DOCSLIB.ORG

Multidimensional Poverty Indexes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multidimensional Poverty Indexes Multidimensional Poverty Indexes: Sharing Experiences and Launching a Regional Discussion OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES 17th Street and Constitution Ave, N.W. Workshop on Multidimensional Poverty Indexes: Good practices Washington, D.C. 20006, USA and lessons learned from Latin America and Europe (2013 : Bogota, Internet: www.oas.org Colombia) Multidimensional poverty indexes : Sharing experiences and launching a regional discussion. Key words: Poverty, Multidimensional Poverty Index, MPI, Latin America, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, Europe, Health, Education, Living p. ; cm. (OAS Official Records Series; OEA Ser.D) Standards ISBN 978-0-8270-6136-1 Outcomes of the All rights reserved Workshop on 1. Poverty--Measurement--Latin America--Congresses. 2. Latin America--Social policy--Congresses. 3. Poverty--Measurement-- Secretary General Multidimensional Europe--Congresses. José Miguel Insulza I. Organization of American States. Executive Secretariat for Integral Poverty Indexes: Development. Department of Economic and Social Development. Assistant Secretary General II. Inter-American Social Protection Network. III. Peña, Ximena. IV. Title. Albert R. Ramdin V. Series. Executive Secretary for Integral Development OEA/Ser.D/XXVI.9 Sherry Tross Good Practices and Department of Economic and Social Development Lessons Learned from Director Latin America and Maryse Robert Europe The partial or total reproduction of this document without prior authorization may be a violation of the applicable law. The Executive Secretariat for Integral Development encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission for reproduction. To request Bogota, Colombia permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a September 18 - 19, 2013 request in writing with complete information to: Executive Secretariat for Integral Development 1889 F Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, USA Telephone: 202-370-9953 Email: [email protected] The opinions expressed herein do not represent those of the OAS or its Member States, and are the sole responsibility of the Executive Secretariat for Integral Development. Multidimensional Poverty Indexes 1 This document was coordinated by This document was made possible, Alexandra Barrantes, Social Protection in part, thanks to the support of the Specialist and Coordinator of the Inter- Department of State of the United States American Social Protection Network and the OAS’s Department of Social (IASPN) at the Department of Economic Development and Employment under and Social Development at the the terms of donation no. S-LMAQM-09- Organization of American States (OAS). GR-044. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Department of State. Dr. Ximena Peña, Ph.D. in Economics from Georgetown University and member of the Academic Committee The opinions set forth in this document for Measuring Multidimensional Poverty are not binding on the OAS or its in Colombia, drafted the document. member states and are the exclusive responsibility of the Department of Social Development and Employment. Alexandra Barrantes and Laura Blanco, an IASPN Social Protection Officer, provided contributions to the document drafts. The information underpinning this document came from the workshop entitled, Multidimensional Poverty Indexes: Good Practices and Lessons Learned from Latin America and Europe, which was held in Bogota, Colombia on September 18-19, 2013. 2 Multidimensional Poverty Indexes 3 1. Introduction 2. Workshop 3. Main 4. Conclusions approaches of the Workshop 2.1. Context 3.1. Conceptual framework 2.2. Methodology 3.2. Dissemination of exchange and discussion of countries’ progress 4 Multidimensional Poverty Indexes 5 Understanding 1. Introduction the main causes, difficulties, and deficiencies households contend with becomes an essential policy development tool for promoting more effective actions to reduce poverty. 6 Multidimensional Poverty Indexes 7 Latin America and the Caribbean are faced with high levels In the Communiqué issued by the Second Meeting of High Authorities on Social of poverty and inequality. Various public policies have been Development, the OAS member states reiterated that, “poverty and inequality are developed and implemented to curtail poverty. In the year 2000, multidimensional phenomena that require intersectoral and coordinated interventions the “social issue” began to emerge in the region and poverty in the framework of a national social development strategy.” Moreover, in the became one of the priorities in the Millennium Development Goals Social Charter of the Americas, the member states reaffirm their determination and (MDGs). Nevertheless, in order to effectively translate this political commitment to “urgently combat the serious problems of poverty, social exclusion, weight into successful public policies, the phenomenon must be It was a very good and inequity that affect, in varying degrees, the countries of the Hemisphere; to confront measured correctly. Understanding the main causes, difficulties, their causes and consequences.” and deficiencies households contend with becomes an essential space to learn from policy development tool for promoting more effective actions to other’s experiences In the global context, new measurements and indices have appeared for gauging reduce poverty. It is thus necessary to measure poverty using a and to get feedback, poverty. Some use a broader definition of poverty, while others use a more limited one. reliable indicator and compiling quality data on the variables that Among these new measures is the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index determine poverty. posing challenges and (IHDI),¹ whose main objective is to reveal losses and gains generated by inequality in tasks for the future in areas such as health, education, and income. There is also the Gender Inequality Index There are different ways to gauge poverty levels in a country. (GII),² which points out gender gaps in terms of labor market, reproductive health, and Measuring poverty based on income has been the prevailing order to improve the empowerment variables. Lastly, one of the more recent and most innovative measures approach in the countries of the region. Such method assesses MPI that is already is the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).