Northeast Historical Archaeology

Volume 14 Article 2

1985 French Occupation of the Ontario and Erie Drainage Basins 1650-1760 Donald A. Brown

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Recommended Citation Brown, Donald A. (1985) "French Occupation of the Lakes Ontario and Erie Drainage Basins 1650-1760," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 14 14, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol14/iss1/2 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol14/iss1/2

This Article is brought to you for and access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. French Occupation of the Lakes Ontario and Erie Drainage Basins 1650-1760

Cover Page Footnote The uthora is grateful to Mr. G. Blomely for bringing the Floating Bridge site to his attention in 1980 and for guiding the author and staff of the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture to the site. The al te Dr. H. C. Burleigh and his son, Mr. J. Burleigh, are also thanked for permission to analyze and photograph the artifacts excavated in 1968 by Mr. Blomely and Mr. Burleigh. Mr. Phillip Wright, Regional Archaeologist, Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, and his staff excavated at the site in 1981 and granted permission to analyze the artifacts from that excavation. Figures 2 and 3 were drawn by Mr. Peter Englebert, Field Archaeologist, Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. Faunal identification was made by Ms. Ingrid Kritsch-Armstrong. The uthora 's original report was prepared for and is on file with the Eastern Regional Archaeologist, Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, . This article is a revision of a paper presented in Ottawa at the 1985 Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology conference and incorporates the data from the original report.

This article is available in Northeast Historical Archaeology: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol14/iss1/2 Northeast Historical ArchaeologyNol. 14, 1985 21 FRENCH OCCUPATION Rouille (Robinson 1965), Frontenac (Preston and Lamontagne 1958), and Duquesne OF THE LAKES ONT ARlO (Stotz 1958), and the areas of the , AND ERIE DRAINAGE Niagara, and rivers (Severance 1917; Lajeunesse 1960). Most historians, BASINS 1650-1760 however, have mentioned only briefly the French sites of this as they broadly Donald A. Brown describe events on the . Society, class development, and daily routine have been Maps dating to the 17th and 18th centuries and written accounts are used to identify a number of extrapolated from life on the St. Lawrence, contemporary posts en route from to with little actual documentation from areas Detroit!Pontchartrain which otherwise receive beyond this point. With few exceptions (e.g., little or no mention in the historical record. Eccles 1983; Trudel 1968), the events of the Archaeological evidence from the undocumented overshadow the lives of the people mid-18th-century Floating Bridge site, near King­ in the fur trade, the military personnel on ston, Ontario, is interpreted as a possible trader's the frontier west of Montreal, and of the men post!Metis habitation occupied following the de­ and women who provided auxiliary services struction of Fort Frontenac and prior to the to the fur trade. post-1763 British occupation of the area. Evidence In the last 20 years archaeological data is presented for its use by civilians, who selected have been supplementing the relatively few the site primarily for its environment rather than as a point of intersection on well-travelled trade historical documents in order to enhance the routes. It is suggested that this small fur trade picture of French settlements in this area. habitation be representative of other 17th­ For example, Carruthers (1965) reported on and 18th-century French Regime posts and Ste. Marie II, archaeological research on the cabins on the ' of 1658 Jesuit Mission of Gannentaha.in New New . York state is in progress (Connors, DeAngelo, and Pratt 1980), and the major ef{cavation programs at Fort Frontenac by Introduction Bruce Stewart (Stewart 1985) and Fort Very few 17th- or 18th-century documents Niagara by Scott (Scott 1979; Scott and Scott exist for French Regime sites in the areas of 1981) will greatly advance our knowledge of and the western portions these two most important French forts on of neighboring Ohio, , and Ontario. The goal of this author's re­ . Consequently, historians have search has been to provide a fuller under­ written relatively little concerning the so­ standing of 17th- and 18th-century French cial history of the French in this area. In­ settlement ~n the southern Ontario region stead, they have focused their attention on (Brown 1982, 1983a, 1983b, 1985). Given the more heavily-populated area of the St. the dearth of historical documentati9n, the Lawrence, or they have concentrated on the research. strategy used here has been the events of the western fur trade. As a result, location and excavation of undocumented the lay person is left with the impression archaeological sites in this area dating to that southern Ontario and neighboring ar­ the 17th- and 18th-century period. Lacking eas, following the collapse of the Huron primary documentary data identifying these missions and the abandonment of Ste. Marie sites, an important component of the archae­ I in 1649, were a void through which late ological research has been the interpreta­ 17th- and 18th-century traders passed when tion of each site's period of occupation, cul­ travelling from Montreal to the distant posts tural affiliation, and function, as a basis for on the western frontier. A few historians intersite comparison and the formulation of have attempted to compile all available doc­ a cultural-historical synthesis. In this arti­ uments for specific sites such as Forts cle, following introductory sections outlin- 22 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown ing our current understanding of the 17th cluster of civilian structures near the fort and 18th centuries in southern Ontario, the was recorded on maps as early as 1682. Floating Bridge site will be discussed. This Although this trading post eventually grew site, excavated as part of the research strat­ into an important distribution point and egy outlined above, is a case study of an military focus, little was recorded concern­ undocumented mid-18th-century habita­ ing the lifeways of the local population tion, perhaps occupied by one of the most (Preston and Lamontagne 1958; Brown poorly-documented social groups of 18th­ 1985: 287 -289). century Ontario. Madeleine de Roy bon d' Allonne claimed to have lived on a site in the Collins Bay area, near Amherstview, Ontario, from ca. 1679 to Seventeenth-Century French Occupations in 1687 (Burleigh 1973; Preston and Southern Ontario Lamontagne 1958: 136-139). Her / The native American occupation of south­ trading post, initially identified as the ern Ontario continued after the Floating Bridge site, may represent one of expelled the Huron, Neutral, and Petun the earliest independent establishments in groups from the area and forced the aban­ the area. Known primarily from her corre­ donment of the French settlements of Ste. spondence requesting compensation for Marie I in 1649 and Ste. Marie II in 1650. property destroyed, this intrepid frontiers­ Algonkian and Iroquoian speakers immedi­ woman has been romantically linked with ately began to exploit the hunting grounds Robert Cavelier de La Salle. A parcel ofland of the former occupants. Villages of Oneidas, was granted to her by La Salle as a subdivi­ Cayugas, and Senecas were established sion of his Fort Frontenac area Seigneurie. along the north shore of from In 1687 her establishment was destroyed by approximately 1666 until their destruc­ the Iroquois in retaliation for Denonville's tion by Governor General Jacques Rene de attacks, and she was carried off as a pris­ Brisay, Marquis de Denonville, in 1687 oner. Although ransomed by the British in (Robinson 1965: 15-16, 58-59). Algonkian 1688, she never returned to her land, and groups spread southward, and by 1700 the she died in poverty in Montreal in 1718. were living in the Hamilton, Other than the small settlement at Fort , and Kingston areas (Rogers 1978: Frontenac, at present little is known 760-763). The southern tip of the archaeologically or historically of the was reoccupied by both Algonkian and French occupation of areas of Lakes Ontario Iroquoian speakers, especially after the con­ and Erie from 1690 to 1720. Archaeologists struction of Fort Pontchartrain in 1701. and historians, however, have begun to shed Both French traders and missionaries were light on the later 18th-century occupations attracted to these new settlements. in the area. Following the 1659 abandonment of Ste. Marie de Gannentaha, a Sulpician mis­ sion was established in 1668 at the Bay of Eighteenth-Century French Occupations in Quinte, near Trenton, Ontario (Lamontagne Southern Ontario 1953; Preston and Lamontagne 1958). Al­ The number of licensed and unlicensed though intended to duplicate the Jesuit mis­ traders who worked in the southern Ontario sion of Ste. Marie I, the Quinte , area increased in the 18th century, follow· when abandoned in 1680, comprised only a ing the cessation of the Iroquois hostilities few buildings. This mission probably resem­ that had so plagued the 17th-century set­ bled the contemporary Marquette Mission at tlers. The movement of native groups in the St. , (Branster 1983; Fitting 18th century, their realliances with each 1966; Stone 1972). Fort Frontenac was other and with the competing French and founded in 1673 at modern Kingston, and a British traders, and the ever-growing effects Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 14, 1985 23

