80 Godina 13. Jula GODINE PRKOSA I PONOSA 80Th Anniversary of July 13 YEARS of DEFIANCE and PRIDE 1941– 2021 80 Godina 13

80 godina 13. jula GODINE PRKOSA I PONOSA 80th anniversary of July 13 YEARS OF DEFIANCE AND PRIDE 1941– 2021 80 godina 13. jula GODINE PRKOSA I PONOSA 80th anniversary of July 13 YEARS OF DEFIANCE AND PRIDE 1941– 2021

Izdavači | Publishers Matica crnogorska Nacionalna zajednica Crnogoraca Hrvatske National Community of Montenegrins in Croatia Za izdavače | For publishers Dragan Radulović Danilo Ivezić Autori | Authors Adnan Prekić Jadranka Selhanović Ivan Ivanović Danilo Ivezić

Autor teksta | Author of the text Adnan Prekić

Urednici | Editors Ivan Ivanović Danilo Ivezić

Zahvaljujemo Službi za odnose sa javnošću Vlade Crne Gore i Narodnom muzeju Crne Gore što su nam omogućili istraživanje i prikupljanje materijala za ovu izložbu iz njihovih fondova. We thank the Public Relations Service of the Government of Montenegro and the Nati- onal Museum of Montenegro for enabling Sunam to research and collect materials for this exhibition from their funds. NACIONALNA ZAJEDNICA CRNOGORACA HRVATSKE

80th anniversary of July 13 1941– 2021 YEARS OF DEFIANCE AND PRIDE

Podgorica | Zagreb | 2021

Trinaestojulski The uprising ustanak of 13 July 1941. 1941

Da li postoji simbol koji bi u jednom događaju ili Is there a symbol that could, in one event or date, datumu, objedinio slobodarske tradicije Crne Gore, epitomize all the libertarian traditions of Montene- kao opštenarodni ustanak podignut u zoru 13. jula gro better than the nationwide uprising that broke 1941. godine? Kao što je teško pronaći slojeviti- out at dawn of 13 July 1941? Just as it is difficult ji simbol slobodarske tradicije Crne Gore, još teže to find a better symbol of the libertarian tradition je nekome sa strane objasniti razloge zbog kojih je of Montenegro, it is even more difficult to explain narod Crne Gore ustao na oružje u trenutku kada to someone from the outside the reasons why the su fašisti kontrolisali cijelu Evropu? Međutim, upra- people of Montenegro took up arms at a time when vo okolnosti u kojima je ustanak podignut, njegov the fascists controlled the entire Europe. However, obim i vrijednosni sistem koji je afirmisao, učinili su the very circumstances in which the uprising broke ga jednim od najsvjetlijih trenutaka milenijumske out, its scope and the values it affirmed, made it one of the brightest moments in the millennial history istorije Crne Gore. Ustanak, koji po svim parame- of Montenegro. As the largest and most organized trima predstavlja vojni i politički fenomen Drugog resistance against the occupiers in Europe during svjetskog rata. Ustanak koji će ostati zapamćen kao 1941, the July 13 Uprising is a unique military-po- najveći i najorganizovaniji otpor okupaciji u Evropi litical phenomenon of the Second World War. This tokom 1941. godine. Taj otpor, biće organizovan na resistance was organized on the ideals that would be idealima koji su ugrađeni u temelje svih budućih ra- built into the foundations of all future development zvojnih i emancipatorskih uspjeha Crne Gore. Tra- and emancipatory successes of Montenegro. Tradi- dicije i ideali 13. jula postaće kamen temeljac savre- tions and ideals of July 13 became the cornerstone mene Crne Gore, a vrijednosti slobode, antifašizma, of modern Montenegro, and the values of freedom, jednakosti i pravde, ostaće trajno nasljeđe ustanika anti-fascism, equality and justice remained the last- koji su tog dana sagradili vječiti spomenik crnogor- ing legacy of the insurgents who on that day built an ske slobode. eternal monument of Montenegrin freedom.

5 Demonstracije u Podgorici, 26. mart 1941. godine povodom potpisivanja Trojnog pakta Demonstrations in Podgorica against the signing of the Tripartite Pact, 26 March 1941 Od početka Drugog svjetskog rata 1939. godine, ju- From the beginning of the Second World War goslovenska Vlada pokušavala je da sa njemačkim in 1939, the Yugoslav government tried to reach Rajhom postigne sporazum, koji bi garantovao ju- an agreement with the German Reich that would goslovensku neutralnost. Vjerovali su da je jedini guarantee of Yugoslav neutrality. They believed način da očuvaju bezbjednost, pristupanje tako- that the only way to preserve control was to zvanom Trojnom paktu, koji je potpisan 25. marta join the so-called Tripartite Pact which they 1941. godine. Paraf o pristupanju Jugoslavije Troj- signed on 25 March 1941. Yugoslavia’s accession nom paktu koji je stavio namjesnik, knez Pavle Ka- to the Tripartite Pact initialled by Prince Pavle rađorđević, pokrenuo je ogromno nezadovoljostvo Karađorđević caused enormous dissatisfaction u dijelu političke i vojne javnosti Jugoslavije. Dodat- in part of Yugoslav political and military public who, pressured and supported by foreign intel- ni pritisak izvršile su i strane obavještajne službe, ligence services, organized a coup on 27 March podržavajući dio političkih i vojnih struktura Jugo- 1941 and took over power. The coup was accom- slavije koje su 27. marta 1941. godine organizovale panied by mass demonstrations condemning the državni udar i preuzimanje vlasti. Državni udar pra- government’s policy and their idea of cooperation tile su i masovne demonstracije na kojima je osu- with the Third Reich. Yugoslavia’s sharp reaction đena politika Vlade i njihova ideja o sporazumu sa stopped German plans to attack the Soviet Union Trećim Rajhom. Oštra reakcija Jugoslavije zaustavi- and compelled Hitler to order preparatory actions la je njemačke planove o napadu na Sovjetski Savez, for an attack against Yugoslavia. The manner in zbog čega je Adolf Hitler naredio pripremu napada which he intended to deal with Yugoslavia was na Jugoslaviju. Način na koji je zamišljao obračun sa supposed to serve as an example to all other states Jugoslavijom trebao je da posluži kao primjer svim that would dare to oppose the Third Reich. The državama koje bi se suprotstavile Trećem Rajhu. Na- attack began with the bombing of Belgrade on pad je počeo bombardovanjem Beograda 6. aprila 6 April 1941, followed by ground operations on 1941. godine, a istog dana pokrenuta je i kopnena the Yugoslav territory. In less than ten days, King akcija okupacije Jugoslavije. Za manje od deset dana Petar Karađorđević and the government left the kralj Petar Karađorđević i vlada napustili su zemlju country, and two days later, surrender was signed, a dva dana kasnije potpisana je kapitulacija nakon after which the territory of Yugoslavia was divid- koje je teritorija Jugoslavije podijeljena na nekoliko ed into several occupation zones. okupacionih zona.

7 Pljevlja

Plužine Žabljak

Bijelo Polje

Šavnik Mojkovac

Rožaje Berane Kolašin

Nikšić Andrijevica Plav Danilovgrad Gusinje Herceg Novi Kotor Podgorica Tuzi Cetinje

Tivat Budva

Bar

Anektirana teritorija Italiji Ulcinj Territories annexed by Italy

Teritorija priključena „Velikoj Albaniji“ Okupaciona mapa Crne Gore 1941. godine Territories annexed to the so called Occupation map of Montenegro in 1941 “Great Albania” Položaji jugoslovenske vojske u Crnoj Gori napad- nuti su 17. aprila 1941. godine iz pravca Skadra. Snažne italijanske vojne snage koje su na teritoriju Crne Gore upale iz Albanije nijesu naišle na oz- biljniji otpor, pa su već istog dana italijanske tru- pe zauzele Podgoricu, Nikšić i Cetinje. Istog dana u Crnu Goru iz pravca Pljevalja i Bijelog Polja su ušle njemačke vojne snage koje su stigle do Nikšića. Njemci su brzo napustili prostor Crne Gore koja je, po ranijem sporazumu, predata na upravu Italijani- ma. Po dogovoru italijanskog i njemačkog ministra Ulazak italijanskih okupacionih trupa u Crnu Goru, april 1941. vanjskih poslova, Galeaca Ćana (Galeazzo Ciano) i Entry of Italian occupation troops, April 1941 Joahima Ribentropa (Joachim Ribbentrop) iz Beča, 21. i 22. aprila 1941. godine Crna Gora je predata u On 17 April 1941 the positions of the Yugoslav army mandat italijanskoj vladi. Po tom dogovoru, kom- in Montenegro were attacked by strong Italian mili- pletan prostor Crne Gore prešao je u nadležnost tary forces that invaded the territory of Montenegro italijanskih okupacionih vlasti. Izuzetak su činile from Albania. The Italian troops did not encoun- teritorije u okolini Ulcinja, koje su zajedno sa Ma- ter any serious resistance, and in only one day they lesijom, Plavom, Gusinjem i Rožajama, priključene took Podgorica, Nikšić and Cetinje. On the same novostvorenoj „Velikoj Albaniji“, kao i Boka koja je day, German military forces entered Montenegro 20. maja pripojena Italiji. Vlada u Rimu u svojim through Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje and reached Nikšić. okupacionim planovima, vjerovala je da će situaciju The Germans quickly left the territory of Montene- u Crnoj Gori najbolje kontrolisati realizacijom ideje gro whose administration was handed over to the Italians. Namely, according to an agreement between o obnavljanju nezavisne države Crne Gore, koja je the Italian and German foreign ministers, Gian Ga- u tim projekcijama trebala da bude pod kontrolom leazzo Ciano and Joachim von Ribbentrop who met Vlade Italije. in Vienna on 21 and 22 April 1941, the entire ter- Okupacione vlasti, sa nešto manje od 20.000 vojnika, ritory of Montenegro fell under the jurisdiction of krajem aprila 1941. godine uspostavile su kontrolu the Italian occupation authorities. The exceptions nad Crnom Gorom preko Visokog civilnog komesa- were the territories around Ulcinj, which, together rijata za Crnu Goru koji je bio centralni organ upra- with Malesija, Plav, Gusinje and Rožaje were an-