³ This Index classifies poverty based on whether a family’s or an individual’s income is at least enough to being implemented in health, education, and other lifestyle variables such as housing conditions. The measure meet their basic needs. A family is considered poor if its income has been used around the world in 104 countries that have the required data available falls below a previously determined threshold that establishes the Colombia. and hence, the respective variables on hand for evaluating each of the dimensions minimum income necessary to live with a decent quality of life; this of poverty. The outcomes suggest that one-third of the population fails to meet the is known as the poverty line. Representative from minimum requirements in one or more dimensions and is, therefore, considered to be the National Planning poor in terms of the MPI. The real issue lies in how to measure “decent quality of life.” Questions have been raised as to whether it is appropriate to gauge Department of poverty based on income. Is what one can afford the only variable Colombia. that determines living standards? Is the income variable on its own enough to affirm that a household is poor? Are there other potential variables, besides income, that characterize poor families? All of these questions prompt debate around the traditional method of measuring poverty and provide incentives for new approaches to the classification of households as poor or not poor. 1 For further information, see the Human Development Reports on the UNDP’s webpage. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/es/ estadisticas/idhi/ 2 For further information, see the Human Development Reports on the UNDP’s webpage. The Gender Inequality Index (GII). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/es/estadisticas/idg/ 3 For further information, see the Human Development Reports on the UNDP’s webpage. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/es/estadisticas/ipm/ 8 Multidimensional Poverty Indexes 9 An effective multidimensional poverty measure must bear in mind a country’s specific circumstances; as a result, the need to personalize the measure has arisen. Every country has its own particular needs and difficulties and, because of this, the index that is most consistent with its reality should be used. To this end, countries have developed their own measures and others are starting the process. Colombia, Uruguay, and Mexico are among the countries in Latin America that are pioneers in creating MPIs. There is growing interest on the part of several countries in the There is growing region in developing multidimensional poverty indexes.4 As a result, interest on the the Organization of American States (OAS), via the Inter-American Social Protection Network (IASPN), was prompted to address the part of several need for ideas and experiences to be shared in order to encourage countries in the discussion on the matter. This was the reason for the decision to region in developing hold the Workshop on Multidimensional Poverty Indexes: Good Practices and Lessons Learned from Latin America and Europe, multidimensional which spotlighted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter III the Poverty of Poverty Measurement
    45 Chapter III The poverty of poverty measurement Measuring poverty accurately is important within the context of gauging the scale of the poverty challenge, formulating policies and assessing their effectiveness. However, measurement is never simply a counting and collating exercise and it is necessary, at the outset, to define what is meant by the term “poverty”. Extensive problems can arise at this very first step, and there are likely to be serious differences in the perceptions and motivations of those who define and measure poverty. Even if there is some consensus, there may not be agreement on what policies are appropriate for eliminating poverty. As noted earlier, in most developed countries, there has emerged a shift in focus from absolute to relative poverty, stemming from the realization that the perception and experience of poverty have a social dimension. Although abso- lute poverty may all but disappear as countries become richer, the subjective perception of poverty and relative deprivation will not. As a result, led by the European Union (EU), most rich countries (with the notable exception of the United States of America), have shifted to an approach entailing relative rather than absolute poverty lines. Those countries treat poverty as a proportion, say, 50 or 60 per cent, of the median per capita income for any year. This relative measure brings the important dimension of inequality into the definition. Alongside this shift in definition, there has been increasing emphasis on monitoring and addressing deficits in several dimensions beyond income, for example, housing, education, health, environment and communication. Thus, the prime concern with the material dimensions of poverty alone has expanded to encompass a more holistic template of the components of well-being, includ- ing various non-material, psychosocial and environmental dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Measuring Poverty and Inequality: a Comparative Analysis of the Main Indicators
