Index

Note: Page numbers followed by the letter f refer to figures and those followed by t refer to tables.

Abdominal aorta Aneurysmal bone cyst, 127–128, 445, 445f Arterial enhancement (Continued) aneurysm of, 484, 485f Angiocardiography, 272–273 in cerebral infarction, 51, 51f dissection of, 268f Angiofibroma, juvenile, of nasopharynx, 230, in extra-axial lesions, 1, 461 Abdominal MRI, 289–352, 290f. See also 231f Arterial vascular territories, in specific organ, e.g., Liver. Angiography cerebrovascular disease, 54–60, 55f–63f Abscess computed tomography, 479 Arteriovenous malformation epidural, cervical spine findings in, 125– magnetic resonance calcification in, 44–45 126, 126f contrast-enhanced. See Contrast-en- contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- of brain, 61, 63, 89, 89f hanced magnetic resonance angiog- giography in, 492 of parapharyngeal space, 232 raphy. dural-based, 44 of spleen, 317–318 in cerebral infarction, 63 intracranial, 41, 43f–45f, 44–45 Achilles tendon in cerebral ischemic disease, 50–51, 50f parenchymal changes in, 45 anatomy of, 430 in intracranial aneurysm, 39, 39f, 474 perimesencephalic cistern, 43f inflammation of, 431, 432f Angiolipoma, 169 thalamic, 44f to, 430–431, 431f of kidney, 341, 344f thoracic, 167–168, 168f Achondroplasia, of lumbar spine, 181 of lumbar spine, 199f Arthritis, of lumbar spine, 209, 213f Acoustic neuroma, bilateral, 108–109, 108f Angioma Arthrography Acoustic schwannoma, 17–19, 18f–19f cavernous in temporomandibular joint perforation, contrast agent dose in, 470–471 brain findings in, 47, 47f 420 intracanalicular, 18, 19f cervical spine findings in, 128, 129f magnetic resonance, of glenohumeral joint, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See venous, 45, 46f 416, 416f HIV infection. AngioMARK (MSS-325, Mallinckrodt), 465 Articular cartilage, of knee, injury to, 394 Acromial configuration, impingement Angiomatosis Astrocytoma syndrome and, 412, 413f encephalotrigeminal, 45, 110, 110f anaplastic (grade III), 4–5, 5f Acromioclavicular joint retinocerebral, 109–110 cerebellar, 12, 13f anatomy of, 410 Angiopathy, amyloid, cerebrovascular disease classification of, 3 hypertrophy at, 411–412, 412f in, 74 enhancement patterns in, 4 Adenolymphoma, of parotid gland, 234 Angiosarcoma, of spleen, 318 grade I, 3 Adenoma Ankle, 425, 429–432 grade II, 5, 6f adrenal, 330, 334, 335f anatomy of, 429–430 imaging plane in, 4 hepatocellular, 294, 297f, 298f ligament of, 432, 434f intracranial, 3–5, 3f–6f pancreatic, microcystic, 326, 329f MRI techniques in, 429 of cervical spine, 128, 130f–131f parathyroid, 242 pathology in, 430–432, 430f–435f of thoracic spine, 164, 165f pituitary, 22–23, 23f, 470–471 tendon injuries of, 430–432, 431f–434f pilocytic, 12, 13f pleomorphic, of salivary gland, 234, 235f Ankylosing spondylitis, of lumbar spine, 209, juvenile, 3 thyroid, 242 213f recurrent, 26f Adenomyosis, of uterus, 358, 362f, 363 Annular bulge, in lumbar spine, 216, 217f Atherosclerosis Adrenal gland, 330–337 Annular tear, in lumbar spine, 216, 216f cerebral infarction in, 60–61, 63 adenoma of, 330, 334, 335f Annulus fibrosus, 174 lesion distribution in, 60–61 cyst of, 337 Anterior cerebral artery magnetic resonance angiography in functional disorders of, 330 distribution of, 54, 55f of carotid artery, 474, 477f–478f, ganglioneuroma of, 332, 334f infarction of, 54, 58f–60f, 61f 478 metastasis to, 334, 336f Anterior choroidal artery, distribution of, 54, of lower extremity, 489, 490, 491f MRI techniques in, 330 55f of renal artery, 484, 487f myelolipoma of, 334, 337, 338f–339f Anterior cruciate ligament of upper extremity, 492 anatomy of, 388 neuroblastoma of, 332, 333f, 335 thoracic aorta ulcers in, 484, 485f tear of, 388, 389, 390f–391f paraganglioma of, 330, 332, 332f Atlanto-occipital dislocation, 141 Anterior spinal artery, 117 pseudocyst of, 337 Atlas, 117 Anteroinferior cerebellar artery, distribution Adrenocortical carcinoma, 330, 331f Atrium (atria) of, 55f, 60 left, myxoma of, 286f, 288 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 111, 113f, 114 Aortic aneurysm MRI of, 281 Aggressive fibromatosis, 437 abdominal, 484, 485f right, lipoma of, 288 Agyria, 104–105 thoracic, 266–267, 266f, 483, 483f Avascular necrosis AIDS. See HIV infection. Aortic arch anomalies, 273–275, 273f–279f, in hip, 399–402, 401f–402f Air-fluid level, in paranasal sinus, 235, 237, 481, 482f in temporomandibular joint, 420 237f Aortic coarctation, contrast-enhanced MR in wrist/hand, 421, 422f Alcoholism, cerebellar degeneration in, 76f, angiography of, 481, 482f Axis, 117 77 Aortic dissection Amyloid angiopathy, cerebrovascular disease abdominal, 268f in, 74 thoracic, 267, 267f–271f, 483, 484f Anaphylactoid reaction, to contrast agents, Apoplexy, pituitary, 23 Back pain, after lumbar spine , 207, 464 Arachnoid cyst, 20–21, 21f, 100, 101f 208f, 209, 210f–212f Aneurysm Arachnoiditis, of lumbar spine, 187, 190–192, Background tissue signal, magnetization fusiform, 36 190f–191f transfer suppression of, 457, 459f of abdominal aorta, 484, 485f Arterial dissection, cerebrovascular disease in, Bacterial meningitis, 93f of brain. See Intracranial aneurysm. 