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Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach Virangna Pal*, Prabhakar Gaur*, Swarnalatha P.**

Abstract The trend of moving a larger part of people’s lives to be lower than those of rental services. Let Me Drive online has been supplemented by the development is an application idea that plans to start of a peer to peer of applications to effectively mimic the real world. The car sharing marketplace. The main idea revolves around development of an efficient peer to peer car rental the private car-owners renting out their vehicles through system for the usage of every day individuals and this interface. Here, the car owners have the freedom to professional rental services is an extension of the arm set their own prices. of this revolution that seeks to make mobility cheap, efficient and easy for everyone connected to the internet. Rise of Car Sharing Applications In this paper, we seek to implement a vehicle sharing system and elucidate out findings following a software Car sharing is a car renting model where individuals lease project management based development approach. cars for brief time periods, mostly by the hour. They are Keywords: Software Project Management, Step appealing to clients interested in temporarily availing a car Wise project Planning, Software Estimation, COCOMO, of an alternate sort than their pre-existing vehicle, which Application Development they use on an everyday premise, and other people who might make occasional use of a vehicle. The organization leasing the vehicle might be a business or the clients might Introduction be sorted out as an organization, open office, helpful, or specially appointed gathering. The young working population of this country is increasing day by day. Metropolitan cities are getting more and more Off late, the pattern of car sharing has been getting working class people who have just graduated. The fresh the spotlight. Some of the most popular car sharing set of young working class which majorly contributes to applications are: the middle level income of the population. That set of ∑∑ Zipcar people who want to enjoy the various luxuries of life. ∑∑ Uber These luxuries might not always be their top priority though. To explain it in a better way, let’s talk about cars. ∑∑ Craigs list Cars: Initial investment is heavy but in the long run it’s Some car share operations coordinate with vehicle rental handy. firms in their vicinity, specifically in conditions where The peer-to-peer car sharing concept of Let Me Drive classical rental might be a cost saving alternative. Car was inspired by AirBnB. A peer to peer model is gaining sharing provides large number of transportation, social popularity because we already have a huge amount of and environmental benefits. Peer-to-peer car sharing is massive underutilized vehicle resource. And being a often marketed as a worthy alternative to investing in a secondary source of income, the rental prices are expected vehicle where , and other such options can be utilized more often than not, and a personal

* B. Tech, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. e-mail: [email protected] * B. Tech, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. e-mail: [email protected] ** Associate Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. e-mail: [email protected] 2 International Journal of System and Software Engineering Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2016 vehicle is only truly useful for trips, moving locations, or working class people who have just graduated. These events. Likewise, a contrasting option would be owning fresh set of young working class contribute majorly to the numerous vehicles in families with a greater number of middle level income of the population. Owning a private drivers. Peer-to-peer car sharing is emerging wherein car is seen as a luxury with a high initial investment. existing proprietors can rent out their vehicles for others Providing a platform to fulfil ones desire without the need to lease for brief periods of time. of high investment is what the project wants to fulfil.