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Martín-Legendre, Juan Ignacio Article The challenge of measuring poverty and inequality: a comparative analysis of the main indicators European Journal of Government and Economics (EJGE) Provided in Cooperation with: Universidade da Coruña Suggested Citation: Martín-Legendre, Juan Ignacio (2018) : The challenge of measuring poverty and inequality: a comparative analysis of the main indicators, European Journal of Government and Economics (EJGE), ISSN 2254-7088, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 24-43, http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2018.7.1.4331 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/217762 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 1: Measuring Poverty, Slide 0
    AREC 345: Global Poverty & Economic Development Lecture 1: Measuring Poverty and Inequality Professor: Pamela Jakiela Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Maryland, College Park TheGoodNews Worldwide, the total number of people living in extreme poverty has been declining at an increasing rate since the 1970s Source: Max Roser, Our World in Data (2016) AREC 345: Global Poverty & Economic Development Lecture 1: Measuring Poverty, Slide 2 TheGoodNews Three Questions: 1. How did we arrive at this number? 2. What do we mean by extreme poverty? 3. Where would we find the people living in extreme poverty? Oxford English Dictionary definition of poverty: “lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in society” • Until recently, the poorest people in every country lived in absolute poverty, unable to afford basic necessities like food, shelter, etc. • Now we are lucky enough that this is no longer the case (OED example: “people who were too poor to afford a telephone”) AREC 345: Global Poverty & Economic Development Lecture 1: Measuring Poverty, Slide 3 Measuring Inequality Measuring Inequality Standard approach to measuring income inequality: examine the share of total income received by each quintile (or fifth of the population) Inequality in the U.S. Quintile Income Share 13.8 29.3 3 15.1 4 23.0 5 48.8 Source: 2013 data from US Census Bureau AREC 345: Global Poverty & Economic Development Lecture 1: Measuring Poverty, Slide 5 Measuring Inequality We can present the same information graphically
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Progress on Hunger and Extreme Poverty
    BRIEFING PAPER AUGUST 2016 Measuring Progress on Hunger and Extreme Poverty by Lauren Toppenberg What is the 2030 Agenda for FIGURE 1: Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development? Bread for the World’s mission is to build the political will to end hunger both in the United States and around the world. From 2000 to 2015, an essential part of fulfilling our mission at the global level was supporting the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—the first-ever worldwide effort to make progress on human problems such as hunger, extreme poverty, and maternal/child mortality. The hunger target, part of MDG1, was to cut in half the proportion of people who are chronically hungry or malnourished. of course, these efforts continue today. There are groups and The MDGs spurred unprecedented improvements. The individuals working on all 17 SDGs scattered throughout U.S. goal of cutting the global hunger rate in half was nearly government and civil society. These initiatives aren’t (yet) con- reached, and more than a billion people escaped from extreme sidered actions toward meeting the SDGs, but that is what they poverty. Building on these successes, the United States and are. The SDGs offer an opportunity to articulate a common 192 other countries agreed to a new set of global develop- vision and to tailor a framework for action to the work of the ment goals in September 2015, ahead of the MDG end date of various stakeholders. December 31, 2015. Among the new Sustainable Development Once achieved, the SDGs will make an enormous difference Goals (SDGs) are ending hunger and malnutrition in all its to this country, to humanity, and to the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index Sen, A
    Development Strategy and Policy Analysis Unit w Development Policy and Analysis Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs Multidimensional Poverty Development Issues No. 3 21 October 2015 The measurement of poverty is composed of two fundamental steps, according to Amartya Sen (1976): determining who is Summary poor (identification) and building an index to reflect the extent of poverty (aggregation). Both steps have been sources of debate Measuring poverty with a single income or expenditure over time among academics and practitioners. For a long time, measure is an imperfect way to understand the deprivations unidimensional measures were used to distinguish poor from of the poor since, for example, markets for basic needs and non-poor. More recently, new measures have been proposed to public goods may not exist. Complementing monetary enrich the understanding of socio-economic conditions and to with non-monetary information provides a more complete better reflect the evolving concept of poverty. picture of poverty. From unidimensional to multi- dimensional poverty assesses human deprivation in terms of shortfalls from minimum Poverty measurement has primarily used income for the iden- levels of basic needs per se, instead of using income as an interme- tification of the poor since the early twentieth century. In the diary of basic needs satisfaction. The reasoning for this relies on 1950s, economic growth and macroeconomic policies domi- the argument that, while an increase in purchasing power allows nated the development discourse, which meant little attention the poor to better achieve their basic needs, markets for all basic was paid to the difficulties faced by poor people (ODI, 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty Measures
