The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SocmTY OCTOBER, 1943 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April, 1943

OFFICERS President, Captain David V. Lumsden, U. S. Army First Vice-President, Mr. Wilbur H. Youngman, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary, Dr. V. T. Stoutemyer, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Mr. J. Marion Shull, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms Expiring 1944 Terms Expiring 1945 Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mrs. Robert H. Fife, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Clement S. Houghton, Chestnut Hill, Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mass. Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Washington, D. C. Mr. Alfred Maclay, Tallahassee, Fla. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mr. J. L. Bailey, Pres., Mr. Walter D_ Blair, Pres., America~ Begonia Society, American Rock Garden Society, 5J.5 Hallwood Drive, Tarrytown, El Monte, Calif. New York. Mr. A. F. Truex, Pres., Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Pres., American Rose Society, American Delphinium Society, 3150 South Zunis, 234 S. -Brainard Ave., Tulsa, Oklahoma La Grange, Illinois Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, Cactus & Succulent Society of America, Dr. Robert T. Clausen, Pres., 327 North Ave., 61 American Fern Society, Los Angeles, Calif. Bailey Hortorium, Mr. James H. Porter, Pres., Ithaca, N. Y. Camellia Society of America Macon, Ga. Mr. Jesse E. Wills, Pres., American Iris Society, Mrs. John H. Cunningham, Pres., National Bldg., Herb Society of America, Nashville, Tenn. 53 Seaver St. Brookline, Mass. Mr. L. W . Lindgren, Pres., Mrs. Beatrice H arms, Pres., American Peony Society, Midwest Horticultural Society, 1787 W. Minnehaha Ave., 4155 West 14th St. , St. Paul, Minn. Chicago 23, Ill. SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1943 Akron Garden Center, American Amaryllis Society, 226 South Main St., Mr. Wyndham Hayward, Secretary, Akron, Ohio Winter Park, Fla. Albuquerque Garden Club, American Peony Society, Mrs. I. A. Essenwein, Secy., Mr. L. W . Lindgren, Pres., 437 North Hermosa, 1787 W. Minnehaha Ave., Albuquerque, New Mexico St. Paul, Minn. Alexandria, Virginia, Garden Club, California Garden Clubs, Inc., Mrs. C. C. Wall, President, Mrs. E. B. Wyman M t. Vernon, Va. 1326 N. Maryland Ave., American Fuchsia Society, Glendale 7, Calif. Miss Alice Eastwood, Secretary, California Horticultural Society, California Academy of Sciences, Miss Cora R. Brandt, Secretary, Golden Gate Park, 300 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Calif. San Francisco, Calif.

PubIica.tion Office, 32nd St. a.nd Elm Ave., Ba.ltimore, "Md. Entered a.s second-class matter Janual')' 27, 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club, Kanawha Garden Club, Mrs. Lawrence E. Voorhees, Mrs. Ruffner R. Payne, Pres., 3810 Alton Place, N. W . 1507 A Virginia St., Chevy Chase, D. C. Charleston, W. Va. Chevy Chase (Md.)' Garden Club, Men's Garden Club of America, Mrs. Frederick W. Connolly, Pres., Mr. Hoyt F. Paxton, Secy., 4437 Reservoir Rd., R. D. 2, Hendersonville, N. C. Washington, D. C. Michigan Horticultural Society, Mr. Paul R. Krone, Secy., Community Garden Club of Bethesda, Horticultural Building, Miss Sue Thomas, Pres., East Lansing, Mich. 6808 Exfair Rd., Edgemoor, Bethesda, Md. Midwest Horticultural Society, Mrs. Beatrice Harms, Pres., Fauquier and Loudoun Garden CIU!b, 4155 West 14th St., Mrs. N. H. Morison, Pres., Chicago 23, III. Middleburg, Va. Northern Nut Growers Association, Federated Garden Clubs of Cincinnati and Mr. Carl Wescheke, Pres., Vicinity, 96 South Wabash St., Mrs. Charles Bosworth, Pres., St. Paul, Minn. 220 E. Locust St., Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Wilmington, Ohio Mrs. Frank Garry, Librarian, Forest Hills Garden Club, Montgomery Station Post Office, Mrs. E. Barr, Pres., Montgomery, Ohio 3623 Chesapeake St., N. W., Takoma Horticultural Club, Washington, D. C. Mr. Frank L. Pohanka, Pres., Silver Spring, Md. Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., The Pittsburgh Garden Center, Cleveland, Ohio Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa. Garden Center Institute of Buffalo, Delaware Park Casino, The San Francisco Garden Club, Buffalo, N. Y. Room 133, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. Garden Centre, % Carolina Garden Stores, The Valley Garden Center, 23 North Lexington St., 2700 N. 15th Ave., Asheville, N . C. Phoenix, Ariz. The Trowel Club, Garden Center, Mrs. David R. Craig, Pres., Youngstown Public Library, 4434 Garfield St., N. W., Youngstown, Ohio Washington, D. C. Garden Club of Illinois, Twin Falls Garden Club, Shop 312, Palmer Hotel, Twin Falls, Chicago, III. Idaho Garden Club of Ohio, Washington Garden Club, The M. O'Neil Co., Mrs. John D. Rhodes, Akron, Ohio. 3535 Williamsburg Lane, N. W., Washington, D. C. Garden Club of Virginia, Mrs. Powell Glass, Pres., Wayside Garden Club, 210 Lee Drive, Mrs. "v. J. McCuiston, Pres., Lynchburg, Va. 454 S. Harvard St., Tulsa, Okla. Georgetown Garden Club, Mrs. John Blake Gordon, Pres., Woodlawn Garden Club, 3241 R St., N. W., Mrs. L. B. Souder, Secy., Washington, D. C. 4912 16th St. North, Arlington, Va. Home Ga rden Club of Denver, Woodridge Garden Club, Mrs. C. J. Christensen, Pres., Mr. A. H. Hester, Pres., 4025 Quitman 1824 R. 1. Ave., N. E., Denver, Colo. Washington, D. C. Indian Head Garden Cluh. Worcester County H orticultural Society. Mr . Frank A. Bolton, Pres., 30 Elm Street, P omonkey, Md. Worcester, Mass. The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 22 Copyright, 1943, by THE AMERICAN HOR.1'IC'ULT'UR,AI, SOCIETY No.4

OCTOBER, 1943

CONTENTS

PAGE Frankli n' s Tree. CHARLES F. J ENKINS ...._...... 119

A Step Ahead of Mother N ature. M. B. FOSTER ...... 127

Two New Bomereas and aNew Stenomesson. CESAR V ARGAS C...... 130

Household Palms and Related Genera, Part II. O. F. COOK .. ______134

The Illusive Ivy-VII. Part 1. ALFRED BATES __ ...... ______.. __ ..... 153

Rhododendr-on Notes: The American Azaleas and Their Variations. EDGAR T. WHERRY______158

A B·o ok 0 r Two __ .. ____ .. ______.. __ .. ______. ______. 167

Sphagnum Moss as a Seedling Medium. VERNON T. STOUTEMEYER, CLAUDE HOPE AND ALBERT CLOSE __ .. ______. 170

Published quarterly by The American Horticultural Society. Publication office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial office, Room 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C. Contl-ibutions from all members are cordi;'ll y invited a nd should be sent to the Editorial office. A subscription to the magazine is included in the annual dues to all members; to non·members the price is seventy-five cents a copy, three dollars a year. [ii 1 Fmnkli11ia. A lataf/1~a ha at "Far Co'Um,t1'Y." Tree sixteen years old, gro7.cm f1'011'l a layer. Au.g·nst, 1943. Franklin's Tree

CHARLES F. JENKINS

Ten years ago the author prepared the background of its magnolia-like for the Pennsylvania Magazine of His­ leaves. tory, an article on the "Historica:l No tree whkh ornaments our gar­ Bacllground of Franklin's Tree." Since dens has a more romantic history. For then, and within the last year, the old one hundred and fifty years botanists American Philosophical Society ,in have sought to find it growing in its Philadelphia has :published the diary native habitat :by the Georgia ri'Ver o{ John Bartram, the Philadelphia which is the descriJptive part ,of its botani'st who first discovered and intro­ name. Nowhere ;)Jlong the banks of duced to the s'cienti'fic and hOTticultural this muddy stream,or elsewhere in the world, Fnltnklinia Alata~naha. This dis­ state of Georgia, or in the no,rthern dosed a number 01 errors in the first hemiJsphere,or in the whole wide wodd article and also supplied some addi­ have eager searches found it growing tional information, seeds or error to be corrected was the spelling seedlings of the little plants carried in of the botanical name of the tree. Wil­ 1777 from the banks of the Altamaha liam Bartram, son of John, named it to those of the Schuylkill ,in Pennsyl­ Franklinia Alatamaha, the latter the vania, in an overloaded saddle ,bag. He ) old spelling orf the ,river on whose banks i,s a rash person who would say it never it was ,found. Modern geographers will be found. Numerous expeditions have dropped one of the numerous have tried to run it down. Ten years "a's" from the river's name a;nd it is ago an enthusiastic amateur horticuu­ now the Altamaha, :but according to turist, Dr. C. C. Iiarrold, of Macon, rule the original botanical name must Georgia, issued a 'Placa'rd with a col­ persi'st. The Altamaha r,ises in the ored illustration of the bloom and highlands of northern central Georgia, leaves, whi,ch he has scattered among being f,ormed .of the uni.on of the boy scouts, 1armers, hunters and Ooonee and the Ocmulgee Rivers. It woodsmen, hoping that, for a suitaNe reaohes the Atlantic Ocean through reward, they may come 3!cross a living Altamaha Sound at Darien, Georgia. wild plant. Since the ,fi rst of August the tree has Its sto'ry starts with Peter Collinson been in constant bloom at the Hemlock of London, a wealthy Quaker mercer, Ar,boretum and like the venerable who early developed an interest in na­ philoso'pher, whose growing namesake ture and parti.cularly in botany and it is, Fmnklinia Alata1'11,aha will be giv­ ga:rdening. His means enabled him to ing of its beneficence as did he, with gratify 'his tastes and from 1712, until the same generous hand, up to the very his death in 1768, he was one of that end which will be when the first killing group of cultured Englishmen who frost comes, Few trees or shrubs equal found the highest form of enjoyment it in the beauty of ,its blos'5oms. They in developing their gardens and estates. Hoat in the ai r like miniature pond­ Addison and Pope and Horace Wal­ lilies. with snow-white petals and a pole lent their powerful aid to the new great cluster of golden stamens, agai I1St enthusiasm. Noblemen did not spare [11 9] 120 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1943 their means and gave as well their per­ unifo rm pri ce of five guineas a box. sonal supervis·ion to the development The s·cientists and collectors under the of theiT grounds. With many o-f them influence of Sir Hans Sloane, whose ColLin60n was .in active correspondence great coll ections were later to form the and cooperation. He was elected a nudeus of the British Museum, were men1lber of the Royal Horticultural So­ searching far and wide -for anything ciety, became the host, the friend and which would enri-ch thei r cabinets and correspondent of L innaeus, Kalm and gardens. Noblemen vied with each other international botanists. His gar­ other in the vari ety and extent of the den was first establi shed at Peckham. plantings. Many of them subscribed on the Surrey side of the Thames, :but fo r the B3.rtram boxes annually. in 1749 he removed to an estate in­ To procure these seeds, plants and herited by hi s wife at Mill Hill. some natural hi story specimens Bartram ten m.iles northwest 'Of London. It took traveled. usually alone, from Nova two years to t-ransplant hi s botanical Scotia to Florida and from the sea to t-reasures and some ·of them are still the Great Lakes . In the backwoods growing on the estate, now a boys' between the Blue Mountains and the school. Still gwwing is a hemlock. Alleghenies he fo und his chi ef hunting Tsuga canadensis, sent by Dr. Christo­ ground and here could be heard the pher W itt, of Germantown, to . Collin­ tinkle of the little bell tied on his horse's son prior to 1730. neck. as absorbed in his search he Through his tbusiness connection turned the animal loose to graze. By with the Colonies, Collinson was able 1765. Bartram's fame as a botanist was to secure seeds and plants wi th which secure and through the efforts of Col­ he enriched hi s own ga1··den and gener­ linson he was appointed Royal Bota­ ously shared with other enthusiasts. nist to George III. Thus it was that in 1730 he was intro­ Two years befo re. Spain had cedecl duced to J ohn Bartram. later to become East Florida to England in exchange the leading ,botanist of the Colon ies. a for Havana and Collinson decided that man whom Linnaeus pronounced "the the new royal botanist should attract greatest natural 'l' otanist of his time." the attention of the King by exploring Like Colli nson. Bartram was a the newly acquired peninsula in quest Quaker. hi s fat'ler ooming to Darby. 01 novelties . Accor-dil1'gly Bartram. with Pennsylvani a. in 1682. The son early his son William. set out from Savan­ developed a love for botany and a copy nah and on September 20. 1765, of Parkinson's Herbal procured for reached th e A ltamaha River, then the him by a scholarly friend started him southern frontier of Georgia. They had on hi s career as a naturalist. He built missed thei r way and came to the river his home of native stone. it is said , with fo ur miles below Fort Bar-rington, his own hands on the west bank OIf the whi ch had been ,built where the road Schuylkill River in Kingsessing town­ crosses the r.iver to the then wild In­ ship. a few miles above its junction dian coun try beyond. Here they lodged with the Delaware and here establi shed for the night and the next day pro­ the ,first importan t ~)otanica1 garden in ceeded to the fort. "Thi s day we found in the Colonies. several ell rious shrubs" Bartram not es Bart-ram soon deveJ.oped what be­ in hi s journal with a provoking vague­ ca.-me an extensive and remunerative ness to those who have searched in trade through Collinson by shipping vain for the original habitat 0;£ Frank- boxes containing 105 varieties of seeds . linia. vVilliam Bartram, the son, writ­ which were sold to subscri,bers at the ing two decades later, reco rds "At this Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 121

CMwtes), of th e Hist01'ical Soctety of Pe 'l~nsylva1tia

Th e F1r iend and Pat'Yon of the BwytTa11'l,s 122 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 place (FDrt Banington) there are two and Df humanity in general. Dr. Father­ Dr three acres of graund where it graws gill, like CoUinsan, had been a friend plenti,iully." But the travelers were in and correspondent of Linnaeus. It was a hurry to' reach an important Indian "our ,Collins·on" ' .he writes Linnaeus, Cauncil in Florida where Bartram was "whO' taught me to love flowers and 'he to assist, SO' they neither identified ar whO' shared his camradship cauld do procured specimens af it. But this was nO' other than cultivate plants." undoubtedly the first cDntact of quali­ Yaung William Bartram, naw desir­ fied .botanists wjth the Franklin tree. ous of collecting an his own a·ccount, The first name on the list Df mem­ arranged with Dr. Fothergill to' ,finance bers of the ancient and naw very much a ;botani,cal jaurney intO' GeDrgia and alive American Philasophical Saciety in Phila,deI.phia, is that of Benjamin East and West Florida. Arriving in Franklin, the secand is that OJf John Carolina early in the Spring of 1773 Bartram. They were lifelong friends he taak boat for Savannah. Fortunately and fellDw warkers in the realm af the he faund the Provincial Assembly of natural sciences. Franklin in his letters GeDrgia in sessiDn and met several addressed him as . "My dear old country members at his hoarding place Friend," while Bartram addressed whose advice and introductions were Franklin as "My dea·r be laved Friend" later to smoath his way. and after the ·death af Peter Collinsan Botanical and political history were Bartram writes, "I have nO' friend as ,bath in the making as the young intimate or capable as my dear Benja­ bDtanist, in high s.pirits, tDok the road min," and he cantinues, "alt,hDugh I far the Sauth, astride a gaod hDrse have 'been deprived af thy agreeable which had cost 'him £40, cansuming a conversation far several years I have large part o.f his first year's campensa­ thy pretty exact picture hanging by my tion. Saon he turned off the high road :bed which gives a dayly fresh remem­ to' the left to visit Sunbury, then a bus­ brance af intimate friendsh1p to' thy sin­ tling town, considering itself the rival cere friend J ahn Bartra.m." W'hen of Savannah in the volume of its ship­ Bartram's eyesight began to fail Frank­ ping, but today its deserted, sandy site lin, whO' was in London, sent over thir­ is one of the "lDSt" towns of Georgia. teen pairs af lenses so that he might Bartram :had been welcomed every­ select the pair ,best suited to his eyes. where with open anns and true sDuth­ instructing him to' keep thDse which ern hospitality and urged tci~.tarry as were successively stronger to' use as long as he would "Having been great­ they might be needed and thDse of ly refreshed by continuing a few days lesser power than he required were to' with a kind and agreeaJble family I be gi.ven to others whO' might need prepared to resume my journey south­ them. erly," he records. It was the next day, Callinson's latter years were shad­ that, taking the road up the nartheast awed by .financial shrinkages and the side af the Altamaha to Fort Barring­ theft at night on more than one ooca­ ton, after riding fifteen miles he again sion of a great pDrtion of his garden came upon the grove of small trees treasures. His mantle as agent and which he and his father had first dis­ correspondent af the Bartrams, :Ii. tting covered in 1765. "On drawing near the nDt quite so snugly, fell an the shaul­ fort I was greatly delighted ,by the a.p­ ders af anather Quaker scientist, Dr. pearance of two beautiful shrubs in all John Fothergill, likewise a friend af . their blooriling graces." "Blooming" in Franklin's, Df the American Calanies this case must have ,been a general term Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 123

for Frankliniadoes not bloom until the of a company at Charleston. He trav­ autumn. els into the Cherokee country and Just when Bartram securec! the cut­ though unacquainted with· botany has ti 11'gs , plants or seeds of Franklinia sent me many rare seeds and some which he sent to his patron, Dr. Fother­ plants p3;cked up with much judgment gill, is not clear from his rambling and whi·ch are now recovering from their rather ·obscure a'Ocount of his travels, voyage. It may not be improper at :but it would seern that it was on the re­ some time to go with him as he win be turn from his visit to East Florida. It a;ble to poiat out things which he had was in 1774 that Dr. Fothergill, not :been wble to collect." "William through William Makom, a nursery­ Makolm, a nurseryman of Kenning­ man, presented a plant to the Royal ton, introduced Gordonia pubescens to Gardens at Kew and it -first became Kew in 1774, the year of its introduc­ known to the English scientists. I am tion into England," writes Arthur H. inclined to the opini,on that the Frank- . Hi-ll, Director ·of Kew Gardens, July linia presented to the Kew Gardens by 28, 1932. Dr. Fothergill was not procured by For ,five years Bartrwn wandered Williams who was also collecting for through the wilderness of the country Dr. Fothergill. The latter writes of the Cherokees, the Creeks, the Chic­ William Bartram, September 4, 1773, taws, the Chi'ckasaws and the Semi­ as follows: "There is a young man noles. He gazed over the waters of the from England engaged in the service Gulf of Mex.i,co and noted the mighty 124 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1943

