No 122 Tayside Landscape Character Assessmen T Land Use Consultants
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No 122 Tayside landscape character assessmen t Land Use Consultants 1999 Land Use Consultants, Gleniffer House, 21 Woodside Terrace , Glasgow G3 7X H Nominated Officer: Anne Lumb, Advisory Service s Report date : 1997 Report to: Scottish Natural Heritage Contract No: SE967(18) TAYSIDE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMEN T LAND US E CONSULTANTS CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 PART I 2. EVOLUTION OF THE LANDSCAPE 5 PHYSICAL INFLUENCES ON THE LANDSCAPE 5 Tayside Lowlands 6 The Highland areas 1 0 Summary 1 3 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE 1 5 3. KEY FEATURES OF THE TAYSIDE LANDSCAPE 23 INTRODUCTION 23 NATURE CONSERVATION 23 TREES AND WOODLANDS 26 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES 30 BUILT HERITAGE 33 SEASONAL AND CLIMATIC FEATURES 41 4. FORCES FOR CHANGE 43 AGRICULTURAL CHANGE 43 FORESTRY AND WOODLANDS 52 DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES 62 Urban Expansion 62 Building in the Countryside 66 Tourism 70 Road Developments 74 Wind Farms 76 CLIMATE CHANGE 85 PART I I 5. LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATION 89 INTRODUCTION 89 ASSESSMENT HIERARCHY 92 LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATION 92 REGIONAL CHARACTER AREAS 96 Tayside Lowlands 97 The West Highlands 97 The Mounth Highlands 98 LANDSCAPE TYPE DESCRIPTIONS 99 HIGHLAND GLENS (1) 100 UPPER HIGHLAND GLENS (IA) 100 MID HIGHLAND GLENS (18) 107 LOWER HIGHLAND GLENS (IC) 11 5 HIGHLAND GLENS WITH LOCHS (2) 123 UPPER HIGHLAND GLENS WITH LOCHS (2A) 123 MID HIGHLAND GLENS WITH LOCHS (2B) 128 LOWER HIGHLAND GLENS WITH LOCHS (2C) 135 HIGHLAND SUMMITS AND PLATEAUX (3) 142 West Highlands 144 Mounth Highlands 144 PLATEAU MOOR: RANNOCH MOOR (4) 15 1 HIGHLAND FOOTHILLS (5) 156 LOWLAND HILLS (6) 164 LOWLAND RIVER CORRIDORS (7) 172 IGNEOUS HILLS (8) 179 The Ochils 18 1 The Sidlaws 182 DOLERITE HILLS (9) 189 BROAD VALLEY LOWLANDS (10) 194 FIRTH LOWLANDS (11) 204 LOW MOORLAND HILLS (12) 21 0 DIPSLOPE FARMLAND (13) 21 7 COAST (14) 224 COAST WITH SAND (14A) 224 COAST WITH CLIFFS (14B) 229 LOWLAND BASINS (15) 234 Loch Leven Basin 236 Montrose Basin 236 6. REFERENCES 241 APPENDIX A HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT 247 APPENDIX B OTHER LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENTS 248 APPENDIX C WIND POWER GUIDANCE 252 APPENDIX D LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT SUMMARY MATRIX 255 FIGURE S Figure 1 Geology 7 Figure 2 Topography and Drainage 1 1 Figure 3 Generalised Landcover 1 4 Figure 4 Landscape Designations 25 Figure 5 Features of the Landscape 29 Figure 6 Features of the landscape 3 1 Figure 7 Features of the Landscape 34 Figure 8 Features of the Landscape 38 Figure 9 Forces for Change 45 Figure 10 Forces for Change 54 Figure 11 Forces for Change 64 Figure 12 Forces for Change 71 Figure 13 Landscape Character Types 141 Figure 14 Landscape Character Types 150 Figure 15 Landscape Character Types 188 Figure 16 Landscape Character Types 223 Figure 17 MAP of LANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPES Back of Report Figure B1 Links with other assessments 249 Figure B2 Links with other assessments 250 Figure B3 Links with other assessments 251 Figure Cl Wind farm location analysis 253 1 . INTRODUCTION ROLE OF THIS REPORT 1 .1 . Land Use Consultants were commissioned in September 1996 to undertake a landscap e character assessment of the Tayside region . The aims of the assessment, as set out in the study brief, are to: • produce in written and map form a detailed assessment of the landscape character o f Tayside; • provide a tool for Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) staff to use in their day to da y casework, including local planning and development control issues, and in particular to provide guidance on how various types of development or land use changes might best be accommodated within the different landscape character areas identified and their capacity to accommodate these changes ; • provide information about landscape character for use by planning authorities in th e preparation and review of their development plans, in the scoping and production o f environmental assessments and in the consideration of other applications relating to changes in land use ; • consider the likely and existing pressures and opportunities for landscape change an d assess the sensitivity of the landscapes to these changes ; • identify areas of landscape that are or may be under threat and find opportunities fo r the enhancement of features that contribute to landscape character ; • develop guidelines indicating how differing landscapes may be conserved, enhanced o r restructured as appropriate . 1 .2 . The assessment is to be produced in two phases: These comprise the following : (i) Phase I: Report of survey; (ii) Phase II: Planning and management guidance in response to landscape change. 1 .3. This document comprises a synthesis of the two phases of the study . 