    Poverty and Vulnerability Term Paper Interdisciplinary Course International Doctoral Studies Programme Donald Makoka, (ZEF b) Marcus Kaplan, (ZEF c) November 2005 ABSTRACT This paper describes the concepts of poverty and vulnerability as well as the interconnections and differences between these two. Vulnerability is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, because it can be related to very different kinds of hazards. Nevertheless most studies deal with the vulnerability to natural disasters, climate change, or poverty. As a result of the effects of global change, vulnerability focuses more and more on the livelihood of the affected people than on the hazard itself in order to enhance their coping capacities to the negative effects of hazards. Thus the concept became quite complex, and we present some approaches that try to deal with this complexity. In contrast to poverty, vulnerability is a forward-looking feature. Thus vulnerability and poverty are not the same. Nevertheless they are closely interrelated, as they influence each other and as very often poor people are the most vulnerable group to the negative effects of any type of hazard. There are also attempts to measure the vulnerability to fall below the poverty line, which is mostly done through income measurements. This paper therefore reviews the major linkages between poverty and vulnerability. Different measures of poverty, both quantitative and qualitative are presented. The three different forms of vulnerability namely, to natural disasters, climate and economic shocks, are discussed. The paper further evaluates different methods of measuring vulnerability, each of which employs unique and/or different parameters. Two case studies from Malawi and Europe are discussed with the conclusion that poverty and vulnerability, though not synonymous, are highly related.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Inequality Prof. Dr. Awudu Abdulai Department of Food Economics and Consumption Studies
    Poverty and Inequality Prof. Dr. Awudu Abdulai Department of Food Economics and Consumption studies Poverty and Inequality Poverty is the inability to achieve a minimum standard of living Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of material or immaterial resources in a society and as a result, different opportunities to participate in the society Poverty is not only a question of the absolute income, but also the relative income. For example: Although people in Germany earn higher incomes than those in Burkina Faso, there are still poor people in Germany and non-poor people in Burkina Faso -> Different places apply different standards -> The poor are socially disadvantaged compared to other members of a society in which they belong Measuring Poverty How to measure the standard of living? What is a "minimum standard of living"? How can poverty be expressed in an index? Ahead of the measurement of poverty there is the identification of poor households: ◦ Households are classified as poor or non-poor, depending on whether the household income is below a given poverty line or not. ◦ Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non- poor. ◦ They can be monetary (e.g. a certain level of consumption) or non- monetary (e.g. a certain level of literacy). ◦ The use of multiple lines can help in distinguishing different levels of poverty. Determining the poverty line Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in a year. The largest component of these expenses is typically the rent required to live in an apartment.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Build a National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Using the MPI to Inform the Sdgs
    OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human How to Build a National Development Initiative Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Using the MPI to inform the SDGs United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford Copyright © UNDP 2019 by the United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York 10017 USA Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative How to Build a National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Using the MPI to inform the SDGs United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford Sponsored by: Foreword A transformational development agenda, premised on Human Development Index in 1990. the ambition to eliminate all poverty and rooted in a sustainability framework of complexity, interdependence As noted by Nobel Laureate Sen: “Poverty is the deprivation and multidimensional development, requires a systematic of opportunity… [it] is not just a lack of money; it is not measurement for poverty that is as nuanced and lucid as having the capability to realize one’s full potential….” the 2030 Agenda itself. UNDP is pleased to build on this strong collaboration UN Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for with OPHI supporting nationally developed MPIs. While Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable income-based poverty represents a key factor influencing Development Goals (SDGs) at the General Assembly in well-being and societal progress, there is a broader set September 2015. The Agenda’s Goals and Targets are of deprivations—relating to health, education and basic universal – for all nations and all people – and endeavor standards of living—that affects the lives and livelihoods to reach the furthest behind first, an idea reinforced by of individuals and families, and their ability to break out of the Agenda’s simple yet powerful commitment to ensure inter-generational cycles of poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Poverty Laura Wheaton and Jamyang Tashi