~.~ fl ood ad: the Mississippi. T owards the rare tree fo r him, we do not k~1 0W , nOJitJ&h e p enetrated what is now T en­ nor whether F ranklin in any way ac­ nessf e:' 'tHe would return to the coast knowledged the honor done him. Many at intervals, shipping hi s boxes and honors had come to him but none that bales of seeds, plants and natural hi s­ will be more enduring than this one, tory specimens to Dr. F othergill, now nor one whi ch in its interest and rarity from Sunbury, now from Charleston would be more honorable. and aagin from Mobile. For long peri­ Some twenty miles trom K ingses­ ods his family ha d no word from him sing, H umphrey Marshall , a fi rst cousin and several times concluded he was to J ohn Bartram, had established a dead. Meanwhile the m uskets had rat­ ,botan ical garden in Chester County, tled at Lexington and Bunker Hill; remnants of which still remain. He too Tr e nt o~, Saratoga and Brandywine was a botanist of note and a correspon­ had passed into history. Independence dent of D r. Fothergill's. In 1790, his had been declared. Apparently un­ so11 Dr. lVIoses Marshall, set out on a mindf uL or at least not noting these botanizing tour extending as far as momentous events whi·ch greatly in­ Georgia. He was interested in hunt­ creased the restlessness and danger ing up the plantation of F ranklinias from the I ndian tri bes, Bartram pur­ and found them growing as his cousin sued hi s leisurely way, wearing out had described, near F ort Barrington, horse atfter horse but ever on the alert but from t hat day to this. one hundred fo r some new plant or specimen for and fi fty-three years, no one has seen hi s patron. The Seminoles called him it growing in the wil d. "Puc P uggy,"-the fl ower ·hunter. H e It is the rule with ,botani sts that the seemed everywhere to have been re­ fi rst publication of a name in so me rec­ garded as a gentle, harmless wanderer ogn.i zed b otanical work gives such a to whom it was a pleasure to bring name priority and permanently attaches specimens that woul d help him. it to the plant. It was in cousi n H umph­ Du ring the spring and summer of rey Marshall's "Arbustrum A meri­ 1777, he revisited several districts in canum," publi shed in 1785 , that the first East F lori da and Georgia and it was descri ption of Fm ll l~li ll ia AlatGl/'lflha then, no doubt, he obtained fo r hi s own was given and the name scientificall y use the seeds, cuttings or seedli ngs of appli ed. The E uropean botanists, how­ the tree that had so in trigued both ever, had previously decided it belonged fatber and son on their fi rst visit twelve to the fa mily of the Gordonias and years before. In the late a utumn he early labell ed it Go,rdol'lia pHbescel'ls. It rode northward, reaching home in has been known by this na me fo r a cen­ January, 1778, to find bi s venerable tury and a quarter, but twenty years father had died and P hiladelphia occu­ ago, or more, Dr. F rederi ck V . Coville, pied :by the British General Howe and ad: the Department of Agriculture at hi s troops. It is said J ohn Bartram' ""Iashington, decided that Franklinia death had .teen hastened ,by fear for the is the correct name. T he seeds of the safety of his garden on the approach of latter are so di ffe rent from those of the British army. the Gordonia that he and other botan­ T he treasured plants or seeds which ists regard it as a di stinct genus. Bartram brought home were planted in The original F ranklin tree, or pos­ the Garden and in five years these si'bly a successor, was growi ng in Bart­ young trees were producing seeds. ram's Gardens when more than a half J ust when F ranklin was informed of . century ago they were atbandoned and t he honor conferred, by naming the greatly neglected. Wandering cows Oct., 1943 T HE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 125

Co ~w te sy of the H istorical Society of Pennsylvania

Fra nldinia A latamaha Courtesy of Mrs. E dward M. Cheston. From a co py belonging to T he J ohn Bartram A ssociati on made from the W ater-Color in the British Museum. Wil,liam Bartram has written beneath the Original painting : "Franklinia A ltamaha, a beautiful fl owering tree, di scovered growing near the banks of the River Altamaha, in Georgia." WILLIAM BARTRAM , Delill. 1788. 126 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 broke in and horned the tree so seri­ the Franklin tree will soon be a com­ ously that it was all but dead but res­ mon denizen of our gardens. cued by a neighboring gardener it Many eXipeditions have searched for was removed to his nearby home and the franklin tree in its original habitat, nursed back to health. Later it came beginn.ing with the eJepedition made in in the possession of the Meehans, the 1882, iby H. W. Ravenel, a South Caro­ well known nature lovers and nurs­ lina hotanist, at the instance of Pwfes­ erymen of Germantown. When it sor Charles S. Sargent of the Arnold had been recovered the nurserymen Arboretum. Other parties have combed proceeded to propagate plants by the the muddy swamps which border the layering process. For many years this Altamaha in the region of old Fort was the only successful method of prop­ Barrington to their own great discom­ agation. Neither seeds or cuttings fort and the annoyance of the rattlers could be mCl!de to grow althoug,h the and other venomous snakes which in­ Bartrams had produced young plants fest the region. Professor Edgar T. which were listed in their earliest cata­ Wherry, now of the University of logue of plants for sale. In layering, a Pennsylvania, has made three unsuc­ branch was 'bent to the ground with a cessful expeditions. Fire may have de­ stone placed upon it; in three years stroyed the original plantation, it may it had taken r·oot sufficiently and was halVe been grubbed out by the early set­ cut off from the parent limb. It was tlers, or the salt tides may have backed allowed to grow where it stood for two up the river, or again freshets may have years more and was then ready for washed it away. Several times in re­ transplanting. This was how the tree cent years the daily press has carried at the Hemlock Arboretum was grown a news ite.m that the Franklinia had and it was a red-letter day when the been found but these have all been er­ friend who cared for it for the five roneous, other plants having been mis­ years telephoned it was ready for trans­ taken for it. planting. It will be realized how s·low Two botanists from Philadelphia, Dr. the process and how difficult to obtain Francis Harper and Arthur N. Leeds young plants so that to own a Frank­ of the Academy of Natural Sciences, linia tree during the Victorian era was visited the Altamaha, near Fort Bar­ to mark one as a horticultural aristo­ rington, on April 5, 1933, searching un­ crat. The number of Gordonias living successfully for the Franklin tree in its at that time, mainly in the gardens wiLd state. They did discover on or around Philadelphia, was not more near the site the other plant Pinckneya, than a score and it is safe to say that which W,illiam Bartram f,ound growing every Franklinia growing today in the in close association with Franklinia. United States traces back to these The Franklin tree is hardy in the garden aristocrats which in turn were north as far as Boston, growing to a descended from the Bartram tree which height of a:bout twenty-five feet, branch­ was so nearly finished by the aggres­ ing low, the limbs smooth and beauti­ sIve cows. fully marked. In the autumn its leaves Thirty years ago Dr. Alexander Co­ turn a glorious crimson but fall at the ville discovered what was wrong,­ first heavy frost. Its smooth, striped that 'both the seeds and cuttings could trunk ma;kes it easily identified, its be propagated successfully only in an snow-white blossoms are its glory and a6d soil. With this fact estab!is'hed a its long continued fiores'cence its dis­ few appreciative nurserymen are now tinction. All in all it is a worthy montJ.- raising young plants in quantities and . ment and memorial of the " First Civil- Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 127 ized American" whom Philadelphia tree, but one of quick manufacture, claims as its own. symbolizing the electric age which Bartram's Garden, long in decay, has Franklin himself started and the effi­ now ·been taken over as a city park ciency and hurry of the present day. I under the interested cooperative care have recently seen an acre patch filled of the John Bartram Association which with growing, sturdy, young Frank­ has restored and is now protecting and linias and .it bi.ds fair to become an developing the house and grounds. every day remembrance of the distin­ In the garden are again growing many guished circle of Franklin and his bo­ descendants of the original Franklin tanical friends.

A Step Ahead of Mother Nature

M. B. FOSTER

Ever since time began, plants have the surprise of the owner, the plants sort of had their own idea of when instead of being destroyed burst into to flower and fruit. Naturally that Hower a few weeks later, quite out of urge to reproduce their kind has gen­ season for their regular crop. The fruit erally come after some period of cold, being marketable at an off season was drought, or unusual condition when readily sold and the extra profit nearly there has been possibly s-ome danger paid for the loss from the fire, From of a stoppage of growth or an ex­ then on the natives in the Azores made tended rest period. Of course if plants a frequent practice of smoking pine­ just grew year after year with no ·dan­ apples. ger of extinction, then there would be About twelve years ago when Rodri­ no necessity for the developing of re­ guez was working in the U. S. Depart­ productory parts such as Howers which ment of Agriculture Experiment Sta­ produce the fruit that contain the seeds tion in Puerto Rico, he abserved that of the next generation. one ,of the big pineapple growers was Time goes on and man steps into shipping his fruit to the American mar­ this great moving pi,cture of life. He ket s-ome months in advance of the finds certain fruits and flowers that he other growers. Rodriguez found that consumes as food or places in a corsage 'his culture was the same as that of for his spring bride. He likes some of other growers except that each year them better than others for various rea­ he would er'ect over certain areas a sons. He finds them growing wild in cloth tent, building a smudge fire un­ certain sections but wishes the whole derneath for the duration of twelve world to know their value. He raises hours. Flower and then fruit followed them by the thousands, he is a farmer; in a short period. Curiosity soon led he raises them by the millions, he is a Rodriguez to experiment with wood -corporation. smoke and he found that it was the Many years ago in the Azores where action of the ethylene gas contained in they grow pineapples in enclosures wood smoke which caused the flower under glass, a carpenter accidently set fire to a pile of shavings* while work­ *H. C. Adams, Nat. Geographic, Vo!' ing in one of the pineapple houses. To LXVII-No. 1, Jan, 1935. 128 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 bud to form withi,n a few days after menclature, botanists of old have done being exposed to the gas. He published it for even less appropriate reasons. Or­ these findings in January 1932. lando, whose city and school colors are The government experiments of orange and white was, as Dr. Smith fOPcing and hastening pineapples into said, fast .becoming the home of the fruit prematurely in Florida have been world's largest collection of living based on the findings of Rodriguez's ,brOlnel iads, my collection containing use of ethylene gas. Altho·ugh similar more than four hundred different spe­ work has been done with acetylene gas cies, including many of the new species in Hawaii by Collins (published in I have discovered in Brazil in the sum­ 1935) and in Australia by Lewcock mers of 1939 and 1940. (made known in 193.7) , the difference I was very anxious to make public in climate and soil conditions make to the city of Orlando this unusual ethylene more effective in Florida than plant and chose the propitious time of in Hawaii. the 1941 Annual Meeting of the State These facts I h

The Patient til December. Apparently those plants gested that when. making herbarium were as anxious to show off at the con­ s.pecimens of bromeliads whi ch had no vention as I was to have them, even fl ower at the time of co llecting, the liv­ though the mature plant (which I later ing plants could be forced and identi­ found on closer observation) had al­ fication made, long before the normal ready ,bloomed before I brought it from bloom would appear. Mr. Robinson Brazil. Not wishing to be outdone by h~m se lf has done some definite work the younger plant, this oldster prompt­ in forcing blooms, by ethylene treat­ ly proceeded to selJd its fl ower head out ment for pineapple breeding wo rk from of the new shoot attached to its side immature plants to hasten the making and indeed this di splay was nJUch larger of reciprocal crosses, wo rk that led to and more 'con1plete than the one on the hi s suggesting the enlistment of Dr. smaller p.lant. This urge to reproduce Cooper's aid in securing bloom in time its kind is difficult to repress. Mother for the meeting of the Horticultural Nature will have her way. Society. He was parti,eularly interested This is only an example of what are in the success of this first attempt with the possibilities in forcing blooms of an ornamental bromeliad, as he had in­ bromeliads. Mr. T. Ralph Robin son, vited the author to give the feature president of the Florida State Horti­ lecture at the opening meeting of the oultural Society, and fo rmerly senior society. physioLogist in the U. S. D ept. of Ag­ Thus man adds his knowledge to the riculture, was much impressed with the affairs of the plant world and keeps timing of our for·ced bloorn. He sug- one step ahead of Mother Nature. Two New Bomereas and a New Stenomesson

CESAR V ARGAS C.

My latest studies of the two bom­ crocea (R. & P.) Herb.; and differs in areas and a very interesting stenomes­ the size of the flowers, almost double son which I collected in the south of in our species, and in the exerted pistil Peru (in the Departments of Apuri­ and stamens. However, following the mac and Cuzco) have led me to believe description of H. Herbert (Amarylli­ that they have not been descri'bed be­ daceae, plate 8, fig . 1, 1837) which was fore. Because of this and on the ad­ based upon an herbarium specimen vice of Mr. E. P. Killip, of the Smith­ from Peru, we find that that species sonian Institution, Washington, D. c., (B. andinamarcana or Collania andina­ I undertake their respective descrip­ marcana, ,both synonyms 0'£ B. c1'ocea) tions. I also take this opportunity to possesses almost equal segments, while offer my thanks to my botanical col­ our species has sepals shorter than the leagues in the herbaria of the University petals. Finally in Hooker's Botani'cal ot California, Berkeley, California; the Magazine, 1846 (Plate 72, Collania FieLd Museum of Natural History, andinamarcana) we see in the fine illus­ Chi,cago, Ill.; the Gray Herbarium, tration in natural size and color that Cambridge, Mass.; the New York Bo­ this bomarea has sepals shorter than tanical Garden, New York, N. Y.; and the petals. I would point out that that in particular . those of the Smithsonian drawing was taken from a greenhouse Institution mentioned before, in par­ plant. Nevertheless, in both cases, the ticular, Mr. Killip, all for the aid and stamens and pistil scarcely exceed the facilities lent me during my stays in lips of the perianth while in B. A 111,­ those institutions in 1941. payesana they are much more exserted B om,area a11'/,payesana Vargas, sp. and, as we have stated above, the total nova. (Plate No.1) length of the perianth is nearly doulble that of B. crocea, a species well known Florifera 1.8-2 m. alta; caule stricto, to me. apice recurvato tomentoso excepto 1015 Vargas, type in the Herbarium gla'bro; foliis multis, anguste lanceo­ latis, 16-18 cm. ].ongis, 1 cm. latis, mar­ of the University of Cuzco; isotype, gine revolutis, ·coriacceis, subtus dense Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. et breviter pilosis, nervis prominenti­ Collected on the steep slopes of the bus; Ibradeis 1.5 cm. latis; umbella Cordillera Ampa)" Ahancay, Apruri­ pendula, ramis 3-6, divisis, bracteolis mac, June 1938. ovato-lanceolatis; sepalis 9 - 10 cm. B011~area velascoana Vargas, sp. nova. longis, ovato-lanceolatis, apice viridi (Plate No.2) excepto roseo-flavis, quam petala bre­ viorirbus; petalis 11-12 cm. longis, F lorifera 1-1.2 111. alta; caule stricto, spathulatis, apice viridi excepto flavis ; apice recuvato glabro; foliis ovato stamini'bus styloque excertis. lanceolatis 5.5 cm. longis; umbella Among all the known species of this pendula ramis 2-12 cm. longis, sim­ genus Bomarea, this has flowers of plicis; perianthio, 5.5 cm. longo seg­ the greatest length. It resembles B. menti'bus subequalibus; sepalis ovato- [130] Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 131

B Oll'lGlrpa a1npayesalwl. Varpas acul11inatis. apice viridi excepto ruseu­ ti1e University of Cuzco ; isotypes, Gray flavi s; stamini,bus styloque exsertis: Herbarium, Harvard University and ovario glabro. the University of California, Berkeley, This species also is close to B. crocea Cali :ornia. Coll ected in the Depart­ (R. & P .) Herb., but differs in that ment of Cuzco, Province of Paucar­ velascoana has shorter, broader and tambo, Haciendo Marcachea, Escalera­ more oval leaves; and in addition, a yoc, 3900 111. alt., July 1939. simple um'bel, or rather in a simple I am pleased to dedicate this species radius, 11 0t tw.o -parted as in crOcea. to l11y assistant, Sr. Manuel Velasco This last character may be considered 0., in recogniti on of hi s unselfish and specific. disinterested coll aborati on in my bo­ 1536. Vargas. tvpe. Herbariulll flf tanical expeditions. Oct.. 194.1 132 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