BLY

0 TERTIARY DISTRIBUTION CENTRE PRIMARILY CIVILIAN e TERTIARY DISTRIBUTION CENTRE PRIMARILY MILITARY

Figure 1. From 1749 until the surrender of , French military trading forts and both licensed and unlicensed civilian posts increased in size and number. of European expansion in response to new sibly with bastions, situated on or close to military strategies, contributed to the estab­ the main portage. Each probably had a com­ lishment of a number of French enclaves in plement of only four men (Brown 1985: this area that was still controlled by the 300-301); all three posts remained in opera­ native inhabitants (FIG. 1). Some of these tion until about 1730. sites are briefly mentioned in official re­ From 1750 to 1754, a series of military ports, and contemporary maps or plans of a forts was constructed throughout the area: few survive. For many, only their existence Rouille at Toronto, Repentigny at Sault Ste. is known. The vast majority of the native Marie, Presqu'Ile and Sandusky/Junudat on sites and illegal French trader huts have , and in the basin, Le gone unrecorded. Boeuf, Machault, Duquesne, and Chininque. In 1720, three Magasins Royals were Of these forts only one, Fort Rouille, has constructed under government license: at been excavated. The results of the project Quinte and Toronto in Ontario, and at revealed that Forts Duquesne and Rouille Lewiston, in New York state, upriver from were almost identical in layout (Brown the 1726 site of . The excava­ 1983a). The other military trading forts tion of the Lewiston post by McCarthy were probably similar in size (approxi­ (1957) exposed a site that would have accom­ mately 29 m square excluding the bastions) modated only one or two structures. The and had five or six functionally-distinct in­ results of McCarthy's work illustrate what terior structures that were utilized for hous­ excavators at Quinte or Toronto might ex­ ing, storage, trade, or military activities pect in terms of spatial arrangement: one or (Brown 1985: 292-300). Other French forts two buildings surrounded by a palisade, pos- and military establishments of this period 24 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown have not yet been studied but have great ties. Examples include Fort des Sables, built potential research value; they include Fort on the south shore of Lake Ontario in 17 44, Villiers (1756) on Cape Vincent, New Ycirk, and the 1750 fort built at the mouth of the the 1758 garrison and at Pointe au prior to the construction of Baril, upriver from Ogdensburg, New York, Fort Rouille. Others were unofficial, but, as and Fort Levis, built in 1759 on an island in in the case of Cabane de Plomb, were the St. Lawrence River near Prescott, On­ nevertheless recorded by map makers (e.g., tario (later renamed Fort William Augustus D'Anville 1755). Some posts also served as by the British). regular stopping places for and A number of civilian sites are known from boats, such as the structure at Point au Fort 18th-century maps, but historians studying on Plum Point near Dutona Beach, Ontario, French expansion into the lower Great on Lake Erie. The ruins of this site were Lakes area have rarely referred to them. On referred to by the British in the 1760s Deshayes' 1715 map of the St. Lawrence, a (Porteous 1939), and the location was also small site, "Cabane aux noix," is sited near noted by the French cartographer Bellin in the location of modem Summerton, Ontario. 1752. Some posts were of short duration, The areas of Prescott, Ontario, and Ogdens­ and local tradition or archaeological evi­ burg, New York, have long been known for dence alone records these sites (e.g., at their continuous occupation by the French Darlington, Ontario; Floating Bridge under the name La Galette. L'Anse la [BdGe-4] near Amherstview, Ontario; and Galette, also called La Vielle Galette, was possibly others at Burlington Bay and the on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River mouths of the Rouge and Credit Rivers). at Johnson, Ontario, and is recorded on Two such small operations as described several detailed 18th-century maps of the above have been located. On the basis of St. Lawrence (Anon. 1758; Johnson 1759; surface surveys by the author, Cabane de La Brosse 1759). The name La Galette is Plomb has been tentatively identified in the found on maps as early as 1715, and it is same location as the original farmhouse of known that in the period 1689 to 1694, Benjamin Wilson, when Fort Frontenac was abandoned, the near the . The positioning of French enclave at La Galette also filled the this structure on the of a low cliff facing role of military trading post. Pointe de la Lake Ontario is similar to that of Fort Galette, now Ogdensburg, New York, was Rouille. Only one of the above sites, Floating the location of Fort La Presentation, which Bridge, has been examined by archaeolo­ is best known by the activities of Abbe gists. Picquet and his native converts. This pri­ marily civilian fort was founded by Picquet in 1749 to protect the French native allies of the Ogdensburg area who remained The Floating Bridge Site (BdGe-4) vehemently loyal to the French during the The area between the Quinte Mission and Seven Years War. As interpreted from a Fort Frontenac has played a major role in 1752 plan, La Presentation, with its small the history of the Frertch Regime (Brown garrison, provided a refuge for the natives 1983b). Throughout the second half of the in times of war as well as acting as a 17th and into the 18th century, the area was religious center, and was unlike any other frequented by Iroquois and French site in terms of spatial arrangement hunters. The immediate area around the (Brown 1985: 308-309). Smaller, probably site was also part of the land granted to single-building trading posts were scattered Madeleine de Roy bon d' Albone by La Salle along the shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie. (Burleigh 1973: 10-19; Preston and Lamon­ Some of these sites were officially sanc­ tagne 1958: 136-139). In 1968local amateur tioned and initiated by the French authori- archaeologists G. Blomely and Dr. H. Bur- Northeast Historical Archaeo/ogyNol. 14, 1985 25

1968 Excan~tioa

--· 1111 toa«Dirllioa rodeoan:Diralla. r exttatornca,atiaa

1981 [x.cantioa

Q ...,,pc4 roc:b .A lrusifuatioa I. II ,..octuctht reu 11111 I nt"'atnl wdls

• IUDfliat • ~.u I llt:a4 0 alan ., llillt:ftatMIIt(haiJa) • ted lhf

Figure 2. Floating Bridge is situated on the shore of a small bay, at the foot of a steep 4 m-high embankment. leigh sought the site of de Roybon's resi­ test for additional metal artifacts, and then dence, identifying it through excavations as excavating seven 1 m-square units. the Floating Bridge site (Burleigh 1973: 19). In the course of excavation two possible A prehistoric component, now identified as structural features were recognized: a rec­ Middle Woodland, was also noted. tangular configuration marked by a course of While directing the initial testing of the unmortared, flat rocks (readily Kingston Harbour Front site in 1980, the available from the adjacent limestone cliff author was invited to examine the Floating face), and an alignment of nails (plotted by Bridge assemblage. The artifacts were iden­ Blomeley and confirmed by the 1981 exca­ tified as mid-18th century French or possi­ vations; FIG. 2). No post molds or builders' bly British and could not be from the site of trenches were identified during either de Roybon's residence. In an attempt to project. clearly delineate the site and to gain addi­ As is shown in the following sections, the tional structural information, a crew led by site dates to the mid-18th century, and Mr. P. Wright, Eastern Regional Archaeol­ many of its artifacts are frequently associ­ ogist for the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship ated with the fur trade. As will be demon­ and Culture, spent a week in 1981 first strated, there is no documentation for a fur combing the area with a metal detector to trader legally operating at Floating Bridge 26 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown

~sleep slope

• BdGe-4 sire area

""'""""" MAGNETIC NORTH

Floating Bridge SCALE

M•' S..n:a EMR 3tV'2 Edllkla • mtc E 0 N T A ~rtn A751 R 0 NAPL A17923•esloe

Figure 3. The dimensions of the structure(s) were derived from the arrangement of a rock foundation and scattered nails noted in 1968. Excavations in 1981 demonstrated that post molds, unrecognized in 1978, are in evidence. during the mid-18th century. The site, how­ the site is made within the limitations im­ ever, is located on a sheltered bay well posed by the available data. stocked with deer and aquatic resources. The site is hidden from view to those on Floating Bridge and the Fur Trade Lake Ontario (FIG. a) and is not situated along a river or other transport system. If the Floating Bridge site was a legal Therefore, the location of Floating Bridge French trade post dating between 1750 and suggests a selection for survival, not for 1760, the operators would have been rigidly trade. licensed and regulated (Eccles 1983: 146). The analysis and interpretation of the The nearest permanent fur trade post was excavated assemblage for the purposes of Fort Frontenac to the east. Fort Frontenac identifying the cultural affiliation, date was maintained as a King's post, and prices range, and functions of the site are pre­ were subsidized because of competition from sented in the following sections. It should be British (Innis 1970: 180). Ille­ noted that the techniques employed during gal traders at Floating Bridge could have the 1968 excavation resulted in the mixing been supplied from Montreal or Oswego, but of some proveniences. Certain of the histor­ the proximity to Fort Frontenac would have ical period artifacts, however, occurred in made this a risky operation. clustered groups that were recorded as such To be a trader working on the north shore by the excavators. Interpretation of the cul­ of Lake Ontario during the mid-18th cen­ tural affiliation and occupation periods of tury meant coping with an unstable market Northeast Historical ArchaeologyNol. 14, 1985 27 and the possibility of supply disruptions. target of the British navy that then pa­ The War of the Austrian Succession, trolled the lake. 17 44-17 48, had strained French/Missis­ When New France surrendered in 1760, sauga relations to the point that the the supply of French trade goods ceased. Iroquois had begun to make overtures of British traders, however, · immediately alliance to the Mississauga (O'Callaghan rushed to fill the void, and the site could 1855, Vol VI: 317, 321-322, 484, 545, 742). relate to one of these new ·traders or to a To add further to the French concerns of trapper. The Seven Years War continued this period, a general Indian uprising in the until 1763, so occupation of southern On­ Great Lakes was feared (Eccles 1983: 153). tario by the British was not encouraged. Therefore, in 1746, Sieur Chalet relin­ Furthermore, from 1761 to 1763, the area of quished his six-year lease of the Lake the Great Lakes was in turmoil with the Ontario posts and area fur trade from the Pontiac uprising, and no British soldier or French Company of the Indies after holding civilian was safe. it only three years (Robinson 1965: 90-91). From 1764 to 177 4, four known European This was the last recorded fur trading traders worked in southern Ontario, but it license for the area. was not until 1771 that the western fur Trade relations in the Great Lakes re­ trade recovered from the Pontiac uprising sumed after 1749. The French made a con­ (Robinson 1965: 151-154). During this pe­ scious effort to curry the favor of their native riod southern Ontario was not part of allies by maintaining military trading posts , but regulations and licenses to trad­ (King's posts) and subsidizing the cost of ers were passed by the governors of Quebec. running these operations. Licensed or not, From 1775, with the outbreak of the Amer­ virtually everyone on the frontier partici­ ican Revolution until the coming of the pated in the fur trade to some extent. The United Empire Loyalists in 1784, no trader 1756 French capture of British Fort Oswego could leave or enter the region without a not only removed their primary competitor permit. No permits were issued between but also released a temporary flood of cap­ 1764 and 1784 that fit the description ofthe tured trade goods. After Fort Frontenac fell operations that have been identified at in 1758 and Fort Niagara in 1759, trade Floating Bridge; it is assumed, therefore, goods in the Lake Ontario area would have that any trader living at the site would have been scarce, for the British army was inter­ been illegal. ested primarily in military conquest rather than placating the natives on the north Artifacts shore of the lake. The fur trade, however, continued vigorously in the upper Great The cultural identification of the site was Lakes