P2P car sharing is a type of loaning, more specifically, Moreover, people these days have different values a segment of sharing economy. The plan of action is compared to their parents. They now don’t just look firmly adjusted to conventional auto clubs, for example, for prosperity and stability but flexible schedules and Streetcar or Zipcar, however replaces a run of the mill financial and geographical independence. armada with a “virtual” one, comprising of cars from partaking proprietors. With such a sharing mechanism, 2. Population Density partaking auto proprietors can charge an expense to lease Researches have shown that the car sharing demand their vehicles when they are not utilizing them. Taking is higher in areas with below average car ownership. part tenants can get to close-by and reasonable vehicles Making car sharing facility available will not only help and pay just for the time they have to utilize them. the people to exploit the given service but also help the Organizations inside this segment screen members rentee generate a side income and thus help in boosting (both proprietors and leaseholders) and offer a technical the economy. platform, generally in the form of a website and mobile 3. Car Sharing by Different Genders application, that bring these parties together, oversees rental appointments and gathers installment. Organizations The gender of car sharing users has also been tested in take somewhere around 25% and 40% of the aggregate several studies and has revealed that males, on an average, salary, which covers borrower/tenant protection, working use such services more frequently than females. Let Me costs, and roadside help. Drive is a platform for any and every one without any discrimination. Although numerous individual car safety net providers in the USA reject scope for business utilization of protected 4. Dynamic Pricing vehicles either through a livery and public transportation The rentee can in particular, adjust the rent according to exclusion or a particular “personal vehicle sharing system” other rentees with same car models, or depending upon exclusion, a few states in the US have passed enactment peak time during festival seasons etc. The aim of dynamic permitting people to share their vehicles without danger pricing is to increase the ad uploader base by giving them of losing their own vehicle protection. this flexibility and also increasing the customer base by Similarly, as with person- to-person loaning, empowering giving them such a wide variety of choices. innovation for this conduct has been the Internet and the selection of geo-area based administration. B. Supply Drivers

Drivers for Peer to Peer Car Sharing 1. Expanding the Travel Sector and Shared Economy

There are multiple factors that drive the aforementioned With the ongoing IOT revolution and the expansion system. They are listed as follows: of the sharing economy, peer to peer interactions had become the crux of the new age service industry. “Let me drive” expands the scope of the travel sector to enable A. Demand Drivers individuals with multiple vehicles some of which are unused to rent these car and its services thus replacing 1. Demographics existing traditional car rental systems The young working population of India is increasing day by day. Metropolitan cities are getting more and more Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach 3

2. Overwhelming Movement to Online Private Taxi Car sharing is for the most part not savvy for driving to Services an all-day work all the time. Most car sharing promoters, administrators and cooperative public agencies trust that The World Bank reports a stunning half increment in per the individuals who don’t drive every day or those that capita salary since 2006 as of recently. With more people drive under 10,000 kilometers yearly might observe car moving up the social ladder the need to travel in a private sharing to be a better solution than owning a car. On the vehicle becomes more of a necessity than a luxury. off chance that the occasional use of a shared vehicle costs “People have more money to spare than time” said the essentially not as much as vehicle ownership, it makes car CEO of Uber. The ability of people to be able to access utilization more open to low-income families. swift vehicle rental services with no restrictions on where it can be taken is freedom like never witnessed before. Car sharing has another benefit of decreasing pollution and congestion. Replacing personal cars with regular Existing System Functions sharing of vehicles directly decreases the need for parking spaces. Much vital for congestion, the solid metering Car rental is the process of utilizing a vehicle briefly for system gives an incentive to drive more infrequently. In a specific time period which incurs some charge. Renting the case of owned vehicles, most expenses are sunk costs a vehicle assists individuals to attain a comfortable level and therefore do not rely on how much the car is driven, of mobility even if they do not own a vehicle or do not (for example, the purchase amount, insurance, registration have access to their own personal vehicle. The person and maintenance). who wants to rent the car must primarily contact the rental Car sharing has been seen in thickly populated areas, for service for the desired car. This is can be done on the example, downtown areas, universities, etc. There are a website or mobile app. Then the person needs to provide few projects to give administrations in lower populations. pertinent data, for example, dates, time, and preferences. Less populated areas are viewed as hard to present with Once this is completed, the individual renting must car sharing owing to the absence of alternative modes of present a valid government approved Identification Card. transport and the greater distances. The rental cars are sorted into economy, compact, compact premium, premium and luxury. Furthermore, clients are Software Methodology allowed to select any car based on the availability of the car of the requested dates. This company makes use of Let me Drive was made with the assistance of the manual system for booking, registering, renting and Waterfall model: record keeping. The functions are explained in detail as follows- 1. Defining Requirements ∑∑ During the booking, the clients book a vehicle by Analyses based on pre-exiting applications of similar making a call to the organization; else he/she is re- kind assists in finding the necessary features and their quired to go to the organization to make a booking. respective functions. The customer elicited features are ∑∑ In the car renting process, personal details, rent as follows: agreements and payment status are noted in the car a. Register rent agreement form to hold lawful contract between the client and association for leasing the vehicle. One of the features of the user end of the system which ∑∑ The operating time of the services is from 1:30 am- would be used for registering. The user can register either 6:00 pm; thus giving services for ten and half hours as a renter or a rentee. a day. b. Browsing ∑∑ The organization files all instances of leased cars monthly, and creates a detailed report on the same. The user can use the application to browse for availability of cars. Browsing can be done either area wise or car model wise. 4 International Journal of System and Software Engineering Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2016 c. Calculator ii. Step 1: Select Project Scope and Objectives