B omarea Velascoalla Va.rgas. 1563 Vargas tY/Je. lVI(J;rcachea, Pa~da1'fa1'llbo, C.~zco, Penl" 3900 111. ];11')1, 1939. t.i

Stenolllesson 1'/wrnsonH Vargas, sp. pendentibus 3.5 em. longis; perigonium nova (Plate No.3) alboviride 3.5-4 em. longu111 infundibu­ Ii forme triente inferiore angustius su­ Bulbus su.bglobosus . collo robusto perne 12 111111. latul!11 , cyatho biftdo; u sque ad 8 cm. longo producto; fo li a stami na perigonio paulo longiora; oblanceolata ad 50 cm . longa, 22.5 cm. stylus filiformis valde exsertus. lata, nU111er osa coaetania; pedunculus This species is not near any other. solidus 35 em . altus, 8 111111. latus; fl ores I am pleased to dedicate it to my friend. 3-11 u.m'bellati, pedi,cellis tenuibus ·Mr. B. Y. M:);-rison. in charge of the Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 133

Ste17011WSS01~ M orrisonii and detail of fl ower

ship during my stay in \iVashington and as a remembrance of hi s visit to Cuzco . 2291, Vargas, type in the Herbarium of the U ni versity of Cuz'co. Collected in the Department of Apurimac, P rov­ ince of Arbancay, the gorge of Matara, D ivision of P lant Exploration and In­ Hacienda Soccospampa, Dec. 1, 1941, troduction. Bureau of P lant I ndustry. at 2400-2800 111. alt. - Soils and Agri cultural Engineering. U. S. Department of Agri culture. as a U ni ve~s i ty o·f Cuzco, Peru. modest tri,l)l1 te to hi s generous fri end- August 1942. Household Palms and Related Genera

O. F. COOK

(PART II) becoming groDved in drying, the vitta distinct, pale greenish. A neatly clustered pal111 from the P.innae 14 or 15 on a side; measure­ central plateau of Guatemala has a spe­ ments in centimeters, basal pinna 26.5 <:ial development of the leaf-sheath, by .9, second pinnae 30.5 by 1.7, fifth serving at once to distinguish it from 37.5 by 2; tenth 30 by 1.8, fourteenth Omanthe and fr0111 other related gen­ 19 by 1, last pinnae 17.5 by 1.4, joined era. Leaf-sheaths are variously formed, at base 2.5 cm. Rachis 53 ·cm. long, the usually with the upper margin or "lip" leaf-.blade as a whole 68 cm. long, 35 to transverse, concave, or notched, on the 40 cm. wide. The upper pinnae are side opposite the petiole. In relatively gradually shorter and narrower, the rare cases the margin projects upward, terminal scarcely broader than the sub­ beyond the level of attachment of the terminal, less than half as long as the petiole, and such an expansion is con­ pinnae at the middle of the leaf, not so sidered as an "antiligule," from its po­ definitely shortened and widened as in sition on the side of the sheath oppo­ Omanthe. The pinnae are of firmer site to the ligule. The antiligule of a texture than in o 11'/,anthe, strongly fan-palm, Oot"winax ano11fwla, was de­ grooved in drying, unless firmly scribed and illustrated in THE NATION­ pressed. Two veins are prominent, sub­ AL HORTICULTURE MAGAZINE, January marginal and intermediate, but smaller 1941. A small anti ligule may split in veins of different sizes divide the the middle, leaving a triangular "toDth" spaces. Submarginal veins nearly equal or "auricle" on each side of the base of to the midrib on the underside, less the petiole, as in 0111,anthe and Do­ prominent above, separated from the canthe, a merely rudimentary organ in margin by a distinct groove and a fine these genera, only a few millimeters venule very close to the margin. Jong. The remarkably expanded anti­ Female inflorescence about 75 cm. ligule of this Guatemalan relative of long; peduncle 49 em., axis 7 cm.; Omanthe is shown in natural size in fig­ branches 6 to 8, attaining 20 cm.; one ure 7, conJpared with leaf-sheaths of or two of the lower ·branches may be M aumnthe where no anti ligule is de­ forked near the base. Some of the veloped. The name L egnea lacinata ·is branches are decurrent on the axis for suggested for the new palm, in allusion 3 or 4 millimeters, as marked by the to the antiligule as forming a fringe of bract-scars, the bracts obsolete. First slender fibers. joint of peduncle 8 mm. long, 3 cm. The trunks of Leg11ea are slender, broad, strongly compressed, the spathe with internodes 3 to 4 cm. long, 1.8 cm. 5 cm. long; second joint nearly 3 em. thick, narrowed toward the base; leaf­ long, spathe 15 cm. ; thi rd joint 10 cm., s'cars distinct, 2 111m. long. The leaf­ spathe 20 cn1.; fourth joint 12 em .. sheaths attain 25 Cl11., and the laciniate spathe 21 ·cm.; fifth joint 14 cm., spathe antiligule 9 to 10 cm., formed of fine also 14 cm.; sixth joint 4 C111., no parallel fibers readily splitting apart. spathe; seventh joint to first branch 5.5 Peti·oles 16 to 17 cm. long, 1 cm. wide cm. The spathes are of thin texture. at base, 7 ml11. at apex, rounded-tri­ readily splitting like the antiligules, angular in cross-section, or the sides often exposing the joints of the pec1un- [134] Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 135 cleo The development of the anti ligule grass-like foliage of these -climbing may be viewed as an example of meta­ palms will become a familiar feature. phanic variation, a carry-over to the The generic name, Anothea, meaning leaf-sheaths of the genetic change mani­ ",over-head runner," is suggested for fested in the special length and texture these palms that trail aloft, with Ano­ of the spathes, which are structurall y thea scandens (Liebmann) as the type homologous with the leaf-sheaths. species. It is noteworthy that no illus­ Flowers rather remote, in distinct de­ trations of this peculiar palm, discov­ pressi,ons. Fruits spheri'cal, 1.2 to 1.3 ered a century ago, are recorded in the cm. in diameter in the fresh state, ap­ , " Index Londinensis." parently full grown but still green, the The habit of growth ,in Anothea, branches and exposed surfaces of pe­ marking a definite departure fr,om all duncle orange red. The hasal rim of the other C ha111,aedoreas, is approxi­ the calyx remains ali ve and takes a yel­ mated in the large group of rattan low color with maturity, also the thick­ palms of the East Indies, traditionally ened fl eshy bases of the petals. referred to the genus Calamus. Anoth­ The .palm formed a cluster of grace­ er remarkably dose parallel is the ge­ ful foliage in an open garden .of fl owers nus, Desmoncus, a men1:ber .of the coco­ and ornamental plants at Santa Cata­ nut family, widely distributed thr,ough rina, near San A ntonio, between Guate­ tropical America. Both Calamus and mala C ity al'ld Antigua, visited with Des1noncus have the surfaces of the Mr. C. B. Doyle, June 8, 1914, when leaves and leaf-bases more or ]ess beset the photographs were obtained. The with sharp spines, while Anothea is en­ wild stock was said to grow in a ravine tirely unarmed. The climbing palms along a stream above Santa Catarina, are not strictly a part of the under­ where the leaves are gathered f.or dec­ growth fl ora, si nce they do not complete orations on feast days. their development under shade condi­ hons like most of the C hamwed01'ea ANOTHEA, A PALM OF THE FOREST family, but as mature palms are fully CANOPY exposed to the sunlight. The long antiligule of Legnea may The structural feature that attracts prove less distinctive when account is most attention in Anothea is the reduc­ taken of the leaf-sheath structures ti,on of the terminal pinnae to narrow among the related palms. Another spe­ spiniform organs directed backward, cialized feature is a marked elongation obvi·ously adapted to gaining support of the leaf-sheaths, to nearly twice the from other vegetation . Since t he lower length attained in Legnea, occurring in leaves are not thus specialized, nor even a group of slender-trunked Cha11wedo­ the lower pinnae .of the upper leaves, it rea palms that have the unusual habit would seem to many botanists that the of outgrowing even the tallest trees and terminal hold-fasts are an essentially trailing above them. Only in rare sit­ variable feature, not to be reckoned as uations is it possible to see these "climb­ a generic distinction. In reality several ing palms" in acti on, where clearings or concomitant modifications are inv,olved trails have been cut on adjacent higher in the specialized habit of growth. Not slopes, giving a view of the forest can­ only the size, shape and texture 0'£ the opy from above. The tropical forests terminal pinnae have been altered, and doubtless will be explored in the future the pinnae turned backward as a result from airplanes or dirigibles, and then of the basal pulvinus being greatly the widely sprawling trunks and open thickened, but also the rachis, leaf- 136 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 sheaths, and internodes are lengthened. fruits are nearly spherical, 8 to 9 mm. Further adaptations may be seen in in diameter. the marked elongation and thickening In agreement with Docal/the and in of the rClJchis, thus giving the hold-fasts contrast with 111auranthe, the first joint wider contacts. On account of the of the peduncle and the first spathe of lenathened rachis even the unmodified Anothea are relatively long. Several b . specimens have grown well in green­ pinnae are much farther apart than 111 related palms. T11e leaf-sheaths also houses at Vlashington, and one was are extremely long, and thickened at raised as a house plant with N eanthe and other palms. For a few years it the end, especially on the side where was very attractive, trailing over win­ the leaf-blade is attached. W ith inter­ dows and doorway. Eventually it nodes 18 to 30 cm. long, lear-sheaths of grew too large, and was moved to the 40 to 46 cm. were measured in eastern patio of the Pan A 111erican Union Guatemala, in 1902 . The wide over­ where it thri ved for many years and lapping of the tough, dose-fitting leaf­ formed a tropical tangle. In large, well sheaths furni s11es protection and sup­ li ghted rOO I11 S or passage-ways it would P'Ort for the terminal joints of the slen­ furnish a striking decoration. der trunk. The rachis measures 130 to 155 c111., with 17 to 19 pinnae on a side, DIVERCEKT LINEAR PINNAE LIKE the middle pinnae attaining 34 C111. by ACROCOMIA 5 cm., the terminal pinnae reduced to Another outstanding palm, with no 11 C111. by 1.5 cm. The petiole, repre­ resemblance to A ll othea but in some re­ sented by the thickened base of the spects analogous, has borne the name rachis, is only 3 to 6 C111. long, the rim Cha11laedorea glaucifolia, applied origi ­ of the leaf-sheath also thickened and nally by Vlendland in 1854 to a conser­ indurated. vatory palm supposed to have come The inflorescences develop 111 the from a locality called Chiapas in "New axils of the living leaves, but do not Grenada," the country now known as emerge from the leaf-sheaths in the Colombia. The Mexican State of Chia­ usual manner. The pressure resulting pas would seem to be indicated by men­ from the growth of an inflorescence tion of pine woods as the habitat, "in splits the two over-lying leaf-sheaths. pinetis prope pagu1n Chiapas." Palms causing a large longitudinal wound, but grown at the Kew Gardens in England. the sheaths remain alive. Many of the described and figured by C. H. Wright inHorescences are aborted at an early in the Botanical Magazl:ne, Table 8475. stage of development by an insect that October 1912, were frol11 southern bores through the leaf-sheaths. Mexico. Specimens from Chiapas are The male inflorescence has a total in the U. S. National Herbarium, col­ length of 70 cm., the peduncle 32 C111 .. lected near San Fernando. in January the axis 18 cm., with about 30 simple 1907, by G. N. Collins and C. B. Doyle. branches, 26 cm. or less in length. T he No. 172, "in open country, below low peduncle has 7 joints, measuring re­ shrubby vegetation." Seedlings were spectively in -centimeters 1.8, 3, 5, 6, 7, brought hOl11 e and grew to maturity in 9,4.2, the five spathes measuring 9, 17. a greenhouse at \i\1ash ington. Photo­ 17, 18, 17. The female inflorescence graphs taken in November 1915 show is shorter, the axis about 10 C111., with a male plant with a trunk about six fee t 18 to 20 branches 10 to 12 cm. long, 2 tal! bearing nine infl orescences of vari- to 3 111111. thick at matUl'it). The ripe 9ut lengths. and a female plant about Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZI NE 137 half as tall with two infl orescences, lower pinnae of the ba·sal cluster are much shorter and more ,compact. turned downward at sharp angles. T olerance of household condjti ons is Some of the pinnae in other clusters are not lacking, but the palm soon grows distinctly retrorse, but not so close to­ too large for a house plant, and seems gether as those of the lowest pair, which less attracti ve than many of the smaller are nearly opposite, with their margins forms. It was raised in co nservatories nearly in contact, sometimes distinctly in England, and appears to have been overlapping across the middle of the appreciated more than the other Cha­ rachi s. The median ri dge of the r3!chis maedoreas. " the most graceful of them arises just above these adjacent pinnae. al1. " A tendency of the pinnae to be de6du­ The foliage is strikingly different ous may be ascribed to shrinkage of the [rom all the related palms, the pinnae large fl eshy pul vini. more numerous, longer, and narrower, The trunk is rather robust, 4 cm. not in line with each other along the thick at base, narrowed above to 2 cm. rachis, but standing more or less in or less ,in gL'ee nhouse plants, 3 to 3.5 groups, .pointing in different directions . . C111. thick in out-doo r palms in Califor­ The basal pulvini are strongly devel­ nia. The basal in ternodes are short, oped and determine the angle of di­ often one cm. or less, lengthening ir­ vergence, as in Anothea. Such diver­ regular! y to 3 or 4 C111 . gent foliage sometimes is described as The leaf-s'heaths attain 25 to 27 c111., crisped, decussate, or disheveled, but the mouth nearly transverse, no anti­ these words have other meanings. ligule, eventually splitting 2 or 3 'cm. The linear pinnae projecting at dif­ Petiole 28 to 34 cm ., rachi s 78 to 88 ferent angles give the foliage of Dis­ cm. , the bla·de as a whole 96 cm. ; pinnae C011W a marked resemblance to that of 47 to 52, in out-delO r plants 60 or more; AC1'ocomia, a much larger palm of the lowest pinnae 10.5 cm. by 7 mm. ; mid­ coconut family generally distributed dle pinnae 22 to 30 C111. 'by 9 to 10 111m. ; through iVIexiCoO and Central America. last pinnae 8 cm. by 9 m111 . ; arrange­ Only t he leaf forms are alike but the ment of pinnae very irregular, fW111 3 similarity is obvious and an analogous to '4 111111. apart, not consistently name may se rve for n~a dier recognition grouped but often close together, 2 or of the smaller palm. The resemblance 3 on each side, with the lower strongly may have arisen through parallel adap­ retrorse. The upper 6 to 10 pinnae are tation to similar conditi,ons of growth. more regularly placed, not in grou.p s. AC1'oc011'l,ia is a native of open districts Inflorescences infrafoliar, attaining in second-growth woodlands·, not of the 60 C111.; peduncle with 7 spathes, of deeper and denser fo rests, and D iscoma gradually increasing length; branches seems less adapted to undergrowth than numerous, subtended by a rather large 111 0St of its relatives. Stretches of "open bract. Brandles of the inflorescences bush" are frequent in southern Mexico are -figured by C. H. W right in the B 0- where this palm is fo und. tGln:ical JYJagazine Tab. 8457, a male The linear pinnae of Disco·ma glauci­ branch with three divisions and three folia (VVendland) are nearly flat, taper­ sim ple female branches bearing spheri­ ing only near the ends. with glaucous cal fr ui ts 10 to 12 111m. in diameter. lower surfaces that increase the resem­ The fl owers of both sexes have thick, blance to Acroc011'l'ia. Only the midvein valvate petals. with a rather long 111on­ IS distinct. the submarginal vems osepalous calyx. The stamens have sep­ s'carcely stronger than the venules. The arate coni'c fi laments shorter than the 138 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 robust, subquadrate anthers. The pis­ leaves, fl owers and fruits were .obtained tillode is rather robust, longer than the at Campeche, in southern Mexico, June stamens, the apex trifid, the sides 29,1906. The palm was noted as a very grooved. Pistil nearly globose, with handsome species with smooth, glisten­ small sessile stigmas much exceeded by ing, deep green stems growing com­ the petals. The palm had been cultivat­ pactly like a small bamboo. It was said ed "in the ArDi d House at Kew for to grow wild in the vicinity of Cam­ some forty years" when Wright's ac­ peche. count was published. A height of 2 to 3 meters is attained, the internodes of variable length, 2 to LINEAR PINNAE AND REDUCED 12 em., usually 2 to 5 cm., the diameter PEDUNCLES 1 to 1.7 cm., the basal internodes thick­ Pinnae nearly as narrow and straight er, 2 to 3 em. Leaf-sheaths 12 to 13 as those of Disco711,a are found -in an­ cm. long, petioles 6 to 7 C111., rachis 25 other generic type .of southern Mexico, to 30 cm., the longest pinnae equal to an attraJCtive, duster-forming palm sim­ the rachi s in length, the width usually ilar to 011 '~anthe and L egnea, but small­ less than 1 em. The pinnae are linear er and more compact, also likely to and grasslike, the terminal .pinnae like prove tolerant as a house plant, since the others, not markedly shortened and it grows in a relatively dry region. widened as in Neanthe, usually about Only the linear pinnae would associate half the length of the longest pinnae this cluster palm with DisC011'La, neither near the middle of the leaf, seldom the general appearance nor the form wider than the subterminal pinnae. of the va60us organs suggesting any sometimes narrower. The marginal affinity. The number of pinnae is only veins are -prominent on the lower sur­ 13 on a side, forming a leaf-blade rela­ face, without notable intermediate veins. tively short like N earl/the, and the fruits The inflorescences are remarkably are spherical like N ean.the, but crowded short and compact, defi nitely infrafoli­ upon smooth robust branches. The ar, 4 to 5 internodes below the living fl owers -of both sexes have free petals, leaves. The peduncles are 3 to 4 cm. not fused like N eanthe. long, the branches usually exceeding The very short inflorescences readily the peduncle, often twice as long, num­ distinguish this type from any hitherto bering 5 to 8, all simple. Flowers of recognized in Mexilco and Central both sexes are set rather close along America. Analogy may be sought in the branches, the fruits in contact or the short inflorescences -of lVIorenia, a somewhat crowded, but not compressed. South American genus, but no affinity The branches are rather fleshy, smooth is indicated. M ounia has ample fleshy and round, not -compressed and not spathes, solitary trunks and long leaves longitudinally carinate as in Neanthe, with broad pinnae. The Mexican palm the flower-scars nearly round or slight­ has narrow scarious spathes, three ex­ ly angled at the sides, set in shallow de­ posed, the fourth included. The pedun­ pressions. Calyx narrow and thick, the cles especially are reduced, usually lobes very short. Petals thick and much shorter t han the branches and fleshy, broadly ovate-triangular, valvate only half as long as the l eaf - s h~aths. to near the base. Stamens very short. The generic name M eiota is suggested pistillode robust, cylindric, the apex in allusion to the notably abbreviate in­ nearly flat, slightly 3-lobed, with slight­ florescences, wi th M eiota Ca11'f,.pecha-na ly expanded thin margins. as the type species. Specimens of the- Only four joints of the peduncles Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 139 have spathes, the fo urth spathe rudi­ PARANTHE, A COMPANION OF mentary, included in the third. The NEANTHE first spathe is short, not attaining the Another parallel in vegetative char­ third joint of the peduncle. The second aders, nearly as d ose as that of M au­ spathe covers nearly half .of .the third ranthe and Docanthe, is presented in a which is much the longest, usually pro­ small palm g rowi ng intermingled with jecting to the end of the axis. The N eanthe bella in the district of Sena­ young inflorescences often are protected hu, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, between by persistent sheaths of dead leaves, Pamos and Cajabon. The leaf-forms which split eventually. The persistent often are so sim ilar that the plants are calyx-lobes of the female fl owers have taken readily for the same species, but corneous margins, and in dry specimens the fl oral structures have even less re­ appear to be imbricate. The petals are semblance than those of M mwanthe and irregularly wrinkled lengthwise in the Docanthe. The terminal portion of a dry state, but hardly costate. The im­ leaf is shown in natural size in figure mature 1ruits become very hard and 13 , with sections of the trunk, leaf­ coarsely wrinkled in drying, as in sheaths, inflo rescences and flowers. En­ o 111.anthe. largements of male fl owers are shown The first specimens were obtained in fi gure 12, in the bud stage with the from a male plant in the patio of a ho­ calyx about half the length of the pet­ tel at Campeche, but numerous clumps als, and with the fl owers open. of both sexes, with fl owers and fruit, The name Pamnthe may remind us were seen later in a .plaza near the Mer­ of the association with N eanthe in the cado. The female .plants were noted as forest, and also of the placement of the having "much broader pinnae, of a flowers along the branches, not ·crowd­ much lighter shade of green." Clusters ed in either sex, but rather dose to­ of nearly ripe fruits were abundant, but gether, while the fl owers of N eanthe none quite mature, so that a definitely are relatively remote. Other contrasts seasonal habit is indi·cated. The diver­ wi th N eanthe are long internodes, nar­ sity of the sexes is remarkable, and the row, close-fitting leaf-sheaths, short, possibility of two species being brought slender, infrafohar inflorescences, few in and propagated from cuttings may branches, and close-set Howers, with be considered. The female pinnae at­ petals not fused and pistillodes not en­ tain a width of 1.5 cm., with a length larged. of 24 cm. The pinnae of Paranthe, 10 to 14 on Several specimens from Yucatan are a si de, generally are somewhat broader in the U. S. National Herbarium, some and farther apart than those of N ean­ of them labeled C ha11'Wedo1'ea gmcilis., the, but the variants often overlap. others C ha.11w.edorea gm1nin,ijolia. The Pinnae of the size shown in figure 13 Maya name xiat is noted on Schott's are somewhat beyond the range of N e­ No. 71 9, collected in 1865 at the ruins an-th(' bella, though often approached of Nohpat. Three of Gaumer's num­ in vigorous plants. Another difference bers, 420, 23215 and 24083, represent is the deeper green of the foliage of this palm. Specimens collected by G. Paranthe often distinctly tinged with N. Collins at H acienda Peon, near Me­ violet, especially in the younger leaves, rida, No. 26, have longer pinnae, near­ or those only partially opened. On ac­ ly 30 cm. by 1.3 cm., more numerous count of the longer in ternodes, occa­ branches and longer spathes, exceeding sioning a ~l11a ll er and more open leaf­ the axis. crown, Paranthe doubtless would prove 140 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 less attractive than N eanthe as a house­ the rachis; terminal pinnae little di­ plant. A few individuals were brought vergent. Measurements of pinnae in to Washington and lived several years centimeters: basal pinnae 9 to 10 by in a green110use, but did not thrive. .7 to 1.1; second pinnae 13 to 14 by 1.2 to 1.4, middle pinnae 16 by 1.4 to PARANTHE VIOLACEA, NEW SPECIES 1.5; penultimate pinnae 12 to 13 by Trunk very slender, erect or creep­ .5 to .6; terminal 5 to 12 by .6 to .9, ing, 1 to 2 meters long, 5 to 7 mm. separated at the ends of about 6 cm. thick; internodes 2 to 6 cm. long; Male inflorescences infrafoliar, short, leaves inserted in a 1/3 spiral; leaf­ 18 to 20 cm.; peduncle 10 to 18 cm., blades 63 to 70 cm. long, 21 to 25 cm. with 7 joints, the first two very short, broad, with 11 .to 14 narrowly tapering less than 1 CI11., with very short spathes ; lancec-1ate pinnae. The decumbent joints 3 to 5 with narrow tubular trunks produce -coarse aerial, stilt-like spathes, the last spathe attaining 9 cm., foots 2 to 3 111111. thick near the base, usually exposing the last joint of the gra,dually tapering. peduncle for 1 to 2 C111. Axis very Leaf-sheaths 13 to 16 cm. long, rath­ short, 1 to 2 cm. ; branches few in both er coarse, stiffened by prol11inent veins sexes, usually 3 to 6, rather short, 4 to and sharply ridged at the back by the 8 cm. The more robust male plants, decurrent vitta; opening strongly with trunks nearly one cm. thick, may oblique, somewhat auriculate, with age have 8 to 10 branches. Male flowers splitting to near the base, persistent for crowded on the prominently angled 3 to 4 nodes below the living leaves; branches, corolla of three separate petioles 19 to 29 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broadly tr:iangular petals; stamens 6, wide, triangular, grooved above and on much shorter than the petals, anthers the sides, persistent with the sheaths, oblong, longer than the filaments; pis­ after the pinnae have fallen. Rachis 28 tillode large, ovoid-conic, truncate. Fe­ to 30 cm. long, very slender, with lat­ male flowers much smaller than the eral grooves, flattened below, sharply male and more widely separated in ridged above, vitta covering almost the broad depressions of the slightly thick­ entire under surface, but greenish 111 ened branches; calyx with broad mi­ color. nutely apiculate lobes about half the Pinnae about ten times as long as length of the very short corolla; petals broad, grass-like, unsymmetrical, the imbricate, broader than long, the apex upper margin more distinctly double­ broadly angled. curved. Midvein as prominent above The natural-size photograph repro­ as below, nearer to the lower margin duced in figure 13 was made at Sepacu­ than to the upper, terminating in the ite, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, March 24, 1902, by G. N . Collins. lower. margin below the 10nO"b taperino'b tIp, but the terminal pinnae more sym- metrical and short-tipped. TeJ0ture thin A SIMPLE-LEAVED GENUS ALLIED TO PARANTHE ~nd even, submarginal veins less prom­ ll1ent than in N ea1~the , intermediate A genus rather closely related to Pa­ veins not distinct. The pinnae have mnthe may be recognized in the palm wider and more regular spacinO" along with simple leaves described by Wend­ t~e rac"his than in N eanthe, th: upper land in 1852 as Cha11lbaedo1'ea geono­ pl11nae not approximate as in N eanthe. maefOnq~1:s, separated by Oersted in Basal pinnae smaller and doser toO"eth­ 1858 as a subgenus Psilostachys, and er, forming nearly a right angle bwi,th admirably illustrated in 1863. The Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 141