9 VIŠE DRŽAVNO TUŽILAŠTVO Br. Ko 170/41 20. IV 1941. godine Podgorica DRŽAVNOM TUŽILAŠTVU NIKŠIĆ Privremeni crnogorski komitet aktom od 20. aprila 1941. broj 46/41 do- stavilo je sljedeće: „Danom ulaska italijanskih vojnih sila u Cetinje obrazovan je privremeni administrativni crnogorski komitet, koji je preuzeo sve vlasti bivše Jugoslavije okupirane po silama osovine. Komitetu je dužnost da osigura normalno funkcionisanje života i djelatnosti zemlje na teritoriji Crne Gore, odnosno bivše Zetske banovine. Dostavljajući Vam prednje, stavljam u dužnost da pozovete sve činovnike u Vašem području da isti bez ikakvoga odlaganja nastave svoje dužnosti. Ako bi bilo i takvih službenika koji, iz budi kojeg razloga, nijesu voljni da se pozivu odazovu, izvolite od istih pismene izjave u roku od tri dana od dana saopštenja i meni dostaviti. O izvršenju gornjeg izvolite me hitno izvijestiti.“ Vaš državni Tužioc V. Gojnić, o. p. Okupacione vlasti preuzele su činovnike bivše države – primjer tužilaštva The occupation authorities took over the officials of the former HIGH STATE PROSECUTION OFFICE government – example of the prosecution office No. Ko 170/41 20 April 1941 Podgorica TO THE PROSECUTION OFFICE of NIKŠIĆ Act No. 46/41 of 20 April 1941 of the Temporary Montenegrin Commi- ttee states the following: “On the day of the entry of the Italian military forces into Cetinje, a temporary administrative Montenegrin Committee was formed, taking over all power of the former Yugoslavia occupied by the Axis powers. It is the duty of the Committee to ensure normal functioning of life and activities of the country on the territory of Montenegro, i.e. former Zeta Banovina. In view of the above, I order you to call on all officials in your area to continue their duties without delay. If there are officials who, for any reason, are not willing to respond to the call, ask them to send a written statement within three days from the date of the announcement and submit it to me. Please inform me immediately about the execution of the above instructions.“ Your State Prosecutor V. Gojnić ve, na čelu sa italijanskim grofom Serafinom Maco- linijem (Serafino Mazzolini). Komesarijat je imao lokalne organe u svim djelovima Crne Gore, a admi- nistrativna služba i represivni aparat (žandarmerija) uglavnom je bila sačinjena od činovnika i službenika bivše vlasti. Visoki komesarijat je imao sve atribute civilne vlasti, pa je donio niz uredbi i pravilnika kojima je uređivao društveni, ekonomski i politički život u Crnoj Gori. Okupacione vlasti su na sve načine po- kušavale da ostave utisak administracije koja brine o interesima Crne Gore i njenih građana, pa su mnogi Kontrola italijanskih vlasti Check of the Italian authorities sa pravom zaključili, da je okupacioni režim uspo- stavljen u Crnoj Gori, nakon aprila 1941. godine, bio nexed to the newly created “Great Albania”, whereas jedan od najblažih na prostoru cijele Jugoslavije. Ita- Boka was annexed to Italy on 20 May. The position lijanska Vlada bila je ubijeđena da će kroz projekat of the government in Rome in their invasion plans obnavljanja crnogorske državnosti pod kontrolom was that the situation in Montenegro would be best Italije, dobiti podršku lokalnog stanovništva koje je controlled by pursuing the idea of restoring the in- bilo nezadovoljno ekonomskim razvojem, neispu- dependent state of Montenegro, which according to njenim obećanjima i generisanim nezadovoljstvom those projections would be under the control of the zbog neriješenog nacionalnog pitanja i opšteg ra- Italian government. zočarenja i odnosa bivših vlasti prema Crnoj Gori. Za realizaciju tog plana, okupljena je grupa bivših By the end of April 1941, the occupation authorities, prvaka Federalističke stranke i nekih intelektualaca with less than 20,000 soldiers, established control over entire Montenegro. The High Civil Commis- koji su učestvovali u koncipiranju Memoranduma o sariat for Montenegro was the central body of the obnavljanju crnogorske države. U Memoradumu koji occupation authorities led by the Italian count Sera- je pripremio italijanski okupacioni komesar Macoli- fin Macolini. The Commissariat had local bodies in ni predviđeno je obnavljanje crnogorske državnosti all parts of Montenegro, and the administrative ser- pod italijanskim protektoratom, što je i formalizova- vice and repressive apparatus (gendarmerie) were no na takozvanom „Crnogorskom saboru“, koji je 12. mainly composed of officials and servants of the jula 1941. godine održan na Cetinju. former government. The High Commissariat had all

11 Proglas Pokrajinskog komiteta KPJ za Crnu Goru, Boku i Sandžak, jun 1941. Proclamation of the CPY Regional Committee for Montenegro, Boka and Sandžak, June 1941 Već u prvim danima okupacije Jugoslavije, jedina the attributes of civilian authority adopting a series politička snaga koja je imala jasan cilj o neophodno- of decrees and rules that regulated social, econom- sti organizovanja oružanog ustanka bila je Komuni- ic and political life in Montenegro. The occupation stička partija. Komunisti su bili jedni od organiza- authorities tried in every way to leave an impression tora velikih demonstracija kojima je u martu 1941. of administration that cares about the interests of godine srušena Vlada koja je potpisala sporazum sa Montenegro and its citizens, which is why many Trećim Rajhom. Na konferenciji partijskog vrha KPJ rightly concluded that the occupation regime es- u Zagrebu, maja 1941. godine donešena je odluka o tablished in Montenegro after April 1941 was one organizovanju oružane borbe, sa jasnim uputstvima of the mildest in Yugoslavia. The Italian government i zadacima crnogorskom partijskom rukovodstvu. was convinced that through the project of restoring U dijelu zaključaka koji se odnosi na Crnu Goru Montenegrin statehood under the Italian control, navodi se da je zadatak crnogorskih komunista da they would gain support from the local population „mobilišu crnogorski narod protiv italijanskih oku- who were dissatisfied with poor economic develop- patora, da vode borbu protiv pokušaja uspostavlja- ment, unfulfilled promises and accumulated frustra- nja nekakve dinastije slobodoljubljivom crnogor- tion caused by the unresolved national issue as well skom narodu, da vode borbu protiv federalista kao as general disappointment and attitude of former agenata italijanskih imperijalista, da vode borbu authorities towards Montenegro. For the realization protiv pljačkanja siromašnog crnogorskog naroda, a of that plan, they gathered a group of former leaders za preuzimanje najhitnijih mjera za obezbjeđivanje of the Federalist Party and a number of intellectuals naroda najnužnijim sredstvima za život, za osigura- who participated in the drafting of the Memoran- nje radnih masa Crne Gore od prijeteće gladi“. dum on the renewal of the Montenegrin state. The Memorandum prepared by the Italian occupation Prvi koraci u pripremi ustanka protiv italijanskog commissioner Macolini envisaged the restoration of okupatora u Crnoj Gori napravljeni su krajem apri- Montenegrin statehood under the Italian protector- la, kada se na partijskom savjetovanju prave planovi ate, which was formalized in the so-called Montene- o oružanom otporu. U mjestu Velje Brdo u blizini grin Council held on 12 July 1941 in Cetinje. Podgorice, 24. aprila 1941. godine održan je sastanak Pokrajinskog komiteta KPJ za Crnu Goru, na From the very first days of the occupation of Yugosla- kome je donešena odluka o pripremi oružane borbe via, the only political force that had a clear goal and i otporu italijanskom okupatoru. Desetak dana ka- recognized the necessity of organizing an armed up- snije održano je takozvano „Majsko savjetovanje“ rising was the Communist Party. The Communists CK KPJ u Zagrebu, na kome je donešena konačna were one of the organizers of large demonstrations

13 odluka o organizovanju oružanog otpora i pripre- in March 1941 that overthrew the government who mi za ustanak. Tokom maja i juna 1941. u pripremi signed the agreement with the Third Reich. At the ustanka u Crnoj Gori iz vojnih skladišta jugosloven- conference of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in ske vojske obezbijeđeno je oko 3.000 pušaka, 150 Zagreb in May 1941, the party leaders made a decision puškomitraljeza, više stotina bombi i oko tri miliona to organize an armed struggle and gave clear instruc- metaka. U tom periodu organizovano je 286 manjih tions and tasks for the Montenegrin party leadership. gerilskih jedinica sa 6.200 boraca. To su bile manje The part of the conclusions referring to Montenegro jedinice (10–30 boraca) sastavljene uglavnom od states that the task of the Montenegrin communists članova Partije, SKOJ-a i njihovih simpatizera. Čla- is: “to mobilize the Montenegrin people against the novi Komunističke partije (1.800) i članovi SKOJ-a Italian occupiers, to fight against attempts to impose (3.000) činili su okosnicu ustaničkih snaga. Partijski another dynasty to the freedom-loving Montenegrin people, to fight against the federalists and agents of komiteti u Crnoj Gori u tom periodu navode poda- the Italian imperialists, to fight against further looting tak da je još 15.000 ljudi spremno da krene u borbu of the poor Montenegrin people, and to take the most protiv okupatora pod rukovodstvom KP. urgent measures to provide people with essentials, to Već tokom juna podizanje ustanka bilo je izvjesno, a protect the working masses of Montenegro from the ulazak u posljednju fazu priprema najavio je Pokra- threatening famine”. jinski komitet KPJ za Crnu Goru, Boku i Sandžak, The first preparatory actions for the uprising against Proglasom koji su krajem juna 1941. godine uputili the Italian occupier in Montenegro were realised in crnogorskom narodu. U pozivu na otpor, komunisti a meeting of the Regional Committee of the CPY for su u prvi plan istakli napad Njemačke na Sovjetski Montenegro held on 24 April 1941 in a village called Savez koji se opisuje kao „imperijalistički, mučki, Velje Brdo near Podgorica. Ten days later, the so- drski, zločinački i ničim izazvan“. Prva zemlja so- called May Conference of the Central Committee of cijalizma u ovom proglasu se opisuje kao „nosilac the Communist Party of Yugoslavia held in Zagreb borbe za trajan i časan mir slobodnih i nezavisnih confirmed the decision on organizing the armed re- naroda“. Crnogorski narod se u proglasu podsjeća sistance. During May and June 1941, Montenegro da on najbolje zna što znači biti porobljen. Navode received about 3,000 rifles, 150 machine guns, sev- da narod u Crnoj Gori to osjeća „kroz nacionalno eral hundred bombs and about three million bullets ropstvo u koje si bez svoje krivice dopao, kroz uvre- from the Yugoslav army’s military stocks. During de i poniženja koje ti italijanske crne fašističke košu- that period, 286 smaller guerrilla units with 6,200 lje svakodnevno donose kroz pljačku i teror“. Poru- fighters were formed. Each unit consisted of 10–30

14 fighters, mainly members of the Party, SKOJ (League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia) and their sym- pathizers. Members of the Communist Party (1,800) and members of the SKOJ (3,000) formed the back- bone of the rebellion forces, and according to the Party committees of that time, 15,000 more were ready to join the fight against the occupiers under the leadership of the Communist Party.

The last phase of the preparations was announced by the Regional Committee of the CPY for Monte- Ilegalni sastanak na Vrelima Ribničkim u Podgorici negro, Boka and Sandžak, with a Proclamation sent Illegal meeting at Vrela Ribnička in Podgorica to the Montenegrin people at the end of June 1941. In a call for resistance, the Communists highlighted čuju im: „Zbij se pod rukovodstvom Komunističke Germany’s “imperialist, insidious, insolent, criminal partije, koja je jedino bila i ostala vjerna narodu“. and unprovoked” attack against the Soviet Union. The Završne pripreme za početak ustanka organizova- first country of socialism was described in this proc- ne su nakon dolaska Milovana Đilasa – člana CK lamation as “the bearer of the struggle for lasting and KPJ, u Crnu Goru 7. jula 1941. godine. Već sljedećeg honourable peace of free and independent peoples.” dana u selu Ravni Laz u Piperima, održan je novi The Montenegrin people was further reminded of its sastanak na kome je Đilas prenio instrukcije vrha suffering “through the national slavery that you fell into without your guilt, through the insults and hu- Komunističke partije o početku ustanka i konceptu miliations that the Italian black fascist shirts bring you gerilskog ratovanja kao modelu za suprotstavljanje every day with pillage and terror... Fight under the okupatoru. Dogovoreno je da ustaničke akcije za- leadership of the Communist Party that was the only počnu na širem prostoru Cetinja, Rijeke Crnojevića, one that remained faithful to the people.” Bara, Podgorice i Nikšića. Prvobitni plan podrazu- mijevao je simbolično podizanje ustanka 14. jula, The final preparations were carried out after the- ar na dan početka Francuske buržoaske revolucije, ali rival of Milovan Đilas, member of the CPY Central se od toga odustalo i za početak ustanka izabrana je Committee, in Montenegro on 7 July 1941. The very nedjelja 13. jul, jer se pretpostavljalo da će toga dana next day, in a meeting held in Ravni Laz in Piperi, pažnja italijanskih vojnika biti na manjem nivou. Đilas conveyed the instructions of the Communist

15 TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK THE THIRTEENTH OF JULY UPRISING Pljevlja

Plužine Žabljak

Bijelo Polje

Šavnik Mojkovac

Rožaje Berane Kolašin Nikšić Andrijevica Plav Danilovgrad Gusinje Podgorica Herceg Novi Kotor Tuzi Cetinje