73–74 Baker’s cyst, of knee, 395, 397f of renal artery, 484, 487f Arterial enhancement Bankart lesion, 417 of thoracic aorta, 266–267, 266f, 483, 483f contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- Bartholin’s cyst, 367 of vein of Galen, 45 giography for, 473–474, 473f–475f. See Basal ganglia saccular, 36, 37f also Contrast-enhanced magnetic reso- dilated perivascular space in, 69, 69f Aneurysm clip, ferromagnetic, 39–40 nance angiography. lacunar infarction involving, 67f 493 494 INDEX

Basilar artery Brain (Continued) Bronchial cancer, with mediastinal invasion, aneurysm of, 36, 38f, 39, 476f colloid, 14, 15f 258, 262f ectasia of, 40–41, 42f hyperintense white matter foci in, 71 Bronchogenic carcinoma, pulmonary artery Basilar invagination (impression) pineal, 11, 12f involvement in, 479, 481f brain findings in, 98, 99f dermoid of, 19–20, 20f Bronchogenic cyst, 260f cervical spine findings in, 123 ependymoma of, 15 Bucket-handle tear, of meniscus, 385, 385f, Basivertebral vein, enhancement of, 174 epidermoid of, 19, 20f 388 Batson’s plexus ganglioglioma of, 5, 7f Budd-Chiari syndrome, 314, 315f, 488 in cervical spine, 117 ganglioneuroma of, 5 , of hip, 402, 408f, 409f in lumbar spine, 174 germ cell tumor of, 11, 11f Burst fracture, of thoracic spine, 169 Berry aneurysm, 36, 37f hemangioblastoma of, 12, 14, 14f Butterfly vertebrae, 156 Biceps tendon hemorrhage of, 28–36 long head of, impingement on, 416 hypoperfusion of, ischemic disease from, tear of, 424–425, 426f 63–64 Bile ducts, magnetic resonance hypoxic-ischemic injury to, 72–73, 73f, 84– C sign, in MRI of breast implant, 253 cholangiopancreatography of, 289 85, 84f–85f Calcaneal lipoma, 448f Binswanger’s disease, hyperintense white imaging sequences in, 2–3 Calcification matter foci in, 71 infarction of. See Cerebral infarction. in arteriovenous malformation, 44–45 Bladder infection of, 87, 89–97 in oligodendroglioma, 5, 6f carcinoma of, 353–354, 355f computed tomography in, 78 Calvarium, metastasis to, 25, 25f MRI of, 354 in AIDS, 94, 95f–97f, 97 Canavan’s disease, 114, 114f normal, 354 meningeal, 92, 92f–94f, 94 Capillary telangiectasia, 47 sarcoma arising from, 354, 356f parenchymal, 89, 89f–92f, 91–92 Capital femoral epiphysis, slipped, 410, 411f Blood-brain barrier, disruption of ischemia of. See Cerebral ischemia. Carbon monoxide poisoning, cerebrovascular disease in, 73 contrast enhancement associated with, 1, leptomeningeal metastasis in, 21, 21f Carcinoid tumor, hypervascular liver 461 lipoma of, 102, 103f metastasis of, 300, 302f in cerebral ischemia, 48 medulloblastoma of, 12, 14f Carcinoma Bolus chasing, in lower extremity contrast- meningioma of, 15–17, 16f–18f, 24 adrenocortical, 330, 331f enhanced magnetic resonance metastasis bladder, 353–354, 355f angiography, 489, 490f calvarial, 25, 25f breast, 245f–247f, 250, 253, 254f–255f Bone cyst, aneurysmal contrast use in, 8–9, 9f, 10f bronchogenic, 479, 481f MRI findings in, 445, 445f hemorrhagic, 9–10, 10f cervical, 365–367, 366f–367f of cervical spine, 127–128 intra-axial, 8–10, 8f–10f cholangiocellular, intrahepatic, 313–314, Bone marrow leptomeningeal, 21, 21f 313f abnormalities of normal variants of, 98, 99f endometrial, 363, 364f–365f in knee, 395, 395f–397f oligodendroglioma of, 5, 6f hepatocellular, 294, 295f, 296f MRI evaluation of, 449 pineal cell tumor of, 11, 11f laryngeal, 242 normal, 449 primitive neural ectodermal tumor of, 5, 7, lung, with mediastinal invasion, 258, 262f Bone tumor. See also specific type, e.g., 7f nasopharyngeal, 229–230, 229f, 241 Chordoma. radiation injury to, 85, 86f–87f, 87 oropharyngeal, 232–233 intracranial, 24–25, 25f–26f tumors of, 1–27 ovarian, 375, 376f–377f MRI findings in, 437, 440f–448f, 445–449 contrast use in, 1–2, 3, 8–9, 9f, 10f pancreatic, 322, 323f–325f, 324 involvement in, 449 extra-axial, 15–21, 16f–21f paranasal sinus, 239–240, 239f staging of, 447, 449 imaging sequences in, 2–3 prostatic, 380, 380f Brachial plexus in pituitary and parasellar region, 21–24, renal, 337, 340, 341, 343f, 345, 346f–349f, injury to, 146, 147f 23f–24f 351–352 Pancoast tumor of, 263, 264f intra-axial (infratentorial