Fig. 10. j),1auran,the and Docal/th.e, 'male in. jloTesc ences, natll ral si::: e and en.la1'ged. 142 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 name Psilostachys not being available nine on each side, also the floral struc­ for generic use, o'n account of previous tures are very different. The original applications to genera in three other material was collected in Guatemala by families, Migandra may be substituted. Warscewicz. The meaning is that the male flowers are mingled, in being close together, AN ANALOGUE OF NEANTHE WITH not separated by open spaces. They are CORRUGATE FEMALE FLOWERS not compacted by mutual pressure, but An extreme specialization of the pet­ are much doser than the female flowers, als of the female flowers appears in a also closer than the male fl owers of small Mexican palm collected in the Pa?'an.the. State of Oxaca by Mrs. Ynes M-exia in The male petals of Miga.ndm are 1938, her last expedition. The leaves broad and short, united in the upper and the inflorescences are much like part, opening at the side. The spread­ those of N ea'l1the in patterns and pro­ ing of the petals as in Pamnthe would portions, while the flowers of both sexes not be feasible in Miga/1,dra on account are even more divergent than those of of .th e flowers being set so close on the Pa1'anthe. The female inflorescence is branches. The flowers in section ap­ shown in natural size in figure 14, with pear to be narrower and longer than in enlargements of male and female fl ow­ Para11 the, the stamens with longer an­ ers. thers and relatively short filaments, The name Lophthele ramea is sug­ about half the length of the anthers·. gested for this rather remarkable palm, The pistillode appears as cylindric, in­ that reverses the usual relation of the stead of greatly thickened at the base male flowers being more specialized. as in Parcm.the. The generic designation alludes to the The sexes are more different than in remarkably specialized corolla of the Pa1'anthe, the female flowers rather female flower, with large indurate pet­ widely s epa rat e, and the female als closely ridged or crested longitudi­ branches of Pamnthe shown in figure nally. The specific name refers to the 13, are not perceptibly crassate. The unflo rescences, similar in both sexes to female calyx has very broad, short those of N eanthe, but with several of lobes, the petals are broadly imbricate, the lower primary branches notably the staminodes minute, triangular, apic­ ramified, some of them with four or ulate, the pistil very thick, broadened five divisions. The male inflorescences above as in 011~anthe, the stigma com­ have longer and m 0 r e numerous pletely sessile. The male inflorescence branches than the female. Forking of has the four upper spathes nearly equal, one or t\¥O branches of male inflores­ the axis very short, the four slender cences is not infrequent in N eanthe, but branches closely beset with round flow­ simple branches are the rule in most er-buds. The female inflorescence, with of the Chamaedoreas. The arrangement narrower, longer spathes, is simple or of the flowers on the branches in alter­ forked. nating rows, is the same as in N ea'/1,the, Migandra is a small, short-jointed, which adds to the similar appearance simple-leaved palm. The leaf-sheaths and renders the contrast in floral struc­ are very short and gradually narrowed ture the more surprising. to the blade, leaving no distinct petiole. The male petals, instead of being The leaf-form is similar to Eleuthero­ fused into a thick-walled fleshy cup, as petaluwl, but the veins are much far­ in N ea.nthe, are separate in the lower ther apart and about half as numerous, part of the fl ower, but remain united Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 143

F/:g. 11. Ma.wra:n.th e and Docanthe, fruit-clusters, nat%ral size. 144 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 above, as in Docanthe. The female pet­ NARROW PINNAE 'vnTH SIMPLE als are convolute and corrugate, the I NFLORESCE N CES surface marked in the dry state with Reduction of the flower-bearing sur­ eleven rather regular longitudinal faces of the inflorescence to a si mple rido'es five on each side of the median b , . bl cylinder has been attained by vario.us ridaeb , which usually is ajDpreCla y members of the Chamaedorea famlly thi,cker than the others. The male fl ow- whid1 in other respects are not alike. ers are ob-ovate, showing in the dry Several of the forms wi th simple in­ state distinct longitudinal ridges, but florescences have simple leaves as well. relatively weak and not close together. but others have ample pinnate leaves. The male corolla is narrow at the base, Simple inflorescen'ces may occur, at the short neck emerging from a very least in the female sex. in Central thin calyx. The female calyx is larger American palms with wide spreading than the male, with distinct rounded leaves and broad plicate pinnae, notably lobes, usually with 4 or 5 longitudinal in Spathoscaphe arellbergial1a. The wrinkles, but not indurated like the co­ name Stachyo ph01'be was proposed by rolla. The narrowing of the male flow­ Liebmann for smaller palms from Mex­ ers at the base and the minute calyx are ico, with simple inflorescences, some of in marked contrast with the rather them with slender short-jointed trunks broad straight-sided flowers of Doca17- and rather narrow pinnae, not unlike the and related genera, rimmed by a N ea11.fhe. No illustrations of such firm-textured calyx with regular verti­ palms have been found. but an exam­ cal ribs like the corolla. ple is given in figure IS, with elongate A short trunk was noted by Mrs. male inflorescences, very slender and :.\{exia, a meter and a half. The inter­ drooping. This palm was photographed nodes are about 2 cm. long, the leaf­ in the St. Louis Botanical Garden in sheaths 18 to 20 cm., rather deeply 1907. One of the flowering spikes is spli t, the margins with free fibers. reproduced in natural size, and also a Leaf-blades in size and form much re­ spike from a similar Mexican palm in sembling N eanthe, with eleven pinnae the conservatory at Golden Gate Park. on a side, lacking a pronounced sub­ San Francisco, but possibly not the marginal' vein or an intermediate vein , same species, the petioles of the palm these sometimes imperceptible, but oth­ at Golden Gate being shorter, only 9 er veins nearly equal. The lack of a cm., those of the St. Louis palm three regular vein pattern may associate with or four times as long, attaining 38 em., pinnae tending to wrinkle lengthwise, the length of the rachis. The leaf blade as in some of the forms that have been as a whole is about SO cm. long and referred to Stach.')lopho1'be. The inflor­ nearly as wide, the largest pinnae mea­ escences are interfoliar, the male much suring 30 cm. by 1.3 cm. The basal larger, the axis 16 cm. long with 24 pinnae are shorter and narrower, 22 branches, the lower branches 10 to 12 C111. by 8 111m., some of them very nar­ C111. long, the upper 7 cm. Female in­ row, only 3 to 5 111m. wide. The upper florescences with axis 8 cm. long, elev­ .pinnae also may be much reduced, the en branches, the lower attaining 8 cm., terminal to 11 em. by 8 111m., the sub­ the upper 4 cm. Lower branches ,of terminal to 13 cm. by 8 to 1l mm., but male inflorescence with 6 divisions, on some leaves are broader. The rachis those of female inflorescences with 4 is ridged with the white vitta. The pin­ divisions; more than half of the pri­ nae are much narrower than in the orig­ mary branches simple. inal species. The name Stachyoph01'be Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 145

F'bg.· 12 . M"~fYa1w 'lthe a·n.d Pa1'anthe, 11wle flo wers, e·nlarged. 146 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

filipes may be used for this species in The specimens of oreophila include allusion to the very slender peduncles the terminal portion of a simple female and petioles. inflorescence, the upper joints extreme­ Although the association of these ly slender, attaining 18 cm. by 2 mm., palms at St. Louis and at San Francisco the terminal section of the peduncle 12 with Liebmann's species of Stachyo­ cm., less than 2 111m. thick, closely phorbe is not beyond question, there is wrapped with a narrow cylindrical reason to consider them much closer spathe 11 cm. long. Fruiting axis 2 than the palm that was figured by Oer­ mm. thick, probably 10 to 12 cm. long; sted as representing this genus. fruits developed in oblong foveolae with the lower rim prominent and notably THE ORIGINAL SPECIES OF indurated. The lower lobe of the calyx STACHYOPHORBE is narrower and more prominent than The name Stachyophorbe has become the others. The petals are broadly tri­ involved with palms of other kinds, as a angular, angled or submucronate at the result of the transfer to this genus of a tip, widely overlapping in the bud. The palm described by Wendland in 1852 stigma in the dry state is compact and as Cha11wedorea pyg1nea, which in triangular, not 'With norrow projecting 1863 was elaborately figured by Oer­ lobes as in pygl1zaea. sted as Stachyophorbe pyg111,em, so that Also in Stachyoph01'be cataractaru,111., its characters have been taken as those Liebmann's second species, the margins of the genus, in the absence of other il­ of the pinnae are even. not notched or lustrations. This palm has simple in­ sinuate as in P')lg17/Gea. The pinnae are florescences in the female sex, but in narrower than in o1'eophila and the in­ other respects is widely different from termediate veins fewer, with a rather the two species originally placed by strong vein somewhat remote from the Liebmann under Stach,)lOphorbe, as margin, more consistently prominent shown by authentic specimens that have than in oreophila, and the texture of come to the U. S. National Herbarium the pinnae is notably thinner. Thus the from the Copenhagen Museum. pinnae of cata·ractarw/'ll are rather defi­ Liebmann's first species of Stach yo­ nitely 5-veined, with submarginal veins phorbe, S. montana, renamed by Mar­ often nearly as strong as the midrib, tius as C ha'maedorea o1'eophila on ac­ and the intermediate veins consistently count of a previous 11wnta.na in C ha­ weaker. The two species may not be maedorea, was notably larger than pyg­ very closely related, but neither is close maea, with a slender close-jointed to the type illustrated as pyg11'l.aea. trunk, 3 to 4 feet high. The rac11is is Conservatory plants carried under nearly 50 cm. long, deeply grooved on the name Ch011zaedorea pri'lIglei \~at­ each side underneath, pinnae 12 or 13 son have been noted, some of them pro­ on a side, the larger attaining 33 cm. ducing long, rigid, erect inflorescences, by 3.5 C111., rather strongly wrinkled notably exceeding the leaves, as de­ lo,ngitudinally, with 3 or 4 intermediate scribed by Martius under Chama.edorea veins on each side of the midrib rather oreophila, from Liebmann's notes on prominent underneath, though greatly his Stachyopho1'be monta.l?a. The name inferior to the midrib. The pinnae 11ave Stachyoph01'be oreophila (Martius) even margins, instead of broadly sinu­ should be used to avoid confusion with ate and minutely notched on the lower another 11W11tQ.1W also named by Lieb- margins as in pygmaea. . mann under Cha11'la edorea. Such a du- Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 147