area. based on the high frequency of French­ If Floating Bridge was the operation of a manufactured artifacts and the relative licensed French trader, one would expect the dearth of probable British artifacts. A deter­ site to be located at a strategic position mination of the site's date and purpose(s) along a trade route. Because of the proxim­ was based on comparisons of the assemblage ity to the lake, the site could have been to other collections, placing this information supplied by shallow-draft boats or canoes. within the historical framework of the area. Alternatively, the site could be that of a Following this is a summary of the primary trapper (French, native, or Metis) and/or a artifact information employed in making small-scale unlicensed trader dealing with these identifications . .local people who did not wish to trade at Fort Of the 22 musket balls, 86% are 1.35-1.4 Frontenac. After 1758, trade ceased at Fort em in diameter, which, according to Ham­ Frontenac, and any structure visible from ilton (1976: 33; 1980: 125-137), is typical of Lake Ontario would have been a potential the size used in both French and British 28 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown trade muskets. Three musket balls, how­ ever, have a diameter of 1.75 em, which is the size employed in a British Brown Bess (Grimm 1970: 109; Hamilton 1976: 33). Since two distinct musket ball sizes were used on the site (as indicated by flattening or rifling on two of the larger balls and nine of the smaller balls), it is possible that two -~ 'e: t6 . ·r . a?WttJ•••UJtf.fiPJtJl!iLJ ~ 1t! ·· uJO . tl!W types of weapons were employed, one of ...... which was a British infantry weapon. The shot size is relatively large. Of the 122 Rupert shot specimens, 61% are 5.0-5.5 mm, 32% are 4.0-4.5 mm, and only 7% are 2.5-3.5 mm. Large shot was frequently used for hunting geese, swans, and fox (Hamilton 1980: 135; Karklins 1983: 149) and is com­ Figure 4. Both the "muskrat" spear and the flat broad spear have bent tangs, indicative of hafting. mon on French sites as early as the mid-17th century (Faulkner 1986: 85). The sizes of the balls and shot recovered Brandon flint helps to date the site to before from the 1768-1769 Franc;ois LeBlanc trade 1780 (White 1975: 68-70). post in (Kehoe 1978: 99-100) Hunting equipment includes two iron and the 1776-1780 Sturgeon Falls post in spear heads (FIG. 4). The first is a 17.4-cm Saskatchewan (Barka and Barka 1976: 71) long "muskrat" spear, which consists of a 7.5 fall comfortably within the respective mm round shaft, two opposing barbs and the ranges of these artifact types found at Float­ tip, and a square tang which has been bent ing Bridge. The 1758-1766 British military at right angles to the shaft. A similar but site Fort Ligonier in Pennsylvania has a far not identical artifact came from the Snart greater range of sizes of balls and shot, and Site in (Tottle 1981: fig. 18). A the clustering is significantly different from second spear head is a flattened, double­ that of Floating Bridge and other French­ edged, blade-like tool, with a tapering tail or related posts such as Michilimackinac tang. It is 20.4 em long, 2.4 em wide, and the (Hamilton 1976), St. Joseph (Hulse 1977) or blade is 3.5 mm thick and has a 5.5 mm wide Ouiatenon (Noble 1983; Tordoff 1984). square tang which is bent at right angles. Three "blond" French blade-type gunflints This artifact has been deliberately folded in (10% of the sample) were found. All were of half and the edges are blunt; it was not the fine calibre that could have been in­ possible to ascertain if this tool was used tended as military issue but is common on before it was bent. No identical spears of this most French-related sites, both European type have been seen in the literature, al­ and native, and date as early as the mid- though it resembles spears from the Archaic 17th century (Faulkner 1986: 83). The re­ period. This broad spear could have been maining 27 are spall-type gunflints and are used to hunt beaver or larger mammals. also probably of French origin, having a Fifty-six small fragments from a single slight beige tinge (Hamilton 1980: 146-147). bottle were found. They are probably part of Half of the spall-type and all of the blade­ a thin, olive-green cylindrical bottle of type gunflints had been used in flintlocks French manufacture, based on the shape of and as strike-a-. Hamilton (1960: 74) the kick-up and the unpronounced foot. has noted that French gunflints predomi­ Identical bottle bases are common on speci­ nate on 18th-century North American sites, mens found at Louisbourg (Smith 1981). even those purely British. The absence of Two copper alloy buttons were recovered diagnostic British blade gunflints of (FIG. 5). One is a flat copper button with Northeast Historical Archaeo/ogyNol. 14, 1985 29