space), 11–14, thyroid, 242 Brain. See also Cerebral entries; specific part, 13f–14f vaginal, 367, 368f e.g., Cerebellum. intra-axial (supratentorial space), 3–11, Carcinomatosis, meningeal, 21f abscess of, 61, 63, 89, 89f 3f–12f Cardiac mass, 286f–287f, 288 acoustic schwannoma of, 17–19, 18f–19f intraventricular, 14–15, 15f Cardiomyopathy, 282–284 aneurysm of. See Intracranial aneurysm. osseous, 24–25, 25f–26f dilated, 283 arterial vascular territories for, 54–60, 55f– postoperative evaluation of, 25, 26f, 27 hypertrophic, 283, 283f 63f vs. thrombotic cerebral infarction, 61, 63 restrictive, 283 arteriovenous malformation of, 41, 43f– vascular disease of. See Cerebrovascular dis- Cardiorespiratory arrest, hypoxemic injury in, 45f, 44–45 ease. 84, 84f astrocytoma of watershed areas in, 64 Carotid artery cerebellar, 12, 13f white matter disease in, 78–87 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- intracranial, 3–5, 3f–6f Brainstem glioma, 12, 13f giography of, 474, 477f–479f, 478 choroid plexus papilloma of, 14–15 Breast infarction of, atherosclerotic thrombotic, congenital disease of, 98–116 carcinoma of, 250, 253 60 Chiari malformations as, 98–100, 100f– invasive, 245f–247f, 254f–255f MRI of, 242 101f cyst of, 244 Carotid body tumor, 232 craniovertebral, 98, 99f fibroadenoma of, 244, 250, 250f–252f Carpal bones, 420 dysmyelinating, 111, 113f–115f, 114–116 fibrocystic disease in, 244 Carpal tunnel, anatomy of, 421 neurocutaneous, 106, 108–110, 108f– MRI of Carpal tunnel syndrome, 423, 423f, 424f 110f indications for, 244 Cartilage cap, MRI findings in, 437, 445 neuronal migration, 104–106, 105f–107f protocol for, 243–244 Cartilage injuries, of knee, 394 contrast media in, 1–2 parenchymal proliferation in, 244, 248f– Caudal regression, 175–176, 176f contrast-enhanced MRI of 249f Cavernous angioma angiographic, 474, 475f–477f Breast implant, MRI of, 253, 256f, 257f brain findings in, 47, 47f conventional, 460–461 Breath-hold T1-weighted sequences cervical spine findings in, 128, 129f contusion of, 64, 64f in abdomen, 289 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- cyst of in adrenal gland, 330 giography in, 477f arachnoid, 20–21, 21f, 100, 101f in chest, 258 Cavernous sinus meningioma, 17, 459f INDEX 495

Cavum septum pellucidum, 98, 99f Cerebrovascular disease (Continued) Chiari malformation Cavum septum vergae, 98, 99f arterial vascular territories involved in, 54– type I Cavum velum interpositum, 98 60, 55f–63f brain findings in, 98–99, 100f Central nervous system. See also Brain; Spinal clinical considerations in, 48 cervical spine findings in, 121–123, 122f cord. dilated perivascular spaces as, 69, 69f–70f type II lymphoma of, 7–8, 8f, 97 in amyloid angiopathy, 74 brain findings in, 99–100, 101f, 123 Central pontine myelinolysis, 76f, 77, 85 in arterial dissection, 73–74 cervical spine findings in, 123, 123f Cerebellar artery in Moyamoya, 74, 75f type III distribution of, 54, 55f, 60 MRI principles in, 49–53, 49f–54f brain findings in, 100 infarction of, 60, 62f–63f pathophysiology of, 48–49 cervical spine findings in, 123 Cerebellar tonsils, abnormalities involving, small vessel, 69, 71, 71f Children. See also Infants. 121–123, 122f–123f Cerebrovascular malformations gadolinium chelate use in, 472 Cerebellopontine angle, meningioma in, 17 classification of, 36 hip disorders in, 402, 410, 411f Cerebellum occult, 47 hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in, 72, 73, astrocytoma of, 12, 13f Cervical spine, 117–155 73f, 85, 85f degenerative disease in, 76f, 77 acute transverse myelitis of, 155 lumbar spine in, 175 hypoplasia of, 100, 102 aneurysmal bone cyst of, 127–128 myelination in, 110–111, 111f–113f primitive neural ectodermal tumor of, 7 astrocytoma of, 128, 130f–131f neuroblastoma in, 332, 333f, 335 watershed region in, 64 cavernous angioma of, 128, 129f renal tumors in, 345, 351, 351f Cerebral anoxia, 72–73, 73f congenital disease in, 118, 121–125, 121f– ventricular size and width in, 111 Cerebral arteritis, 71–72, 72f 125f Cholangiocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic, Cerebral artery disk herniation in, 146–149 313–314, 313f bifurcation aneurysm of, 36, 37f, 38f, 39f chronic, 149, 150f Cholangiopancreatography, magnetic distribution of, 54, 55f clinical symptoms of, 146, 147f, 148f resonance, 289 infarction of MRI techniques in, 146, 149, 149f Chondroblastoma, 445, 447, 447f anterior, 54, 58f–60f, 61f traumatic, 141, 142f–143f Chondromalacia patella, 398 middle, 54, 55f, 56f, 60, 61f eosinophilic granuloma of, 128 Chondrosarcoma, 437, 441f, 442f posterior, 54, 57f–58f flexion and extension views of, 117 Chordoma