Tivat

Budva

Bar 17. JUL ( JULY 17) 1941, ANDRIJEVICA 20. JUL ( JULY 20) 1941, BERANE 20. JUL ( JULY 20) 1941, DANILOVGRAD 20. JUL ( JULY 20) 1941, KOLAŠIN Ulcinj 20. JUL ( JULY 20) 1941, BIJELO POLJE 20. JUL ( JULY 20) 1941, ŽABLJAK 22. JUL ( JULY 22) 1941, ŠAVNIK 22. JUL ( JULY 22) 1941, GRAHOVO Prvi napad ustanika na italijanske okupatore dogo- Party leadership on the beginning of the uprising and dio se tri sata nakon ponoći, kada je grupa od 80 the concept of guerrilla warfare as a model for oppos- ustanika napala kasarnu italijanskih vojnika na Vi- ing the occupier. It was agreed that the rebellion ac- rpazaru. Nakon tri sata borbe, ustanici su odnijeli tions would begin in the wider area of Cetinje, Rijeka prvu pobjedu, ubili 6 i zarobili 51-og italijanskog Crnojevića, Bar, Podgorica and Nikšić. The original vojnika. Istog jutra slične akcije izvedene su i u selu plan was to initiate the uprising on July 14, the day of Mišići između Bara i Budve, kao i na Čevu, gdje su the start of the French Revolution. However, this idea ustanici uništili manju vojnu jedinicu italijanskih was abandoned and the rebellions switched the date to vojnika. Najveći uspjeh prvog dana ustanka bilo je Sunday, July 13, hoping that there will be more chance oslobađanje Rijeke Crnojevića i uništenje italijan- to catch the Italian soldiers off-guard. skog garnizona od 150 vojnika koji je bio stacioniran The first attack on the Italian occupiers happened u tom mjestu. Najznačajnija pobjeda u prvim dani- three hours after midnight, when a group of 80 in- ma ustanka bila je u mjestu Košćele u blizini Rijeke surgents attacked the barracks of Italian soldiers in Crnojevića, kad je grupa od 70 ustanika zaustavila Virpazar. After three hours of fighting, the insur- motorizovani italijanski bataljon koji je pokušao gents took their first victory, killing 6 and captur- da se probije prema Cetinju. Ustanici su na putu ing 51 Italian soldiers. The same morning, similar prema Cetinju postavili zasjedu i potpuno uništili actions were carried out in Mišići, village between italijanski oklopni bataljon. Tom prilikom Italija- Bar and Budva, as well as in Čevo, where the insur- ni su izgubili 70 vojnika, a imali su i oko 400 ra- gents destroyed a small unit of Italian soldiers. The njenih i 800 zarobljenih. Slični napadi uslijedili su greatest success on the first day of the uprising was širom Crne Gore, a za nekoliko dana procjenju- the liberation of Rijeka Crnojevića and the destruc- je se da je u ustanku učestvovalo 32.000 boraca, tion of the Italian garrison of 150 soldiers stationed odnosno nevjerovatnih 10% stanovništva Crne there. In a small place called Košćele near Rijeka Gore. U tom periodu oslobođeni su i gradovi i na- Crnojevića a group of 70 insurgents stopped and selja: Andrijevica (17. jul), Berane, Danilovgrad, destroyed a motorized Italian armoured battalion Kolašin, Bijelo Polje i Žabljak (20. jul), Šavnik (22. that was trying to reach Cetinje. In these actions 70 jul), Grahovo (24. jul). Ustanici su kontrolisali Italian soldiers died, about 400 were wounded and skoro tri četvrtine crnogorske teritorije, a itali- 800 captured. Similar attacks followed throughout janske okupacione snage sklonile su se u nekoli- Montenegro involving around 32,000 fighters, or ko gradova (Cetinje, Podgorica, Nikšić i Pljevlja) incredible 10% of entire Montenegro’s population. u kojima su se nalazili snažni vojni garnizoni, a The insurgents liberated Andrijevica (July 17), Be-

17 Članovi mjesnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije sa partizanima, Cetinje 1941. Members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia local committee with partisans, Cetinje 1941 van domašaja ustanika ostali su i gradovi na cr- rane, Danilovgrad, Kolašin, Bijelo Polje and Žabljak nogorskom primorju. U prvim danima ustanka, (July 20), Šavnik (July 22), Grahovo (July 24). They iz stroja je izbačeno 4.800 italijanskih vojnika. controlled almost three quarters of Montenegrin Brzo je formirana i takozvana Privremena vrhov- territories, and the Italian occupation forces took na komanda nacionalno-oslobodilačkih trupa za refuge in several towns (Cetinje, Podgorica, Nikšić Crnu Goru, Boku i Sandžak koja je preko svojih and Pljevlja) where they had strong military gar- odbora preuzela vlast na oslobođenoj teritoriji. risons. Towns on the Montenegrin coast also re- Italijanska vojna komanda u obimnom izvješta- mained under the Italian control. In the first days ju od 16. jula, navodi da je ustanak organizovan of the uprising, 4,800 Italian soldiers were defeated od strane komunista i da su ustanici „iznenadili and disarmed. The insurgents quickly formed the granične postaje i na taj način se domogli oružja, so-called Temporary Supreme Command of the Na-

18 prevoznih sredstava, uzevši italijanske vojnike za tional Liberation Troops for Montenegro, Boka and taoce“. Navode da ustanici drže veliki broj naselja Sandžak, which took over power in the liberated ter- i ogromnu teritoriju u Crnoj Gori, da su presjekli ritory through its committees. In an extensive report sve komunikacije i da su dobro naoružani mitra- of July 16, the Italian military command stated that ljezima i artiljerijskim oružjem. the uprising was organized by the communists and that the insurgents “surprised the garrison stations U prvom izvještaju koji je komanda Trinaestojulskog and thus obtained weapons, means of transport, julskog ustanka poslala iz Crne Gore 20. jula 1941. taking Italian soldiers hostage”. They noted that the godine, sumiraju se rezultati vojnih akcija na pro- insurgents held a large number of settlements and storu Crne Gore. Navodi se da su se akcije slabijih a huge territory in Montenegro, that they cut off gerilskih odreda pretvorile u opštenarodni ustanak, all communications and that they were well armed pa su se i gerilski odredi brzo u mnogim krajevima with machine guns and artillery weapons. transformisali u „pravu narodnu vojsku“. Za sedam dana ustanka oslobodili su veliki broj naselja: Spuž, The first report sent from Montenegro on 20 July Virpazar, Kolašin, Berane, Andrijevicu, Šavnik i Ša- 1941 by the command of the July 13 Uprising, sum- marizes the results of military actions in Montene- hoviće. Crnogorski ustanici su italijanskom okupa- gro. It states that the actions of small guerrilla troops toru nanijeli velike ljudske i materijalne gubitke. Po turned into a nationwide uprising and in many parts njihovim podacima, tokom prve nedjelje ustanka of the country the guerrilla detachments quick- Italijani su imali 1.200 mrtvih i još toliko ranjenih ly transformed into a “real people’s army”. In seven vojnika. Zarobljeno je preko 3.000 italijanskih voj- days of the uprising, they liberated a large number of nika, kao i ogromna količina naoružanja: 3.000 pu- settlements: Spuž, Virpazar, Kolašin, Berane, Andri- šaka, 98 mitraljeza, 56 puškomitraljeza, 15 topova, jevica, Šavnik and Šahovići. The Montenegrin insur- 19 bacača mina, dva barutna magazina, 5 kamiona gents inflicted great human and material losses on bombi, jedan tenk, 81 kamion, 57 motocikala i dosta the Italian occupier. According to their data, during vojničke opreme i namirnica. U izvještaju je navedeno the first week of the uprising, the Italians had 1,200 i da su ustanici na aerodromu u Slivlju kod Nikšića, dead and as many wounded soldiers. Over 3,000 Ital- zapalili četiri neprijateljska aviona, dok se jedan srušio ian soldiers were captured as well as a huge amount u Bjelopavlićkoj ravnici. S druge strane, gubici ustani- of weapons: 3,000 rifles, 98 Gatling guns, 56 machine ka bili su minimalni i po njihovim podacima u prvoj guns, 15 cannons, 19 mine launcher, two gunpowder nedjelji ustanka stradalo je njih 72. Izvještaj sadrži i cartridges, 5 bomb trucks, one tank, 81 trucks, 57 podatke o reorganizaciji italijanskih okupacionih sna- motorcycles and a lot of military equipment and

19 ga, koje su nakon ustanka dobile značajno pojačanje iz Albanije. Zapažaju da je u ovom periodu fokus italijanske vojne komande bila kontrola saobraćajne komunikacije od Skadra do Podgorice kojom transpor- tuju vojne snage u pravcu Rijeke Crnojevića.

Svjesni da u svojim redovima nemaju puno školova- nih oficira, kao i činjenicu da su redovi oslobodilačke vojske popunjavani pojedincima bez bilo kakve vojne obuke i znanja, štab vojnih snaga u Crnoj Gori tražio je od lokalnih jedinica da vojne operacije prilagode tim okolnostima i da djeluju s pozicija takozvanog gerilskog/partizanskog ratovanja. Takav način rato- Milovan Đilas i Arso Jovanović, 1944. vanja, nazivaju „narodna, radničko-seljačka vojna Milovan Đilas and Arso Jovanović, 1944 taktika“, koja podrazumijeva da se „dobro ušanče i zamaskiraju na mjestima kuda neprijatelj mora proći supplies. The first report also mentions that the in- i uništiti ga; po mogućnosti, probiti mu se iza leđa pa surgents set fire to four enemy planes at the airport ga i sa te strane napasti i uništiti“. Crna Gora i njeni in Slivlje near Nikšić, while one plane crashed in the plain of Bjelopavlići. On the other hand, the losses klanci i klisure kroz koje neprijatelj mora proći, bili of the insurgents were minimal, and according to su idealan prostor za takvu taktiku. Ključne prepo- their data, 72 men died in the first week of the up- ruke su se odnosile na minimiziranje svih mogućih rising. The report also contains data on the reor- žrtava i štednju vojnih resursa, prvenstveno munici- ganization of the Italian occupation forces, which je koja je za njih „dragocjenija od života, jer bez nje received significant reinforcements from Albania nam ni života nema, a svako njeno rasipanje je i rasi- after the uprising. They note that in this period, panje naših života i rad za neprijatelja“. the focus of the Italian military command was the control of traffic routes from Skadar to Podgorica, Već 22. jula 1941. godine, Milovan Đilas u ime Pri- particularly the connection with Rijeka Crnojevića. vremene vrhovne komande nacionalno-oslobodi- lačkih trupa Crne Gore, Boke i Sandžaka daje uput- Aware that they do not have many trained officers stva o organizovanju vlasti na oslobođenim terito- in their ranks, as well as the fact that the ranks of rijama. Ovaj dokument jasno ukazuje na revolucio- the Liberation Army were filled with people without