Fig. 13. Pa1'anthe violacea, tnl1lhs, leaves and inflorescences, natural size. 148 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 plication of specific names doubtless mation that it grew in "New Granada," was an accident on the par.t. of Lieb­ on a volcano called Diablo, at an ele­ mann, in the l1ature 'Of a misprint. vation of 4,000 ft. in the province of "Corocco" doubtless meaning Socorro. A GENUS DISTINGUISHED FROM Dugand's "Palmas de Colombia" gives STACHYOPHORBE the locality of pyg1naea as "Santander To avoid further confusion, the palm del Norte, Monte Diablo: Funk and that Oersted figured with remarkable Schlim. " detail in "L' Amerique Centrale" 1863, may be recognized as a generic tytpe PINNAE WITH FREE AURICLES under the name Cladandra pyg11lLaea A foliar specialization as definite and (Wendland). The generic designation remarkable as the long ant-iligules of refers to the ramified male infl.ores­ Legnea appears in a small Guatemalan cence, contrasting with the simple spi­ palm evidently related to Cladandm. cate inflorescence symbolized in the The lower margins of the pinnae are name Stachyop'horbe. Other notable produced at the base into small lingui­ features 'of Clada'nd1'a are the creeping form lobes overlapping the rachis un­ rootstocks, short open leaf-sheaths, derneath. Specimens collected at Chi­ widely spreading lanceolate pinnae, 9 hob, Alta Vera Paz, October 19, 1920, to 12 on each side, forming a nearly cir­ by Harry Johnson, No. 977, are in the cular leaf-blade, lower margins of pin­ National Herbarium. This locality is a nae broadly sinuate, minutely denticu­ few 111iles west of Coban, in the drain­ late. The submarginal veins are promi­ age of the Chixoy river. The generic nently developed, but rem'ote from the name Lobia is suggested, with Lobia margins, about 3 m111. from the mar­ erosa as the type species. The generic gin, 5 mm. from the midrib. The ter­ name refers to the unique feature, the minal pinnae are divergent like the oth­ auriculate pinnae, the specific name to ers, not shortened and broadened as in the eroded margins of the pinnae. N eaq'[,the. The male flowers are shown A habit of growth very different in secti.on as distinctly stip'itate, the pet­ from Clada.11dra. is indicated, Lobia hav­ als and the bases of the filaments uni ted ing a slender trunk with internodes 2.5 to form a solid foot rising above a very to 3.5 CI11. long,S to 6 111111. thick. The short slightly lobed calyx. leaf scars are transverse, about one 111m. As shown in Oersted's drawil~g, the long, with a smooth abruptly raised male inflorescence has 11 rather long lower border, the upper sloping surface branches, wit'l the fl owers standing well with occasional spiniform fiber-bases. apart, while the simple male inflores­ Petiole 9.5 cm. long, rachis 16 mm. , cence, shown in figure 15 , has the flow­ pinnae 8 on a side, the upper 4 or 5 ers very compact. pairs rather regularly opposite, the up­ It would appear from Hemsley in per pinnae tending to be s0111ewhat "Bi'ologia Centrali-Americana" that longer and narrower than the lower, Oersted collected pygmaea in Chi apas, and the strongly diverging terminal but this is not confirmed. Oersteci in pinnae consisting of 3 to 5 united seg­ 1858 credited Linden with introducinCT b ments, much the widest and longest, the palm in Belgium, noting that the measuring 8 to 10 C111. by 2-3.5 cm. specim en in \i\1endland's co ll ection at The subterminal pinnae 8.5 by 1.2 cm., Herrenhause n was labeled as frOI11 are somewhat narrower than the next Chiapas. Wendland in 1852 ascribed pair below, 8.5 em. by 1.5 C111. Basal the palm to Linden, and also th~ infoT- pinnae 6.5 cm. by 1.3 cm., strongly Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 149

Fig. 14. Lophothele JCa1'nea, fe1'JlUL te inflorescence, ·natu.l'al size, flowers el1 lG1'ged. 150 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1943 curved on the lower side, often irregu­ cleo Calyx with very short broad lobes. larly erose-truncate beyond the middle. Petals very broad, rounded or slightly The spa:~ing of the pinnae along the angled at apex, remarkably even and rachis is rather regular, 1.5 to 2 cm. smooth in the dry state, coriaceous in apart, the upper pinnae somewhat texture, no indication of fi bers. closer. The relatively short, widely separated The pinnae have only one secondary pinnae form an oblong leaf-blade, near­ vein on ea:ch side of the midrib, 1.5 ly twice as long as broad. in notable 111111 . or less fr0111 -t he margin , 4 to 6 contrast with -the lanceolate spreading 111m . from the midrib, much closer to pinnae of Cladandra, which are 15 cl11. the margi n and farther from the midrib long, 1.5 cm. broad. The terminal pin­ than in Cladandra. Lower 111 argins or nae or.,,. Clada11dra are scarcely wider pinnae minutely denticulate or erose. than tFje others, and have the same sharing th e surface sculpture of the venation, apparently representing a si n­ rachis, petiole and principal veins, hard­ gle segment instead of a group. ly to be described a hirsute or scaly, NEW GENERIC AMES but rather as minutely scabrous or ca­ runculate, the projections often forming Several new genera are proposed, irregular transverse rows. The entire with outstanding characters as sum­ surface of the pinnae has scattered mari zed below. The type species are raised points, much smaller than those designated in the text, on pages indi­ of the margins and angles. The basal cated. Specim ens of the new species auricles of the pinnae are s111 a11 but dis­ are in the National Herbarium. tinct, attaining a length of 2 to 4 m111. dn.oth en, scandent trunks, elongate and a width of about one 111111., di rected internodes, leaf-bases anj rachides; de­ obliquely below the rachis, in line with ficient petioles; remote retrorse pinnae; the margin s or the pinnae. Doubtless interfoliar erumpen t inflorescences. the auricles co r;'espond structurall y to Mexico and Guatemala, page 135. the decurrent angles of the pinnae in Clndandra, distinguished from Sta­ some of the related palms. The rough­ chyophorbe, long, Ianceolate pinnae mi­ ness of the mar.gins and the surface of nutely denticulate on the lower margins. the rachi s may accoun t for the auricle secondary veins remote from margins, being free. terminal pinnae not aggregate. Male Inflorescences infraroli ar, 4 or 5 inflorescence ramose, female si mple. joints below the li ving leaves, extreme­ Colombia or Mexico. page 148. ly slender. 18 cm. long, the peduncle Discoma, numerous linear pinnae, 12 cm., the two basal joints very short, not regularly arranged, inserted at dif­ together about 3 111m., third joi nt 1.1 fe rent angles, simulating Acrocomia. cm, fourth joint 3.5 CI11. , firth joi nt 3.5 lVlexico, page 137. cm. , sixth and seventh joints nearly Docanthe, habit and foliage si milar equal, 2.2 cm. Lowest spathe, on a to lVlau1'a 11 the. inflorescences interfoli­ young inflorescence, 1.5 cm. long. ar, basal joints of peduncle elongate, Spathe of second joint about 2 cm. long, male petals apically connate, fertile car­ of fourth joint about 4 cm ., of fifth joint pel becoming strongly resupinate, peri­ a delicate sheath about 1 cm. long, sixth carp lutescent or rubescent, similar to joint marked by a sli ght ring, no spathe. the inflorescence. Mexico and Guate­ Female flowers rather widely sepa­ mala, page 96. rated, the two slender branches of the Legnea, cespitose, similar to 011/.an­ inflorescence not as thick as the pedt1J~- the, anti ligul e elongate, laciniate, pin- Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 151

) J

Fig. 15. Sta,chyoph01'be filip es, male plant, 'inflorescences natural size, 152 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 nae attenuate, inflorescences paucira­ M eiota, cespitose trunks, linear pin­ mous. Guatemala, page 134. nae, not numerous, infrafoliar inflores­ Lobia, related to CladandrGJ, distin­ cences, abbreviate peduncles and guished by relatively long internodes, spathes. Mexico, page 138. clustered terminal segmen,ts, relatively Migandra, new name, replacing Psi­ short, erose pinnae, projecting basal au­ lostachys Oersted, related

ALFRED BATES

(Part I) in regard to the classification of P rimu­ la and Meconopsis. Time and again he Should anyone expect to find in these points out how inadequately a few articles a systematic and gradually de­ herbarium specimens together with the veloped treatise on this genus he must diagnosis can supply full data for the count upon being disappointed. This establishment of species or variety; for point cannot be too strongly stressed. the plants when observed by the thou­ The reader must always 'bear in mind sand growi ng in the wild show no line that the writer is slowly finding his between species, variety and form but way through the idiosyncrasies of this a gradual variation from plant to plant. plant group, the ill advised welter of eSo too with the "varieties" of the ivy.) names and the often too hasty accep­ While on the other hand some minor, tance by writers on this subject, of but to the gardener's eye, distinct char­ statements made by other writers with­ acteristics would be constant through­ out veriseed which is positively known to have this genus from a horticultural point of been the result of self-fertilization. He view, this arrangement of the rays will must get the "feel" of the plant ma­ not be discussed, save casually as a terial. down or felt visi'ble to the naked eye, Farrer. in the record of his Tibetan in the descriptions which will fo llow. expedition, often made the same plea A later article will treat solely of these [153] 154 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1943

stellate rays and mayor may not be even then it may not be exactly similar read as the gardener sees fit. to the plant from which it was a cutting But this ray formation can be used if the one is in heavy soil and the other only to separate the species and, to in light; if one is in shade and the a questionable extent, their major other in sun ; if the one is in a pot and (strongly defin ed ) varieties; the vari­ the other in open ground ; or if one has ous forms cannot be so distinguished a support to attach itself to (not a wire and we are compelled to fall back on or cane stake) and the other has not. leaf shape, color, etc. A nd here is our I have too often noted such variance great difficulty. T hese fo rms are not in carefull y marked specimens to be always constant and often do not show convinced otherwise . their true characteri stics until they are T o cite one such example from thoroughly establi shed-and even then many: My specimen #29--1 keep all may vary under different growing co n­ plants under number with card index di tions. Then too there is the ques­ reco rds - was a cutting in 1932 ob­ tion, just where is the line to be drawn tain ed from an old and well established which divides one fo rm from another? plant. Its "name" will not be given In other plant groups the differences lest it confuse the issue; in its rightful in the inflorescence, the variance in place later in the seri es this notation fl ower shape and coloring and the will ·be repeated. A rough description changes in the arrangement of the is that the leaf was palmate wi th so fl oral parts furni sh definite and clearly great a fullness at the base of each marked points upon which a classifica­ sinus (space between the lobes) as to tion of varieties and fo rms may :be fo ld over and appear as a pleat when based. Therefo re the question arises the leaf was pressed; the plant arrived as to whether the use of the term "va­ early at its fl owering stage, and bore riety" (and even of "form" as it is used many intermediate stages of growth on as a degree of difference f1'o1n the "va­ the same plant and at the same tim e­ Tiety") is justifiable or scientifIc in this vining, semi-shruhby and shrubby. It genus. Granted that in some few cases had shown all these characteri stics from such use is warranted by a consistent the fi rst. The original plant completely and uniform adherence to a defi nite covered the stone pedestal of a bird type varying from the species, there are bath the basin of whi ch had been a ve ry large num ber of cases which are broken. lV1y plant was set out at the given vari etal rank in which the type is base of a four foot hi gh and six inch not always di stinct nor co nstant ; may diameter tree stump. After three years swing between two or more types ac­ it had reached the top and was produc­ cording to soil , exposure and the CO I1- ing se l11 i-shruhby and fl owering stems; diti ons under which the plant is grown; in other words. it showed all the char­ or may not settle down to a relatively acteri sti cs of the mother plant. But permanent leaf shape fo r several years. cuttings made from any stage of its Because of this a classification based growth and grown in pots have not upon the current system is extremely li ved up to the parent in any way save difficul t to foll ow; and furthermore the that the leaf is palmate though always correct name of a fo rm cannot always fl at. T hat fo ur- and six-year old pot be determined by merely examining a plants have not developed according to gIven speCImen and relating it to a pub­ type is not very surpr ising, for a wire li shed descri pti on or drawi ng until it or cane support is not an equable sub­ has been under observation for several stitute. for a wall or tree. But cuttings -often as many as four-years. And from the three stages of growth which Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 155 were gIven to the Brooklyn Botanic been formulating these suggestions and Garden in 1939 and, when rooted, have discllssed them wi th several bot­ planted out of doors have also not de­ anists and horticulturists who are in­ veloped to type. Yet two-year-old terested in ivies. Their reaction has plants from the original source which been favorable and I fee l justified in ' are growing in the garden of a friend presenting them now. are already beginning to show the three In his monograph on this genus, stages of growth and the exact leaf Tobler suggested the idea when he di­ shape. All cuttings were carefull y la­ vided the garden forms into "types" beled one by one as they were taken based upon leaf shape. (Die Gattung from the old plants. The explanation Hedera. 1912. pp. 119-124 and again is that the mother plant, my own and in his article Die Gartenformen der those in my friend's garden are grow­ Gattung Hedera in Mitteilungen der ing in sunny locations and upon a SUI - Deutschen Dendr.ologischen Gesell­ port while the Brooklyn plants are in schaft. 1927. pp. 10-17) . But he does partial to fu ll s11ade and are flat on the not develop the idea into a system of ground. Similar instances with other classification any further than, in his "vari eties" could be cited but will be li sting of ivy names, to place in paren­ dealt with later under their respective theses the "type" to whid1 that form species. The point I wish to make here belongs. Thus, quoting from his ar­ is that an ivy cannot be identified cor­ ticle published in the Dendrol.ogischen rectly until the plant has settled down Gesellschaft 1927, p. 23: and its ha,bits in sun and shade and as "digitata Loudon 1838 .... climber and ground cover are fully Zll H. H £.ix L. (typ. palmata) known. If one must wait over a period translating the wo rd "zu" as meaning of tim e in order to be able to know the ' '