Cerebral blood volume analysis, in flexion injury of, 141, 146 intracranial, 24–25 postoperative tumor evaluation, 27 flexion-rotation injury of, 141, 145f lumbar, 193 Cerebral cortex, watershed areas in, 64 hemangioblastoma of, 128, 133f Choroid plexus papilloma, of brain, 14–15 Cerebral hematoma, 31, 32f hydrosyringomyelia of, 136–137, 137f–139f Choroidal artery, distribution of, 54, 55f in arteriovenous malformation, 44, 45f hypertrophic end plate spurs in, 150, 151f Cine gradient echo imaging in embolic cerebral infarction, 63 in basilar invagination, 123 of aortic dissection, 267, 267f in intracranial aneurysm, 36, 38f in Chiari malformations, 121–123, 122f– of heart disease, 273, 279 vs. thrombotic cerebral infarction, 61 123f Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and, 294, Cerebral hemispheres, organizational in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 118, 121, 121f 296f disorders of, 102–104, 102f–104f in neurofibromatosis, 123, 125, 125f Clay shoveler’s fracture, 141 Cerebral infarction in os odontoideum, 123, 124f Coarctation of aorta, contrast-enhanced acute, 49, 50–51, 50f infection and inflammatory disease in, magnetic resonance angiography of, 481, chronic, 49, 53, 53f 125–128, 126f–127f 482f completed, 49 leptomeningeal metastasis in, 135–136, Coils. See Imaging coils. definition of, 48 135f–136f Collateral ligaments embolic, 63 meningioma of, 128, 133f in elbow, tear of, 425, 428f hemodynamic, 63–64, 64f metastasis to, 135 in knee hemorrhagic, 53, 54f, 63, 77 multiple sclerosis lesions in, 81–82, 154f– anatomy of, 389 hyperacute, 49, 49f 155f, 155 tear of, 389, 392f–393f lacunar, 65–69, 65f–68f neoplastic disease in, 128, 130f–136f, 134– Colloid cyst, of brain, 14, 15f reperfusion after, 48 136 Computed tomography subacute, 49, 51–53, 51f–52f normal, 117–118 angiography, contrast-enhanced magnetic thrombotic, 60–61, 63 osteochondroma of, 127 resonance angiography vs., 479 watershed, 64, 64f perched facet in, 145f, 146 in arachnoiditis, 190 Cerebral ischemia radiation injury to, 136, 136f in multiple sclerosis, 79, 81 causes of, 53 rheumatoid arthritis of, 126–127, 127f in spinal cord injury, 140–141 definition of, 48 sarcoidosis of, 126 in white matter disease and intracranial in- hyperintense white matter foci in, 69, 71, spondylosis of, surgery for, 150, 152f, 153f, fection, 78 71f 155 Congenital anomalies MRI principles in, 49–53, 49f–54f stenosis of, 118, 119f, 120f Chiari malformations as, 98–100, 100f– pathophysiology of, 48–49 traumatic injury to, 140–146, 140f–147f 101f reversible, 48 vertebral metastasis in, 128, 134–135, 134f craniovertebral, 98, 99f trauma-induced, 64, 64f Cervix dysmyelinating, 111, 113f–115f, 114–116 Cerebral perfusion imaging, 50, 50f, 455, benign mass of, 363, 365 neurocutaneous, 106, 108–110, 108f–110f 460–461 carcinoma of, 365–367, 366f–367f neuronal migration, 104–106, 105f–107f Cerebral veins normal, 363 of brain, 98–116 infarction of, 77 Chance fracture, 204 of posterior fossa, 100, 101f, 102 thrombosis of, 74–75, 75f, 77 Chemical shift imaging of prostate, 377, 380 Cerebritis, in parenchymal brain infection, of abdomen, 289, 290f of pulmonary veins, 275, 278 89, 89f of adrenal gland, 330 of thoracic aorta, 273–275, 273f–279f, 481, Cerebrovascular accident of bone marrow, 449 482f definition of, 48 of pelvis, 353 of uterus, 357–358, 357f, 359f in lacunar infarction, 65–66 Chest MRI, 243–288. See also specific anatomic Congenital disease Cerebrovascular anomalies, 36–47. See also location, e.g., Breast. of cervical spine, 118, 121–125, 121f–125f specific type, e.g., Intracranial aneurysm. Chest wall of heart, 272–278, 273f–279f Cerebrovascular disease, 48–77. See also MRI of, 258 of lumbar spine, 175–181, 176f–180f, specific type, e.g., Cerebral infarction. tumors of, 263 182f–183f 496 INDEX

Congenital disease (Continued) Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance Degenerative spinal stenosis of thoracic spine, 156–157 imaging (Continued) cervical, 118, 119f, 120f Constrictive pericarditis, 283, 284f, 285 of pelvis, 353 lumbar, 184–187, 185f–187f Contrast agents. See also specific agent, e.g., of spleen, 316 Demyelination. See Dysmyelinating disease. Magnevist (gadolinium-DTPA). principles of, 454–462 Dens fracture, after cervical trauma, 141, adverse reactions to, 1, 463–464 relaxivity theory in, 455–457 144f design of, 454 specialty applications of, 470–471 Dentigerous cyst, 241 development of, 461–462 Coracoacromial arch, abnormalities of, 411, Deoxyhemoglobin extracellular space, 289 412f in intraparenchymal hematoma, 31 gadolinium. See Gadolinium chelates. Corpus callosum in petechial hemorrhage, 