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Îles Éparses PROFIL D’ÉCOSYSTÈME OCÉAN INDIEN – ÎLES ÉPARSES Version finale Octobre 2016 Ce Profil d’Écosystèmes a été réalisé dans le cadre de l’initiative européenne BEST et du consortium BEST III, financé par l’Union Européenne Préparé par : UICN France – Comité français de l’UICN Elaboration menée par l’équipe BEST (UICN France) du hub régional Océan Indien : Depuis Paris: Aurélie BOCQUET, Anne CAILLAUD Depuis Mayotte: Tanguy NICOLAS, Yohann LEGRAVERANT, Léa TRIFAULT Avec le soutien technique de : Consortium BEST, et notamment de : Depuis Bruxelles : Carole MARTINEZ, Sylvie ROCKEL – IUCN Pierre Carret – Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Avec les contributions des individus et experts des institutions suivantes : BALLORAIN Katia Parcs Naturels Marins de Mayotte et des Glorieuses BEDU Isabelle Parcs Naturels Marins de Mayotte et des Glorieuses GIGOU Alexandra Parcs Naturels Marins de Mayotte et des Glorieuses MARINESQUE Sophie Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises MOLINIER Julie Parcs Naturels Marins de Mayotte et des Glorieuses PERRON Cécile Parcs Naturels Marins de Mayotte et des Glorieuses POTHIN Karine Réserve naturelle marine nationale QUETEL Clément TAAF / Parc Naturel Marin des Glorieuses RINGLER David Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises NICET Jean-Benoît MAREX BIGOT Lionel Université de la Réunion BONHOMMEAU Sylvain IFREMER La Réunion BOURJEA Jérôme IFREMER Sète CHABANET Pascale IRD La Réunion DUVAL Magali IFREMER La Réunion LE CORRE Matthieu Université de la Réunion ROOS David IFREMER La Réunion CICCIONE Stéphane Kélonia GIGORD Luc CBN Mascarin - La Réunion JEAN Claire Kélonia QUOD Jean-Pascal ARVAM SANCHEZ Mickaël Nature Océan Indien Ce projet européen est un effort commun du consortium BEST III : http://ec.europa.eu/best ii SOMMAIRE PROFIL D’ÉCOSYSTÈME ......................................................................................................... I OCÉAN INDIEN – ÎLES ÉPARSES ............................................................................................ I TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................. V CARTES .............................................................................................................................. v FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. v TABLEAUX ......................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMES........................................................................................................................... VI 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................12 1.1. L’initiative européenne BEST ......................................................................................12 1.2. Les profils d’écosystèmes ...........................................................................................13 1.3. La stratégie d'investissement régionale .......................................................................14 2. CONTEXTE .......................................................................................................................15 2.1. Le Comité français de l’UICN dans l’océan Indien .......................................................15 2.2. Le profil d’écosystème régional BEST par rapport à quelques documents similaires ...15 2.3. Le calendrier d’élaboration du document .....................................................................16 3. IMPORTANCE BIOLOGIQUE DE LA ZONE .....................................................................20 3.1. Géographie, climat, géologie .......................................................................................20 3.2. Habitats et écosystèmes .............................................................................................22 3.3. Biodiversité terrestre ...................................................................................................23 3.4. Biodiversité marine ......................................................................................................26 3.5. Les services écosystémiques ......................................................................................29 4. OBJECTIFS DE CONSERVATION ....................................................................................32 4.1. Les espèces déterminantes .........................................................................................33 4.2. Zones clés de biodiversité ...........................................................................................35 5. CONTEXTE LÉGISLATIF ET POLITIQUE ........................................................................40 5.1. Histoire et faits marquants ...........................................................................................40 5.2. Organisation institutionnelle et principes d’organisation territoriale ..............................40 5.3. Orientations de développement ...................................................................................41 5.4. Cadre légal et documents stratégiques .......................................................................42 5.5. Intégration régionale ....................................................................................................45 6. ÉTAT DES LIEUX DE LA COMMUNAUTE DE LA CONSERVATION...............................46 iii 6.1. Organisations de la société civile ................................................................................46 6.2. Structures politiques et académiques ..........................................................................47 6.3. Organismes de recherche ...........................................................................................49 6.4. Secteur privé et organisations socio-professionnelles .................................................50 6.5. Médias/communication ................................................................................................50 7. MENACES ET PRESSIONS SUR LA BIODIVERSITE ......................................................52 7.1. Introduction et perspective historique ..........................................................................52 7.2. Principales menaces ...................................................................................................52 8. PROGRAMMES ET INVESTISSEMENTS POUR LA PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT .........................................................................................................58 8.1. Principaux programmes environnementaux réalisés aux îles Éparses ........................58 8.2. Principaux programmes de recherche liés aux programmes environnementaux développés aux îles Éparses .......................................................................................64 8.3. Dynamique actuelle des programmes environnementaux aux îles Éparses ................66 8.4. Financements: récapitulatif des principaux bailleurs pour les projets menés aux îles Éparses .......................................................................................................................67 9. PRIORITÉS D’ACTION ......................................................................................................69 9.1. Priorités géographiques ...............................................................................................69 9.2. Priorités thématiques ...................................................................................................75 10. BIBLIOGRAPHIE ...............................................................................................................76 11. ANNEXES ..........................................................................................................................91 11.1. ANNEXE 1: Liste des espèces determinants des ZCB .........................................91 11.2. ANNEXE 2: Liste de toutes les ZCB du hub regional BEST Océan Indien ......... 102 iv TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS CARTES Aucune entrée de table d'illustration n'a été trouvée. FIGURES Figure 1 Ateliers pendant l'élaboration des chapitres (© T. Nicolas) .................................... 18 Figure 2 Ateliers pendant le processus de validation ©T. Nicolas ....................................... 19 Figure 4. Pourcentages des habitats remarquables des unités géomorphologiques de niveau 4 (distinctions entre habitats sur la base de composantes de la biocénose) par rapport à la surface totale des habitats remarquables sur Europa. Source : (Grellier, et al., 2012). ............................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 9. Carte de présentation des neuf zones clés de biodiversité des îles Éparses. En jaune : ZCB mixtes. En bleu : ZCB marines. .............................................................. 37 TABLEAUX Tableau 2. Chiffres clés des territoires des îles Éparses. Source : (Quétel, et al., 2016). .... 20 Tableau 5. Résumé de la biodiversité terrestre des îles Éparses (liste non exhaustive). Source : inspiré de (Quétel, et al., 2016), modifié à partir de (Parnaudeau, et al., 2013). .... 25 Tableau 6. Résumé de la biodiversité marine des îles Éparses (liste non exhaustive). Source : inspiré de (Quétel, et al., 2016), modifié à partir de (Mulochau, et al., 2014), (Bouvy, et al., 2015) et (Poupin, 2015). ...........................................................................
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