0----- 1 2 3 4 5CM Figure 5. Buttons recovered are typical of mid- to late 18th-century civilian types: a, iron-inlaid copper button; b, bone backing; c, two-piece copper facing. inlaid iron and a drilled shank. It is a variety of Stone's category CI,SB,T3 and is found only in French contexts at Michil­ imackinac (Stone 1974: 47). The second, a composite three-piece button, has been 0 2 found mainly in French contexts but occa­ J sionally on early British sites in the area I I originally under French influence. Stone Cfll (1974: 47) refers to this ornate button face as category CI,SB,T2,Vb. Both buttons are ci­ Figure 6. Similar "Micmac" pipes of siltstone, clay, or vilian types. A single-hole, 1.5-cm diameter soapstone date from the mid-17th to the late 18th button backing was also found. centuries. Personal items include parts of a small square mirror glass. A 1. 7 em clay marble, commonly found on frontier sites (Noel French sites of this period, and that they Hume 1970: 320; Grimm 1970: 80; Stone were used on the site by the occupants 1974: 154), possibly was used for gambling themselves. or as a toy. There are also two brass tack A complete reddish siltstone "Micmac" pipe heads that may have decorated a box or was also recovered (FIG. s). Similar pipes some other wood or leather object. Other date as early as 1650 at the Moot Site personal items include the pipes and (Bennett 1973: fig. 10), and as late as ca. possibly some of the artifacts listed as trade 1780 at the Snart Site (Tottle 1981: fig. 19). items. All ball-clay smoking pipes are plain They are found as widely scattered as Stur­ and unmarked, with the exception of parts of geon Falls, Saskatchewan (Barka and Barka two bowls. The first has a horizontal T/D on 1976); Fort Beausejour, (Mac­ either side of a flat, moderately pronounced Lean 1971); Fort Albany, oval heel. This type is British and dates from (W. Kenyon, Royal Ontario , per­ ca. 1755 to the 1770s (Walker 1971: 31). A sonal communication); and the Guebert Site, second pipe bowl fragment has traces of an southern Illinois (Good 1972: plate 1). indeterminable design. At least four pipes Two glass-inset copper rings are identical were broken on the site, based on pipe ends, to those found at the Enderle Site in Ohio and all of the 38 pipe fragments show evi­ dating to ca. 1760-1781 (Seeman and Bush dence of use. The author suggests that the 1979: 6-7), at Pine Fort in Manitoba dating pipes were all British, not uncommon on to ca. 1767-1781 (Tottle 1981: fig. 66h), 30 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown

0 2 1 I I Figure 8. One of two bale seals found on the site. I em

motif above and below the central letters or Figure 7. Rounded facets on the center stones of these design; the central motifs are encircled with rings show evidence of use-wear. a rope-like pattern. The reverse side of the seal is missing. No similar bale seals have been seen in the literature, although the Stone's category CI,SA,TI at Michil­ rectangular pattern on the larger seal is imackinac, dating to ca. 1750-1781 (Stone similar to part of a seal recovered from Fort 1974: 123-126), and Santa Rosa, also in Rouille (Brown 1983a: fig. 47b). Michigan, dating to 1722-1752 (Herrick Other trade items include 118 seed beads 1958: 7). The single center stones on the two (68% dark tubular, 20% white tubular, 1.45 em copper bands consist of six-faceted and 12% white round) and two 5 mm round glass pieces, one green and one white. Both black beads (all of which are common in stones are flanked by three six-faceted blue­ Quimby's Late Historic Period; Quimby glass pieces (FIG. 7); the center stone and 1966), one piece of apparently used ver­ several of the flanking stones have rounded million, and two crushed tinkling cones edges, possibly from wear. (FIG. 9C). Two bale seals, which represent the func­ Two pocket knives recovered may be of tional category of trade items, were found either French or British manufacture; both (FIGS. a, 9A). Both represent the single knob types have been found on French and British method of attachment (Stone's SA,TI; Stone sites (FIGS. 10, uB). Identical filagree-handle 1974: 281). The larger seal is 3.0 em in knives were found at Pine Fort (Tottle 1981 : diameter. The obverse has a pronounced SF, fig. 73) and are labelled as French at Fort a rectangular -like design below, and is Michilimackinac (Stone 1974: 267). The surrounded by a roulette pattern; the re­ clasp knife is similar to handles shown from verse has incised numbers 353/21. The Fort Ligonier (Grimm 1970: 146). The bone smaller is 2.3 em in diameter. The partially­ pistol-grip knife (FIG. 12) and the four-tined obliterated pattern on the obverse may have iron fork (FIG. uc) have been dated to the been the letters IS, with a flower-and-bow mid- to late 18th century (Eileen Wood- Northeast Historical Archaeology!Vol. 14, 1985 31

a -j ~ ;:,#,~7! . 1.,.:> . ? • '. c - £ ~ a \ b I Figure 11. T~ols used at Floating Bridge: a, curved sewing needle with broken eye, used on leather or ...... _ c .....- canvas; b, half of a pocket knife handle; c, typical late 18th- to early 19th-century iron fork. 0------1 2 3 4 SCM Figure 9. Miscellaneous small finds used on the site a discarded bale seal; b, copper pieces shaped into rings or bands; c, crushed tinkling cones.

v- -- + ·~'· Figu.re 12. A bone-handled table knife common to the late 18th century.

