DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management 1966 to 1976

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management 1966 to 1976 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 092 349 SE 017 255 AUTHOR Darnay, Arsen; Franklin, William E. TITLE The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management1966 to 1976. INSTITUTION Environmental Health Service (DHEW/PHS), Rockville, Md. Bureau of Solid Waste Management. REPORT NO PHS-1855; SW -5c PUB DATE 69 NOTE 217p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 ($2.25, paper cover) EDES PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$10.20 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Ecology; *Recycling; Socioeconomic Influences; *Waste Disposal; Wastes IDENTIFIERS *Packaging Waste; Solid Waste Management ABSTRACT The goals of waste processors and packagersobviously differ: the packaging industry seeks durablecontainer material that will be unimpaired by external factors. Untilrecently, no systematic analysis of the relationship between packaging and solidwaste disposal had been undertaken. This three-partdocument defines these interactions, and the differences, with possible solutions,are explored. Part I discusses packaging materials, consumptiondata from 1959 to 1966, and the outlook for the period from 1966to 1976. Part II, concerned with disposability, analyzes the collectability,the resistance to disposal and processing, and salvageability andre-use of packaging materials. Part III explores mechanismsto mitigate the problems that arise from this type of waste: how research,education, incentive programs, taxes, and regulationscan reduce the quantity and reduce the processing difficulties of this disposedmaterial, yet save the natural resources from which packages ase made. (Author/JP) 4t rst 's s " 4Mb CT O Urucur Or IDACIKACISIC 1 N scum WASTE AASIACIVAIENT 14CC TC 141/C PAnT The Outlook for Packaging, 1966 to 1976' PART : The Disposability of Packaging Materials PART Ill:Mechanisms for Mitigating Problems Caused by Packaging Materials in Waste Disposal This publication (SW-5c) was written for the Bureau of Solid Waste Management by ARSEN DARNAV quid WILLIAM E. FRANKLIN Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouii ander Contract No. I'll 86-67-11,1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF' HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IlEALTII SERVICE ENVIRONNIENTAL CONTROL. ADMINISTRATION Bureau of Solid Waste Management ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 1969 Public Health Service Publication No. 1855 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 76-601197 For sale by the Suivrintervient of 4)0eurnents, 11,S. (1overnment Prioting Office Washington, U.C. 2040'2- Price $22 (paper cover) FOREWORD Packaging and solid wastes are closely linked in public awareness. Bottles, cans, plastic and paper wrappings and cartons are all too - visible- discards around us. What the public sees as litter has been confirmed as a general solid waste problem with many facets. As pointed out in this report, 52Million tons of packaging mate- rials were produced and used in the United States in 1966. Only 10 percent of this amount was reused or recycled back into industrial raw material channels. Ninety percent became solid wastes, accounting for over 13 percent of the Nation's total volume of solid wastes from residential, commercial, and industrialsources. Packaging is increasing much more rapidly than population. Estimated national per capita consumption of packaging materials was 404 pounds in 1958,525 pounds in 1966 and will be 661 pounds by 1976. Such increases are caused by several factorsself - service merchandising, ever-advancing production technology, public desire for convenience, general affluence, and the pervasive nature of packaging. We have seen the trend toward prepared and packaged foods that lighten the housewife's kitchen chores. But packaging has also become an important part of the sales pitch. As many a woman who has bought a beautifully packaged jar of face cream can tell you, the media is the message. The 4colorprocess package of baby string beans sells the box, while the set of screw drivers in the blister pack sends dad home from the hardware store 16 ith the set instead of the single tool. To a large extent the aims of packaging and of solid waste disposal are mutually exclusive. The packager wantsand technology is developinga container that won't burn, break, crush, degrade, or dissolve in water. The waste processor wants a package which is easy to reduce by burning, breaking, compaction, or degradation. The final objective of solid waste management is 'to reduce the total quantities of solid waste and unsalvageable materials through recovery and reuse. In an ideal system, packaging materials would never be discardedthey would be reprocessed by, industry and made into new packages or other products. Packaging does indeed pervade our culture. Now and for the immediate future we will have to deal with the disc-u-ded portions of 52 million and more annual tons of these materials. The present report is, we feel, a significant explora- tion of the nature of this problem. Mutant) D. VAUGHAN, Director, Bureau of Solid Waste Management. SUMMARY This document presents the findings of a research effort to define