20 narne tendencije ustanika i njihovu namjeru da kroz any military training and knowledge, the Montene- oslobodilačku borbu promijene stari politički sistem grin military headquarters asked local units to adapt i uvedu nove modele političkog djelovanja. Đilas u military operations to these circumstances and act ovom dokumentu daje prve konture i koncepciju according to the ways of the so-called guerrilla/par- nove vlasti na oslobođenim teritorijama. Navodi da tisan warfare based on the tactics of ambush. Mon- je podizanjem ustanka 13. i 14. jula 1941. godine, tenegrin cliffs and gorges through which the enemy iz osnova promijenjen dosadašnji politički položaj had to pass made an ideal terrain for such tactics. Crne Gore i da je onaj dio naroda na oslobođenim The key recommendations were to minimize all pos- teritorijama već „nacionalno slobodan i da zasni- sible casualties and save military resources, primarily va svoju vlast na sili moćne narodnooslobodilačke ammunition “which was more precious than life, be- borbe“. Đilas u prvi plan ističe revolucionarne na- cause without it we have no life, and every waste of it mjere ustanika objašnjavajući da „cjelokupna vlast is a waste of our lives and benefit of the enem”. na oslobođenoj teritoriji pripada Vrhovnoj komandi On 22 July 1941, on behalf of the Temporary Su- nacionalno-oslobodilačkih trupa Crne Gore, Boke i preme Command of the National Liberation Troops Sandžaka, a sve ostale vlasti se ukidaju“. Predlaže us- for Montenegro, Boka and Sandžak, Milovan Đilas postavljanje kontakta s narodom, a taj zadatak dele- submitted instructions on the organization of the gira „uglednim nacionalnim radnicima, antifašisti- new government in the liberated territories. This ma“. U uputstvima za organizovanje vlasti na oslo- document clearly indicates the revolutionary ten- bođenim teritorijama, Đilas daje konture nove vlasti dencies of the insurgents and their intention to i njihovih političkih ciljeva. Uvodi se opšte biračko change the old political system and introduce new pravo za sve građane, bez obzira na vjeroispovijest, models of political action through the liberation nacionalnost i rasu, kao i opšte pravo za žene koje struggle. Đilas stated that the uprising of 13 and su u prethodnom periodu bile isključene iz izbor- 14 July 1941 fundamentally changed the current nih procesa. Starosni cenzus pomjera se sa 21 na 18 political position of Montenegro and that the peo- godina starosti, uz dodatak da vojnici bez obzira na ple in the liberated territories was already “nation- starost imaju pravo glasa. Garantuje se lična slobo- ally free and they base their power on the force of da, nepovredivost stana i imovine, sloboda vjerskih the national liberation struggle”. Đilas highlights obreda i religioznih ubjeđenja, sloboda iskazivanja the revolutionary intentions of the insurgents, misli bilo kojim putem, sloboda udruživanja, zbora i explaining that “all power in the liberated territory dogovora. Ograničenja se odnose samo na političke belongs to the Supreme Command of the national

21 Saopštenje Privremene vrhovne komande nacionalno-oslobodilačkih trupa Crne Gore, Boke i Sandžaka, 22. jul 1941. Statement of the Temporary Supreme Command of the National Liberation Troops for Montenegro, Boka and Sandžak, 22 July 1941 pokrete „koje su propovijedale i propovijedaju anti- liberation troops for Montenegro, Boka and Sandžak, demokratska i fašistička ubjeđenja“. and all other authorities are abolished”. He proposes the establishment of communication and dialogue Politička platforma oslobodilačkog pokreta u Cr- between the government and the people, and noj Gori nastalog na vrijednostima Trinaestojul- delegates this task to “respectable national workers, skog ustanka, zaokružena je kroz rezoluciju usvo- anti-fascists”. Universal suffrage was introduced for all jenu na pokrajinskom savjetovanju KPJ, 8. avgusta citizens, regardless of religion, nationality and race, as 1941. godine. U ovoj rezoluciji objašnjava se karak- well as universal suffrage for women who were pre- ter oslobodilačkog pokreta i uloga Komunističke viously excluded from the electoral process. The age partije. Takođe, rezolucija jasno ukazuje na proces threshold is shifted from 21 to 18, with the addition obnavljanja državnosti Crne Gore ukinute nakon that soldiers regardless of their age have the right to Prvog svjetskog rata. U rezoluciji se objašnjava da vote. Personal freedom, inviolability of home and oslobodilački pokret protiv okupatora nije samo property, freedom of religious rites and religious be- stvar komunista, već svih iskrenih patriota i rodo- liefs, freedom of expression in any way, freedom of ljuba koji žele „nacionalno oslobođenje ispod jarma association, assembly and agreement are guaranteed. fašističkog okupatora“. Koriste termin „oslobodilač- The restrictions apply only to political movements ke antifašističke revolucije“ koji osim borbe protiv “that have preached and are preaching anti-democrat- okupatora ima karakter „borbe za nacionalno oslo- ic and fascist beliefs”. bođenje od velikosrpske buržoazije, koja je 1918. The political platform of the liberation movement godine Crnoj Gori uskratila ne samo državnost, in Montenegro established on the values of the nego i nacionalnu slobodu, čak ukinula i naziv Crna July 13 Uprising, was completed with a resolution Gora“. Usvajanje rezolucije prati i pismo Milovana adopted at the regional conference of the CPY on Đilasa Pokrajinskom komitetu KPJ u Crnoj Gori, u 8 August 1941. This resolution explains the char- kome objašnjava da je „nacionalno-oslobodilačka acter of the liberation movement and the role of antifašistička revolucija“ jedna od etapa proleterske the Communist Party. Also, the resolution clearly revolucije koja treba da riješi neka od temeljnih pita- indicates the process of restoring the statehood of nja budućnosti Crne Gore: nacionalnu nezavisnost, Montenegro, abolished after the First World War. pravo na samoopredjeljenje, model demokratske The resolution explains that the liberation move- narodne vlasti, stvaranja uslova za bolji život rad- ment against the occupiers is not just a matter of ničke klase i seljaka, kao i pitanje uništavanja svih communists, but of all sincere patriots who want ostataka fašističke reakcije. “national liberation from the yoke of the fascist

23 Proglas Komunističke partije Jugoslavije narodima Jugoslavije od 25. jula 1941. Proclamation of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to the peoples of Yugoslavia on July 25, 1941 Karakter i obim Trinaestojulskog ustanka učinile su occupier”. They use the term “liberation anti-fascist ovaj datum jednim od najsvjetlijih trenutaka mileni- revolution” which besides the fight against the occu- jumske istorije Crne Gore. U trenutku kada je Treći piers, has the character of “the struggle for national Rajh sa svojim saveznicima bio na vrhuncu moći, u liberation from the Great Serbia bourgeoisie that in Crnoj Gori je organizovan beskompromisni otpor 1918 denied Montenegro not only statehood but also okupacionim snagama. Italijanska okupaciona vlast national freedom, and even abolished the name Mon- u Crnoj Gori, od aprila do jula 1941. godine, poku- tenegro”. The adoption of the resolution was accom- šavala je na sve načine da pacifikuje stanje u zemlji, panied by a letter from Milovan Đilas to the Regional ali su slobodarske tradicije i snažna organizaciona Committee of the CPY in Montenegro, in which he uloga Komunističke partije dovele do opštenarod- explained that the “national liberation anti-fascist nog ustanka. O odjeku ustanka u ostatku Jugosla- revolution” is one of the stages of the proletarian rev- vije najslikovitije govori oduševljenje crnogorskim olution, which should solve some of the fundamental ustankom i njegovim rezultatima konstatovano u issues of Montenegro’s future: national independence, proglasu CK KPJ od 25. jula 1941. godine u kome the right to self-determination, democratic people’s se poziva srpski narod da po uzoru na Crnu Goru government, creating conditions for a better life for učini nešto slično: „Na ustanak, srpski narode! the working class and peasants, as well as the issue of Ugledaj se na crnogorski narod koji je ustao da zba- destroying all remnants of the fascist reaction. ci okupatorski jaram italijanskih fašista“. I neki od The character and scope of the July 13 Uprising najuticajnijih medija na svijetu objavili su detalje o made this date one of the brightest moments in the veličanstvenom uspjehu crnogorskog ustanka protiv millennial history of Montenegro. At a time when okupatora. Naravno, najviše pažnje je posvećeno u the Third Reich and its allies were at the height of Sovjetskom Savezu u kome moskovska Pravda piše their power, Montenegro was the country that or- da narod u Crnoj Gori nije pristao na okupaciju i da ganized an uncompromising resistance to the oc- je, umjesto da položi oružje, „počeo ogorčenu par- cupying forces. From April to July 1941, the Italian tizansku borbu; vjeran ratnim tradicijama predaka occupation authorities in Montenegro had tried in gotovo sav crnogorski narod otišao je u partizanske every way to pacify the situation in the country, but odrede“. Zanimljivo, slične poruke uputili su i neki the libertarian traditions and strong organizational od najuticajnijih britanskih i američkih medija kao role of the Communist Party led to a nationwide što su: Times i New York Times, dok je britanski am- uprising. The repercussions of the uprising in the basador iz Amerike u jednom izvještaju, situaciju u rest of Yugoslavia are most vividly seen in the en-

25 23. jul 1941. CRNOGORCI, Vi znate da je Italija radila i da radi za vaše dobro; dala vam je nezavisnost i učiniće i dalje sve moguće da vam pruži mir, rad i blagostanje. ... Čemu, dakle, borba? Da bi bijeda na vašim ognjištima bila još veća? ... Italijanska vojska ne podnosi pobunu. Uništiće je svim raspoloživim sredstvima. Obraća vam se posljednjom opomenom, u vašem sopstvenom interesu, interesu vaših porodica, i mira koji treba da nas udruži. Ako se predate i izručite oružje, ako se iskreno podčinite, vaš će život biti spašen, a Vlada velike i moćne Italije nastojaće da umanji bijedu, koja je zbog ludačkog gesta nekolicine nesavjesnih ljudi zahvatila sav crnogorski, vrijedni i radišni narod. Riješite se odmah: prekinite ovu krvavu i uzaludnu borbu. U pro- tivnom slučaju, italijanska vojska neće vam dati predaha; žaliće ako bude primorana da izvrši prečišćavanje i da primijeni najstrože mjere da bi osigurala zemlji mir i bezbjednost.

July 23 1941 MONTENEGRINS, You know that Italy has worked and is working for your good; it has given you independence and will continue to do everything possible to give you peace, work and prosperity. ... So why the fight? To make the misery in your households even greater? Okupacioni letak upozorenja Crnogorcima, 23. jul 1941. ... Occupation warning leaflet for Montenegrins, 23 July 1941 The Italian army shall not tolerate resistance. They will destroy it with all available means. This is the final warning, in your own interest, in the interest of your families, and the peace that should unite us. If you surrender and give up your weapons, if you sincerely submit, your lives will be saved, and the Government of great and powerful Italy will try to reduce the misery that has befallen all hardworking and deserving people of Montenegro because of the insane gesture of a few unscrupulous people. Decide immediately: stop this bloody and futile fight. Otherwise, the Italian Army will be relentless; we hope we will not be forced to resort to extermination and apply the strictest measures to ensure peace and security in the country Crnoj Gori opisao kao „žarište otpora okupacionim thusiasm for the Montenegrin resistance and its re- kretanjima na Balkanu“. Opšti uspjeh Trinaestojul- sults stated in the proclamation of the CPY Central skog ustanka potvrđuju i izvještaji italijanskih oku- Committee of 25 July 1941, which called on the Ser- patora koji su svjesni posvećenosti crnogorskog na- bian people to follow the example of Montenegro: roda oslobodilačkim tradicijama. Alesandro Pircio “To arms, Serbian people! Follow in the footsteps of Biroli (Alessandro Pirzio Biroli), prvi čovjek okupa- the Montenegrin people who stood up to overthrow cionih vlasti u Crnoj Gori, početkom avgusta 1941. the Italian fascists’ yoke of occupation.” And some godine, objašnjava da je uzaludan posao pokušavati of the most influential media in the world published ubjeđivanjem i obećanjima natjerati narod na pokor- details about the magnificent success of the Monte- nost. Nastavlja: „... držati Crnogorce u pokornosti, u negrin uprising against the occupiers. Of course, the ovim pogoršanim ekonomskim uslovima..., zanesene uprising was given greatest attention in the Soviet komunističkom ideologijom... pokušati da se održi Union where Moscow Pravda wrote that the peo- red obećanjima i ubjeđivanjima – znatno je isto što ple of Montenegro refused to accept the occupation i orati more, dakle iluzija“. U samoj Komunističkoj and that instead of surrendering their arms, they partiji bili su svjesni uspjeha oružanog ustanka crno- “started a bitter partisan struggle; faithful to the war gorskog naroda koji je i početkom novembra 1941. traditions of their ancestors, almost all Montenegrin godine, tokom proslave 24 godine od organizovanja people went to partisan squads”. Interestingly, simi- Oktobarske revolucije, dobio značajno mjesto u sim- lar messages were sent by some of the most influen- bolici oslobodilačkog pokreta. U proglasu narodima tial British and American media, such as the Times Jugoslavije CK KPJ poručuje: „Crnogorski narode! Ti and the New York Times, while the British ambas- si se prvi podigao na oružani ustanak, kada te pozvala sador in America described the situation in Mon- Komunistička partija Jugoslavije. Ni kaznena ekspe- tenegro as a “hotbed of resistance to occupation dicija fašističkih lešinara, ni popaljena sela, ni nevine developments in the Balkans”. The general success žrtve koje su pale od ubilačke okupatorske ruke nisu of the July 13 Uprising was also confirmed by the mogli slomiti tvoj borbeni duh, tvoju čvrstu rešenost reports of the Italian occupiers who were aware of da se i dalje boriš protiv mrskog okupatora do svog the commitment of the Montenegrin people to the konačnog oslobođenja. Istraj, crnogorski narode, u toj liberation traditions. Pirzio Biroli, the first man of teškoj borbi zajedno s drugim narodima Jugoslavije“. the occupation authorities in Montenegro, wrote in August 1941 that it was futile to try to talk the peo- Pokreti otpora u Evropi pokrenuli su konkretne ple of Montenegro into submission. He continues: akcije protiv okupatora tek u posljednjoj fazi rata, “to keep Montenegrins in obedience, in these aggra-

27 „... Imajte povjerenja u Italiju i u Vašu sudbinu; vratite se svojim poljima, kori- snom radu za dobro Vaše Domovine. Od- bijajte zločinačke komuniste, koji nastoje samo da upropaste čovječanstvo.“

“... Have confidence in Italy and in your fate; return to your fields, useful work for the good of your Homeland. Reject the criminal communists whose only goal is to ruin humanity.”

