faces numerous challenges due to the Therefore, it seems necessary to reform multiplicity and variety of innate actions and bureaucratic structures simultaneously with reactions (11). cultural approaches (17). Political culture is Spiritual health is the only force that the product of the collective history of a harmonizes the physical and spiritual political system and the lives of the people dimensions and is identified by such who built it. The political culture of every characteristics as stability in life, peace, as nation stems from peoples' experiences of well as close relationship with God and society political processes (18). The improper (12). When spiritual health endangers, the functioning of a bureaucratic organization likelihood of behavioral disorders increases affects people's views on politics, society, (13). Therefore, spiritual health is the core of government, political system, ethics, and human health, and its improvement can be one spirituality. Furthermore, it harms the spiritual

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مقاله پژوهشی on Spiritual Intelligence and Self - Differentiationسالمت، Based معنویت و of Job Stress اخالق پزشکی Prediction

همبستگی اجتماعی و سالمت معنوی آسیب دیده :توضیح اثرات بوروکراسی ترمینال شرکت نفت خارگ بر زندگی ساکنان بومی

تاریخ ارسال: 50/52/9911؛ تاریخ پذیرش: 9911/57/28

قنبر عمرانی1 ، حسن مالئکه2 ، سعید میرترابی3 9 دانشجوی دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد شهرضا، اصفهان، ایران. 2 استادیار رشته علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد شهرضا، اصفهان، ایران. 9 استادیار رشته علوم سیاسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: نفت خام مهمترین محصول صادراتی و رکن مهم اقتصاد کشور است. بخش عمده صادرات نفت ایران از پایانه نفتی خارگ صورت میگیرد که انجام آن مستلزم استقرار تأسیسات عظیم نفتی و نهادهای دیوانساالر مرتبط با آن در جزیره خارگ میباشد. صرف نظر از منافع این مهم بر اقتصاد کشور،

بررسی پیامدهای آن بر حیات مردم جزیره در ابعاد مختلف ضروری است. در این راستا، مطالعه حاضر با هدف تبیین پیامدهای فعالیتهای دیوانساالرانه آن در

ابعاد فرهنگی و اجتماعی از دیدگاه صاحبنظران انجام شد.

روش کار: در پژوهش کیفی حاضر از طریق مصاحبههای عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته با افراد کلیدی مطلع و صاحبنظر که براساس برآورد پژوهشگران دارای

بیشترین اطالعات درباره موضوع پژوهش بودند، دیدگاههای ایشان درباره موضوع پژوهش دریافت شد و در ادامه، دادههای به دست آمده با استفاده از روش

تحلیل محتوای کیفی بررسی گردید.

یافتهها: پس از تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای مصاحبه، کدهای اولیه استخراج شدند که پس از پاالیش و طبقهبندی آنها، 22 مفهوم شناسایی گردید که این

مفاهیم در نهایت، در ذیل پنج مقوله قرار گرفتند. بر این اساس، کاهش سالمت معنوی و آسیب دیدن انسجام اجتماعی ساکنان بومی خارگ، مهمترین پیامد

تأسیسات و پایانه نفتی جزیره خارگ در حوزه فرهنگی و اجتماعی میباشد.

نتیجهگیری: نگاه صرفاً اقتصادی و تکنولوژیک به توسعه و مدرنیته، ناقص و نارسا بوده و بیتوجهی به ابعاد فرهنگی و اجتماعی آن، تبعات نامطلوبی را برای

زندگی افراد به همراه دارد؛ از این رو ضرورت دارد که برای اجتناب از مخاطرات چنین اقداماتی، ابعاد یاد شده در نگاهی جامع و متوازن مورد توجه قرار گیرند.

واژگان کلیدی: انسجام اجتماعی، بوروکراسی، تحلیل محتوای کیفی، خارگ، سالمت معنوی، نفت.

* نویسنده مسئول: حسن مالئکه. ایمیل: [email protected]

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