the role of packaging in waste disposal in the 1966 to 1976 period. The report is divided into three parts: Part 1 presents historical packaging material consumption data for the 1958 to 1966 period, a forecast of packaging material consumption to 1976, and a discussion of the economic, technological, marketing, and demographic trends and forces underlying the forecast. iii PACKAGING Part II analyzes the disposability of packaging materials in 1966 and in 1976. The quantitative solid waste burden imposed by packaging in the two years is discussed, as well as collection problems engendered by packaging, anti packaging material resistance to disposal processing. Part III is an exploratory analysis of the various mechanisms that might be employed for mitigating the problems caused by packaging materials in waste disposal. These above sections are followed by two appendices. Appendix I presents tabtdar materials that will permit interested persons to follow the route by whichwe arrived at our Disposal Resistance Index figures. Appendix Il is a bibliography of literature used as background for this analysis. MI tabular and graphic materials are numbered consecutively throughout the report, as are all reference citations. The references cited are found listed at the end of the report in the section preceding the appendices. Part I In 1966, 51.7 million tons of packaging materials were produced and sold in the United Status. Of this massive tonnagemade up of many billions of individual units, most of them weighing much less than a pound eachabout 90 percent en. tered the stream of solid wastes that had to be disposed of, thus accounting for about 13 percent of the 350 million tons (9.7 pounds per person per day) of resi- dential, commercial, and portions of industrial wastes generated.* The 1966 tonnage was well above 1958 packaging materials consumption. In 1958, 35.4 million tons were consumed in the United States. And in 1976, con- sumption of packaging materials across the nation should have increased to 73.5 million tons, up 21.8 million tons from 1966. Packaging is increasing in quantity much more rapidly than population. Per capita consumption of packaging materials was 404 pounds in 1958, 525 pounds in 1966, and will be 661 pounds by 1976. Many factors underlie this dramatic increase, but chief among them is the continuing rise of self-service merchandising, creating a growing need for packages that sell the product without the help of a sales clerk. This accounts for much of the quantitative increase. Qualitative changes will be brought about by the need for improved product differentiation by packaging methods (another result of self-service merchandising requirements), the rise of many new food products which call for unique packaging golutions (instant foods, freeze-dried foods, etc.), and the vastly expanded choice in materials provided the package designer by the advent of plastics and other relatively new packaging materials. In spite of these forces, the relative importance of the basic packaging mate- rialspaper, glass, metals, wood, plastics, and textileswill remain about the same throughout the 1966 to 1976 period. Paper and paperboard which accounted for 54.8 percent of all packaging by weight in 1966, will represent 56.9 percent of *Excludes agricultural wastes (1.3 billion tons a year), mining wastes (I billion tons per year), scrapped automobiles (6 million units or about 15 million tons per year), and building rubble, for which we have no estimates. iv IN 80110 WASTE MANAGEMENT packaging in 1976. Metals anti glass will also maintain their proportions of the market. Both wood anti textiles will decline somewhat. Only in plastics packaging materials will there be a dramatic change: plastics, which held 2.4 percent of the packaging market by weight in 1966, will have don! led their share by 1976. Part H Of packaging materials consumed in 1966, approximately 46.5 million tons were discarded as waste; the remaining 10 percent was returned for reuse or re. processed into new products. Collection and disposal of this tonnage cost the nation $419 million in 1966. Assuming no increase in the costs of collection and disposal, which is unlikely, ex penditures on the disposal processing of packaging materials will stand at $595 million in 1976, up by $176 million. In that year, 66.2 million tons of packaging will have to be handled as waste. Collection of the increase alone, seine 19.7 million tons, will require nearly 5 million collection trips in 1976; trips that did not have to be made in 1966, and which will call for the addition of some 9,500 new collection vehicles at a cost ranging between $135 and $190 million. Collection will be more difficult for several reasons: a dramatic increase in oneway beverage containers is expected to intensify the litter problem; the uncom- pacted density of packaging material wastes will decrease because lighter and more resilient materials will have gained a proportionately larger share of packaging markets (measured in weight); d compactibility of packaging wastes will have deteriorated slightly.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Packaging of Dairy Products - II
