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Marine Resources of the Elwha River Estuary Clallam County, Washington

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Marine Resources of the Elwha River Estuary Clallam County, Washington U.S.FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NORTH PACIFIC COAST ECOREGION MARINE RESOURCES OF THE ELWHA RIVER ESTUARY CLALLAM COUNTY,WASHINGTON WESTERN WASHINGTON OFFICE OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON JUNE 1995 MARINE RESOURCES OF THE ELWHA RTVER ESTUARY CLALLAM COUNTY, WASHINGTON Preparedfor the NationalParkService OlympicNationalPark PortAngeles,Washington Preparedby FredSeaveyandGwill Ging U.S.FishandWiidlife Service North Pacific CoastEcoregion WesternWashingtonOffice Olympia,Washington June1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........1 Studyarea. ....2 Methods ......3 Resultsanddiscussion.. ....4 Descriptionofintertidalzone .....4 Descriptionofsubtidal zone. .....5 Findingsofsurvey ........7 Surveylimitations Conclusion ...10 References .... 11 Tablel.SpeciesOccurrence .....13 Table2. Fishand Macroinvertebrate Frequency . 20 Table3.SelectedMacroinvertebrateDensity .......23 Table4. Macroalgae PercentCover . .24 Table5. DominantMacroalgae Frequency . .25 Table6.MacroalgaeFrequency .......27 TableT. SubstrateTypes Figurel.StudyArea.. ....30 Figure2. DescriptiveAreas ......31 Figure3.MacroalgaeSpeciesRichnessbySubstrate.... ...32 Mapl. VegetationCover .......33 Map2.Alariamarginata .......34 Map3. Cymatheretriplicata .....35 Map4. Pterygophoracalifornica ......36 Map5.Iridaeacordata ....:..... ...37 Map6. Nereocystisluetkeana ....38 Map7. Nereocystisluetkeana(WashingtonDepartment ofNatural Resources.) . 39 Map8.Zosteramarina ....40 Map9.Bathymetry .......41 MaplO.Substrate ...42 AppendixA. DataForm . 43 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Wewouldliketo thankthe National Park Servicefor fundingthis effort, andespeciallyBrianWinter, for his supportduringthe project. We aregrateful to JonPenny of the U.S. CoastGuard,Port Angelesfor lettingususethe reservation to storeour boats. TheEnvironmental Protection Agency, Lower Elwha S'KlallamTribe, andthe Fish andWildlife Service'sWesternWashingtonFisheries ResourcesOfficewere all crucialto the successfulcompletionof the shallowsubtidalSCUBA surveys.Wespecificallyextend ourappreciationto the membersof this surveyteam:Rick Albright, GlenBruck,BruceDuncan, Andy Hess, Burney Hill, DuaneKarna,Rob Pedersen,Bob Stamness, andBruceWoods from the EnvironmentalProtection Agency;Pat Crain,Mike McHenry,Doug Morrill,ReggieWilliams, Mitch Boyd,and KeithLauderbackfromtheLower Elwha S'KlallamTribe; JeffChan,SteveHagar,CatherinePantaleo, and GingerPhalen from the Service'sFisheriesResources Office;andRichCarlsonand Camille Bennettfromthe Service'sEcological ServicesOffice. Without their assistance,hard work, cooperationandsenseof humor,this studywould not havebeen as successful,or asenjoyable. We alsoextend our thanksto SteveDilleyof the Service'sFisheries ResourcesOffice and Carol Langston from theService'sEcologicalServicesOfficein assistingus with the dataand geographic analysis. INTRODUCTION The Elwha River is located on the OlympicPeninsula in northwestWashington State. The Elwha River hasa north-southorientation and is 45 mileslong with over 100 miles of tributary streams.It hasa drainagearea of 321 squaremiles,of which267 squaremiles are within Olympic National Park. Two hydroelectricprojectshavebeen constructed on the Elwha River; Elwha Dam in 1913,about 5 milesupstream from the river mouth,and GlinesCanyon Dam in 1926, about7 miles upstreamfrom the lower dam. TheElwhaRiver Ecosystemand AnadromousFisheriesRestorationAct (P.L. lO2-495)authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and remove the two Elwha River hydroelectric projects, providingremoval is necessaryto achievethe goalsof the Act andCongressappropriatesthe required funding. TheDepartmentof the Interior (Interior)documentedand submitted its finding to Congress that removal of the dams was necessaryto achievethe Act's goal of full ecosystemrestoration @epartmentof Interior 1994). The National Park Service,as lead agency,along with the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service,Bureau of Reclamationand Bureau of Indian Affairs, as cooperating agencies, are currentlypreparing the requireddocumentationfor compliancewith the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Dam removaland restoration of the watershedis a major federalaction that could causesignificant impacts to the environment(Department of Interior 1994). Of particularconcernis the project's potentialeffecton the Elwha River estuarylocatedin the Strait of Juande Fuca. An estimated12 to 15 million cubicyardsof sediment(clay, silt, gravel, cobble, and boulder) have accumulatedin the reservoirssince the construction of the dams(Department of Interior 1994). The dam removal and sedimentmanagementalternativesbeingdeveloped would resultin different