IVIes rather than those of Americans; POINTS WHICH CANNOT BE USED and am accepting plants under name Length of Inten'liode . From long ob­ from Kew, from Hillier & Sons of servation, for at one time I thought Winchester and from L. R. Russell, this could be one of the distinguishing Ltd., of Richmond rather than names features, the length of internode cannot from American sources-unless I am be used because it too often varies in convinced 'Of errors. And this is not in the same form when grown indoors any depreciation of either the botanists and outside. And it also varies in the or the nurseries of this country. It is later case with soil, exposure and sea­ just common sense. The ivy is not a son of growth. A rich soil will almost native plant here and has never, until always produce a longer internode of late years, achieved any degree of than a poor soil. Exposure to sun or popularity either in public or in private to strong and constant winds invariably gardens; ivy has been "just ivy." As produces a shorter internode than shade there was no interest there was no need and less windy positions. The first for our botanists to give them more growth in spring always produces a than casual attention or our nurseries longer internode than the growth made to carry la:beled plants-as late as 1932 after midsummer. Then too most one of our largest nurseries was selling young plants when planted at the base Irish Ivy for English Ivy. On the other of walls or trees-and almost as fre­ hand the English and continental gar­ quently when used as ground covers­ deners and botanists ·have had it before will, if faithfully examined over a pe­ them always; in the wo.ods, the heuge­ riod of several years (3-5), be found rows, on ruins, old and recent build­ to make at first long growths on which ings, trees, walls, and it has been used the internodes are longer than on the in their gardens from time immemorial later growths which ,fill in between -it is a tradition and a heritage with these long stems after the third year. them. They have almost been forced L ength of Petiole. Nor can the to observe its various forms; so why length of petiole be used as a deter­ should they not know more about ivies mining factor for much the same rea­ than we in United States do? Just as sons given above-soil, exposure and we know more about the forms of the season of growth: but the reactions to "ramosa complex" which is an Ameri­ these three are slightly different. Soil can development; as far as I can dis­ does not seem to make so great a dif­ cover these branching ivies have not ference here as in the case of the inter­ occurred across the Atlantic and are nodes. Exposure makes more; plants not listed there. in full sun will always have shorter petioles than those in other locations; DETERMINING FEATURES FOR CLASSI­ this is 'but what we should expect in FICATION OF "VARIETIES" the vining stage, for the ivy is a plant Let us nlOw see what characteristics of the woods and not by choice of full may be used as distinctive points to sunlight. Therefore a drier atmos­ mark off the different "varieties." And phere tends to produce a shorter petiole remember, these points must apply to than a damp one. And exposure to pot grown plants as well as to those constant strong winds seems to make grown out of doors if the classification for a shorter petiole. Aj,ITlost invariably is to be of any use. We will start by the young growth in spring gives a elimination of such points as cannot be longer petiole than the later growth of used. r'nidsummer. Then tlOO the denser the Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 157

foli age-either on wall or on groul'ld­ are clearly shown in both pot and gar­ the longer the petiole; for the leaf's ob­ den grown specimens; and are constant j ect in life is to reach light and air so under any normal growing conditions when the foliage is dense a large per­ provided that, in the case of leaves, centage of the petioles will be length­ only the normally formed leaves on the ened. T,o see this one has only to plant are considered and all the abnor­ observe a well grown specimen of any mal ones ignored. Long observation of the forms and notice how the pe­ has shown me that almost every ivy tioles of all the outer growths are much plant produces some abnormal leaves­ shorter than those w here the growth is some with decided lopsided outline of more compact. lobing, or even with truncated lobes or Size of Leaf· While we cannot wholl y without a lobe on one side; such leaves re j ect size of leaf for one of the deter­ must be overlooked by anyone who is mining factors it cannot be accepted as trying to pick out the typi,cal leaf shape one of the principle ones. Every ivy, of that plant. This leaf shape varies species as well as "vari ety," may, for to some extent but will be fo und to reasons known only to itself, produce conform to a general plan according to abnormall y large or abnormally small type as later on will be outlined. Read­ leaves at certain periods of its growth. ers who are familiar with Tobler's ar­ But it may be used as one of the sec­ ticle of 1927 should note that in the ondary points and as such will be con­ drawings of several of the leaves of sidered later on. several of the "varieties" which he Type of Growth. Except in some shows in outline include some such ab­ certain forms, type of growth cannot normal leaves. be used except in a general sense be­ These points may be grou.ped under cause almost all forms have a marked five headings: . tendeIJcy to send out a few longish I. Leaf Shape, wiry stems during their first few years II. Leaf Color and Texture, and later fill in with a more compact III. Color and Texture of the Pe­ growth. This trait is more clearly no­ tioles and the Young Stems, ticeable in plants grown in the open IV. Distinct T ype of Growth, than in pot specimens. But it may be V . Age at Which Plant Reaches used when 'well established plants are Maturity. being analyzed and so more will be said Again attention must be called to the on this point later on. fact that such minor differences are not enough to warrant designating POINTS WHICH CAN BE USED them as "varieties " ex,cept, perhaps, in Unless otherwise noted, the fo llow­ the last; an d this wi ll be di scussed latf'r. ing points are characteristics which (To be contin.ued) Rhododendron Notes CLEMENT G RAY BOWERS, Editor

The American Azaleas and Their Variations

EDGAR T . WHERRY

Called upon to identify a series of native members of the genus Rhododen­ dron, Seri es Azalea, in the garden of M rs. J. Norman H enry at Gladwyne, Penn­ sylvania, the writer turned to the treatments of these plants in the literature. Such keys as could be fo und proved, however, inadequate for the purpose, so after extensive field and herbarium study was carried on, a new one was worked out, and is here presented. The difficulty in naming Azaleas is due to the fact that the various entities to which species names have been assigned are not well differentiated. but inter­ grade freely with one another. I n some cases the intermediates presumably represent ancestral plants from which, by divergent evolution. the "species" have arisen ; in other ·cases they are recent hybrids or descendants from hybrids in which parental characters are reassorted. Extensive cul tural and genetic studies would be necessary to decide the relations in individual cases, so li sting of the recognizable entities is all that can be undertaken here. U nder each presumable species1 the features in which notable variation is shown are stated. For convenience in reference, the allelomorphi c characters are assigned letters,-the commoner extreme in each case a capital, the rarer a small letter. Entities to which infra-specifi c names have been applied, and inter­ mediates between spec ies, are then characteri zed by the letters corresponding to thei r features. Only a few of the existing combinations of extremes have as yet been named; if all of them had to be, the number of new epithets required would run into the hundreds. T he questi on would then arise as to whether these should be assigned to the category of subspecies, variety, fo rm, hybrid, etc., and some of the names already publi shed might have to be shifted from one status to another. Rather than thus burden the literature, we will here let well enough alone. Certain of the terms used require comment. "Bud-scales" refers to the prin­ cipal scales on the thick buds from which flowers arise; scale-pubescence is that on their exterior, convex surfaces only. W hen leaf-pubescence is noted, that apart from the midrib is meant; on the leaves of all Azaleas the midrib tends to he more or less strigose. "T erminal pubescence" signifies that on the pedicels, calyx-lobes and corolla-tube. The sepals, petals, and stamens of these plants being rather irregular, data given as to their lengths represent average values. Corolla­ pubescence described is that on the exteri or surface. T o use the accompanying key, an unknown specimen is ,first placed in the proper Di vision and Subdi vision on the basis of its corolla limb color and its blooming tim e. It is then run through the key lines, in which the more constant characters of each species are given, until its probable species name is found. The column headed "Notable Variations" is then consulted ; if the specimen is typical, it will show the extreme design:atecl by a capital letter in each case. The great

'Chiefly according to R ehder in Rehder a nd Wilson . Monogr aph Azaleas, p. 117, 1929. (1 58] Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 159 majority of specimens, however, wi ll vary toward the small-letter extreme in one or more characters, and will have to be classed as intermediates between species. The area in which many of our eastern plants survived the geological changes of post-Cretaceous time is termed for short the Refuge. It extends from eastern O klahoma to the F all-line of the Atlantic slope. When the Cretaceous lowland was uplifted and di ssected into the present-day mountains and hills of this area some plants adapted themselves to the new conditions. while others became ex­ tinct in the refuge area. ~1 hel1 surrounding lands became available for occu­ pancy-first the Coastal Plain and then the northland which had been devegetated by ice-extensi ve migrations took place. Distributions are here stated with these relations in view.

KEY TO AMERICAN AZALEAS (RHODODENDRON SPP.) DIVISION A. Corolla red, orange, yellow, or, in certain species-i ntermediates, pink with strong yellow blotch. Subdivision a. Flowers and leaves developing at approximately the same time; corolla-tube expanding from the middle. COROLLA-LOBES and tube approx imately equal in length; eastern third of Refuge, locally entering Coastal P lain in Savannah valley _____ calendulaceu11'L.

N OTABLE VARIATIONS Bud-scales: A . mucronulate vs. a. aristate. -surface: B. glabrous vs. b. canescent. Blooming-period: C before vs. c. after foliation. Mature leaves: D . to 8 x 3 cm. vs. d. to 4 x 1 cm. -upper surface: E. strigose vs. e. glabrate. - lower surface: F. green vs. f. glaucous. G. copiously pubescent vs. g. glabrate. Terminal pubescence: H. glandular vs. h. glandless. Calyx-lobes: I. 4 111111. long vs. i. 1 111111 . long. Corolla-lobes: ]. longer vs. j . shorter than tube. - limb: K. red vs. k. yellow.

INFRA-SPECIFIC ENTITIES alpha, fla1n1lbca.: 2 a.B.CD.E .F.g.h.i.].K; aiM,ranti.t1n, intermediate be­ tween K and k; Azalea bake1'i: a.B.<:.D.E.F.G.H.i.].K; croceU11!J,.' A.B.CD.E.F.G.H.I.].k ; Azalea fastigifolia: a.B.Cd.e.F.g.H,i.j.K; intermediates with : --austri11u711/,: A .b.CD.E.F.G.H.i.j .k; - CM1'n­ berlandens(': a.B.c.D.e.F.g.H.i.J.K; - speciosMln: A.B.CD.E.F.G. h.i.j.K.

"The writer does not auree with R ehder ( op. cit., P. 1 30) tha t Michaux's " A.zalea calendula.cea .alpha fl{(,.mmea" was R. 8peciosu~. Topotype material in the herb an';l-m ?f t~ e Academy o ~ ~TatuTal S.clences of Phi'adelphia represents Rhodode'l1

COROLLA-LOBES decidedly shorter than the tube. TERMINAL PUBESCENCE glandless; bud-scales glabrous, margined with fine cilia; southeast side of Refuge ______.speciosum.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Leaf-pubescence: A. copi'ous vs. a. sparse. Calyx-lobes: B. 1 mm. long vs. b. 3 mm. long. Corolla-limb: C. red vs. c. orange. TERMINAL PUBESCENCE glandular; bud-scales pubescent, the mar­ ginal cilia accompanied by dark glands; leaves copiously pubescent; calyx-lobes 1 to 2 mm. long; Coastal Plain, Chattahoochee val- ley ______. _____ austn·nu111£.

NOTABLE VARIATION Corolla-limb: A. orange vs. a. yellow. Subdivision b. Flowers opening well after the leaves have developed; bud-scales glabrous; leaf-pubescence sparse; terminal pubescence partly glandular; calyx lobes 1 to 2 mm. long; corolla-tube cylindric more or less above middle. BLOOMING PERIOD early summer; corolla-tube copiously pubescent; cen- tral part of Refuge ______. wmberla17dense.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS /' Bud-scales: A. aristate vs. a. mucronulate. Corolla-tube: B. little longer vs. b. much longer than lobes. -limb: C. red vs. c. yellow at maturity. BLOOMING PERIOD mid-summer; bud-scales mucronulate; corolla-tube sparsely pubescent, decidedly longer than the lobes; limb red; southeast margin of Refuge.______prunifoliu111.. DIVISION B. Corolla pink to white, if conspicuously yellow- blotched, not intermediate between species. Subdivision a. F lowers and leaves developing at approximately the same time. COROLLA-LOBES and tube approximately equal in length. UPPER LOBE conspicuously yellow-blotched; leaves sparsely pubescent; terminal pubescence more or less glandular; pedicels to 2.5 cm. long; corolla-tube about 2 cm. long and 4 mm. wide (pressed) ; stamens 20 times as long as corolla-tube; range far-western ______.occidentale.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Leaves: A. broad- vs. a . narrow-elliptic. Calyx-lobes : B. 5 mm. long vs. b. 1 mm. long. Corolla-limb: C. white vs. c. bronzy pink. Fragrance: D. musty vs. d. sweet. Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 161

Rhododendron arbo1'escens and atlaJlticu1n 162 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

I., ", Rhododendron occidentale speciosu1n oblongifolium C1t1nb e1' land e11 s e aus t1-i 11 U 711 prunifolium Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 163

I NFRA- SPECIFIC ENTITY S0110'l1'lense : a.b.c.d. UPPER LOBE slightly if at all yellow-blotched; corolla-tube 2 to 3 mm. wide (pressed). BUD-SCALES canescent; lower leaf-surface fine-pubescent; corolla­ tube expanding from middle, 1.5 to 2 cm. long; stamens approxi­ mately 2 x corolla-tube length; flowers opening with the leaves, clove-scented; northern part of Refuge and northeastward to la t. 45 0 ______.. ______r 0 S e ~£11~ .

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Upper leaf-surface : A strigose vs. a. glabrate. Lower leaf-surface: B. glaucous vs. b. green. Terminal pubescence: C. glandular vs. c. glandless. Calyx-lobes: D. 1 m111. long vs. d. 3 mm. long. Corolla-limb : E . deep pink vs. e. white.

I NFRA-SPECIFIC ENTITY Intermediate: TOSettm-11.udijionmL a.b.c.D.e. BUD-SCALES glabrous or exceptionally sparsely pubescent ; flowers opening before or with the leaves, not clove-scented; eastern Ref- uge eastward to coast and to lat. 43 0 ______nudifioru11~ .

NOTABLE VARIATIONS3 Habit: A. plants isolated, to 3 m. high vs. a. spreading in to colonies, under 0.75 111. high. Bud-scales : B. glabrous vs. b. silky-pubescent. Upper leaf-surface: C. glabrate vs. c. strigose. Lower leaf-surface: D . glabrate vs. d. fin e-pilose. Calyx-lobes: E. 1 111111. long vs. e. 3 (5) 111111. long: Corolla-tube: F. cylindric well above middle vs. f. expanding from middle. -length: G. 1.5 cm. vs. g. 2.5 C111. --coarser hairs: H. glandless vs. h. gland-tipped. -lobes: 1. ·shorter than tube vs. i. equal tube. -tube-color: J. pink vs. j. white. -limb-color: K. white vs. k. pink. L. lacking yellow shading vs. 1. yellow-shaded. Stamen-length : M . 3 x corolla-tube vs. m. 2 x tube. Fragrance: T. musty vs. n. fa intly honeysuckle-like.

I NFRA- SPECIFI C ENTITIES albu,111: AB.CD.E.F.G.H.1.j .K.L.M.n; gla. ll dif e nl11~ : AB.C.D.E.F.G. h.I.J.K.L.M. ; intermediates with : -calen.dulaceu1IL (mortieri, t1' ico[or, etc.): A.B.Cd.e.f.G.h.i.J.k.l.M.n. ; -canesce1'ls: A.b.c.d . E.F:g.h.I.J.K.L.M .l1 ; -1'oseum: Ab.c.d.E.f.G.h.i.J.k.L.I1l.n .

"To gain an idea as to (requen cy of devi a tions. (s ~ a l1 letters) (rom the normal (capital letters) . notes w ere made on 15 plan ts in E astern P enn s.y lvnnl3 III ~Ma y , 1943 . They showed : a, 1 pla nt ; h. 4 ; c, 7 ; d , 5 ; e. 1 ; f. 2 ; g , 1 ; h , 4 ; i , 2 ; j . 0 ; k . 3; I. 4 ; 111 , 2 ; a nd n. 7 . 164 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

COROLLA-LOBES decidedly shorter than the tube. HABIT tall-shrubby, to several m. high; bud-scales canescent; corolla-tube cylindric above middle, pubescent with both fine and coarse hairs ; flow­ ers honeysuckle-scented; southeastern part of Refuge and over Coastal Plain sw. to long. 95° and ne. to lat. 38° ______.canescens.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Lower leaf-surface A. green vs. a. glaucous. -pubescence: B. copious vs. b. sparse. ----<:oarser hairs : C. glandless vs. c. gland-tipped. Calyx-lobes: D. 1 mm. long vs. d. 3 mm. long. Corolla-tube: E. 1.5 cm . long vs. e. 2.5 cm. long. - coarser hairs : F. gland-tipped vs. f. glandless. - limb : G. white vs. g. pink. Stamen -length: H. 3 x corolla-tube vs. h. 2 x tube.

I NFRA-SPECIFIC ENTITIES

candidum: a.B.C.D.E.F.G.h; s~£bg l abnmL A.b.C.D.E.F.G.H; interme­ diates with: -alaba11~ens e : a.B.C.D.e.F.G.h ; - atlanticu111.: a.b.C.d. e.F.G.h ; -speciosum: A.B.CD.e.f.g.H and yellow shading or blotching. H ABIT dwarf-shrubby, rarely over 1 m. high; stamens 2 to 20 times the corolla -tub e-length. PLANTS isolated; calyx-l obes inconspicuous; corolla moderately pu­ bescent; fl owers delicately scented;4 southeast end of Refuge and down Chattahoochee valley ______. alabamense.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Bud-scales: A. glabrous vs. a. si lky-pubescent. Blooming-period: B. before vs. b. after foliation. Branchlets: C. sparsely vs. c. densely strigose. Upper leaf-surface: D. strigillose vs. d. glabrate. Lower leaf-surface : E. glaucous vs. e. green. -pubescence: F . copious vs. f. sparse. Corolla-tube : G. expanding from middle vs. g. cylindric well above middle. - length : H. 3 cm. vs. h. 1.5 cm. -pubescence: 1. gland-tipped vs. i. glandless. - limb: J. white vs . j. pi nk. K. yellow-blotched vs. k. lacking yellow pigment. INFRA-SPECIFIC ENTITIES R. viscosu17I ae1nulans: a.b.c.D.E.F.g.H.1.J.k ; intermediates with: -canescens: a.B.c.D.E.F.g.h.1.J.k ; -speciosu1'n. : A.B.C.D.e.f.G. H.i.j .K. PLANT S forming coloni es; corolla copiously pubescent especiall y up lobes; tube cylindric above middle; fl owers more or less clove­ scented; east margin of Refuge and adjacent Coastal P lain ------______ail a N tint 1'1'1•