    Paper no.: 12 Paper Title: Food Packaging Technology Module-19: Packaging of Dairy Products - II 19.1 Introduction In this module, we will discuss regarding the packaging of butter, ghee, cheese and milk powder. Butter and ghee contains a high percentage of fat, so they are very susceptible to spoilage. So packaging material used should be selected in such a way that it possesses good grease resistance, and barrier properties against oxygen and moisture. Cheese is fermented dairy product, having low pH and comparative higher moisture content while milk powder is dried product, containing very low moisture. 19.2 Butter It consists primarily of about 80% milk fat, 16% moisture and in table butter up to 3% common salt. Because of high moisture content butter is susceptible to mold growth and lypolytic rancidity 19.2.1 Characteristics of Butter 1. Due to high moisture content butter unlike solid fats is susceptible to mold growth. 2. Flavour and odour are easily absorbed by butter from its environment. 3. Deterioration of the butter may take place due to rancidity. 4. Butter has tendency to lose Moisture. 19.2.2 Requirement of Packaging: 1. Non toxic, not harmful to consumer’s health. 2. It should be grease/moisture proof. 3. Shall be barrier for Oxygen. 4. Low metallic content as metals favor oxidation of fat. 5. Shall not transmit light. 19.2.3 Packaging Material In India, butter is packed in bulk as well as in retail packages. For bulk packaging, there is no standard method, and generally polyethylene bags/parchment paper along with corrugated boxes are used.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational by Design Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    COMPUTATIONAL BY DESIGN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Viktor Malakuczi | 156 pages | 18 Jan 2019 | Common Ground Research Networks | 9781863351225 | English | none Computational by Design PDF Book Suche via eMail Abonnieren. Five family members aged years presented with fever, upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhea, or a combination of these days after exposure. Here we present a benchmark framework for comparison between flexible-backbone design methods applied to binding interactions. Notably, homol. This paper presents methodology and implementation of parametric architectural design of bricklaying walls fabricated by industrial robotic arm. What is Computational Design? Our emails are made to shine in your inbox, with something fresh every morning, afternoon, and weekend. Across the continent, drones are also in place to deliver everything from hospital supplies to life jackets in Chile and El Salvador. We recommend the use of the mixed-precision SPDP model since the numerical results obtained are comparable with those of the full double precision DPDP model and the ref. Adapted from the intro for How To Speak Machine , which will be published later this year by Penguin. Tools Intellectual property Organizations Awards. The new GLYCAM is no longer limited to any particular class of biomolecules, but is extendible to all molecular classes in the spirit of a small-molecule force field. If you are interested in creating your own Visual Programming interface , either standalone or plug-in, please check out pupi. Aish is the father of Computation Design as we know it. The successes and failures represent a wide variety of interface types and design goals including heterodimers, homodimers, peptide-protein interactions, one-sided designs i.
    [Show full text]
  • Camp Wanna-Read: Program Guide for the Texas Reading Club 1991. INSTITUTION Texas State Library, Austin
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 337 135 IR 015 121 AUTHOR Switzer, Robin Works TITLE Camp Wanna-Read: Program Guide for the Texas Reading Club 1991. INSTITUTION Texas State Library, Austin. Dept. of Library Development. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 91 NOTE 273p.; For the 1990 program guide, see ED 326 245. PUB TYPE Guides - Nun-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adolescent Literature; *Childrens Libraries; Childrens Literature; Elementary Secondary Education; Films; Guidelines; Handicrafts; *Library Planning; Library Services; Preschool Children; Program Development; Public Libraries; Reading Games; *Reading Programs; *Recreational Reading; State Programs IDENTIFIERS *Texas Reading Club ABSTRACT Camp Wanna-Read is the theme for the 1991 program for the Texas Reading Club, which centers around the experIences and types of things that happen at summer camp. Each chapter is a type of camp a child might attend such as cooking camp, art camp, music camp, science camp, Indian ..:amp, nature camp, and regular summer camp. The chapters are divided by program and age level. In each chapter there are themes, ideas, and books for programs for children from preschool age through grade two, and grades three and up. The themes are used to unite the literature presented into a memorable whole, and to help with lesson planning. Programs for the grade two and under include books, films, fingerplays, dramatics, puppets, and crafts, and: last for 30 minutes. Programs for grade three and up run from 30 minutes to an hour and include booktalks, films, guest speakers, creative writing, drama, and art. Also included in this manual a::e guidelines and resources for providing services to children with hearing disabilities; clip art; lists of outside resources including outside speakers and music, miscellaneous, and environmental resources; puzzles, drawings, handouts, and giveaways; and guidelines and sample materials to assist librarians in organizing a reading program.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Package Design for a Craft Wooden Boat Model Using Corrugated Board and Natural Extract to Prevent Termites
