The Evolution of Tall Building Structures (A Brief History of Structural Engineering)

Ahmad Rahimian, Ph.D., PE, SE, FASCE

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 The Evolution of Tall Building Structures

A Brief History of Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 The Evolution of Tall Building Structures

A Brief History of Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 The Four Classical 18th Century Civil Engineering Problems

Strength of Beam Strength of Column

Thrust of Soil Thrust of Arch

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 The Four Classical 18th Century Civil Engineering Problems

Strength of Beam Strength of Column

Thrust of Soil Thrust of Arch

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Moment Equilibrium PL=Fd/2

F=bdt

Galileo Galilei F d (1564-1642) N.A.

M= S.t S=kbd2 K=1/2 (!) Galileo Dialogue (Two New Sciences), 1638

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 M= S.t S=kbd2

Edme Mariotte (1620-1684) K=1/3 N.A.

First to considered linear elastic behavior in bending theory K=1/3 !! N.A. (Mistake in Computation)

Published Posthumously in 1686

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 M= S.t S=kbd2

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) K=1/3 N.A. Paper in 1684

K=1/3 (!) N.A. (Mistake in Computation)

James Bernoulli (1655-1705) Introduced the concept of proportionality of Moment and Curvature M (1/R)

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 M= S.t S=kbd2 Antoine Parent (1666-1716) Corrected Mariotte’s N.A. Mistake K=1/6

Explained for material with weak tensile behavior the neutral axis migrates to the compression face as tensile fiber fractures N.A. N.A.

Published Essais et recherches in 1713 He explained the 3 equations of Equilibrium in 2D Space He also introduced the concept shear stress in 1713.

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 M= S.t S=kbd2

Charles Coulomb (1736-1806) N.A. For Wood Beam K=1/6

For Stone Beam K=1/2 N.A. Galileo’s Theory!

Published Memoire in 1773

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 M= S.t S=kbd2

K=1/6 N.A. Claude-Louis Navier (1785-1836)

Introduced the current form of the Linear Elastic Bending Theory, M=EI/R, M=EI

Navier Published Leçons (Book on Strength on Materials) in 1826 Barre de Saint-Venant Saint-Venant extensive commentary in 3rd Edition of Leçons in 1864 (1797-1886)

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Preparatory Period Discipline-formation Consolidation Integration Period

Beam Theory Structural Theories Numerical Methods – e s Theory of Elasticity i - Soil Thrust Force Method Force - – Column Buckling Moment Distribution Moment - Shear & Torsion& ShearTheories JamesMaxwell - Reciprocal Theorem Reciprocal – - 1965 Cantilever Method – ThreeMoment Theorem Portal Method - – – – TheoryorPlasticity Louis Navier Louis – T h e o r - Venant - Delta effect Delta - Edme Mariotte Edme Leonard Euler AntoineParent Reciprocal work theorem work Reciprocal P Testing Tunnel Wind AuxiliarySystemsDamping Castigliano Charles Charles Coulomb Galileo (Dialogue) Galileo A. WilsonA. James Bernoulli A. Smith A. Claude NSATRAN Enrico Betti Enrico JohnArgyris FiniteElement Method JamesMaxwell Saint Turner , Clough, Finite Element Method Element Finite , Clough, Turner Hardy Hardy Cross Clapeyron Kazinczy 1680 1638 1931 1965 1952 1976 1955 1956 1930 1973 1974 1914 1705 1902 1713 1794 1908 1879 1884 1872 1779 1796 1852 1773 1744 1864 1748 1826 1700 2000 1900 1800 1824 1824 - 1884 c e c - i ACI, 1905ACI, ASCE, 1852ASCE, iron Bridge, UK Bridge, iron - Lever House, NY LeverHouse, P r P r a t c World Trade Center, NY Center, Trade World Empire State Building, NY Building, State Empire First CastFirst Rolled Steel Beam Steel Rolled First Suspension Bridge, PA Bridge, Suspension First Met Life Building, NY NY 1908 Building, Life Met Willis (Sears) Tower, Chicago Tower,(Sears) Willis Ecole Polytechnique, 1794 Polytechnique, Ecole John Hancock Building, Boston Building, Hancock John École des Ponts et Chaussées 1747 Chaussées et Ponts des École Home Insurance Building, Chicago Building, Insurance Home First 1835) First degree EngineeringCivil ( Enlightenment Institute Polytechnic Rensselaer Engineering Institutions Ingalls Building (First Concrete Highrise), Highrise), Concrete (First Building Ingalls Cincinnati, 1902 Tall buildings

Giovanni Poleni report on cracks in St. Peter’s Dome Dome Peter’s St. in cracks on report Poleni Giovanni Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 A Brief History of Structural Engineering

The Evolution of Tall Building Structures

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Auxiliary Damping Systems Masonry Façade Curtain wall System

138 ft 2020 1900 2004 2000 1884 1931 1909 1973 2010 1974 Taipei 101 Taipei Home Insurance Insurance Home Chicago Building, World Tallest Buildings Burj Khalifa, UAE Jeddah Jeddah Tower, KSA Met Life Building, Life Building, Met NY Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Advance Damping Systems 1550 ft Masonry Facade Curtain wall System

1396 ft

861 ft

590 ft

138 ft

Home Insurance Building, Trump World Tower, NY 1000 Lake shore Tower, Chicago 432 Park, NY CPT, NY Chicago 2001 1964 2020 1884 2015 World Tallest Residential Buildings Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 STEEL STRUCTURE

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Source: CTBUH Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Main Design Objectives

Safety (Structure to remain stable under all environmental loadings) (Gravitational loads, Snow, Wind, Earthquake, Temperature, Foundation settlements,…)

Serviceability (Structure to remain functional) (Building movement, vibration to be within acceptable threshold)

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Classification of Tall building Structural Systems by Fazlur Khan

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Classification of Tall building Structural Systems by Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S.