Proglas italijanskih okupacionih trupa za Crnu Goru, 1. avgust 1941. Proclamation addressed to Montenegrins by the Supreme Command of the occupation troops in Montenegro, 1 August 1941 za razliku od Crne Gora koja se okupatoru suprot- vated economic conditions..., carried away by the stavila u trenutku kada je bio najjači. Zbog toga je communist ideology... to try to maintain order with i reakcija italijanskih okupacionih vlasti na podi- promises and persuasions – it would be as useless as zanje ustanka bila brutalna i osvetnički nastrojena. ploughing the sea, therefore an illusion”. The Com- Italijanska komanda iz Albanije je u Crnu Goru munist Party itself officially recognised the success of vrlo brzo prebacila preko 100.000 vojnika, a novi the Montenegrin armed uprising on the occasion of th komandant italijanskih trupa u Crnoj Gori, general celebrating the 24 anniversary of the October Rev- olution in early November 1941. In the proclamation Pircio Biroli, započeo je krvavu kampanju represije. to the peoples of Yugoslavia, the Central Committee Italijanske snage su već 15. avgusta izvršile reorgani- of the CPY stated: “Montenegrin people! You were zaciju vojnih trupa i uz podršku novih snaga koje su the first to take up arms upon the call of the Com- stizale iz Albanije, započele postepeno preuzimanje munist Party of Yugoslavia. Neither the punitive ex- najvažnijih saobraćajnih i strateških pozicija u Cr- pedition of fascist vultures, nor the burned villages, noj Gori. Italijanska divizija „Pusteria“, 17. jula po- nor the innocent victims who died by the murder- čela je napad prema Cetinju, dok je 18. jula u Boki ous occupier’s hand could break your fighting spirit, Kotorskoj došlo do iskrcavanja italijanske divizije your firm determination to continue fighting against „Taro“ koja je već 18. jula, preko Njeguša stigla na the hated occupier until your final liberation. Perse- Cetinje, koje je odblokirano već narednog dana. Po vere Montenegrin people in that difficult struggle, izvještajima italijanske vojne komande, već sredi- together with other peoples of Yugoslavia!” nom avgusta 1941. godine, uspostavljena je kontrola Resistance movements in Europe initiated concrete nad ustaničkim aktivnostima, ali su određene akcije actions against the occupiers only in the last phase sprovođene i između oktobra i decembra 1941. go- of the war, unlike Montenegrin people who con- dine. U oktobru 1941. godine došlo je i do ukidanja fronted the occupiers at the time when they were Visokog civilnog komesarijata, a kompletna vlast strongest. For this reason, the reaction of the Italian (civilna i vojna) prešla je u ruke generala Pircija occupation authorities to the uprising was brutal Birolija koji je bio na čelu takozvanog Guverna- and vengeful. The Italian command immediately torata – organa okupatorske uprave u Crnoj Gori. transferred over 100,000 soldiers from Albania to Italijanski general u svojim obraćanjima komandi Montenegro, and the new commander of the Ital- italijanske vojske u Rimu, pisao je da bez obzira ian troops in Montenegro, General Alessandro Pir- na činjenicu da je situacija stabilizovana, neop- zio Biroli, started a bloody campaign of repression. hodno izvršiti kompletno razoružanje stanovniš- As early as 15 August, the Italian forces reorganized

29 Naredba od 20. jula i Presuda od 22. jula 1941. godine Komande divizije Mesina, Cetinje Order of 20 July and Judgment of 22 July 1941 of the Command Division Messina, Cetinje

„... Pošto su odbijene sve molbe za pomilovanje, naredio sam da osuđeni LEON LEVI i KOVAČEVIĆ VASO budu strijeljani u leđa. Osuda je izvršena u zakonskoj formi u 20:30 sati, dana 22. jula 1941–XIX kod skupštin- skog trga.“

“... Since all requests for pardon have been rejected, I ordered that the convicted LEON LEVI and KOVAČEVIĆ VASO be shot in the back. The sentence was executed in prescribed form at 20:30, on 22 July 1941–XIX near the Parliament square.“ Na brdu Jasikovac iznad Berana italijanski fašisti su ubili devet patriota, 17. jul 1941. Italian fascists killed nine patriots on the Jasikovac hill above Berane, 17 July 1941

Italijani strijeljaju crnogorske ustanike na Rijeci Crnojevića, jul 1941. Italians shooting Montenegrin insurgents in Rijeka Crnojevića, July 1941

Italijani strijeljaju crnogorske ustanike na Cetinju, 30. jul 1941. Italians shooting Montenegrin insurgents 31 in Cetinje, 30 July 1941 Strijeljanje ustanika u Crnoj Gori od strane italijanskih okupacionih snaga Mass execution of Montenegrin insurgents by the Italian occupation forces U pokušajima da ograniče uticaj ustanika na sta- In an effort to reduce the insurgents’ influence novništvo, italijanski okupatori i lokalni kolabo- on the population, the Italian occupiers and local racionisti, koristili su taktiku javnih pogubljenja collaborators used the tactics of public executions i okrutnog iživljavanja nad zarobljenim pripadni- and cruel treatment of captured members of the cima partizanskog pokreta. Čedomir Ljubo Čupić partisan movement. Čedomir Ljubo Čupić was shot strijeljan je 9. maja 1941. u Nikšiću nakon divljač- on 9 May 1942 in Nikšić, after being brutally tortu- kog mučenja u zatvoru, dok je Jovanja Joka Baletić red in prison, and Jovanka Joka Baletić was hanged istog dana obješena na groblju pod Trebjesom. on the same day in the cemetery under Trebjesa.

Čedomir Ljubo Čupić Jovanka Joka Baletić Radolfo Ramen predsjednik opštine u Herceg Novom zlostavljao je na razne načine partizanke. Na fotografijima Ramen šiša zarobljenu partizanku Danicu Dabović nakon čega je morala i da popije ricinusovo ulje Rodolfo Ramen, president of the Municipality of Herceg Novi, abused female partisans in various ways. In the photos, Ramen cuts the hair of the captured partisan Danica Dabović, after which he forced her to drink castor oil tva, kako se slična situacija nikad ne bi ponovila. their military troops and, with the support of new Biroli objašnjava – „Crnogorci kao ni Hrvati, ni forces arriving from Albania, began a gradual take- Bugari, pa ni Albanci nas ne vole i smatraju Itali- over of the most important traffic and strategic posi- ju zemljom koja ugrožava njihove interese. Među tions in Montenegro. On 17 July, the 5th Alpini Di- njima je raširen osjećaj superiornosti u odnosu na vision Pusteria started the attack on Cetinje, while Italijane, pa je neophodno takvo uvjerenje zatri- on 18 July, the 48th Infantry Division Taro disem- jeti snažnom akcijom, kako bi se jednom za svag- barked in Boka Kotorska and came across Njeguši da iskorijenile ovakve ideje. Njemce svi poštuju i to Cetinje. The very next day Italians re-established control over Cetinje. According to the reports of the cijene jer su pokazali snagu. Na teritorijama koje Italian military command, the insurgent activities su okupirali sprovode samovolju, pa ipak uživaju were fully suppressed in mid-August 1941, although poštovanje i niko se ne usuđuje da im prigovori. U some actions were also carried out between October ovom trenutku je neophodno postupati pravedno, and December 1941. In October 1941 the High Civil ali izuzetno strogo, ukoliko ne želimo da ugrozi- Commissariat was abolished, and the entire power mo našu budućnost“. (civil and military) passed into the hands of Gen- Preuzimanje kontrole nad strateškim saobraćajnim eral Pirzio Biroli, who was the head of the so-called i vojnim pozicijama nakon gašenja ustanka, pratila Governorate – the body of the occupation adminis- je i odmazda italijanskih okupatora, naručito u sre- tration in Montenegro. In his reports to the Italian army command in Rome, the Italian general wrote dinama u kojima je ustanak imao najveću podršku. that regardless of the fact that the situation was sta- Djelovi oko Cetinja i crmničkog kraja u kojima je bilized, it was necessary to completely disarm the ustanak bio najžešći, platili su najveću cijenu od- population, so that a similar situation would never mazde zbog učešća u ustanku 13. jula. Svi oni koji su happen again. Biroli explained that “Montenegrins, bili pod sumnjom da su, na bilo koji način učestvo- like Croats, Bulgarians and Albanians, do not like vali u organizaciji ili podržavali ustanike, strijeljani us and consider Italy a country that threatens their su. Veliki broj onih na koje je pala sumnja završio interests. There is a widespread sense of superiority je u zatvorima, logorima ili u internaciji. Do kraja over the Italians, so it is necessary to suppress such 1941. godine u Crnoj Gori formirano je na desetine a belief with strong action in order to eradicate such zatvora – samo u Podgorici bilo ih je šest, a na Ceti- ideas once and for all. The Germans are respected nju 14 zatvora. Procjenjuje se da je uhapšeno preko and appreciated by all because they have shown 15.000 ljudi, a najveći broj njih bio je iz sredina u strength. In the territories they have occupied, the

35 kojima je ustanak bio najsnažniji. Tako je samo sa Germans apply tyrannical methods, and yet they prostora Crmnice u zatvorima završilo oko 1.800 enjoy respect and no one dares to confront them. At mještana tog kraja. Do 15. avgusta 1941. godine, this moment, it is necessary to act both fairly and general Biroli uspostavio je kontrolu nad cjeloku- sternly, if we do not want to jeopardise our future.” pnom teritorijom Crne Gore, a partizanske snage After the suppression of the uprising and taking over prinuđene na povlačenje i sakrivanje u zabačenim strategic traffic and military positions, Italian occupi- - djelovima zemlje, započele su novu fazu oslobodi ers’ retaliation ensued, especially in the areas where the lačke borbe. U septembru 1941. godine formira se uprising had the greatest support. The parts around Štab narodnooslobodilačkih partizanskih odreda za Cetinje and Crmnica where the uprising was most in- Crnu Goru, Boku i Sandžak i organizuje partizanska tense, paid the highest price for joining the insurgents vojska u Crnoj Gori u četiri odreda sa oko 4.500 bo- on 13 July. Many of those suspected of participating in raca: Lovćenski odred, Zetski odred, Komski odred the organization or supporting the insurgents in any i Durmitorski odred. way were shot. Others ended up in prisons and concentration camps. By the end of 1941, dozens of prisons had been established in Montenegro, six in Pod- gorica alone, and fourteen in Cetinje. It is estimated that over 15,000 people were arrested, and the largest number of them were from the areas where the uprising was strongest. About 1,800 locals from Crmnica alone ended up in prisons. By 15 August 1941, Gener- al Biroli established control over the entire territory of Montenegro, and partisan troops, forced to withdraw and hide in remote parts of the country, started a new phase of the liberation struggle. In September 1941, the Headquarters of the People’s Liberation Partisan Detachments of Montenegro, Boka and Sandžak was formed, and the partisan army in Montenegro was or-

Italijanski vojnici sa zarobljenim partizanima u Crnoj Gori ganized into four detachments with about 4,500 fight- Italian soldiers with captured partisans in Montenegro ers: Lovćen Detachment, Zeta Detachment and Kom Detachment and Durmitor Detachment.