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 13, No. 8; 2017 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Study of Package Design for a Craft Wooden Boat Model Using Corrugated Board and Natural Extract to Prevent Termites Janyut Srihirun1 & Benja Satongkrun1 1 Faculty of Architecture, Department of Art and Design, Naresuan University, Thailand Correspondence: Janyut Srihirun, Faculty of Architecture, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand. Tel: 668-6514-3075. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: May 3, 2017 Accepted: June 29, 2017 Online Published: July 25, 2017 doi:10.5539/ass.v13n8p103 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n8p103 Abstract The objectives of this research were to study and design packaging, test its efficiency, and determine the satisfaction levels of consumers with the structure and graphic design of a craft wooden boat model packaging produced from corrugated board using natural extract to prevent termites. Data collection was conducted using focus groups of producers and consumers. Data was then summarized and used for the design and creation of the model packaging. Suggestions from experts were applied to improve the packaging of the craft wooden boat model; its preventive efficiency was then tested and the satisfaction of consumers was assessed. The results of the package structure test showed that bursting strength was 8.66 kgf/cm2, edge crush test was 3.86 kg/cm and drop height was 762 mm, which reaches standards ASTM D 774, ISO 3037 and ASTM D 5276, as well as helping prevent termites from biting. The size and design were portable and suitable to be displayed for sale.
    [Show full text]
  • Bottle Trees
    Bottle Trees by Daniela Edwards RC Creative Writing Winter 2012 1 For Paige, my oldest sister, most frequent rival, consistent critic, steadfast supporter, and oldest friend. And for Mona, in return for fast friendship and late-night sci-fi marathons. 2 Contents Introduction: A Conceit…………………...………………………………………………4 Gingerbread……………………………….……………………………………………….9 Lasting……………………………………………………………………………………13 Horseplay………………………………..……………………………………………….18 Mag……………………………………..………………………………………………..29 Compulsion……………………………..………………………………………………..37 Storm……………………………………..………………………………………………44 Clock……………………………………………………………………………………52 Doll……………………………………...……………………………………………….65 Bottle Tree……………………………….………………………………………………73 Cellar Wine………………………………………………………………………………82 Nan……………………………………….………………………………………………95 3 Introduction: A Conceit During my last semester as an undergraduate, I took a class called “Creative Musicianship.” Mark Kirschenmann, one of the two instructors for the course, focused particularly upon the “creative” part of the course description. Several sessions of the lab section consisted of him showing the class portions of online lectures about creativity (Elizabeth Gilbert’s TED video is certainly worth a look), talking to us about his own creative challenges – such as a course he took as a college student which required him to compose a new piece each week – and urging the class to discuss our own methods and difficulties. Though I entered the course hoping to get more of a grasp on musical creation methods, I ended up learning a lot about creativity
    [Show full text]
  • VERBAL BEHAVIOR by B. F. Skinner William James Lectures Harvard
    VERBAL BEHAVIOR by B. F. Skinner William James Lectures Harvard University 1948 To be published by Harvard University Press. Reproduced by permission of B. F. Skinner† Preface In 1930, the Harvard departments of psychology and philosophy began sponsoring an endowed lecture series in honor of William James and continued to do so at irregular intervals for nearly 60 years. By the time Skinner was invited to give the lectures in 1947, the prestige of the engagement had been established by such illustrious speakers as John Dewey, Wolfgang Köhler, Edward Thorndike, and Bertrand Russell, and there can be no doubt that Skinner was aware that his reputation would rest upon his performance. His lectures were evidently effective, for he was soon invited to join the faculty at Harvard, where he was to remain for the rest of his career. The text of those lectures, possibly somewhat edited and modified by Skinner after their delivery, was preserved as an unpublished manuscript, dated 1948, and is reproduced here. Skinner worked on his analysis of verbal behavior for 23 years, from 1934, when Alfred North Whitehead announced his doubt that behaviorism could account for verbal behavior, to 1957, when the book Verbal Behavior was finally published, but there are two extant documents that reveal intermediate stages of his analysis. In the first decade of this period, Skinner taught several courses on language, literature, and behavior at Clark University, the University of Minnesota, and elsewhere. According to his autobiography, he used notes from these classes as the foundation for a class he taught on verbal behavior in the summer of 1947 at Columbia University.