the site was not occupied or supplied by British traders. Boats or canoes were repaired with pitch or resin, of which six pieces were recovered. Figure 10. Pocket knives from both French and A 10.1 em curved sewing needle, like Stone's English mid to late 18th-century sites have similar filagree decoration on their handles. category CI,SA,TI (Stone 1974: fig. 85B; Tottle 1981: figure 77f) may imply hide­ working, resewing of sailcloth wrappings around bundles or goods in transit, or re­ head, Parks , Material Culture Sec­ pairs to sails (FIG. nA). tion, personal communication). Few construction-related artifacts were Certain items common on British fur found. With the exception of two wedge­ trade sites dating from 1760-1780 are ab­ ended nails, all of the 186 identifiable nails sent: items such as silver trade bangles, were of the rosehead, pointed type. Ninety trade brooches of silver or pewter, large percent of the nails measured 5.0 to 10.0 inlaid beads, plain flat pewter or brass but­ em-that is, common construction sizes and tons with soldered wire eyes, or Turlington's forms. Only 7% were small (3.0-4.5 em), and Balsam bottles. It is inferred, therefore, that 3% were large (10.5-12.0 em). Approxi- 32 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown mately 7% have been bent out of shape by Ontario, especially after 1755 with the com­ hammering, 9% were bent during nail ex­ ing of regular army troops (Troupes de traction, 39% were straight, and 45% were Terre) to the area. With the Seven Years clinched at a 20- to 40-degree angle. Based War and the Pontiac uprising, one would on the common angle of clinching, the nails expect the presence of captured military may have been driven into the planks on an equipment on native sites from 1756 to angle and clinched on the underside, a tech­ 1763. For reasons unknown, this was not the nique appropriate for construction of a roof case at Floating Bridge. or the sides of a boat. All of the clinched The assemblage may support the sugges­ nails measured 3.0 to 6.0 em from the top of tion that the site was occupied by native, the head to the bend, which may indicate the Metis, or acculturated Europeans: the silt­ thickness of the planks. stone "Micmac" pipe; the small fragments of cut copper, pewter, and iron; the abundance of only two colors of the same trade bead Cultural Identity type (possibly decorating a single item); and The site of a French trapper or trader of used trade items such as vermillion, spear the period 1755-1760 could be expected to heads, rings, and tinkling cones. Construc­ include evidence of permanent architecture, tion employing nails has not been found such as nails obtained from Fort Frontenac previously for the Mississauga of the period or Oswego. Other building hardware such as 1750-1760, however, even though a number hinges, pintles, staples, locks, etc., would not of Iroquois sites in New York state demon­ necessarily be recovered, for all iron objects strate European-style construction. would have been expensive, and space on Both the artifacts and the building method freight canoes was at a premium. The de­ would not be unexpected with occupation of struction of Fort Oswego by the French in the site by people of mixed French and 1756 and Fort Frontenac by the British in native heritage. 1758 may have provided sources of free On the basis of the artifacts, one cannot building materials, especially nails, for a state categorically the cultural identity of resourceful scavenger. The lack of building the site occupants. There are some indica­ hardware other than nails at Floating tions that the trade goods, both decorative Bridge indicates that this site itself may and functional items, were used on the site. have been scrounged for any items of value. The architectural evidence indicates a Euro­ Although certain artifacts and types such pean influence but not necessarily a Euro­ as the gunflints, bottle fragments, and pean architectural style. It is inferred from possibly the metal buttons are of French the evidence that the site was occupied by a manufacture, these are also frequently small group or family of acculturated Mis­ found on British sites. The ball-clay pipes sissaugas. and the three large musket balls are identifiable as being of British manufac­ ture. All other artifacts could be of either Functional Evidence British or French origin. On the basis of the Hunting appears to have been an impor­ absence of certain artifact types normally tant activity at the site. Two types of guns found on British-related sites (e.g., trade were probably used, as suggested by the two silver, specific medicine bottles, British sizes of spent musket balls. Many of the clasp knives, flat buttons), however, the site balls are flattened and have cut marks that is interpreted as French-related. originate from on-site butchering of animal There is no evidence of military equip­ carcasses. Rupert shot of a size used for ment except for the three large musket hunting such animals as swans, geese, and balls. This is important, for there was a fox was also found. Almost half of the balls, heavy French military presence on Lake shot, and flints were unused and may have Northeast Historical ArchaeologyNol. 14, 1985 33 been intended for use on the site or for trade. horses may have been used for transporta­ The barbed spear could have been used for tion. hunting muskrat, beaver, or fish, while the Although no flotation was done during flat spear could have been used for hunting either of the archaeological excavation beaver or deer, or as a defensive weapon. projects, plant resources from within and Excavation techniques from the 1968 around the edges of Parrot's Bay, the sur­ work and sampling bias at that time pre­ rounding mixed forests of the ­ cluded the recovery of many smaller animal Carolinian Biotic Province, and crops that remains. In addition, the original excavators could be grown in the relatively poor soils of had not kept the faunal collection from the the area undoubtedly supplemented the diet upper 18th-century level separate from the of the historical period occupants of the site lower ca. A.D. 200 to A.D. 800 Middle Wood­ that is indicated by the faunal evidence. land Period Point Peninsula Tradition com­ The collection exhibits no indication of a ponent (P. Wright, personal communica­ military presence, except the possible indi­ tion). One can assume, however, that the rect evidence for a British musket. The evi­ species of wild animals recorded would have dence of civilian activity, however, is varied. been available for both the prehistoric and Clothing is represented by two fancy buttons historical periods of site occupation. Most of and a bone backing, all similar to those the mammals noted from the sample of 235 found on frontier settlements such as Ouiat­ identifiable bones lived in or near marshy enon, St. Joseph, or Michilimackinac. Al­ areas or lakes (75.3% white-tailed deer; though ornate buttons have come from na­ 3.4% beaver; 1. 