53, 54f in clinical trials, 464–465 abnormalities of, in multiple sclerosis, 78– MRI signal characteristics of, 29, 29f liver-specific, 289, 462, 464–465, 466f– 79, 80f Dermatomes, in lumbar spine, 174 469f, 471 agenesis of, 102, 102f Dermoid cyst magnetic susceptibility of, 455 Correlation times, 456–457 of brain, 19–20, 20f nongadolinium, approved, 471 Cortical contusion, 64f of lumbar spine, 198 off-label use of, 472 Cortical desmoid, 394 of ovary, 370, 373f oral, 353, 471–472 Cortical infarction, 56f Desmoid, cortical, 394 relaxivity properties of, 455–457 Corticotropin-producing adenoma, 22 Diamagnetic substance, 455 safety of, 461, 462 Cortisol-producing adenoma, 330 Diastematomyelia, in lumbar spine, 176–177, Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance Craniopharyngioma, 23–24, 24f 178f angiography, 473–492 Craniovertebral anomalies, 98, 99f Diffusion, 2, 455 attributes of, 474 Cruciate ligament, tear of, 388–389, Diffusion imaging field of view in, 478, 478f 390f–391f in cerebral ischemic disease, 49–50, 49f gadolinium chelates for, 472, 473–474 Cryptococcosis, parenchymal brain infection in lacunar infarction, 66 in pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, in, 89f Dilated cardiomyopathy, 283 272f CT. See Computed tomography. Dilated perivascular spaces in thoracic outlet syndrome, 479f Cushing’s syndrome, 22, 330 hyperintense white matter foci in, 71 of abdominal aorta, 484, 485f Cyst locations of, 69, 69f–70f, 87, 88f of brain, 474, 475f–477f adrenal, 337 vs. lacunar infarction, 87 of carotid arteries, 474, 477f–479f, 478 aneurysmal bone, 127–128, 445, 445f Dipole-dipole relaxation, 28, 456 of lower extremity, 489–490, 490f–491f arachnoid, 20–21, 21f, 100, 101f Discoid meniscus, 386, 387f of mesenteric vasculature, 489 brain, 19–20, 20f, 71 Disk herniation of portal venous system, 485, 488, 488f breast, 244 annular tear in, 216, 216f of pulmonary vasculature, 478–479, 480f– bronchogenic, 260f categories of, 216 481f colloid, 14, 15f disk (annular) bulge in, 216, 217f of renal arteries, 484–485, 486f–487f dermoid, 19–20, 20f, 198, 370, 373f disk extrusion in, 216, 219f–222f, 223 of thoracic aorta, 263, 479, 481–484, 482f– endometrial, 370, 371f–372f disk protrusion in, 216, 218f 485f epidermoid, 19, 20f, 198 in cervical spine, 141, 142f–143f, 146–149, of upper extremity, 490, 491f, 492 facial skeleton, 240, 241 147f–150f sequence parameters in, 474, 475f hepatic, 302, 303f–305f, 305 in lumbar spine, 209, 211f–212f, 216–227, timing of image acquisition in, 473–474, knee, 395, 397f, 398f 216f–227f 473f, 474f lumbar, 181, 182f, 198, 209, 214f in thoracic spine, 169, 171f, 172f vs. computed tomography angiography, mediastinal, 258, 261f Disk space infection, of lumbar spine, 187, 479 mu¨llerian duct, 377 188f–189f Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance nasopharyngeal, 230, 231f Diskectomy neck, 242 cervical, 150, 152f, 153f, 155 imaging, 454–472 oropharyngeal, 233 lumbar, scarring after, 209, 210f after lumbar spine surgery, 207, 208f, 209, ovarian, 369–370, 369f, 373f Dolichoectasia, vertebrobasilar, 40–41, 42f 210f–212f pancreatic, 326 Dorsal dermal sinus, in lumbar spine, 177, agents used in. See Contrast agents. paranasal sinus, 235, 236f 179f design requirements in, 454 pineal, 11, 12f Dorsal root ganglion, enhancement of, development history of, 461–462 prostatic, 377, 380 174–175 during pregnancy and lactation, 462 proteinaceous, 437 Doughnut sign, in liver metastasis, 310, 310f imaging techniques in, 457–461, 458f–460f renal, 337, 341, 342f, 349f Dural arteriovenous fistula, 167, 168f in acoustic schwannoma, 470–471 seminal vesicle, 381f, 382 Dural arteriovenous malformation, 44 in avascular necrosis, 401 soft tissue, benign, 437 Dural enhancement, postsurgical, 92, 93f in myocardial infarction, 281–282, 282f spinal meningeal, 181, 182f Dural sinus, meningioma involving, 17f in pancreatic carcinoma, 324 splenic, 318, 320, 320f Dynamic MRI. See Perfusion imaging. in pituitary adenoma, 470–471 sublingual gland, 233–234, 234f Dysmyelinating disease, 111, 113f–115f, in thoracic disk herniation, 169, 171f, 172f testicular, 382 114–116. See also White matter disease. mechanisms responsible for, 1–2, 454–455, utricular, 377 Dysrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, 461 wrist/hand, 421, 421f 283–284 of brain, 460–461 Cystadenoma, serous, of pancreas, 326, 329f in cerebral infarction, 49, 51–53, 51f–52f Cystic encephalomalacia, in cerebral in lacunar infarction, 67, 67f infarction, 53, 53f in meningeal disease, 92, 92f–93f Cystic renal cell carcinoma, 341, 343f, 345 in multiple sclerosis, 81, 81f–82f Cytotoxic edema, in cerebral ischemic ECG-gated spin echo imaging, in heart in neoplastic disease, 2–3 disease, 48, 49–50, 49f–50f disease, 279 in parenchymal infection, 89, 89f, 90f Echinococcal disease, in liver, 305, 306f in postoperative tumor evaluation, 25, Echo planar imaging, 461 26f, 27 Echo time, 2, 457 of breast, 243 Dandy-Walker malformation, cerebral Echocardiography, 272 of cervical spine, 117–118 anomalies in, 100, 101f Ectopia, of cerebellar tonsils, 121 of head and neck, 228–229 Degenerative disease Edema of liver, 289–291 in cerebellum, 76f, 77 after spinal cord injury, 140, 140f of lumbar spine, 174–175 in lumbar spine, 209, 214–216, 214f–215f in arteriovenous malformation, 45 INDEX 497