'A.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Habit: A. 0.25 to 0.5 m. high vs. a. 1.25 m. high. Bud-scales: B. glabrous vs. b. canescent. Blooming period: C. after leaves vs. c. before leaves. Lower leaf-surface: D. glaucous vs. d. green. E. glabrate vs. e. pubescent. -pubescence: F. glandless vs. f. gland-tipped Calyx-lobes: G. 4 111m. long vs.. g. 1 111m. long. Corolla-hairs: H. gland-tipped vs. h. glandless. 1. uniform vs. i. of 2 or 3 kinds admixed. - limb : J. white vs. j. pink. K. free from yellow shading vs. k. yellow shaded. INFRA-SPE CIFIC ENTITIES conf~£su1fJIL: A.B.C.D.E.f.G.H.1.].K ; luteo -albu11IL: A.b.CD.e.f.G.H.i.] .k; 11eglectu111 : A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.i.j.K ; t01%olobu1n: a monstrosity with cleft corolla-lobes; intermediates with: -wnesce'J1,s: a.b.c.d.e. F,g.H.i.J.K ; -m£dijioru1n (pennsylva1 'cu,1n) : a.B.C.D.E.F.G.h.i. J.K ; -vis cosu-11~.· a.B.C.D.E.F.g.H.i.J.K. Subdivision b. F lowers opening well after the leaves have developed; corolla­ lobes shorter than tube; stamens about twice as long as corolla-tube; flowers clove-scented. CALYX-LOBES more or less conspicuous; bud-scales around 12, glabrous, 111U­ crol1uJ.ate ; branchlets buff, glabrate to sparsely strigose; leaves glaucous be­ neath; corolla-tube 3 to 4 cm. long and 3 to 4 mm. wide (pressed), cylindric well above the middle, its hairs tipped with pink glands; style prominent, red-purple; fragrance intense ; eastern third of Refuge.______.arborescens. NOTABLE VARIATIONS Habit: A. several m. high vs. a. under 1 m. high. Calyx-lobes: B. up to 6 mm. long vs. b. under 3 mm. long .. Corolla-limb : C. white vs. c. pink. D. lacking yellow shading vs. d. yellow shaded. INFRA-SPECIFIC ENTITIES jiavescens: A.B.C.d; 1"ichardsonii: a.b.CD; n£bescens: A.B.c.d.; inter­ mediates with: -calendulaceu11'l. (anneliesae, Azalea furbishii): A.b.c.d; -viscosu1n: A.b.C.D. CALYX-LOBES more or less inconspicuous; corolla-tube 2 to 3 111m. wide (pressed) ; style pink; fragrance mild. PEDICELS up to 2,5 cm. long; corolla-tube cylindric above middle. HEIGHT to 2 m.; bud-scales around 15, mucronate, more or less canescent; leaves to 10 x 3 cm. ; terminal hairs in part gland-tipped; southwestern part of Refuge, south into Coastal Plain ______:______0 b1 OJ1,gi f 0 liU 111 . NOTABLE VARIATIONS Lower leaf-surface: A. green vs. a. glaucous. -pubescence: B. copious vs. b. sparse. Calyx-lobes: C. 1 mm. long vs. c. 3 mm. long. Corolla-tube: D. 3 cm. long vs. d. 2 C111. long. 166 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

HEIGHT to several m.; terminal hairs mostly gland-tipped; corolla­ tube aroun d 3 cm. long; southern part of Refuge and Coastal Plain 0 0 w. to long. 93 and ne. to lat. 37 ______.serrulatu'11'l.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS Bud-scales: A. around 18 vs. a. around 12. - tip: B. aristate vs. b. mucronate. -surface: C. glabrous vs. c. canescent. Branchlets: D. red-brown vs. d. yellow-brown. Leaf-size at maturity: E. to 8 x 4 cm. vs. e. to 4 x 2 cm. Leaf-surfaces: F. glabrate vs. f. ,fine-pubescent. -coarser hairs: G. glandless vs. g. gland-tipped. Lower leaf-surface: H. green vs, h. glaucous. Corolla-lobes : 1. 0 as long vs. i. y,;: as long as tube.

INFRA- SPECIFIC E NTITIES georgian1lt11'/,: a.b.c.D.E.F,G.h.i ; 1%olhculu1%: AB.c.D.e.f.G.H.I; inter­ mediates with: -oblongifoliu171,: Ab.c.d.E.f.G.h.I; -viscos1I1J1 : a.b.C.d.e.F.G.H.I. PEDICELS to 1 or rarely 1.5 cm. long; bud-scales 12 or fewer, mucronulate or mucronate ; fragrance intense; northeastern part of Refuge and east 0 to coast, lat. 44 to 34 0 ______. ______vi SCOSU1'1l.

NOTABLE VARIATIONS

Habit: A several m. hi gh vs. a. under 1 111. high. Bud-scales: B. aroun d 10 vs. b. around 6. -surface: C. glabrous vs . c. si lky pubescent. Branchlets: D . yellow-brown vs. d. red-brown. Leaf-size at maturity: E . to 4 x 1 cm. vs. e. to 6 x 2 cm. -surfaces: F . green vs. f. glaucous. -pubescence: G. sparse vs. g. copious. Calyx-lobes: H. 1 111m. long vs. h. 3 111m. long. Corolla-tube: 1. cylindric above vs. i. expanding from middle. -length: J. 2 C111 . vs. j. 3.5 cm. -pubescence: K. glandular vs. k. glandless. - limb: L white vs. 1. pink.

INFRA-SPECIFIC E NTITIES coe1'u,lescens: a.b.c.D,E.f.G.H.1.J.KI; glauc/(11/.: AB.C.D.E.f.g.H.1.J. KL; hispidum: AB.c.D,E.f.g.H.1.J.K.L: lI/ontal/u11/,: a.b.c.D.E,F . . G.H.1.J.KL; 11itidum: a.B.C.D.E,F.G,H.I.J.KL; rhodanthu1'll, roseU1n: AB.C.D.E.F.G.H.1.J.Kl ; 1'1(bescens: AB.C.d.E.f.G.H.1. J.K.I; t01ne11tosu111,: AB.c.D.E.F .g.H.1.J.K.L; intermediates with: --(};rboresce'l1s : AB.C.D.e.f.G.h.I.j .KL ; -a.tlamticu1n: a.b.C.D.E.f. G. h.1.J.KL ;-'l'ludifloru11!: AB,C.D.e.F.G.H.i.J.k.L A Book or Two

The Amer'iwn Lamd-Its Histol'Y a'nd Perhaps one of the weaknesses of the Uses. By William R. Van Dersal. conservation movement in America has 1943. 215 pages. Oxford Univer­ been its excessive preoccupation with sity Press, New York City. $3.75. legislatures and other groups of the mature, and its failure to capture the Most people living in an epoch are imaginations of the rising generations seldom aware of the really important in the schools. Probably the unscien­ movements and people of the period, tific emotionalism or partisan bias of but we surmise that one of the great­ certain groups of conservationists has est forces for good in contemporary separated them from educators in the America is the soi l conservation move­ past. However, this presentation seems ment. This movement has received a to us to be sane and sound enough to great impetus in the past decade and a justify our wish that this book or one literature has started to grow up on the like it could be in the curriculum of subject. Frequently the theme has been every American school. somewhat greater than its prophets, but V. T. S. undoubtedly this book is a worthy con­ tribution and wi ll meet the need for a Bount'y of the WaYS1·de. By Walter popular presentation of the hi story of Beebe Wilder. 1943. 256 pages. land utilization in America. The au­ Doubleday, Doran and Co., Garden thor. begins with the attempt to recon­ City, New York. $2.50. struct a picture of the appearance of During the past few years. the wom­ America in the pre-Columbian period. en of the more advanced gardening cir­ The reader soon becomes aware of cles have resurrected the herb lore of some of the devastation resulting from mediaeval gardens and still rooms and the sins of the fathers, but the tragic have published a surprising number of results of American individualism in volumes on the subject. Indeed, so the exploitation of natural resources many have appeared that a popular are not emphasized unduly in this book. writer on gardening of our acquain­ The author is no mere prophet of tance discontinued work on a manu­ doom, but has great confidence in the script on the subject. We were not emergence of a better pattern of land aware that men had taken up as a hob­ utilization. by the preparation of multitudinous Statistics and the general outlines of electuaries, preserves, comfits, metheg­ culture for a multiude of economic crop lins, hydromels, tisanes, preserves and plants are presented in a flowing. vital­ all the rest, but we were mistaken. ized style of writing which kept the re­ Grandfather Beebe had done a ll this­ viewer from several hours of needed and more-much more. with the aid of sleep although we have no particular a large country house as a laboratory interest in flax, okra, onions and the and a patient and understanding cook multitudinous other crops discussed in as helper. For materials he had ample this volume. The numerous photo­ gardens and orchards. but he also re­ graphic illustrations are excellent in lied on the bounty of the way ide. Vvar­ quality. Probably this book will ap­ time food rationing would have scarce­ peal to any person who has ever had ly disturbed him. The range of Grand­ the slightest interest in the soil. father's accompli hillents left llS a bit [167] 168 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 breathless in the final chapters; and al­ Crab Apples fo·r A 11'I,e1'ica. By Donald though we are somewhat of an advo­ Wyman. Published by the American cate of adventurous eating, we could Association of Botanical Gardens not help feeling that life was rather and Arboretums. July, 1943. 81 complex at times for him, although un­ pages. $1.00. deniably interesting. This is an amus­ ing book. It would make an excellent The preface of this unpretentious but gift for a friend who has a hobby of highly useful paper ·bound volume unusual foods or herbal lore. states that the aim of the author was to V. T. S. bring together all available information on the crab apples grown in North Ameri ca. The result is reasonably suc­ ShelteT TTees in Wa;r and Peace. By cessful and will be hi ghly acceptable, in Ephraim Porter Felt, D.Sc. 1943. particular, to nurserymen and land­ 320 pages. Orange Judd P ublishing scape architects. This book should help Co., New Y.ork City. $2.50. to popularize the crab apples, which is This is not a treatise on camouflage, a worthy cause since they have never as might possibly be inferred from the had full recognition of their value. ti tle, but is rather a manual for the They have exceptionally long periods utili zation and care of trees on the vast of attractiveness in ornamental plant­ areas now occ upied by military canton­ ings since in addition to the fl owers, ments and similar establishments. I t the fruits of many sorts are highly col­ also deals with tree selection and plant­ ored. Some species provide food for ing for the home owner, with particular wildlife. The economic value of the reference to protective concealment. At crab apples as a food is minimized by least a part of the thes is of this book is the author, except for regi ons having that Americans should plant trees fo r severe climates. \lve clissent somewhat possible utilization in World War III. from the admonition of the author si nce nearly a third of a century will be against planting crab apples in hedges needed to develop them properly for or windbreaks because of the increased concealment of large homes and impor­ difficulty of maintenance. 'Mah£s Sar­ tant roads. genti makes an excellent clipped hedge The . unquestioned competence and in some cold regions in which satisfac­ prestige of the author assure the reader tory hedge plants are few, and we sus­ of authentic information, although pect that some other species would also there is nothing particularly new about be suitable. Of course fire blight and much of the material in this book. The other di seases and li·kewise insect pests li sts of trees for cer tain localiti es have vary in severity from region to region. been prepared by persons thoroughly H owever, crab apples do not require familiar with the regions. The various any more attention, on the whole, than trees available for use in plantings of do lilacs. this type are di scussed with reference Naturally, this book was written to undesirable quali ties and difficulties from an ornamental rather than a of culture, in case such exist. Other pomological viewpoint and some recent compilations of information also help breeding, cytological and rootstock to make the book useful to those in va­ studies of interest to pomologists are ri ous professions connected with tree not included in the bibliography. There culture and make it a useful general are also a few minor errors. One might reference book. infer that the Virginia Crab so promi­ V. T . S. nent in modern pomological literature Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 169 is a synonym of Hewes Virginia Crab, ern roses. Such material is of interest which definitely it is not. The Virginia and great value to all real rosarians. Crab of modern pomology originated, Cultural practices are then taken up paradoxically, in Iowa. with the emphasis put on the " do" and The classvfied li sts of varieties most not upon the " don'ts." Site, soil and useful for beauty of flowers, fruits, cul­ the use of humus and lime are ex­ inary uses, and autumnal foli age color plained and thei r importance stressed are commendable. Fastigiate, pendu­ as well they should be. Strangely there lous and other specialized forms are is no mention of the super-deep soil li sted also. We hope that the commit­ preparation supposedly practiced in tee on crab apples of the organization E ngland. Weare especially interested sponsoring this volume will be able to in his discussion of the treatment of make studies to determine the most val­ the various types of soi·l-clay, sand, uable sorts for landscape and other pur­ and chalk-in preparing rose beds. poses in the various regions of the The chapter on "Roses fo r Specific country. It is to be hoped that the P urposes" puts considerable emphasis author will be able to issue a de'finitive on why we seJect roses. Here, Mr. work on the subj ect in due time, not Mansfi eld cites well-known vari eties to only treating in detail the relative val­ illustrate hi s points. He goes into con­ ues of the various sorts in landscape siderable length to classify the "bed­ work, but also presenting aids to the ding" ros'es (hybrid-teas) by color, identification of the most important noting fragrance, and points out that types by means of keys, drawings or much of the effect of a rose garden is photographs, to be obtained through careful arrange­ V. S, ment of the plants according to their co],ors. W'hile this point will hardly be Roses in Colour and Cultivation. By T. accepted by those with small rose gar­ C. Mansfield. E. P. Dutton & Co., dens, it is a vie w that is well taken. Inc., New York City. 264 pages, Perhaps the author, who makes color illus. photography a hobby along with grow­ ing roses, g ives coLor undue emphasis, WhelJ casually introduced to this but many will agree that it is an impor­ new book on roses by Mr. T. C. Mans­ tant consideration and shou]'d not be field and without suffi cient time or in­ ignored. terest to carefully examine it some may The author carries this thesis fur­ say that here is another book by an ther in hi s chapter on selecting plants Englishman on a subj ect already well for the garden, although he soon turns covered and certainly not applicable to to the importance of understocks, car­ American conditions of soil, climate rying the discussion to the vanous and what have you. That sort of criti­ types - bedding, polyantha, climber, cism has been given before and usually and shrub roses. is based upon prejudice rather than in­ Other chapters deal with planting, terest in roses. pruning, propagation, rose pests-dis­ Mr. Mansfield is an. excellent writer eases, and insects (thank goodness we who presents his subject in a brief, con­ are 'not troubled by all that he describes cise and well organized manner. in detail) - and the maintenance of Starting out with a brief statement roses. The chapters on pruning and on the history of the rose, he turns to propagation are unusuall y well written descriptions of those kinds that have and illustrated. T hey apply to rose had the most influence upon our 1110d- (Continued 0/1 page 178) Sphagnum Moss as a Seedling Medium VERNON T. STOUTEMYER, CLAUDE HOPE AND ALBERT CLOSE

The use of sphagnum moss as a seed­ liminary steps, both kinds were rubbed ing medium offers many advantages to through a screen of hardwar cloth hav­ both professional and amateur plant ing three meshes to the inch. \iVith growers. It is almost a complete guar­ both kinds of sphagnum, this was an antee against loss of seedlings from easy task. Where only small quanti­ damping-off. It is cheap, and easy to ties are needed, it may be purchased at use. Although a few horticulturists some seed stores by the pound. have advocated the method in the past Large quantities of the sphagnum for a few particular subj ects, the gen­ may be prepared quickly by running eral value of sphagnum for a wide the dried baled moss through a hammer range of plant subjects is little known. mill. In this case, the material must be Sphagnum moss, dried or living, has entirely dry to avoid clogging the ma­ been used as a medium for the germi­ chine. Various sizes of screens should nation of nearly all seeds received at be tried to find one which will give the the U. S. Plant Introduction Garden correct texture of the moss. Prepara­ at Glenn Dale, Maryland, for nearly 20 tion by means of a hammer mill is years. During this period, plants of doubtless the most satisfactory method nearly 2,500 species have been started for large users. \ i\Then plant growers successfully in this manner. Complete generally recognize the value of sphag­ control of damping-off has been ob­ l1um, the shredded product ready for tained with all these species throughout use in seeding will probably become a this period. This remarkable record standard commercial article. was obtained without the use of any The flats used for seeding have usu­ chemical fungicides at any time either ally been made of new white pine, 20 on the seeds or on the seeding medium. by 10 by 3 inches, with provision for Search through standard horticul­ drainage. Seed flats made of pressed tural li terature has revealed very few galvanized sheet metal also have been instances of the use of sphagnum for highly satisfactory and may be used re­ seed germination. Several investiga­ peatedly. If a saving on the quantity tors have reported its use for special of miss is necessary, a moisture hold­ purposes, but none recommended it ing substratum, such as a mixture of widely until the authors published their two parts of peat moss and one part of first paper on this subject in the April, sand may be placed in the flat up to 1941 , issue of THE NATIONAL HORTI­ within 1 Y-1. inches of the top. Of course. CULTURAL MAGAZI NE. the flat may be filled entirely with the Sphagnum may be used just as col­ sphagnum with equally satisfactory re­ lected, or it may be dried. In propaga­ sults. tion work at Glenn Dale the living Loose moss is added to fill the flat. sphagnum collected from local bogs then firmed to bring the surface one­ was dried enough to facilitate handling, half inch below the top. The fla ts are but not enough to kill it. The ordinary well watered, and in order to insure a commercial dried sphagnum, obtai'ned thorough wetting of the sphagnum, ex­ in bales. was often moistened slightly perience at Glenn Dale shows that a before handling. but this step appears second watering within 12 to 24 hours to be optional. F ollowing these pre- is decidedly helpful. After the flat has 1170] Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 171

been prepared and watered, a final step With many subjects, somewhat is to sprinkle an additional layer of stronger and more rapid germination moss over the surface to a depth of with heavier growth of the seedlings one-eighth to one-quarter inch. In or­ can be obtained by watering the fiats, der to avoid packing this layer water is either before or after seeding, with a applied as a fine spray. Algal growths simple two-salt nutrient solution-one which have a tendency to grow over a teaspoonful each of superphosphate smooth. firmly pressed layer of sphag­ and potassium nitrate per gallon of wa­ num seem to be eliminated by this ter, in an amount sufficient to saturate somewhat loose layer of moss at the the material. Another satisfactory nu­ surface. This practice is followed at trient solution may be prepared by Glenn Dale since somewhat stagnant stirring six teaspoonfuls of the ordinary pon.d water is used. This layer might mixed garden fertilizer in one gallon of be unnecessary in cases in wh ich clear water. T hese solutions may be applied well water is available. at intervals to promote the growth of Flats of living sphagnum remain in the seedlings. good condition for a very long period, One of the most valuable character­ although one disadvantage is that some­ istics of sphagnum as a seeding medium times the moss may start into exces­ is that by withholding nutrients, plants sive new growth which wi ll smother of many species may be kept at a small the young seedlings. Often the seed­ size without permanent stunting or lings in dried sphagnum are larger and serious injury for remarkably long pe­ greener than those in the living, sug­ riods. In some cases, seed fiats of gesting that products of disintegration sphagnum have been kept for nearly a may aid growth. Doubtless only those year and normal plants have been ob- - who have a local supply will find the tained from the seedlings fo llowing use of living sphagnum practical. In transplanting to a favorable growing results there is very little di"fference be­ medium. This would obviously be im­ tween the living and dried moss. The possible with a seeding medium of soil. sphagnum used in experiments at Glenn Frequently seedlings are pricked off· Dale was found to have a pH of ap­ from the fiats at a very early stage, proximately 4.3. sometimes after only two weeks. How­ In all the fiats, the seeds were broad­ ever, with sphagnum the time for trans­ cast over the surface and generally re­ planting is not at all critical. When ceived no other cover than a pane of taken out early, the seedlings may be glass placed over the top of the fi at. A lifted out easily without any loss of the light covering of the larger seeds with root system. whidl is not always easy sphagnum is permitted and reduces the with soil. The veriest amateur should frequency of watering. Glass substi­ have no difficulty transplanting seed­ tutes of various types fastened to a lings grown on sphagnum. light wooden frame were also used and Difficulties in the Use of Sphagnum were perhaps even more satisfactory because of the light weight and free­ Most people who have followed the dom from breakage. Some seeds do directions outlined in previous publica­ not germinate without exposure to tioils by the authors have reported light, but all seed fi ats are protected highly satisfactory results. A promi­ from direct sunlight on an open bench nent plant pathologist has indorsed the in the greenhouse until germination has method and has suggested using it as started. As the seedlings developed. a means of avoiding the need for using air was admitted gradually. critical wartime chemicals for the con- 172 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