36 Formiranje IV crnogorske proleterske brigade 17. juna 1942. Formation of the 4th Montenegrin Proletarian Brigade on 17 June 1942

Borci III sandžačke crnogorske brigade, Mojkovac 1942. Fighters of the 3rd Montenegrin Sandžak Brigade in Mojkovac, 1942 ZAKLETVA PARTIZANA Ja: ...... zakljinjem se čašću i svime što mi je najsvetije da ću se hrabro i disciplinovano boriti za slobodu svoga naroda. Da nacionalno oslobodilačku borbu, u koju dobrovoljno ulazim, nigdje i ni u kakvoj situaciji neću iznevjeriti. Da ću svako naređenje Glavnoga Štaba narodnooslobodilačkih partizanskih odreda bez pogovora iz- vršavati. Da ću se disciplinovano pokoravati odlukama Glavnoga Štaba i komandi svoje jedinice, a za neizvrše- nje spreman sam podleći svima kaznama pa i smrtnoj. Zaklinjem se i garantujem čašću i životom da ću sve danas date obaveze vjerno izvršavati. Smrt fašizmu, sloboda narodu!

THE PARTISAN OATH I: ...... swear by my honour and all that is most sacred to me that I will fight bravely and disciplinedly for the freedom of my people. That I will not betray anywhere and in any situation the national liberation struggle, which I am joining voluntarily. That I will carry out every order of the Headquarters of the People’s Liberation Partisan Detachments without questioning. That I will disciplinedly obey the decisions of the Headquarters and the command of my unit, and for non-execution I am ready to be subject to all punishments, even the death penalty. I swear and guarantee with my honour and life that I will faithfully fulfil all the obligations given today. Death to fascism, freedom to the people! Postrojavanje partizanskih jedinica, Mojkovac 1941. Line-up of partisan units, Mojkovac 1941

Grupa boraca Lovćenskog partizanskog odreda, 1943. A group of fighters from the Lovćen partisan detachment, 1943 NA NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKOJ BORBI JUGOSLOVENSKIH THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION STRUGGLE WAS THE FOUNDATI- NARODA UTEMELJENA JE POSLIJERATNA DRŽAVA. KAKO BI ON ON WHICH THE POST-WAS YUGOSLAV STATE WAS BUILT. UČVRSTILI JEDNU OD NAJVAŽNIJIH POLITIČKIH IDEJA SOCI- IN ORDER TO REINFORCE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT JALISTIČKE JUGOSLAVIJE, 1944. GODINE USTANOVLJENO JE POLITICAL IDEAS OF SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA, THE HIGHEST NAJZNAČAJNIJE DRŽAVNO PRIZNANJE: „PARTIZANSKA SPO- STATE RECOGNITION WAS INSTITUTED IN 1944: COMMEMO- MENICA 1941.“, ODLIKOVANJE KOJE JE DODJELJIVANO KAO RATIVE MEDAL OF THE PARTISANS OF 1941, DECORATION „ZNAK DRŽAVNOG PRIZNANJA ORGANIZATORIMA NAROD- AWARDED AS A “SIGN OF STATE RECOGNITION TO THE ORGA- NOG USTANKA I PRVOBORCIMA NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKE NIZERS OF THE PEOPLE’S UPRISING AND CHAMPIONS OF THE BORBE ZA VELIKE ZASLUGE STEČENE NA DJELU OSLOBOĐE- NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE FOR THE GREAT MERITS NJA NAŠIH NARODA“. IN THE LIBERATION OF OUR PEOPLES”.

„Partizanska spomenica 1941.“ Rad Antuna Augustinčića i Đorđa Andrejevića Kuna „Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941“ The work Antun Augustinčić and Đorđe Andrejević Kun

Vladimir Popović Španac Veljko Vlahović Peko Dapčević

Arso Jovanović, Josip Broz Tito Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo CRNOGORCI MONTENEGRINS WHO HAD KOJI SU NA DRUGIM MJESTIMA IMPORTANT ROLES IN IN THE IMALI VAŽNU ULOGU U NOB-U NATIONAL LIBERATION FIGHT OUTSIDE MONTENEGRO

Značajan broj Crnogoraca, članova Komunističke A significant number of Montenegrins, members partije, imalo je zapaženu ulogu u organizaciji usta- of the Communist Party, had notable roles in or- naka u drugim sredinama, kao i tokom Narodno- ganizing the uprisings outside Montenegro, as well oslobodilačke borbe. Jedan od njih je španski borac as later in the people’s liberation war. One of them Vladimir Popović koji je nakon donošenja odluke was the Spanish fighter Vladimir Popović, who was o podizanju ustanka 4. jula 1941. godine imenovan appointed representative of the Central Committee za predstavnika CK KPJ pri CK KP Hrvatske. Na of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia at the Central toj poziciji, Popović je učestvovao u pripremama Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia on oružanog ustanka u Hrvatskoj, a kao sekretar ope- 4 July 1941 after the decision to start an uprising. rativnog rukovodstva KP Hrvatske, učestvovao je In this capacity, Popović participated in the pre- na takozvanom „Savjetovanju u Stolicama“ na kome parations for the armed uprising in Croatia, and je krajem oktobra 1941. godine, izabran za člana as the secretary of the operational central office of Vrhovnog štaba. Značajnu ulogu u organizovanju the Communist Party of Croatia, he took part in ustanka u Hrvatskoj imao je i Vlado Ćetković, još the so-called Stolice Conference held in September jedan učesnik Španskog građanskog rata. Ćetković 1941, where he was elected a member of the Su- je nakon toga dvije godine proveo u Francuskoj, preme Headquarters. Another Montenegrin who odakle je neposredno pred početak ustanka došao played a significant role in organizing the uprising u Jugoslaviju kako bi pomogao podizanje ustanka. S in Croatia was Vlado Ćetković. Ćetković spent two grupom jugoslovenskih dobrovoljaca prebacio se u years in France after the Spanish War, from where Jugoslaviju, i prema zadatku upućen je u Liku, gdje je he came to Yugoslavia just before the beginning of bio jedan od organizatora ustanka u tom kraju. Bio the uprising in order to help the insurgents. He mo- je član Glavnog štaba NOV Hrvatske i komandant ved to Yugoslavia with a group of Yugoslav volun- operativne grupe NOV za prostor Like. Sličnu ulogu teers, where he was commissioned to organize the u Makedoniji imao je jedan drugi Crnogorac, Sve- uprising in Lika. He was a member of the Headqu- tozar Vukmanović Tempo, koji je takođe bio jedan arters of the Croatian National Liberation Army,

43 od učesnika sastanka Politbiroa CK KPJ na kojoj je and the commander of the NLA Lika operational donijeta o početku oružanog ustanka. Kao predstav- group. Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo had a similar nik CK KPJ odlazi u Bosnu i Hercegovinu gdje 13. role in Macedonia and participated in the meeting jula organizuje sastanak Pokrajinskog komiteta KPJ of the Politburo of the CPY Central Committee. As za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, na kome prenosi odluke a representative of the CPY Central Committee, he Centralnog komiteta o podizanju ustanka. U Bosni went to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he organi- i Hercegovini ostaje do kraja 1942. godine, kada po zed a meeting of the CPY Provincial Committee for odluci CK KPJ odlazi u Makedoniju gdje radi na or- Bosnia and Herzegovina on 13 July when he con- ganizovanju partizanskih jedinica. U tom periodu, veyed the decisions of the Central Committee of the kao predstavnik KPJ održava veze s oslobodilačkim CPY on starting the uprising. He remained in Bo- pokretima u Grčkoj, Abaniji i Bugarskoj. snia and Herzegovina until the end of 1942, when he was ordered by the Central Committee of the Com- Tri najznačajnija organizatora Trinaestojulskog usta munist Party of Yugoslavia to go to Macedonia with nka, koja su kasnije imali značajnu ulogu u organi- a task to organize partisan units. During that period, zaciji oslobodilačke borbe na širem jugoslovenskom he maintained connections with the liberation mo- prostoru bili su: Milovan Đilas, Arso Jovanović i vements in Greece, Albania and Bulgaria. The three Peko Dapčević. Milovan Đilas, jedan od organiza- most important organizers of the July 13 Uprising, tora ustanka bio je član Politbiroa i Vrhovnog štaba i who later played significant roles in organizing the koji je nakon odlaska iz Crne Gore krajem 1941. go- liberation struggle across Yugoslavia were: Milovan dine, ostatak rata proveo uglavnom pri Vrhovnom Đilas, Arso Jovanović and Peko Dapčević. Milovan štabu komande NOVJ, učestvujući u organizaciji Đilas, one of the organizers of the uprising and a Drugog zasijedanja Antifašističkog vijeća narodnog member of the Politburo, after leaving Montene- oslobođenja Jugoslavije (AVNOJ). Tokom 1944. go- gro at the end of 1941, spent the rest of the war at dine predvodio je misiju NOVJ u Moskvi. the Supreme Headquarters of the National Libera- Jedan od učesnika ustanka bio je i predratni oficir tion Army of Yugoslavia, where he participated in vojske Jugoslavije, Arso Jovanović koji je od 1941. organizing the second AVNOJ session, whereas in do 1945. godine obavljao funkciju Načelnika Vr- 1944 he led the NLAY mission in Moscow. Another hovnog štaba NOV i POJ, a od marta do septembra participant of the uprising, a pre-war officer of the 1945. godine obavljao je funkciju prvog Načelnika Yugoslav Army, Arso Jovanović, served as the chief Generalštaba Jugoslovenske armije. of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Deta-

44 Učesnik Španskog građanskog rata i jedan od orga- chments Headquarters from 1941 to 1945, and from nizatora ustanka bio je i Peko Dapčević, komandant March to September 1945 he was the senior chief of Drugog udarnog korpusa koji je sredinom 1943. go- Yugoslav Army Headquarters. Peko Dapćević, one dine došao na prostor Crne Gore. Partizanske snage of the organisers of the uprising who also participa- pod komandom Dapčevića oslobodile su gradove ted in the Spanish Civil War, was the commander of na sjeveru Crne Gore i stvorile slobodnu teritoriju the Second Strike Corps that came to Montenegro na kojoj su formirali vlast. Dapčević je sredinom in mid-1943. Partisan forces under the command of 1944. godine imenovan za komandanta divizije koja Dapčević liberated towns in the north of Montene- je oslobodila Srbiju i Beograd. gro and created a free territory where they formed their government. In the middle of 1944, Dapčević Jedan iz plejade uticajnih članova partije bio je Velj- was appointed commander of the division that li- ko Vlahović, predratni revolucionar, učesnik Špan- berated Serbia and Belgrade. One of the influential skog građanskog rata. Po zadatku KPJ u Moskvi je members of the Party was also Veljko Vlahović, a tokom rata organizovao radio stanicu Slobodna Ju- pre-war revolutionary and participant in the Spani- goslavija radeći na popularizaciji NOB-a. Bio je veza sh Civil War. Upon instructions from the CPY, he između jugoslovenskog partijskog rukovodstva i organized the work of the radio station Slobodna SSSR-a u Moskvi. Jugoslavija in Moscow during the war and contri- buted to the popularization of the National Libera- tion War. He was the contact between the Yugoslav party leadership and Moscow.