7% muskrat; 1.3% black tive burials as early as ca. 1670-1700 in the bear; 0.9% river otter; 0.4% martin; 0.4% Great Lakes area (e.g., Lasanen; see Cleland fisher). Black bear, martin, and fisher are 1971: 25-27), metal buttons are not common now extinct in this part of southern Ontario. on native sites in the area during the French The single woodchuck element and the deer Regime. remains are indicative of mixed wooded Items related to foodways are limited. areas and open spaces, environments that Parts of a single wine bottle were found, are common immediately beyond the area of although the container may not necessarily Parrot's Bay. (United Empire Loyalists first have contained alcohol when in use at the started to farm the shallow soils of the area · site. No ceramic or metal vessels were found, in the late 1780s.) Painted, musk, and bland­ with the exception of a 14 x 8 em piece of a ing turtles (3.0% combined), fresh-water copper . The handles of pocket knives drum and channel catfish (3.0% combined), represent the common eating utensils on the and migratory Canada geese and mergan­ frontier. On the other hand, assuming that sers (2.1% combined) are still found in the the fork and bone-handled knife are not area. intrusive, these artifacts reflect the latest The faunal evidence shows that domestic eating styles of the capital, Quebec. Mo­ animals (7.7% of the identifiable sample) ments of leisure are conjured up by the were either kept on the site or that parts of "Micmac" and ball-clay pipes and by the clay these animals were brought to the site. Six marble. adult cow bone fragments, teeth and small A relatively high percentage of the assem­ bones from one three-month old piglet, blage (20.4%) consists of items associated three adult sheep tarsals, and one horse with the fur trade: glass beads, tinkling incisor were recovered. Provided that the cones, and glass inset rings. The pipes, sew­ domesticates are not 19th- or 20th-century ing needle, vermillion, mirror, spear heads, intrusions to the assemblage, the faunal buttons, pocket knives, musket balls, shot, analysis indicates that the diet of predomi­ and gunflints could all have been intended nantly wild animals was supplemented with for the fur trade. Many of these items, how­ domestic foods. In addition to food animals, ever, show evidence of having been used or 34 French in Ontario and Erie Drainage/Brown broken at the site. The presence of bale seals Summary demonstrates that bundles of goods were On the basis of the above evidence, it is opened at this location. Pine Fort, a slightly suggested that the Floating Bridge site is later trading post in Manitoba (Tottle 1981) French or French-related, dating approxi­ has a very similar assemblage of artifacts. mately 1758-1763. This was a time of lim­ That site differs in that later, strictly British ited availability of manufactured goods at items such as Brandon gunflints, flat pewter non-military settlements because of the cap­ buttons, and trade silver were present. ture of the French Forts Frontenac and The most difficult activity to interpret Niagara, and of a paucity, but not absence, from the available evidence is that of con­ of British goods. It is further suggested that struction. Although nails represent 32.7% of two structures are represented: a possible the assemblage, evidence of structures offers storeroom on a stone foundation, and a sec­ little information for reconstruction models ond, larger building. These two structures and can be interpreted in several ways. The may have abutted one another. Lastly, it is 4.3 x 3.0 m arrangement of limestone slabs proposed that the site was occupied by a may represent a very small hut. If so, this poorly-stocked independent French or Metis would be significantly smaller than most trader. Alternatively, Floating Bridge may small French-period (on the evidence have been the base camp for a small group or of archaeological plans from throughout family of Metis or acculturated Missis­ New France), which tend to be approxi­ saugas, for the site was selected on the basis mately 9-12 x 6 min size. It is suggested, of the natural resources of the area rather therefore, that the stone arrangement does than as an ideal location within a trading not necessarily represent a French habita­ network. tion structure but instead may be a storage structure or part of a larger structure that was not fully exposed by the excavators. Conclusion Alternatively, it may be a non-French de­ The Floating Bridge site is only one exam­ sign such as Mississauga or Metis. Unfortu­ ple of many unrecorded temporary trading nately no details of mid-18th-century Mis­ posts and habitations in the lower Great sisauga or Metis domestic architecture have Lakes in the 18th century. Small numbers of been reported. legal and illegal traders are known to have A second large feature or structure is frequented the region. We must also con­ marked by alignments of nails that suggest sider, however, the majority of the perma­ a structure approximately 12.0 x 4.5 m (FIG. nent occupants of the area-people who 2). If these nails indicate a long building, it traded with those supplying manufactured is unusually narrow for houses found on necessities. These people were part of the French frontier sites. To further complicate trading network, but trapping and trading the structural interpretations, the nail con­ were only one aspect of their daily lives. If figuration overlaps that of the stonework. It the lives of these individuals cannot be re­ is possible, therefore, that the nail configu­ created through the use of historical docu­ ration and the stonework are both part of ments, these small sites such as Floating the same structure. The length of the stone Bridge must be sought and interpreted. foundation may be the width of the building, Only then will late 17th- and 18th-century and the alignment of nails indicates that the southern Ontario cease to appear as a cul­ stone foundation was incorporated into a tural void. longer building, forming a structure approx­ imately 4.3 m wide and 9-12 m long. The Acknowledgments resulting dimensions are in keeping with those of typical French frontier-period The author is grateful to Mr. G. Blomely houses. for bringing the Floating Bridge site to his Northeast Historical Archaeology!Vol. 14, 1985 35 attention in 1980 and for guiding the author Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, and staff of the Ontario Ministry of Citizen­ Ottawa. 1983a The Excavation ofFort Rouille, 1982. Learnxs ship and Culture to the site. The late Dr. H. Press, Toronto. C. Burleigh and his son, Mr. J. Burleigh, are 1983b The History and Archaeology of the French also thanked for permission to analyze and Regime at Kingston, Ontario. Manuscript on photograph the artifacts excavated in 1968 file, Cataraqui Archaeological Foundation, by Mr. Blomely and Mr. Burleigh. Mr. Phil­ Kingston. 1985 Socio-Cultural Development and Archaeolog­ lip Wright, Regional Archaeologist, Ontario ical Cultural Patterning on the Lower Great Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, and his Lakes Frontiers of New France. Unpublished staff excavated at the site in 1981 and Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropol­ granted permisson to analyze the artifacts ogy, . from that excavation. Figures 2 and 3 were Burleigh, H. C. drawn by Mr. Peter Englebert, Field Ar­ 1973 Forgotten Leaves of Local History. Brown and chaeologist, Ontario Ministry of Citizenship Martin Ltd., Kingston. and Culture. Faunal identification was Carruthers, P. J. 1965 Preliminary Excavations at the Supposed made by Ms. Ingrid Kritsch-Armstrong. The Site of Ste. Marie II, , author's original report was prepared for Ontario. Manuscript on file, Ontario Ministry and is on file with the Eastern Regional of Citizenship and Culture, Toronto. Archaeologist, Ontario Ministry of Citizen­ Cleland, Charles E. ship and Culture, Ottawa. This article is a 1971 The Lasanen Site. Anthropological Series revision of a paper presented in Ottawa at 1(1). Michigan State University, East Lan­ the 1985 Council for Northeast Historical sing. 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