1 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 1 .4. Part I of the report describes the physical and cultural evolution of the Tayside landscap e and reviews the principal forces for change which have affected it in the recent past, o r which may affect it in the future. 1 .5. Part II of the report comprises the landscape classification . For each of 20 distinct landscape types, the report describes the current landscape character and the forces fo r change that are affecting it and sets out a series of management and planning guideline s which are designed to conserve and enhance the distinctive character of the Taysid e landscape. Part I : Evolution of the Landscape 2. EVOLUTION OF THE LANDSCAP E PHYSICAL INFLUENCES ON THE LANDSCAPE 2 .1 . The following chapter outlines the main physical processes which have shaped the landscape of Tayside we see today . The physical influences are discussed under the following categories . • Solid Geology • Drift Geolog y • Hydrology • Climate These four interrelated categories are considered in this report as processes which form the resulting topography, soil cover and vegetation. Topography, soil cover an d vegetation are thus the resultant products of these processes . It is, therefore, th e interrelation of process and product which can be taken together to mean physica l influences. 2 .2 . Tayside Region is an extensive area which overlies two of Scotland's major geologica l units; the Grampian Highlands and the East Central Lowlands of the Midland Valley. These two units are separated by the Highland Boundary Fault, which crosses Scotlan d from Loch Lomond in the south-west to Stonehaven on the north-east coast . 2.3. This chapter describes the physical influences acting on : • the lowlands; and • the Highland area. 2.4. The lowlands comprise that part of the region which lies to the south of the Highlan d Boundary Fault. The Highlands area is the land north of the Highland Boundary Fault . 2 .5 . Three maps are of relevance to this section . Figure 1 shows the solid geology of th e region . Figure 2 shows its landform and drainage patterns, while Figure 3 provides a generalised picture of Tayside's landcover . 5 Tayside Lowlands 2 .6. South and east of the Highland Boundary Fault, the lowlands form part of a structural rift valley. The valley lies between the two fault lines of the Highland Boundary Fault and th e Southern Upland Fault. Both faults were initiated during the period of Caledonia n mountain building in early Palaeozoic times . A prolonged period of tectonic uplift wa s terminated when the centre of a gigantic arch of updomed rocks began to crack alon g lines of weakness . These fault lines followed the north-east to south-west Caledonia n grain . The result was that a large strip of land 80 kilometres wide was lowered to create basins in which Old Red Sandstone Carboniferous and Permian rocks were late r deposited. This tectonic instability also caused a great deal of volcanic activity in th e area. The two ranges of hills within the lowlands, the Ochils and the Sidlaws, are th e result of the north-east lava flows of this time, Stirling being the centre of volcanic activit y in the area . 2.7. The lowlands are, therefore, largely comprised of resistant igneous rock overlying softe r sedimentary rocks. The igneous rocks were formed by the volcanic activity mentioned previously. The sedimentary rocks are predominantly Lower Old Red Sandstone . These rocks were formed from the deposition of material eroded from the West Highlands an d Mounth Highlands to the north, and other detritus . This material was carried south by th e powerful rivers of the time . As these rivers crossed what is now the Highland Boundar y Fault, their flow would have been checked by the change in gradient where they met th e flatter land of the Midland Valley, depositing the material into a large alluvial plain . 2 .8 . The different rock types of the lowlands - the hard igneous and softer sedimentary - resul t in markedly different topography . This marked contrast can be seen around Strathear n and Perth . A characteristic of this area is the contrast in form between the hard roc k landforms of the igneous Ochils and the soft rock features of Strathallan-Strathear n lowlands. This contrasting topography was shaped by glacial erosion . Ice sheets moving east towards the Firth of Tay truncated the spurs of the Ochil north slopes an d pushed lobes of ice into the valley of Gleneagles . The steep sided form of this valley i s testament to the resistance of igneous rocks to erosion . The softer sandstones of Strathallan and Strathearn, however, were eroded more easily . The divide betwee n these two valleys was substantially lowered in this way. 2.9. While ice sheets were responsible for significant amounts of erosion within the lowlands , the principal process was that of deposition . This took the form of till (or boulder clay ) laid down by moving ice sheets and the spread of fluvio-glacial deposits (kames, esker s and outwash terraces and channels) as the ice sheets melted .