sedimentquantities being releasedto the marine environmentover a varying time periods. Other impactswould result by retumingthe Elwha River sedimentsupplyof about 280,000 cubic yards per year to the coastalzone (FederalEnergy RegulatoryCommission 1993). Previouswork failed to adequatelyconsider the impactsofthese highersedim,ent loads on the marine environment. The FERC andInterior reports both recommendedfurther studyto assesstheseimpactsand to recommendpotentialmeasuresto mitigatethe impacts (FederalEnergy Regulatory Commission1993; Department of Interior 1994). The seaweedor macroalgaecommunity was identified during the scoping of this study as a particularlyimportantresourcebecause of its ecologicalfunctions. Existing biologicalinformation for the nearshoremarine environmentwas found'to be extremelylimited or unsuitedfor use in describing the biological community near the Elwha River mouth becauseof the lack of site specificity.Ofthe informationreviewed,the kelp distributionmapspreparedby the Washington State DepartmentofNatural Resourceswere the mostuseful for our purposes.Essentiallyall other sources of informationthat were reviewedconsistedof regionaldata, a smallnumber of data entriesfrom field notebooks,or generalobservationstaken over a periodofyears. Druehl (1970) reported that WashingtonState has one of the most diverse and abundantkelp community of any area worldwide. Previous surveysof these resourcesshow that bull kelp (Nereocystisluetkeana) andgiant kelp (Macrocystisintegrifolia) arethe dominant surface kelpsof Washington'sStrait of Juande Fuca andopencoast. The Strait of Juande Fuca contains"unopy 79% ( 3,Q61hectares)of thesekelp beds@ept. of Natural Resources1993). Other kelp surveys provideinformationfor the Puget Soundregion. Whenexamininghabitatchangesover time, Levings and Thom (1994) found that kelp bedsincreasedin Puget Soundby 53% between l9l2 and 197g. However, lack of information preventedthem from estimatingtrends for the hundredsof other macroalgaespeciespresentin the Sound. The purposeofthis study was to characteizethe existingmarineresources which dam removal could affectandto assessthe impact of an increasedsediment load on the estuary. It shouldbe noted that the 1994marineresourcescharacteizationofthe studyareawas not intendedor designedto establish a quantitative baseline against which post dam removal data would be compared. The chuacteization,however,would be used in the developmentof a plan of study for monitoring pre- andpost-damremovalchanges in substrateandits associatedbiological community. It is anticipated that permanentmonitoring stationswould be establishedin 1996,pendingapprovaland funding of dam removalby Congress. STUDY AREA The ElwhaRiver is foundon the OlympicPeninsula of WashingtonState, andentersthe Straitof JuanDe Fucaat FreshwaterBay, aboutl0 mileseast of the City of Port Angeles.TheLower Elwha SKlallamTriballands are at themouth of the river. Theselandsencompassabout340acresand are in theriver'shistoricfloodplain.The river's mouthis nearthe easternboundary of FreshwaterBay. Thebayis crescentshapeanddefinedby two prominentpoints,ObservatoryPointto thewestand AngelesPointto theeast.The coastal shorelineis steepwith coarsesediments, like cobble,nearthe mouthofthe river. Generally,this steepnessdecreases with increasingdistance to theeastand west of theriver's mouth. Thestudyareaincludestheintertidal and shallow subtidal zoneadjacentto, andincluding the Elwha Riverdelta. This zoneextends from about+g to -50 feetMLLW beginningapproximately2 miles westofthe ElwhaRivermouthandextendingeasterlyfor a distanceof about5-miles to Dry Creek (Figurel). Theboundariesof the studyarea were selectedfor threereasons. Firstly, the tiansport of coarsesediment(sandandgravel)fromthe ElwhaRiver would occurmainly alongthe shoieat water depthslessthan-20 feetMLLW onceit entersthe marineenvironment (Sch-wartz lgg4). Secondly,higherturbidityfrom an increasedquantity of fine sediment(clay andsilt) couldaffect plantsto -50feetMLLW, the expecteddepth of abundantmacroalgaegro*th. Theextentof most macroalgaegrowth is about100 feet and diminishes quickly with depth(Scagel1972). Finally,the gasternboundary of thestudyareawasselectedbecause of the presenceof actively r.u Llufft immediatelyeastof AngelesPoint. This areaof erosioncontributes turbidiiy"rodingand a significant quantrtyof sedimentto theadjacentnearshore environment. Theconditions of this areaarenot likelv to changesignificantly following dam removal. METHODS The intertidal andsubtidalobservations were collectedduring June1994throughthe first week of September1994. The intertidalzone(about+8 feetto -2 feet MLLW) was surveyedby walking the beach during daylight hours at low tide, and collecting information on macroalgae, macroinvertebrates,fish within tide pools,and substrate.This surveywas consideredadequatefor characteinngthe mid to upper intertidal zone becauseof few marine algae andmacroinvertebrates.
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