    [Show full text]
  • I4 Energy Recovery Wheel
    I4 ENERGY RECOVERY WHEEL innergytech.com 5 year warranty parts & labor HEAT PIPES PLATES WHEELS CORES * 8068_IT_Manual I4_V2_octobre 2019 Révision 01 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THIS MANUAL ________________________________________________________________________________4 WINNERGY PRO SELECTION SOFTWARE _______________________________________________________________5 THE IMPROVED I4 WHEEL DESIGN _____________________________________________________________________6 THE I4R FIELD INSTALLED ENERGY RECOVERY WHEEL ___________________________________________________7 SPLIT FRAME DESIGN ________________________________________________________________________________7 PERFECT FOR MECHANICAL ROOMS AND RETROFIT APPLICATIONS _____________________________________7 OTHER FIELD SERVICES ______________________________________________________________________________7 FEATURES AND BENEFITS _____________________________________________________________________________7 PRODUCT OVERVIEW ________________________________________________________________________________8 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ___________________________________________________________________________9 1.1 Energy recovery _______________________________________________________________________________ 9 1.2 Key wheel effectiveness factors ________________________________________________________________10 I4 CONSTRUCTION/PARTS __________________________________________________________________________11 2.1 Construction details __________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time (The Frontiers Collection), 5Th
    the frontiers collection the frontiers collection Series Editors: A.C. Elitzur M.P. Silverman J. Tuszynski R. Vaas H.D. Zeh The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active scientists in all areas to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, consciousness and complex systems – the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge. InformationandItsRoleinNature The Thermodynamic By J. G. Roederer Machinery of Life By M. Kurzynski Relativity and the Nature of Spacetime By V. Petkov The Emerging Physics of Consciousness Quo Vadis Quantum Mechanics? Edited by J. A. Tuszynski Edited by A. C. Elitzur, S. Dolev, N. Kolenda Weak Links Life – As a Matter of Fat Stabilizers of Complex Systems The Emerging Science of Lipidomics from Proteins to Social Networks By O. G. Mouritsen By P. Csermely Quantum–Classical Analogies Mind, Matter and the Implicate Order By D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman By P.T.I. Pylkkänen Knowledge and the World Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads Challenges Beyond the Science Wars New Perspectives from History, Edited by M.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL FILM BOARD of CANADA FEATURED at Moma
    The Museum off Modern Art 50th Anniversary NO. 16 ID FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 3, 1981 DOCUMENTARY FILMS FROM THE NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA FEATURED AT MoMA NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA: A RETROSPECTIVE is a three-part tribute presented by The Museum of Modern Art in recog­ nition of NFBC's 41 years Of exceptional filmmaking. PART TWO: DOCUMENTARY FILMS, running from March 26 through May 12 in the Museum's Roy and Niuta Titus Auditorium, will trace the develop­ ment of the documentary form at NFBC, and will be highlighted by a selection of some of the finest films directed by Donald Brittain, whose work has won wide acclaim and numerous awards. PART TWO: DOCUMENTARY will get off to an auspicious start with twelve of Donald Brittain's powerful and unconventional portraits of exceptional individuals. Best known in this country for "Volcano: An Inquiry Into The Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry" (1976), Brittain brings his personal stamp of creative interpretation to such subjects as America's love affair with the automobile in "Henry Ford's America" (1976) ; the flamboyant Lord Thompson of Fleet Street (the newspaper baron who just sold the cornerstone of his empire, The London Times) in "Never A Backward Step" (1966); Norman Bethune, the Canadian poet/ doctor/revolutionary who became a great hero in China when he marched with Mao ("Bethune" 1964); and the phenomenal media hysteria sur­ rounding the famous quintuplets in "The Diorme Years" (1979) . "Memo­ randum" (1965) accompanies a Jewish glazier from Tcronto when he takes his son back to the concentration camp where he was interned, an emotion­ al and historical pilgrimage of strong impact and sensitivity.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESS RELEASE Paper and Plastic Sacks Provide Equivalent Shelf Life