It is the features that will be used to help the user to avail Step 1.1: Identification of objectives and practical instant rent rates. measures of effectiveness in meeting them d. Payment Objectives: To provide a software which provides reliability, usability, security, availability Payment is the feature that will used to make the payment for the rented car. It is done with the help of payment Step 1.2: Establishment of a Project Authority gateway. The project authority will lie within the group of five e. Ad Upload members. Depending, of the phase of the project, different members will assume leading roles. Ad upload feature can be used by the user to upload a car ad for renting. Step 1.3: Stakeholder Analysis

2. Design of the System and Software The following table identifies the major users of the app “Let me drive”. The app runs on a peer to peer platform We make the application design workflow for the renter but requires the supervision of a neutral arbiter to resolve or rentee using Unified Modelling Language. It consists conflicts and maintain the smooth functioning of the app. of Use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, This app is primarily driven by the data collected about activity diagram, state transition diagram, dataflow the details of the users from their interactions with the app diagrams, etc. which is taken on a consensual basis. All stakeholders are 3. Coding assumed to be equipped with the basic skills to be able to operate a computer and/or have access to a smart phone All the different parts of the system are coded and built. with internet connectivity. The databases are made using MySQL, the code is written in Java. Table 1: a) Stakeholder Anaylsis

4. Integration and Testing User Description All the modules developed are combined into one system All car owners willing The primary focus of this appli- and tested for errors. to rent their cars cation is to revolutionize the way people rent and access car rental Step-wise Planning Approach services. The system must be easy All car owners will- to use and must provide support on ing to rent their cars multiple platforms such as iOS and The step-wise approach highlights ten essential features (contd.) Android. that comprise a complete project planning framework. We Not the primary target group but conducted each of these steps before the deployment of Travel Agencies and as the platform grows the applica- our application as follows: conventional rental tion can provide an access point for services travel agencies to a wide variety of i. Step 0: Selection of Project customers. As mentioned before, our aim to make a peer-to-peer car The administrator is expected to be familiar with the technical aspects sharing application was inspired from a number of factors. of the platform and must be well Administrator A peer to peer model is gaining popularity because we equipped in resolving social and already have a huge amount of massive underutilized technical disputes that arise in real vehicle resource. And being a secondary source of time. income, the rental prices are expected to be lower than those of rental services. Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach 5

Step 1.4: Establishment of Methods of Communication of individual features of your system, UCDs can be used to show all of its available functionality. It is important Given the peer heavy interface of the application it is to note, though, that UCDs are fundamentally different essential to conduct detailed and structured research into from sequence diagrams or flow charts because they do the needs of different stakeholders and the requirements not make any attempt to represent the order or number of from this platform. It is also important to realize the basic times that the systems actions and sub-actions should be level of computer competency of the major stakeholder executed. that is being targeted and model the design around that. The given approach is a policy driven mechanism to Non-functional Requirements: obtain the above-mentioned information using specific ∑∑ Usability communication channels. ∑∑ Security Table 1: b) Methods of Communication ∑∑ Performance ∑∑ Capacity Document Document Contact Stakeholders Due ∑∑ Availability Name Format Person ∑∑ Portability Field Require- Survey End of data General market ∑∑ Privacy ments form in collection User represen- Analysis E-Mail cycle tative Com- Require- Survey End of data Travel pany ments form in collection agency represen- E-Mail cycle Analysis tative Hard Techni- Monthly copy cal staff Predefined Adminis- status docu- from date of trator report ment and each each month meetings team

Step 2: Identify Project Infrastructure

Step 2.1: Identify Relationship between the Project and Strategic Planning

Order of Project: In our project, we found the most suitable project model to employ the Waterfall model.