45 Propagandni letak okupacionih vlasti protiv vođa ustanka Propaganda leaflet of the occupation authorities against the leaders of the uprising NARODNI HEROJI IZ CRNE GORE NATIONAL HEROES FROM MONTENEGRO

1. VELJKO ALEKSIĆ (Podvrš, Nikšić) 28. VLADIMIR BUKILIĆ (Medveđa, Srbija) 2. NIKO ANĐUS (Tudorovići, Budva) 29. UROŠ BULATOVIĆ (Liješnje, Kolašin) 3. MIRKO ARSENIJEVIĆ (Prisoja, Berane) 30. RIFAT BURDŽOVIĆ TRŠO (Bijelo Polje) 4. MUHAREM ASOVIĆ (Nikšić) 31. SAVO BURIĆ (Zagreda, Danilovgrad) 5. RADOMIR BABIĆ (Sige, Danilovgrad) 32. STANKO BURIĆ (Zagreda, Danilovgrad) 6. ALEKSA BACKOVIĆ (Drenovštica, Nikšić) 33. DRAGAN CEROVIĆ (Nikšić) 7. KRSTO BAJIĆ (Berane) 34. KOMNEN CEROVIĆ (Tušinja, Šavnik) 8. FILIP BAJKOVIĆ (Kairo, Egipat) 35. ĐURO ČAGOROVIĆ (Martinići, Danilovgrad) 9. MITAR BAKIĆ (Podgorica) 36. MILOVAN ČELEBIĆ (Štitri, Cetinje) 10. LJUBOMIR BAKOČ (Polja, Kolašin) 37. ČEDOMIR LJUBO ČUPIĆ (Nikšić) 11. MARKO BALETIĆ (Broćanac, Nikšić) 38. JELENA ĆETKOVIĆ (Cetinje) 12. SIMO BAROVIĆ (Bandići, Danilovgrad) 39. PERO ĆETKOVIĆ (Mužovići, Cetinje) 13. VOJISLAV BILJANOVIĆ (Cetinje) 40. VLADO ĆETKOVIĆ (Crnci, Podgorica) 14. MILOŠ BOBIČIĆ (Vučica, Danilovgrad) 41. JANKO ĆIROVIĆ (Manastir Morača, Kolašin) 15. DRAGOSLAV BOGAVAC (Veliđe, Berane) 42. JOVAN ĆOROVIĆ (Vrtoč Polje, Žabljak) 16. DANILO BOJOVIĆ (Kuta, Nikšić) 43. RADOJE DAKIĆ (Mala Crna Gora, Žabljak) 17. DUŠAN BOJOVIĆ (Kuta, Nikšić) 44. PEKO DAPČEVIĆ (Ljubotinj, Cetinje) 18. STEVO BOLJEVIĆ (Stijena, Podgorica) 45. BOŠKO DEDEJIĆ (Štitarica, Mojkovac) 19. MILO BOŠKOVIĆ (Gornji Brčeli, Bar) 46. BRANKO DELETIĆ (Gračanica, Andrijevica) 20. BOŽO BOŽOVIĆ (Rogami, Podgorica) 47. SPASOJE DRAGOVIĆ (Vojkovići, Kolašin) 21. RADOMIR BOŽOVIĆ (Stijena, Podgorica) 48. VOJIN DRAGOVIĆ (Grbe, Danilovgrad) 22. RADOSLAV BOŽOVIĆ (Zagreda, Podgorica) 49. SPASO DRAKIĆ (Mojanovići, Podgorica) 23. VLADO BOŽOVIĆ (Podgorica) 50. SAVO DRLJEVIĆ (Kolašin) 24. VUKOSAV BOŽOVIĆ (Velje Brdo, Podgorica) 51. ŽIVKO DŽUVER (Ograđenica, Pljevlja) 25. PETAR BRAJOVIĆ (Rijeka Crnojevića, Cetinje) 52. ALEKSA ĐILAS (Podbišće, Mojkovac) 26. MAŠO BRGULJAN (Škaljari, Kotor) 53. MILOVAN ĐILAS (Podbišće, Mojkovac) 27. SAVO BRKOVIĆ (Velje Brdo, Podgorica) 54. BRANKO ĐONOVIĆ (Tomići, Bar)

47 BILTENOM VRHOVNOG ŠTABA DVOBROJ 12, 13 OD DECEM- BULLETIN OF THE SUPREME HEADQUARTERS DOUBLE ISSUE BRA 1941. GODINE, ODNOSNO JANUARA 1942, USTANOVLJENO NOS. 12 AND 13 OF DECEMBER 1941 AND JANUARY 1942, INSTI- JE „ZVANJE NARODNOG HEROJA“. BILTENOM TROBROJ 29, 30, TUTED THE TITLE OF NATIONAL HERO. THE BULLETIN TRI- 31 OD JUNA, JULA I AVGUSTA 1943. GODINE USTANOVLJEN JE PLE ISSUE NOS. 29, 30 AND 31 OF JUNE 1943, JULY 1943, AND AU- „ORDEN NARODNOG HEROJA“. SVI NOSIOCI ZVANJA NAROD- GUST 1943 INSTITUTED THE ORDER OF NATIONAL HERO. ALL NOG HEROJA DOBILI SU ORDEN NARODNOG HEROJA. HOLDERS OF THE TITLE OF NATIONAL HERO WERE AWARDED THE ORDER OF NATIONAL HERO.

„Orden narodnog heroja“ Rad Antuna Augustinčića i Đorđa Andrejevića Kuna „Order of the People’s Hero“ The work Antun Augustinčić and Đorđe Andrejević Kun 55. ŠĆEPAN ĐUKIĆ (Lopate, Podgorica) 89. SAVO JOKSIMOVIĆ (Buče, Berane) 56. VUKSAN ĐUKIĆ (Mojkovac) 90. MILORAD JOVANČEVIĆ (Dolac, Berane) 57. VLADAN ĐURANOVIĆ (Martinići, Danilovgrad) 91. BLAŽO JOVANOVIĆ (Velje Brdo, Podgorica) 58. BLAŽO ĐURIČIĆ (Pueblo, SAD) 92. BOŽIDAR JOVANOVIĆ (Nikšić) 59. BOŠKO ĐURIČKOVIĆ (Gornji Zagarač, Danilovgrad) 93. PETAR JOVANOVIĆ (Jugovića župa, Nikšić) 60. NIKOLA ĐURKOVIĆ (Risan, Kotor) 94. RADOJE JOVANOVIĆ (Komani, Podgorica) 61. MARKO ĐUROVIĆ (Krivače, Danilovgrad) 95. PAVLE JOVIĆEVIĆ (Šinđon, Cetinje) 62. MILINKO ĐUROVIĆ (Zagrad, Nikšić) 96. PETAR JOVIĆEVIĆ (Rijeka Crnojevića, Cetinje) 63. MILISAV ĐUROVIĆ (Župa, Nikšić) 97. RADISAV JUGOVIĆ (Kosić, Danilovgrad) 64. VASILIJE ĐOKOV ĐUROVIĆ VAKO (Podgorica) 98. SAVO KADOVIĆ (Šobajići, Danilovgrad) 65. VASILIJE SPASOJEV ĐUROVIĆ (Danilovgrad) 99. JOVO KAPIČIĆ (Gaeta, Italija) 66. VESELIN ĐUROVIĆ (Veleta, Danilovgrad) 100. VOJIN KATNIĆ (Klikovače, Danilovgrad) 67. VIDOJE ĐUROVIĆ (Veleta, Danilovgrad) 101. MILIĆ KELJANOVIĆ (Dulipolje, Andrijevica 68. STRAHINJA ERAKOVIĆ (Selište, Srbija) 102. MILO KILIBARDA (Velimlje, Nikšić) 69. RADOVAN GARDAŠEVIĆ (Ubli, Cetinje) 103. VLADIMIR KNEŽEVIĆ (Vaškovo, Pljevlja) 70. MILOŠ GILIĆ (Vilac, Podgorica) 104. VUK KNEŽEVIĆ (Studenca, Žabljak) 71. PERO GILJAN (Mokra njiva, Nikšić) 105. MILOŠ KOMATINA (Donja Ržanica, Berane) 72. DANILO GRBOVIĆ (Pošćenje, Šavnik) 106. RADOJE KONTIĆ (Tikava, Pljevlja) 73. JEVREM GRBOVIĆ (Pošćenski kraj, Žabljak) 107. VASILIJE KOPRIVICA (Koprivice, Nikšić) 74. MILUTIN GROZDANIĆ (Povraće, Danilovgrad) 108. ILIJA KOSTIĆ (Rvaši, Cetinje) 75. VOJISLAV GRUIĆ (Pelev brijeg, Podgorica) 109. BOGDAN KOTLICA (Timar, Šavnik) 76. SAVO ILIĆ (Ledenice, Kotor) 110. BRANKO KOVAČEVIĆ (Prijevor, Budva) 77. DRAGIŠA IVANOVIĆ (Sjenice, Podgorica) 111. MILOŠ KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 78. MILUN IVANOVIĆ (Bukovica, Berane) 112. MIRKO KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 79. VELIMIR JAKIĆ (Dobra sela, Šavnik) 113. MITAR KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 80. BLAŽO JANKOVIĆ (Drušići, Cetinje) 114. RADOVAN KOVAČEVIĆ (Crkvice, Nikšić) 81. BOŠKO JANKOVIĆ (Žirci, Kolašin) 115. SAVA KOVAČEVIĆ (Nudo, Nikšić) 82. FILIP JANKOVIĆ (Jankovića krš, Cetinje) 116. VASILIJE KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 83. VELJKO JANKOVIĆ (Podgorica) 117. VELJKO KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 84. OBREN JANJUŠEVIĆ (Ozrnići, Nikšić) 118. VOJIN KOVAČEVIĆ (Dolovi, Danilovgrad) 85. DANILO JAUKOVIĆ (Jezera, Šavnik) 119. VOJO KOVAČEVIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 86. MAŠO JELIĆ (Bare, Šavnik) 120. VUKMAN KRUŠČIĆ (Polja, Kolašin) 87. MILOVAN JELIĆ (Bliškovo, Bijelo Polje) 121. GOJKO KRUŠKA (Cetinje) 88. RADULE JEVRIĆ (Jošanica, Andrijevica) 122. MILAN KUČ (Police, Berane)