Flats of seedlings C0 11'l,pa1'ing the stand OJ/, soil w ith that on sph.agn.u11" contact with. soil 45 days afte'r sowing. In th.e 'b£pp er half of ead'! fiat, th e seeds were SO~ctl1 on a laye?' of sphagnum lying in contact with. the soil. In each pair th e flat on the left ?'ec eiv ed a layer 1).1, ,inch. thick, that on. the right, % inch thick. Upper: left, Myosotis alpestr'is; 1'ight, E,'mCU1 Jil, affine. Lowe1' : left, pehmia; Tight, sl'lapdrqg011. trol of damping-off in fiats and seed­ apparently present whi-ch destroyed beds. However, a few people have re­ the seeding medium of sphagnum ported difficulties and practically all of quickly, causing the appearance of these have been tra-ced to failure to wa­ damping-off on the seedlings. If old ter the moss suffi-ciently in preparing wooden fiats must be used, they should the seed fiats or to keep them suffi­ be disinfected by thoroughly wetting ciently watered. Appearances are some­ with 2 per cent fomlalin solution, using what deceptive to those accustomer to a sprinkel can or brush, or soaking for using other seeding media. IS minutes in Y;; per cent solution at Only one other difficulty has come to least a week before their use for grow­ the attention of the authors. In using ing seedlings. This trouble has never old wooden seed fiats where some wood appeared on reasonably clean wooden decay had started, an organism was seed fiats. Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 173

The cold-fm114e plots one month after sowing. Upper left: sphagnu.11't in a layer % inch thick to which n$~trients were a.ppl-ied severa1 ti1%es. U ppel' I'ight: sphag­ nU111, in a. laye1' % inch thief? Lower left: sphagnum, ~ 1:nch thick. Lowe1' rvght: unste1'ilized soil.

Use with Special Plant G1'0$~PS might lead some to consider it unsuit­ able for this group. However, studies The use of sphagnW11 moss as a seed­ were conducted using three somewhat ing medium is satisfactory for practi­ difficult species, Aloe variegata, C epluu­ cally all of the plants which are started locereus senilis, and IVfam1%illaria under glass. Sphagnum may be used call1ltptot1'icha in comparison with soil. in outdoor sash-covered frames, al­ In all cases the results were better in though in warm weather somew:hat fre­ sphagnum than in soiL quent watering may be needed after the sash is removed. The N! ecl'l-anis'l% of the C ont1'ol Seeds of all kinds of vegetables have been started with success in sphagnum. The reasons for the control of damp­ The method is particularly well ing-off by sphagnum are not clearly adapted to the home gardener. understood. Nevertheless, the control Seeds of ericaceous plants and many is so complete that in addition to elimi­ other fine seeds which are so often nating the need for sterili Z:ing the seed­ troublesome to the nurseryman and ing medium, no chemical treatments of florist can be handled with ease and the seeds themselves seems to be assurance of a good stand of plants. needed. Cacti and succulents are generally Preliminary trials of artifi cial cellu­ considered to require a neutral soil with lose sponge, animal sponge, glass wool, good drainage and the high acidity and peanut hulls, pecan hulls, rice hulls and moisture-holding capacity of sphagnulll also cotton eed hulls. shredded or 174 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943 ground to a satisfactory texture fm­ given enough attention to the merits use in flats for seeding in a manner of sphagnum moss as a growing me­ comparable to sphagnum, failed to dium for many kinds of plants. Trees show any material promising enough growing in sphagnum bogs in the Pa­ for further trials. cific Northwest have been observed to Possibly the superb aeration fur­ develop a remarkably heavy root sys­ nished by the physical structure of the tem in relation to the tops. Even cacti sphagnurn combined with the remark­ have been observed to grow remarkably ably high water-holding capacity pro­ well at Glenn Dale when potted in vides conditions which are not condu­ sphagnum. Plants of types which tend cive to damping-off. The strands of to require care to avoid overwatering the moss are hollow when viewed in and consequent decline have been ob­ cross-section. served to grow and thrive under ex­ G1'owi'n,g Plants in S p hagw/;£711/, ceptionally casual watering and treat­ The technique of growing plants in ment. Mineral nutrient solutions must sphagnum for shipment is by no means be applied at intervals to plants grown new and has many obvious advantages in sphagnum in this manner. The pos­ over soil because of the light weight, sibili ties of this type of culture remain cleanness and freedom from diseases or largely unexplored at the present, and insects commonly harbored in soils. offer an interesting challenge to pro­ However, few horticulturists have fessional and amateur alike. INDEX TO VOLUME 22 Figures in itaLics represent illustrations

Aberconway, L ord : Deming, W. c. : Camellia Hybrid, J. C. Williams 26 Aescu.lus pa:rviflom ______64 Aesc~~lu.s hippoC(];stanu.m ______11 4 Closed Gentian ______62 pa1'vi fi om ______64 CO1 'ylu.s avellana ______64 A 11-0 thea ______13 5 , 151 Passifiora inca1'11ata ______63 Apple, Sir I saac Newton's ______114 Discoma. ______150 Azaleas, The A merican, and Their Docanthe ______.98, 150 Variations ______158 g lm~c i j 0lia ______.____ 137 Azalea viscosa ______24 D unlap, Knight: Morea and the Moon.______10 Bates, Alfred: The Illusive I vy V III, Part I _ 153 Edanthe v eraepacis ______86 Boma reas, T wo New, and a New Eust011'La a.nd1'ewsii ______.7, 9 Stenomesson from Peru ______130 B0111,a1'ea a11'l,pa,yesana ______.130, 131 Velascoa'na ______130, 132 Foster, M. B. : A Step A head of Mother Na- Buckley, A lwyne: ture ______127 Seedlings of the Golden Rayed L i I y ______75 Fox, Helen M.: Two Leafy Greens a Day __ . __ ._ __ 49 Califo rnia Sierras in War T imes _ 71 F mnl?lin.ia alata11'Laha ______. ___ .119, 123 F ran klin' s Tree ______11 9 Camel1i a Hybrid, J. C. W illiams _ 26 C eal1.othu.s a'l1te1'icanu.s ______66 Fritilla1'ia meleag1'is ______.64, 67 Ce1'Cis canadensis ______._ 68 Chlidam,th'us j'l'a,gmns ______11 2, 113 Gentiana affwvis ______1 Chrysanthemums ______60 A ndTewsii ______35, 36 C hrysanthe1'l1,um a1'cticu11'L ______60 bwrbellata ______.4, 9 coc C'meum, ______61 calycosa ______6 Z a,wa,ds l?yi ______61 che1'okeensis ______36, 37 C la,dandm ______151 clausa ______36, 39 Close, A lbert, Vernon T. Stoute­ decom ______.36, 40 myer and Claude H ope : elegans ______.2, 3 Sphagnum Moss as a Seedling f 01'WO 0 di'i ______1 , 4 Medium ______170 F1'ase1'i ______8 Colch.icum'/, agg1"ipin'u11'l, ______18, 18 li'neGiris ______.38, 41 autumnale ______15 Pa1'1'yi ______.1, 6, 7 B 01'nmulle'l'i ______15, 16 pa1'vifolia ______38 B 'yzantinu11'L ______15 P01 ' Ph y'l' io ______35, 35 C'ihcic U11'L ______15 r011'banzovi-i ______.2, 5 Sib th or pi'i ______20 sap011a1'1:a ______42, 42, 43 s pe c io sum ______15, 19 villosa ______36, 42, 45 Van Tubergen Red .______17 Gentians of the Colorado Rockies 1 Colch icums ______15 Green, E ldred E.: Cmtaegus oxyca11tha ______11 4 Aesc~~lus hi>ppocasta11U11L ______11 4 Cook, O . F .: C eal10thus alll erica.na ______66 Household Palms and Related C e1'cis ca1wd e I1sis ______68 Genera ______. ____ 83, 134 Cmtaegus oxyca n tlw ______114 [175] 176 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

K al11'l-ia latifolia ______115 o1na 'nthe ______92 , 93 Mung Beans ______69 Oxalis ______66 Philadelphus Virginalis ______115 Pamnthe v'iolacea ______147, 152 Rhododendrons and Azaleas for the Midwest ______103 Passifiom incarnata ______.______64 Penstemons in Ohio ______107 Philadelphus Vi-rginalis ______115 Hamblin, Stephen F.: P silostachys ______152 Hybrids of Rosa setigera ______12 Henry, Mary G.: Reed, C. A.: Our Splendid Eastern Gentians 35 Sir Isaac Newton's Apple ______114 Hope, Claude, Albert Close and Rhododend1'on alaba1%enSe ______164 Vernon T. Stoutemyer : Albrecht·ii ______22, 23 Sphagnum Moss as a Seedling ar bar esc e'n s ______161, 165 Medi um ______170 fiave s c ens ______165 R ic ha1'dson-ii ______165 1r1;s Bloudowii ______64, 65 ru,bescens ______165 hist rioid es ______.______20 at lantic·u1n ______161, 164 fulva ______28, 31 aus tl' in U11I/, ______160 , 162 K (lI/1tpferi ______24 calendulace u1'PL ______159 r et iculata, ______21 , 25 a,l p11 a ______159 I vy, The Illusive VIIL______153 aw'ant-iu11 I- ______159 B a kel'i ______159 Jack, Milton: croce'v£111 ______159 Haunts of Lewisia Tweedyi 30 cu,l1l/, berlande11se ______159 Jenkins, Charles F . : fastigifolia ______159 Franklin's Tree ______119 speCiOSU1% ______159 cal1,esc ens ______164 K alm,ia latifolia ______115 candid U11'b ______164 sub 9 labru.11'b ______164 L eg nea ______134, 150 cU1nberlande'nse ______160, 162 L ewisia, Tweedyi ______30, 30 K eiskei ______5~ L iliu1'l'b (]JU.ra t~£1n ______75 J1, u.d ift 0 1"V£11II. ______163 Lily, Seedlings of the Golden ob 10 7'1 9 if a/VU 1-n ______162, 165 Rayed ______75 occid entale ______160, 162 Labia ______152 SOJ1. 0111-e11Se ______163 Lophthele mmea ______l42, 152 pon-tiC$£1n ______59, 60 prul1rifoliu11'L ______160, 162 Marriage, Kathleen: j'oseU111- ______163 Some Gentians of the Colorado s e r r'ulat'v£1'n ______166 R ocki es ______1 9 e 01' g1,anu,11'I, ______166 M aura.l'I,the ______83, 152 hmata ______100 1'/'I.ollin£lu1'I'L ______166 spec i osu.11'b ______160, 162 M eiote ______152 M iga.l1 dm ______143, 152 v'is c as U1n ______166 co e'ru lese e J/.S ______166 Morea and the Moon ______10 M orea ir1:dio·ides ______10 glau c um ______166 Mung Beans ______69 hisP1: d~£1% ______166 MuscGIYi S zovitziam £1n ______56, 57 111-0ntaml,11I/, ______166 nitidu111b ______166 N eanthe beUa ______87, 90 j,hodanthu11Ib ______166 elegans ______87, 90 rose1,f,11'L ______166 Oct., 1943 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 177

1'ub esc e 1'1 s ______166 Seni or, Robert M. : tom. e ·ntos~~1n ______166 Penstemons in Ohio ______107 Rhodendrons and Azaleas f.or the Perhaps ______27 Mi dwest ______103 Skinner, F. L.: Rosa setigera, Hybrids oL______10 Chrysanthemums ______60 Rose: Lilac Hybrids ______62 Buff King ______13 Spring in Dropmore .______112 Capt. Kidd ______13 Sorbus sitche11;Sis ______73, 74 Dooryard Delight ______14 S pathoscapha arenbergi-a IW ______145 Dubloons ______13 Stachyopho1'-b e catamctOrtl1N 146, 152 Federation ______13 filip es ______152 Hercules ______13 Stachyoplwrbe 111bOntana ______147 Jean L arfi tte ______13 Steno11'l.esson 1norrisonii ______131 , 133 Long J ohn Silver ______13 Stoutemyer, Vernon T . Claude Mabelle Stearns ______14 Hope and Albert Close : Meda ______13 Sphagnum Moss as a Seedling Mrs. Frank B. Stearns .______14 lVI edi um ______170 Mr.s. Prentiss ______12 Stoutemyer, V. T . : Pink Profusion ______14 Propagation of Muscari by Leaf Polaris ______13 Cuttings ______56 Pres. Coolidge ______12 SY'l1lf,plocos tinctoria ______63, 66 Scarlan o ______14 Thor ______13 Tithonia 1'otundifolia ______27, 29 Rowntree, Lester: California Sierras in \ "!Var Times 71 Vargas C, Cesar: Chlidanthus fragrans ______112 Two New Bomareas and aNew Stenomesson from Peru ______130 Saunders, A. P. : V emtru.111f, califo1'nicu1n ______.71 , 72 Cokhicums ______.______15 Iris hist1'ioides ______20 Wherry, Edgar T.: The American Azaleas and Their Variations ______158 178 T H E NATIONAL H ORT I CULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1943

A Book or Two in the magazine. It has the same char­ ( Contim£ed f'l'o111 page 169) acter and value but is increased by the addition of numerous chapters and growing in America as fully as under notes . F or the timid, there are lists of E nglish conditions. choice sorts, for the erudite there are N early three-fourths of the book is data to feed t heir souls, fo r the inde­ devoted to brief descriptions of rose pendent there are excuses to provoke varieties. Each variety is classifie d search and di fferences of opinion. What and described, with supplemental data more could one want fo r a dollar ? on vigor of growth, fragrance, pruning, , color, and the use for whi ch it is best Nut T1' ees suited. Most of this data is suppli ed through a key permitting descriptions Our attention has been called by of many hundreds of vari eties. Mr. J ohn W. H ershey of Downing­ M r. Mansfi eld has illustrated the town, P a., to the present campaign to book throughout with natural color enli st the interest of landowners to photographs and pen and in k sketches. plant more nut trees, particularly wal­ The photographs and sketches on prop­ nuts. This is a campaign that is going agating and pruning are very well done, out through all the channels that can making that section of the book espe­ be reached and we are happy to sug­ cially valuable to all rose growers. gest to our readers that they communi­ W ILBU R H. YOUNGMAN cate directly with Mr. Hershey to see Oc/obe?' 18, 1943 just what they can do to help estab­ li sh a greater number of the trees in Lila.cs fO?' A?'nerica. P ublished fo r the questi on in their neighborhood. In this American Association of Botani cal time, when we are invited more a nd Gardens and Arboretums by The more to co nsider all our lives from a A rthur H oyt Scott Horticultural long time point of view as well as from Foundation. Swal'thmore College, the irilmec1 iate present, it might be a Swarthmore, Pa. 1943. 64 pages. happy thing to have a chance :to plant $1.00. a few nut trees, in the full assurance Readers of T HE NATIO NAL HORTI­ that some future day, happier than the CULTURAL MAGAZ INE are already fa ­ present, would see them fl ourishing in miliar with the monumental labors of the American scene to which we are so J ohn C \ iV ister in the fiel d of lilacs, devoted. not ·only as a grower a nd observer of the ramily, but as a faithful compiler Note and student of their hi story. 'Copies of L ilacs fo r America may The present volume continues the be purchased through the Secretary's work that has been publi shed from hi s office of the American H orticultural pen in thi s fi eld, on several occasions Society. The American Horticultural Society

INVITES to membershi~ all person! who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is bo requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a ~hare in the development of the organization.

For i~ members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICUL­ TURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendrons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. c., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.