System and Software Requirements and Analysis: A software requirement document will be created eliciting the user requirements, the stakeholder, the system requirements (hardware/software). In the case of our project, we will be listing the stakeholders (i.e. the renter, Figure 1: a) Use-cases the rentee, system admin etc.), taking into consideration the functional requirements and non-functional requirements. Design Phase: The requirements specified in the first phase are studied in this and a system design is prepared. The duration allotted for this phase was 20 days. In this phase, we design the Software Design document. Functional Requirements The duration allotted for this phase was 10 days. Coding Phase: In this phase, all the different parts of the Use Case Diagram:UML Use Case Diagrams can be used system were coded and built. The duration allotted for to describe the functionality of a system in a horizontal this phase was 10 days. way. That is, rather than merely representing the details 6 International Journal of System and Software Engineering Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2016

Integration and Testing Phase: All the modules effective genesis of the project requires the categorization developed are combined into one system and tested for of these risks and a subsequent implementation strategy errors. The duration allotted for this phase was 25 days. to deal with these different levels of risks.

Deployment: Once all test cases are passed and the system Risk Risk Priority Likelihood of Risk Name : Description is approved by the client, the system is then deployed in No. (H,M,L) occurrence a customer environment. Our project is expected to be Corruption of the data stor- deployed within 5 days. 1 H Rare age device leading to loss data Maintenance: There may be certain issues that turn up and require fixing. This is done through patches. As Insufficient and inefficient time passes, patches and updated versions are released to research and analysis on the needs of the different enhance performance. Maintenance is out of the scope of 2 M Sometimes stake holders leading to our project as it extends post given time period. warped outlook and strat- egy Hardware & Software Requirements: Ineptitude of team mem- Hardware 3 M Rare bers with the core tools es- sential for software design. ∑∑ Minimum RAM: 512 MB Poorly designed system ∑∑ Minimum disk space: 500 MB without external consul- 4 L Rare tation may lead to future ∑∑ Processor Intel® Core™ i5 CPU @ 2.4 GHz failure. minimum Architectural design be- Software 5 L Rare yond the scope of team members ∑∑ Windows 7 or higher Erroneous and overzealous ∑∑ Rational Rose Enterprise Edition 6 L Frequent schedules leading to delay in competition of tasks ∑∑ Microsoft Visio 2010 ∑∑ Xamp server Table 2: Risk Levels ∑∑ Android Studio Step 3.3: Selection of the Correct Implementation Step 2.2: Identify Project Team Organization Method by Taking into Account User Requirements

The team organization structure we chose represents an The system was chosen to be constructed using a waterfall unequal distribution in the different tasks that were to be approach as it cannot be modularized, nor can it be carried out in the fruition of the application. The tasks simultaneously developed as in the case of other models. were assigned based on the relative strengths and interests The only way to develop this software was to approach of the team members. it step by step where each consecutive step cannot be Step 3: Analyze Project Characteristics backtracked to the previous one. This is the earmark of a classic waterfall software development model. Step 3.1: Distinguish the Project as Product Driven or Objective Driven In the future, not many changes will be made to the general functionality and whatever bug fixes or newer, Let Me Drive is an objective driven project as the software more compatible versions have to be released will be must fulfil a set of objectives that the client sets, such as covered under the maintenance process of the SDLC. finding a red sedan for a particular date and time ina particular location. V. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities

Step 3.2: Identify High Level Project Risks Step 4.1: Identify and describe project products ∑∑ Sign Up Page Formulation of any project requires the identification of risks involved in the successful fruition of the idea. The ∑∑ Login Page Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach 7

∑∑ Page to upload Car Details Step 5: Estimate Effort for each Activity

∑∑ Page to Search for Car Using PERT analysis, we deduced the effort and time for ∑∑ User Details Request to view renter details pertain- each activity. ing to the car Step 6: Risk Management Step 4.2: Entity Relationships We have tabulated the type of risks associated with the The entity relationship diagram represents all relationships project. The identification and prioritization of these risks between the entities involved makes us realize that there is a gradation in the propensity of harm caused by each risk and the frequency of occurrence of that risk. In this case for risk management of each of these techniques we have dealt with the risk that has the highest propensity to cause harm first.

Table 3: Risk Mitigation Table

Name of Rank Planning Monitoring Risk

Creating duplicate Regular upgrad- Loss of data storage facilities ing of the cloud data due to 1 on cloud servers that server and cross hardware aren’t directly linked check for data failure to the hardware accuracy

Enrolling and Regular reports conducting multiple from the exam- courses to bring all ining authority Lack of members to basic on the progress effective level of competency 2 of team member. skills of with all tools. Divi- Evaluation of members sion of specialized the members tools and advanced work on real training on those time projects Fig. 2: a) ER Diagram specific tools Multiple rounds of Step 4.3: Data Flow research conducted Regular meet- at different stages of ings with field Insuffi- The following figure represent the data flow diagram. the planning a design market special- cient and 3 phase. Predictive ists and volun- incomplete analysis of market teers to effective research forces and new mar- prepare for dy- ket entrants in similar namic problems fields. The incentive struc- tures of members Timely assess- must be aligned by ment of the Over using various incen- schedule and ambitious 4 tives and disincen- recognition of schedules tives that propel timely perfor- members to set realis- mance tic and strict dead- lines and meet them. Fig. 2: b) Data Flow diagram 8 International Journal of System and Software Engineering Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2016

Name of Step 7: Resource Allocation Rank Planning Monitoring Risk The following Gantt chart describes the resource Regular review allocation for the project: of the budget to maintain the Architec- Creating an effective consultation tural de- budget that would en- funds as a con- sign be- able the hiring of spe- 5 stant till the end yond scope cialized consultants to of the required of team carry out nuanced op- operations that members eration of the project are outside the scope of the team

Fig. 3: Gantt Chart

Step 8: Review /Publicize Plan are signed-off with the client. If the design changes, the changes should be reviewed and signed-off. This step is integral to the project quality plan, which is ∑ used to measure the delivery and process quality. It is ∑ Document Management and Control broken into the following components: Documents are used for communication between the team ∑∑ Requirements Scope members, project management, senior management and the client. Therefore, the project quality plan should describe a The correct requirements to be implemented are listed in way to manage and control the documents used in the project. this scope. This is an abstract of the requirements sign- ∑ off document. Having requirements noted in the project ∑ Responsibility of Management quality plan helps the quality assurance team to correctly This provides description for how the management validate them. This way, the quality assurance function is responsible for achieving project quality. Since the knows what to test and what to leave out from the scope. management is in control and monitors the project, project ∑∑ Design Control quality is mainly a management responsibility. ∑ This specifies the controls and procedures used for the ∑ Development Control and Rigor design phase of the project. Usually, there should be Once the construction of the project starts, all the design reviews in order to analyze the correctness of the processes, procedures and activities should be closely proposed technical design. For better design reviews, monitored and measured. By this type of control, the senior designers of the respective domains should get project management can make sure that the project is involved. Once the designs are reviewed and agreed, they progressing in the correct path. Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach 9