Edema (Continued) Femoral neck fracture, 402, 405f Gadolinium chelates (Continued) in cerebral ischemic disease, 48, 49–50, Feridex (ferumoxides), for liver imaging, 471 in clinical trials, 464–465 49f–50f FerriSeltz (Nyomed), for gastrointestinal in current use, 1, 462–463 in partially thrombosed intracranial aneu- imaging, 471, 472 in vivo stability of, 461, 461f rysm, 39 Ferritin, MRI signal characteristics of, 30–31 low dose, 465, 469, 470–471 Effusion Ferromagnetic substance, 35–36, 455 mechanism of lesion enhancement with, in knee injuries, 398 Fibroadenoma, of breast, 244, 250, 250f–252f 1–2, 461 pericardial, 285, 288 Fibrocystic disease, in breast, 244 off-label use of, 472 Elbow, MRI of, 424–425, 426f–429f Fibrolamellar carcinoma, of liver, 294, 295f, oral, 471 Elderly persons, small vessel ischemic disease 296f physiochemical properties of, 1, 461, 461t in, 69, 71, 82, 83f Fibroma, 437, 437f specialty applications of, 470–471

Embolism , 437 T1 effects of, 461

cerebral, 63 Fibro-osseous lesions, of paranasal sinus, 237, T2 effects of, 462 pulmonary, 267, 272, 272f, 479, 480f 239 Gadolinium-DTPA (Magnevist), 1, 461t, Empyema Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant, 437, 438f 462–463 epidural, 94, 94f Fibroxanthoma, 437 oral, 353, 471 subdural, 94 Fibular collateral ligament, in knee, 389 Gadolinium-DTPA-BMA (Omniscan), 1, Encephalitis Field of view, in contrast-enhanced magnetic 461t, 462, 463 in herpes simplex virus, 91, 91f resonance angiography, 478, 478f Gadolinium-HP-DO3A (ProHance), 1, 461t, in HIV infection, 94, 95f Filum terminale, fatty, 181 462, 463, 463f in toxoplasmosis, 97 Fissural cyst, of facial skeleton, 241 Gadovist (gadobutrol), 462, 465 Encephalomalacia, cystic, in cerebral Flexion injury, of lumbar spine, 204 Gadoxetic acid disodium (Eovist), 465 infarction, 53, 53f Flexion-rotation injury, of cervical spine, 141, Encephalopathy 145f of wrist/hand, 421, 421f hypertensive, 71 Floor of the mouth Ganglioneuroblastoma, of thoracic spine, 164 Wernicke’s, 85, 86f infection of, 234 Ganglioneuroma Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, 45, 110, tumor of, 233 of adrenal gland, 332, 334f 110f Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) of thoracic spine, 164, 166f Enchondroma, 437, 440f scan Gangliosidosis, 115f End plate changes in lacunar infarction, 66–67 Gastrinoma, of pancreas, 326 in cervical spine, 150, 151f in multiple sclerosis, 79 GastroMARK, for gastrointestinal imaging, in lumbar spine, 214–216, 215f in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 34 471 Endometrial carcinoma, 363, 364f–365f of brain, 2 Genicular artery, lateral inferior, 386 Endometriosis, 370, 371f–372f Focal nodular hyperplasia, of liver, 294, Germ cell tumor, of brain, 11, 11f Eosinophilic granuloma. See Langerhans cell 299f–301f, 300 Germinoma, of brain, 11 granulomatosis. Follicular cyst, of facial skeleton, 241 Giant cell tumor Eovist (gadoxetic acid disodium), 465 Foot, 425, 429–432 MRI findings in, 445, 446f Ependymoma anatomy of, 429–430 of lumbar spine, 192–193 of brain, 15 ligament injuries of, 432, 434f Giant intracranial aneurysm, 39, 40f, 41f of lumbar spine, 100f, 199 MRI techniques in, 429 Glenohumeral joint of thoracic spine, 164 pathology in, 430–432, 430f–435f anatomy of, 410 Epidermoid cyst tendon injuries of, 430–432, 431f–434f instability of, 416–417, 416f–417f of brain, 19, 20f Foramen magnum, meningioma of, 128, 133f Glenoid labrum, tear of, 416, 416f–417f of lumbar spine, 198 Foraminal stenosis, 184, 187, 187f Glioblastoma multiforme, 3–4, 3f, 4f Epidural abscess, cervical spine findings in, Forearm, MRI of, 424–425, 426f–429f Gliosis 125–126, 126f Fracture in arteriovenous malformation, 45 Epidural empyema, 94, 94f ankle/foot, 430 in cerebral infarction, 53 Epidural hematoma, 33–34, 34f, 94 cervical, 141, 144f Glomus tumor, of parapharyngeal space, 232 cord compression from, 141, 144f hip, 402, 404f–405f Gradient echo imaging Epidural