    Measuring Poverty Laura Wheaton and Jamyang Tashi Many agree that the official measure of poverty in the United States is flawed. The official measure is based on cash income, and the thresholds for measuring poverty are based on outdated data. Experts have recommended an alternative measure of poverty that includes all family resources net of taxes and nondiscretionary expenses and updates the thresholds to reflect current spending patterns (Citro and Michael 1995; Iceland 2005). Representative Jim McDermott (D-WA) and Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT) have co- sponsored the Measuring American Poverty (MAP) Act, which recommends a modern poverty measure based on this alternative. • The official measure of poverty includes pretax cash income sources in its definition, and it uses a threshold based on a subsistence food budget times three. The measure was developed in 1963 and is based on spending patterns observed in a 1955 consumption survey. The thresholds represent nationwide spending averages, adjusted for inflation. The thresholds vary by family size, number of children, and whether the family is headed by an older adult. The official measure assumes that adults age 65 and older need less money to support their basic needs than younger adults. - In 2006, a family consisting of one adult and one child was considered poor if its cash income fell below $13,896, and a family of two adults and two children was considered poor if its income fell below $20,444.1 - In 2006, a family consisting of two elderly adults was considered poor if its cash income fell below $12,186. • The alternative measure of poverty developed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1995 uses a definition that includes both cash and in-kind income and subtracts taxes and nondiscretionary work-related and out-of- pocket health expenses.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Overseas School) in Belgium: Implications for Developing Multilingual Speakers in Japan
    Language Ideologies on the Language Curriculum and Language Teaching in a Nihonjingakkō (Japanese overseas school) in Belgium: Implications for Developing Multilingual Speakers in Japan Yuta Mogi Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UCL-Institute of Education 2020 1 Statement of originality I, Yuta Mogi confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where confirmation has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Yuta Mogi August, 2020 Signature: ……………………………………………….. Word count (exclusive of list of references, appendices, and Japanese text): 74,982 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Siân Preece. Her insights, constant support, encouragement, and unwavering kindness made it possible for me to complete this thesis, which I never believed I could. With her many years of guidance, she has been very influential in my growth as a researcher. Words are inadequate to express my gratitude to participants who generously shared their stories and thoughts with me. I am also indebted to former teachers of the Japanese overseas school, who undertook the roles of mediators between me and the research site. Without their support in the crucial initial stages of my research, completion of this thesis would not have been possible. In addition, I am grateful to friends and colleagues who were willing readers and whose critical, constructive comments helped me at various stages of the research and writing process. Although it is impossible to mention them all, I would like to take this opportunity to offer my special thanks to the following people: Tomomi Ohba, Keiko Yuyama, Takako Yoshida, Will Simpson, Kio Iwai, and Chuanning Huang.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern Framework for Measuring Poverty and Basic Economic Security Shawn Fremstad
    A Modern Framework for Measuring Poverty and Basic Economic Security Shawn Fremstad April 2010 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20009 202-293-5380 www.cepr.net CEPR A Modern Framework for Measuring Poverty and Basic Economic Security i Contents List of Recommendations.................................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Recommendations..............................................................................................................3 The Too-Low and Too-Narrow Problems with the Poverty Line ........................................................5 Does the Proposed Supplemental Income Poverty Measure (SIPM) Adequately Address these Problems? .......................................................................................................................................................6 Recommendations.........................................................................................................................................7 Measuring Poverty: The Current Measure and the Proposed Supplemental Income Poverty Measure ............................................................................................................................................................................17 The Official Poverty Measure ...................................................................................................................17 The National Academy
    [Show full text]
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020
    OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Charting pathways out of multidimensional poverty: Achieving the SDGs The team that created this report includes Sabina Alkire, Pedro Conceição, Cecilia Calderón, Jakob Dirksen, Maya Evans, Rolando Gonzales, Jon Hall, Admir Jahic, Usha Kanagaratnam, Maarit Kivilo, Milorad Kovacevic, Fanni Kovesdi, Corinne Mitchell, Ricardo Nogales, Anna Ortubia, Mónica Pinilla-Roncancio, Natalie Quinn, Carolina Rivera, Sophie Scharlin-Pettee and Nicolai Suppa. Peer reviewers include Enrique Delamonica, Ivan Gonzalez de Alba, Gonzalo Hernandez Licona, Frances Stewart and Bishwa Tiwari. The team would like to thank the editors and layout artists at Communications Development Incorporated—led by Bruce Ross-Larson, with Joe Brinley, Joe Caponio, Christopher Trott and Elaine Wilson. For a list of any errors and omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit http://hdr.undp.org and https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/. Copyright @ 2020 By the United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 Charting pathways out of multidimensional poverty: Achieving the SDGs OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Contents Introduction 1 9 In 52 of the 71 countries with both multidimensional and monetary poverty data, the incidence of multidimensional poverty fell faster in absolute terms 13 Part I. The global Multidimensional Poverty Index
    [Show full text]