∑∑ Testing and Quality Assurance ∑∑ Defect Management

This component of the project quality plan takes precedence During testing and quality assurance, defects are usually over other components. This is the element, which describes caught. The project quality plan should have guidelines the quality assurance functions of the project. This section and instructions on how to manage the defects. should clearly identify the quality objectives for the project ∑∑ Training Requirements and the approach to achieve them. For this, a skill gap analysis is done to identify the training ∑∑ Risks & Mitigation requirements at the project initiation phase. The project quality plan should indicate these training requirements This section identifies the project quality risks. Then, and necessary steps to get the staff trained. the project management team should come up with appropriate mitigation plans in order to address each Step 9 and 10: Execute Plan/Lower Levels of Planning quality risk. This step is a physical process that involves implementation ∑∑ Quality Audits of all the aforementioned planning. For every project, regardless of its size or the nature, there should be periodic quality audits to measure the adherence Performance Measure to the quality standards. These audits can be done by an The graphs summarize the performance of various team internal team or an external team. members based on the stress levels at different stages of completion of the project and the breakdown of the work based on the strengths and weaknesses of specific team members.

Fig. 4: a. Performance Plotted Against Stress

Fig. 4: b. Work Distribution Amongst Team Members 10 International Journal of System and Software Engineering Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2016 Estimates [E] = 2.4 (4.824)1.05 = 12.525 man-months Software Project Management can only be carried out via ~ 12 man-months the proper estimation or projection of effort required for or the amount of work performed by an average worker the successful completion and execution of any project. during one month One such type of estimation technique which we have Development Time = cb (Effort Applied)db learnt and applied is the COCOMO or the Constructive [D] = 2.5 (23.525)0.38 Cost Model. The model uses a basic regression formula = 6.532 months with parameters that are derived from historical project ~ 7 months [July to January] data and current as well as future project characteristics. Basic COCOMO computes software development effort People Required = E/D (and cost) as a function of program size. Program size is = 12.525 / 6.532 expressed in estimated thousands of source lines of code = 1.917 people (SLOC, KLOC). However, considering the fact that our semester has The categorization of our project that takes into account exactly 3.5 months of proper working days, we require 5 requirements, team mix and experience would classify people for the timely implementation of this project. this project as an Organic project. We are a “small” team with “good” experience working with “less than rigid” Conclusions requirements.

The basic COCOMO equations take the form This project was designed keeping in mind the wide range of users both on the supply side and the demand side that can use the common platform. The market research also Effort Applied (E) =ab (KLOC)bb [man-months] concludes a relatively unsaturated market for rental service applications that enable peer to peer communications and Development Time = c (Effort Applied)d b b renting. The on-field survey based on the usage off the (D) [months] application and the success concludes that professionals People required (P) = Effort Applied / Development Time aged between 23-27 are the most frequent users of the [count] service. Where, KLOC is the estimated number of delivered lines (expressed in thousands) of code for project. The Future Scope coefficients ba , bb, cb and db are given in the following table: The integration of the profiles created on the application with social media profiles can strengthen the background Table 1: a. COCOMO Coefficient Calculations of the user and make the application more reliable. The application can add a health meter for both the demand side and the supply side. The demand side health bar

Software Project ab bb cb db will depend on the condition of the car and various other parameters whereas the supply side health bar will depend Organic 2.4 1.05 2.5 0.38 on the punctuality of the car and the status of the car on Semi-detached 3.0 1.12 2.5 0.35 being returned to the user. The health bar can result in Embedded 3.6 1.20 2.5 0.32 discounts and a priority in getting better cars of choice. Catering to our project, the following estimation costs are References calculated, given, [1] Katzev, R. (2003). Car sharing: A new approach to LOC: 4824 urban transportation problems. Analyses of Social KLOC: 4.824 Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 65-86. [2] Bardhi, F., & Eckhardt, G. M. (2012). Access-based Effort Applied = ab (KLOC)bb consumption: The case of car sharing. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(4), 881-898. Vehicle Sharing Application Development using a Software Project Management Approach 11

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