49 123. MARKO KULIĆ (Prisojni orah, Plužine) 157. RAKO MUGOŠA (Lješkopolje, Podgorica) 124. MILORAD LABUDOVIĆ (Orah, Andrijevica) 158. ŠPIRO MUGOŠA (Lješkopolje, Podgorica) 125. VOJISLAV LAKČEVIĆ (Ulcinj) 159. DRAGOMIR NENADOVIĆ (Goražde, Berane) 126. MILUTIN LAKIĆEVIĆ (Bare, Kolašin) 160. RADOJICA NENEZIĆ (Broćanac, Nikšić) 127. BOŽO LAZAREVIĆ (Piperi, Podgorica) 161. RADISAV NIKČEVIĆ (Stubica, Nikšić) 128. DANILO LEKIĆ (Kralje, Andrijevica) 162. VOJIN NIKOLIĆ (Miločani, Nikšić) 129. RISTO LEKIĆ (Donji seoci, Bar) 163. MIRKO NOVOVIĆ (Cecuni, Andrijevica) 130. ĐURO LONČAREVIĆ (Gusinje, Andrijevica) 164. DUŠAN OBRADOVIĆ (Tepačko Polje, Žabljak) 131. LAZAR LOPIČIĆ (Gornji Ceklin, Cetinje) 165. DOBRILA OJDANIĆ (Lubnice, Berane) 132. MIRKO LUČIĆ (Kupinovo, Danilovgrad) 166. BLAŽO JOKOV ORLANDIĆ (Gornja Seoca, Bar) 133. NIKOLA LJEŠKOVIĆ (Bogetići, Nikšić) 167. BLAŽO JOŠOV ORLANDIĆ (Gornja Seoca, Bar) 134. ALEKSA MAKSIMOVIĆ (Gornje Polje, Nikšić) 168. JAKOV OSTOJIĆ (Đurđevića Tara, Žabljak) 135. MILOŠ MALIŠIĆ (Pešca, Berane) 169. ĐOKO PAJKOVIĆ (Lužac, Berane) 136. GLIGORIJE MANDIĆ (Kameno, Hereceg Novi) 170. ĐOKO PAVIĆEVIĆ (Dol Pješivački, Nikšić) 137. ALEKSA MARKIŠIĆ (Ljubotinj, Cetinje) 171. MILADIN PAVLIČIĆ (Gorica, Danilovgrad) 138. BLAŽO MARTINOVIĆ (Baijce, Cetinje) 172. ANDRIJA PEJOVIĆ (Gornji Ceklin, Cetinje) 139. MARKO MARTINOVIĆ (Baijce, Cetinje) 173. VASILIJE PEJOVIĆ (Miljkovac, Plužine) 140. NIKOLA MARTINOVIĆ (Baijce, Cetinje) 174. PUNIŠA PEROVIĆ (Šobajići, Podgorica) 141. STANKO MARTINOVIĆ (Baijce, Cetinje) 175. ĐURO PETROVIĆ (Građani, Cetinje) 142. VOJMIR MASLOVARIĆ (Dragosava, Berane) 176. RADOVAN PETROVIĆ (Bioče, Podgorica) 143. JELICA MAŠKOVIĆ (Plana, Kolašin) 177. BLAŽO POPIVODA (Bjelice, Cetinje) 144. SAVO MAŠKOVIĆ (Osredci, Kolašin) 178. KRSTO POPIVODA (Bjelice, Cetinje) 145. MIRKO MATKOVIĆ (Podi, Herceg Novi) 179. LJUBICA POPOVIĆ (Medun, Podgorica) 146. BLAGOTA MIĆUNOVIĆ (Velestovo, Cetinje) 180. MILADIN POPOVIĆ (Lopate, Podgorica) 147. VELJKO MIĆUNOVIĆ (Velestovo, Cetinje) 181. NIKOLA POPOVIĆ (Lipa, Cetinje) 148. VUKOSAVA MIĆUNOVIĆ (Velestovo, Cetinje) 182. RADOSAV POPOVIĆ (Blizna, Podgorica) 149. VELJKO MILATOVIĆ (Nikšić) 183. SEKULA POPOVIĆ (Lužac, Berane) 150. DUŠAN MILUTINOVIĆ (Velje Brdo, Podgorica) 184. VLADIMIR POPOVIĆ (Brčeli, Bar) 151. IVAN MILUTINOVIĆ (Cerovice, Podgorica) 185. BOJO PRELEVIĆ (Stravče, Podgorica) 152. RADOMIR MITROVIĆ (Bioče, Podgorica) 186. ĐOKO PRELEVIĆ (Boljev Do, Podgorica) 153. VUKICA MITROVIĆ (Sveti Stefan, Budva) 187. ĐORĐE PREMOVIĆ (Bogetići, Nikšić) 154. BLAŽO MRAKOVIĆ (Zagarač, Danilovgrad) 188. RUDOLF PRIMORAC (Sutomore, Bar) 155. ANDRIJA MUGOŠA (Donja Gorica, Podgorica) 189. PETAR PRLJA (Cetinje) 156. DUŠAN MUGOŠA (Lješkopolje, Podgorica) 190. PETAR RADEVIĆ (Rogami, Podgorica)

50 191. VELIMIR RADIČEVIĆ (Goričani, Podgorica) 225. ĐOKO VOJVODIĆ (Građani, Cetinje) 192. LAZAR RADOJEVIĆ (Rudine, Nikšić) 226. PETAR VOJVODIĆ (Građani, Cetinje) 193. GOJKO RADOVIĆ (Podgorica) 227. ĐINA VRBICA (Podgorica) 194. JOVO RADULOVIĆ (Rijeka Crnojevića, Cetinje) 228. LUKA VUČINIĆ (Podgorica) 195. MILOSAV RADULOVIĆ (Novo Selo, Danilovgrad) 229. MILICA VUČINIĆ (Pješivci, Nikšić) 196. RADULE RADULOVIĆ (Podgorica) 230. JOVAN VUČKOVIĆ (Prekornica, Cetinje) 197. VELJKO RADULOVIĆ (Milojevići, Nikšić) 231. LJUBO VUČKOVIĆ (Ljubotinj, Cetinje) 198. MITAR RADUSINOVIĆ (Spuž, Danilovgrad) 232. MILOŠ VUČKOVIĆ (Ulcinj) 199. VLADO RAIČEVIĆ (Lješkopolje, Podgorica) 233. DUŠAN VUJAČIĆ (Riđani, Nikšić) 200. NENAD RAKOČEVIĆ (Štitarica, Mojkovac) 234. VASILIJE VUJAČIĆ (Grahovo, Nikšić) 201. RADOMIR RAKOČEVIĆ (Štitarica, Mojkovac) 235. BOGDAN VUJOŠEVIĆ (Doljani, Podgorica) 202. MILAN RASPOPOVIĆ (Podglavice, Danilovgrad) 236. DUŠAN VUJOŠEVIĆ (Lješnica, Berane) 203. MILIJA RAŠOVIĆ (Fundina, Podgorica) 237. RADOJE VUJOŠEVIĆ (Bjelice, Cetinje) 204. NIKO ROLOVIĆ (Gornji Brčeli, Bar) 238. ZARIJA VUJOŠEVIĆ (Mataguži, Podgorica) 205. VLADIMIR ROLOVIĆ (Brčeli, Bar) 239. DUŠAN VUJOVIĆ (Lukovo, Nikšić) 206. BAJO SEKULIĆ (Sekulići, Danilovgrad) 240. ĐURO VUJOVIĆ (Donji Ljubotinj, Cetinje) 207. MARKO STANIŠIĆ (Maine, Budva) 241. RATKO VUJOVIĆ (Nikšić) 208. VELIZAR STANKOVIĆ (Gotovuša, Pljevlja) 242. ŠPIRO VUJOVIĆ (Udbina, Cetinje) 209. SAVO STANOJEVIĆ (Mokra Njiva, Nikšić) 243. VUKADIN VUKADINOVIĆ (Polica, Berane) 210. JOVAN STOJANOVIĆ (Sotonići, Bar) 244. JOVAN VUKANOVIĆ (Rogami, Podgorica) 211. MIHAILO STOJANOVIĆ ( Lužac, Berane) 245. RADOVAN VUKANOVIĆ (Rogami, Podgorica) 212. DUŠAN STRUGAR (Rvaši, Cetinje) 246. ĐOKO VUKIĆEVIĆ (Boguti, Cetinje) 213. ĐURO STRUGAR (Meterizi, Cetinje) 247. SVETOZAR VUKMANOVIĆ (Podgor, Cetinje) 214. NIKO STRUGAR (Gornji Ceklin, Cetinje) 248. BORO VUKMIROVIĆ (Breganov, Bugarska) 215. MILOVAN ŠARANOVIĆ (Potkraj, Danilovgrad) 249. JOVAN VUKOTIĆ (Kočane, Nikšić) 216. VLADIMIR ŠĆEKIĆ (Polica, Berane) 250. DUŠAN VUKOVIĆ (Golubovci, Podgorica) 217. JEFTO ŠĆEPANOVIĆ (Donji Zagarač, Danilovgrad) 251. VELJKO ZEKOVIĆ (Nikšić) 218. PEKO TEPAVČEVIĆ (Kazanci, Nikšić) 252. VUJADIN ZOGOVIĆ (Polimlje, Andrijevica) 219. VELJKO TODOROVIĆ (Orah, Nikšić) 253. JOVO ZVICER (Trešnjevo, Cetinje) 220. VOJIN TODOROVIĆ (Mrke, Podgorica) 254. ŽIVKO ŽIVKOVIĆ (Buče, Berane) 221. VLADO TOMANOVIĆ (Velimlje, Nikšić) 255. TOMAŠ ŽIŽIĆ (Polja, Kolašin) 222. BUDIMIR TOMOVIĆ (Cetinje) 256. BATRIĆ ŽUGIĆ (Novakovići, Žabljak) 223. VELJKO VLAHOVIĆ (Rovca, Kolašin) 257. KOMNEN ŽUGIĆ (Novakovići, Žabljak) 224. DIMITRIJE VOJVODIĆ (Konjusi, Andrijevica)

TRINAESTI JUL THE THIRTEENTH OF JULY U BROJKAMA IN NUMBERS

20.000 italijanskih snaga okupiralo je Crnu Goru kra- 20,000 Italian soldiers occupied Montenegro in April jem aprila 1941. godine. 1941.

6.200 boraca organizovanih u 286 manjih jedinica 6,200 fighters organized in 286 smaller units started podigli su ustanak 13. jula 1941. godine. an uprising on July 13.

1.800 članova KPJ učestvovalo je u organizaciji ustanka. 1,800 members of the CPY took part in organizing the uprising. 3.000 članova SKOJ-a učestvovalo je u organizaciji ustanka. 3,000 members of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia took part in organizing the uprising. 32.000 boraca učestvovalo je u ustansku deset dana nakon njegovog izbijanja. 32,000 fighters joined the insurgents in the first ten days of the uprising. 730 poginulih, 1.200 ranjenih, 3.000 zarobljenih bili su gubici italijanskog okupatora tokom ustanka. 730 killed, 1,200 wounded, 3,000 captured - the losses of the Italian occupier during the uprising. 100.000 vojnika učestvovalo je u gušenju ustanka. 100,000 Italian soldiers took part in the suppression 15.000 ljudi završilo je u zatvoru nakon gušenja ustanka. of the uprising.

4.500 boraca organizovanih u četiri odreda činili su 15,000 people ended up in prison after the uprising prvu cjelinu partizanske vojske u Crnoj Gori. was suppressed.

40.500 građana Crne Gore poginulo je tokom Drugog 4,500 fighters organized in four detachments formed svjetskog rata. the first unit of the partisan army in Montenegro.

22.000 kuća uništeno je na prostoru Crne Gore tokom 40,500 Montenegrin citizens died in the Second Drugog svjetskog rata. World War.

1.500 km puteva uništeno je u Crnoj Gori tokom Dru- 22,000 Montenegrin homes were destroyed during the gog svjetskog rata. Second World War.

95.000 građana Crne Gore bilo je u zatvorima ili 1,500 km of Montenegrin roads were destroyed logorima tokom Drugog svjetskog rata. during the Second World War.

53 26.000 građana Crne Gore ostali su invalidi tokom 95,000 Montenegrin citizens ended up in prisons or Drugog svjetskog rata. concentration camps during the Second World War.

14.500 boraca partizanskih snaga stradalo je tokom 26,000 Montenegrin citizens were left disabled after Drugog svjetskog rata. the Second World War.

5.000 pripadnika kolaboracionističkih snaga stradalo 14,500 partisan fighters were killed during the Second je tokom Drugog svjetskog rata. World War.

Dodijeljeno je 1.326 Ordena Narodnog heroja borcima 5,000 members of the collaborationist forces died Jugoslavije od toga borcima iz Crne Gore 257. during the Second World War.

U toku Drugog svjetskog rata poginulo je 167 Narod- In Yugoslavia, 1,326 fighters were awarded the Order nih heroja iz Crne Gore. of National Hero, including 257 fighters from Monte- negro.

During the Second World War, 167 national heroes from Montenegro were killed.

Prevod na engleski | English translation Jelena Samardžić-Kotri Grafičko oblikovanje | Design Suzana Pajović Štampa | Print Grafo Group, Podgorica Tiraž | Print run 200

CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji Centralna narodna biblioteka Crne Gore, Cetinje ISBN 978-9940-39-032-7 COBISS.CG-ID 180172284