    PRESS RELEASE 11th December 2019 Paper and plastic sacks provide equivalent shelf life Paris/Stockholm, 11th December 2019: A recent study found that paper sacks and form-fill- seal (FFS) polyethylene sacks provided equivalent protection for cement when stored for 18 months under the same conditions. The study was conducted by the Norwegian research organisation SINTEF on behalf of the European Paper Sack Research Group (ESG), a collaboration between CEPI Eurokraft and EUROSAC. “Since cement hardens when reacting with water, perfect product protection of the packaging is vital when storing cement for a longer period of time in order to conserve its quality and properties,” explains Catherine Kerninon, General Delegate of EUROSAC. “To ensure that our industry meets the requirements of cement producers and can compete within the packaging market for cement, we investigated the shelf life of the two sack solutions that are used most widely on the market: cement paper sacks and cement plastic sacks.” For the study, typical sack solutions of each type were Paper sacks protect the product quality chosen: a standard cement paper valve sack made and performance for at least 18 months of two paper layers of 80 g and 70 g with a 12 μm in storage. Image storage depot: Sika Deutschland, Rosendahl, Germany high density polyethylene (HDPE) free film barrier, and a standard plastic sack made of three layers of COEX PE film (LDPE, HDPE and LLDPE) with a total thickness of 120 µm. Study design Three sacks of each type were filled with the same type of cement and stored in an outside storage house in Norway where they were exposed to ambient weather conditions throughout the test period.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability, Non- Uniformity, and Complexity: from Product to Process
    Preferred citation: T. Uesaka. Review: Variability, non-uniformity and complexity: from product to process. In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Cambridge 2013, Trans. of the XVth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 2013, (S.J. I’Anson, ed.), pp 321–357, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.2013.1.321. VARIABILITY, NON- UNIFORMITY, AND COMPLEXITY: FROM PRODUCT TO PROCESS Tetsu Uesaka Fibre Science and Communication Network (FSCN), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, SE- 851 70, Sundsvall, Sweden 1. INTRODUCTION The variability in process and product is part of our life in the industry. For example, in the headbox jet speed and temperature are constantly changing at different frequencies; cross-machine direction elastic stiffness has a typical inverse-smile pattern across the paper machine width; qualities of pulp bale often vary from one shipment to the other. For many years, the industry has been tackling this problem in different unit processes. Particularly in today’s competi- tive market, achieving consistency and uniformity is a necessary condition for staying in the market. Accordingly the subject has been heavily investigated in process control area in terms of control methods (adaptive control, multi- variable control, and expert system), sensor developments, and process modeling and simulation. (A comprehensive review of contemporary process control is provided in [1–2].) This review paper deals with the same subject but from a slightly different angle, i.e., performance perspective. In the beginning, it may not be obvious why performance problems are those of variability and non- uniformity. However, this problem almost always emerges as a central theme at the end.
    [Show full text]
  • Hale's Popuur Blanket Is Now Forming Bed Pillows ^All Hat $0.98
    T e •= WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 1«, 194t V- MunrljfBtet E tirttin s ■ H. •m m • Foil Pay the CoM or the War Is Lost-—^uy Bonds! X gasoline rations to worker* In the mileage in ao doing la below civilian defense activities , has 150 miles |^r month, special ra­ Bolton Scene New New England TraiiH{iortation Bus Burns at Bolton Notch Defense W ork been received by local War Price tions cannot be Issued. These will About Town and Rationing Board 11-76 arid be allowed only when the appll*, Average Daily Cirenlation was adopted at the last meeting cant is limited to 90 mUea per The Weathdr > Gas Ruling For the Month of Angmt, 1842 of the l;^ rd %s its.official guide month of personal driving and Foeeenei a< U. S. Weather poiean mcmUur meMBg rf th» Of Bus Fire on future applications. A ruling when his request la deemed rea­ ■— KunM ’ AM* Oorpa will bv the state OPA office sUtea sonable. t 7,530 b* M d twBorww txrm^ — ^ New Interpretation of that 150 miles per month must be Town Treasurer George H. ••(•eek at th« T.M.CA. and the New Vehicle* Owiietl Mamher e< the Andtt Oonthmed Warm and Rgntd tiiK Regulation Adopted as used from “ A” b»oks for travel­ Waddell, head of Civillari D efens/ iiiglit. jfM lIin t X n . Wlnthrop Reed ing to work on defense activities. activities In Manchester, has been Biu'm w o< dmnlntlon* Mopee fnr a. ( o ^ atteadanoe. Mis* By New England C6. .notified of this ruling. F#n» Locke, aupertiitecd^ otf Guide by Board Here.
    [Show full text]