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Credit: Maxim Fedorov , CC BY-SA 3.0, Shabolovka Radio Tower, Moscow , 1919 Swiss Re Tower, London, 2003 Vladimir Shukhov Hearst Tower, New York, 2006 MOMA Tower, New York, 2019 Foster + Partners & Arup Foster + Partners & WSP Jean Nouvel & WSP

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: CTBUH

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: “Forecasting the Urban Skyline with Extreme Value Theory”, J. Auerbach, P. Wan, Columbia University, 2018

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 18% 36% 30%

Source: CTBUH Source: “Forecasting the Urban Skyline with Extreme Value Theory”, J. Auerbach, P. Wan, Columbia University, 2018

Another 150 more in planning stages More than 90 buildings 300m and taller

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 ……, Slender, Super Slender?

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 H

Slenderness Ratio = H/B > 6 Slender Structures

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: Google Book

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 432 Park, 432Park, NY 845 United 845United Nation Plaza, NY Highcliff, Highcliff, HK 111 West 57,111 NYWest 1WTC, NY 1WTC,

1:0.6 1:6.8 1:11 1:12 1:27 1:5 1:10 1:15 1:20 1:25

Slenderness Ratio

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Necessity or Excess?

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Hong Kong

New York

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 60 ft - 90 ft

Advancement in Structural Engineering, Material, Computing, and IT

Driven by Luxury Market Demand Residential Market

Innovation in Wind Engineering, Innovation in Construction Technology Auxiliary Damping Devices

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Challenges in Tall Building Design

Wind Force and Building Motion

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Across Wind Response and Vortex Shedding

Overall wind loading and dynamic response

Across-wind

Wind Along-wind

Across-wind vibrations are usually greater than along-wind vibrations for buildings of heights greater than 100m (300 feet)

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Vortex shedding

Wind

Shedding frequency Ns is given by: Ns=1/Ts=S.U/b

S = Strouhal number, U = wind speed, b = building width

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Y N Across-wind response Mx

X 4.0E+09

2.0E+09 Peak Maximum Mean 0.0E+00 Peak Minimum

-2.0E+09 Base Overturning Moment (N-m) Moment Overturning Base

Potential Mitigation Effects -4.0E+09 10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 Wind Direction (degrees) Along-wind response

Structural Response to Wind

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Aerodynamic Modifications

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Aerodynamic Shapes

Shard, London One World Trade Center, New York MOMA Tower, New York 56 Leonard, New York Renzo Piano Architects & WSP SOM Architects & WSP Jean Nouvel & WSP Herzog & de Meuron, WSP Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Aerodynamic Mitigation

Nakheel Tower, Dubai 432 Park Ave Tower, New York 111 West 57 Street, New York Woods Bagot Architects & WSP Rafael Vinoly Architects & WSP SHoP Architects & WSP Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Wind Induced Movements

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Acceleration

1~2%g 1g 3g 6g 9g Acceleration / G-Force Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Tall Building Human Comfort Criteria g) -

2% g

1% g Peak Acceleration Acceleration Peak (milli

Average Time Between Occurrences

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Tuned Mass Damper Distributed Damping System

Tuned Liquid Damper Tuned Mass Damper Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 TUNED MASS DAMPER (TMD)

Source: RWDI

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 TUNED LIQUID COLUMN DAMPER (TLCD)

Source: RWDI

Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 TMD Video

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Construction Innovation

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Torre Mayor Location: Mexico City, Mexico Description: Composite Structure 738 feet (225 meter)

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Nakheel Tower, Dubai

Location:Dubai, UAE Structure: Concrete and Steel Height: 1.2 Km, 250 Stories Slenderness: 1:10

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Foundation

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Wind Engineering

Source: RWDI

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Wind Engineering

Source: RWDI

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Wind Engineering

Source: RWDI

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Wind Engineering

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 1550 WSP WSP WSP WSP WSP WSP

Source: Background from Vanity Fair

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 53W53 / MoMA Tower New York, NY

Architect: Atliers Jean Nouvel / SLCE Client: Hines/Confidential Client Description: 82 stories 1,050 ft (320 meters) tall Slenderness: 1:12 Structure: Concrete

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 60T tuning frame 450T inertial mass

Steel support cables

Four multidirectional GERB viscodampers

Source: GERB Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 4R-6

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 FE model Reinforcement Anchor bars

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Building Period Analytical vs. Measurement 1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7 Mode 1

Mode 2 0.6 Measured Period/Predicted Period Period/Predicted Measured

0.5

0.4 6-Mar-17 22-Sep-17 10-Apr-18 27-Oct-18 15-May-19 1-Dec-19

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 432 Park Avenue

Structure: Concrete Structure 1,397 (425m) Slenderness : 1:15

Architect: Rafael Vinoly

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Tuned-mass dampers Mass increase

Open Drum 5

Open Drum 4

Open Drum 3

Open Drum 2

Open Drum 1

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: RWDI Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: CTBUH

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Thank you

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020