hemorrhage, 168–169 insufficiency, 402, 404f description of, 457, 460 Epidural lipomatosis, of thoracic spine, lumbar, 204 in aortic dissection, 267, 267f 156–157 stress in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance Epidural venous plexus MRI findings in, 453, 453f angiography, 473 in cervical spine, 117 of femoral neck, 402, 405f in heart disease, 273, 279 in lumbar spine, 174 thoracic, 169 in hemorrhage, 35–36 Esophagus, MRI of, 258 wrist/hand, 421–423, 422f–423f of abdomen, 289 Free fragment, in lumbar disk herniation, of brain, 2 225f–227f, 227 of cervical spine, 117 Frontal lobe, arteriovenous malformation in, of knee, 383 Facet, perched, in cervical spine, 145f, 146 45f of temporomandibular joint, 417 Facet joint hypertrophy, in degenerative Fusiform aneurysm, 36 Granuloma, of spleen, 318 lumbar spinal stenosis, 184, 186f Granulomatosis, Langerhans cell Facial skeleton lesions, 240–241 of brain, 25, 26f Fat of cervical spine, 128 deposition of, in lumbar spine, 209 Gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance), 462, Gray matter, heterotopic, 106, 107f on fast spin echo scan, 2 464–465, 466f–469f Great arteries, transposition of, 275, Fat suppression techniques Gadobutrol (Gadovist), 462, 465 276f–279f in abdomen, 289, 290f Gadolinium chelates, 462–471. See also in adrenal gland, 330 Contrast agents. in breast, 243 adverse reactions to, 1, 463–464 in detection of optic neuritis, 82 clinical trial experience with, 469–470, in pancreas, 320, 321f 470f Halo sign, in liver metastasis, 310, 310f in short TI recovery scans, 457, 460f development of, 461–462 Hamstring tendon, avulsion of, 402, 406f Femoral epiphysis, capital, slipped, 410, 411f dosage of, 1, 461, 469–470, 470f Hand, 420–424 Femoral head, Legg-Calve´-Perthes disease for magnetic resonance angiography, 472, anatomy of, 420–421 in, 400, 402, 410 473–474 avascular necrosis in, 421, 422f 498 INDEX

Hand (Continued) Hemosiderosis, superficial, in subarachnoid Imaging coils (Continued) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- hemorrhage, 34 in mediastinum, 258 giography of, 490, 491f, 492 Hepatic. See Liver. in pelvis, 353 fractures of, 421–423, 422f–423f Hepatoblastoma, 305, 309f in prostate, 375 ganglion cyst of, 421, 421f Hepatocellular adenoma, 294, 297f, 298f in temporomandibular joint, 417 ligament injuries of, 423–424, 424f–425f Hepatocellular carcinoma, 294, 295f, 296f in thoracic aorta, 481 MRI techniques in, 420 Herniated disk. See Disk herniation. in wrist, 420 pannus formation in, 421, 423 Herpes simplex virus encephalitis, 91, 91f Imaging plane tendon injuries of, 424, 425f Heterotopic gray matter, 106, 107f in astrocytoma, 4 Hangman’s fracture, 141 Heubner, recurrent artery of, 54, 55f in head and neck, 228 Head, MRI imaging protocol for, 228–229 Hill-Sachs deformity, 416–417 in heart, 280 Heart disease Hip, 399–410 Imaging principles acquired, 278–281, 280f avascular necrosis in, 399–402, 401f–402f in cerebrovascular disease, 49–53, 49f–54f congenital, 272–278, 273f–279f bursitis of, 402, 408f, 409f in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance ischemic, 281–282, 282f MRI techniques in, 399–400 imaging, 454–462 Hemangioblastoma muscle strain of, 402, 407f Imaging sequences of brain, 12, 14, 14f osteoporosis of, transient, 402, 403f in abdomen, 289 of cervical spine, 128, 133f pediatric disorders of, 402, 410, 411f in brain, 2–3 Hemangioendothelioma, of spleen, 318 trauma to, 402, 404f–409f in breast, 243 Hemangioma HIV infection in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lingual, 234, 234f brain infections in, 94, 95f–97f, 97 angiography, 474, 475f MRI findings in, 436–437, 436f encephalitis in, 94, 95f in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance of liver, 301f, 304f, 310, 311f–312f lymphoma in, 8, 8f, 97 imaging, 457–461, 458f–460f of parotid gland, 234 opportunistic infections in, thoracic, 157 in head and neck, 228 of spleen, 318, 319f progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in pelvis, 353 vertebral in, 96f, 97, 97f Imaging techniques. See specific technique, e.g., MRI findings in, 445 toxoplasmosis in, 96f, 97 Gradient echo imaging. of lumbar spine, 192, 192f Hodgkin’s lymphoma Immunocompromised patient, CNS Hemangiosarcoma, of liver, 310 of liver, 305 lymphoma in, 8 Hematologic neoplasia, of thoracic spine, of mediastinum, 258, 261f Impingement syndrome, in shoulder, 160, 163–164, 163f–164f of spleen, 318 410–416, 412f–415f Hematoma Holoprosencephaly Implant epidural, 33–34, 34f, 94 alobar, 102 breast, 253, 256f, 257f cord compression from, 141, 144f lobar, 104 temporomandibular joint, 420 intracerebral (intraparenchymal), 31, 32f semilobar, 102, 103f, 104 Incidentaloma, 334, 335f in arteriovenous malformation, 44, 45f Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Infants. See also Children. in embolic cerebral infarction, 63 See HIV infection. cerebral infarction in, 73, 73f in intracranial aneurysm, 36, 38f Humphry’s ligament, 386, 387f gadolinium chelate use in, 472 vs. thrombotic cerebral infarction, 61 Hunter’s disease, 114 herpes simplex encephalitis in, 91 intramural, in thoracic aorta, 484 Huntington’s disease, 76f, 77 hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in, 72, 73, MRI findings in, 436 Hurler’s disease, 114, 115f, 116 73f, 85, 85f acute, 29, 29f Hyaline, leiomyoma with, 358, 362f lumbar spine in, 175 subacute, 29–30, 30f Hydrocephalus, 14–15 myelination in, 111, 111f–112f subdural, 31–33, 33f, 94, 94f Hydrosyringomyelia periventricular leukomalacia in, 72, 73f, 85 in Chiari type I malformation, 122, 122f Hematopoiesis, extramedullary, thoracic ventricular size and width in, 111 of cervical spine, 136–137, 137f–139f involvement in, 169 Infarction Hyperaldosteronism, 330 Hemochromatosis, hepatocellular carcinoma cerebral. See Cerebral infarction. Hyperintense, definition of, 29 in, 294 cortical, 56f Hyperintense foci, in white matter disease, Hemoglobin, degradation of, 29–31, 29f–30f myocardial, 281–282, 282f 69, 71, 71f Hemorrhage spinal cord Hyperplasia epidural, 168–169 cervical, 128, 132f of liver, focal nodular, 294, 299f–301f, 300 hemoglobin degradation pattern in, 29–31, thoracic, 168, 169f of prostate, benign, 377, 378f–379f 29f–30f spleen, 318 Hypertensive encephalopathy, 71 in amyloid angiopathy, 74 Infection and inflammatory disease. See also Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 283, 283f in brain metastases, 9–10, 10f Hypertrophic end plate spurs, in cervical Abscess. in cerebral infarction, 53, 54f, 63, 77 spine, 150, 151f in brain, 87, 89–97 in cerebral ischemia, 48–49 Hypointense, definition of, 29 computed tomography in, 78 in intracranial aneurysm, 36, 38f, 39 Hypopharynx, MRI of, 241–242 in AIDS, 94, 95f–97f, 97 in pituitary adenoma, 23 Hypoxic-ischemic injury, to brain, 72–73, meningeal, 92, 92f–94f, 94 intracranial, 28–36 73f, 84–85, 84f–85f parenchymal, 89, 89f–92f, 91–92 intramural, arterial dissection with, 73–74 in cervical spine, 125–128, 126f–127f intraventricular, 35, 35f in facial skeleton, 241 paranasal sinus, 237 in female pelvis, 370 petechial, 53, 54f Iliac insufficiency fracture, 404f in lumbar spine, 187–192, 188f–191f spinal cord, 140, 140f Iliopsoas bursitis, 402, 409f in parapharyngeal space, 232 subarachnoid, 34–35, 35f, 168 Iliotibial band, 389 in prostate, 377 in intracranial aneurysm, 36 Image contrast. See Contrast agents; in salivary gland, 235 vasospasm-induced, 72 Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance in spleen, 317–318 subdural, 168–169 angiography; Contrast-enhanced in thoracic spine, 157 Hemosiderin magnetic resonance imaging. in tonsillar fossa, 234 in intraparenchymal hematoma, 31, 32f Imaging coils Inferior vena cava in petechial hemorrhage, 53 in breast, 243 interruption of, 275 in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 34 in head and neck, 228 thrombus formation in, 345 in subdural hematoma, 32, 33f in heart, 279–280 Inflammatory disease. See Infection and MRI signal characteristics of, 30–31 in lumbar spine, 174 inflammatory disease. INDEX 499

Infratentorial space, tumors of, 11–14, Kidney (Continued) Leukomalacia, periventricular, 72, 73f, 85 13f–14f nephroblastomatosis of, 345, 351, 351f Ligament injuries. See also specific ligament, Inner-sphere relaxation, 456 normal, 340 e.g., Posterior longitudinal ligament. Innominate artery disease, contrast-enhanced oncocytoma of, 337, 345 of ankle/foot, 432, 434f magnetic resonance angiography of, 481, thrombus formation in, 345 of elbow/forearm, 425, 428f 483 transitional cell carcinoma of, 340, 345 of knee, 388–389, 390f–393f Insufficiency fracture, 402, 404f transplantation of, imaging in, 352 of wrist/hand, 423–424, 424f–425f Insulinoma, of pancreas, 326 tumors of Ligamentum flavum Internal capsule, lacunar infarction involving, histopathologic classification of, 337, in lumbar spine, 174 65f, 66f 340, 340f thickening of, in degenerative spinal steno- Internal carotid artery, infarction of, in children, 345, 351, 351f sis, 184, 185f atherosclerotic thrombotic, 60 mesenchymal, 337 Lipoma Intervertebral disk, in lumbar spine, 174 MRI classification of, 340, 341f calcaneal, 448f Intracranial aneurysm, 36–40 parenchymal, 337 intracranial, 102, 103f diagnostic pitfalls in, 39 rhabdoid, 340 intradural, 193, 198, 198f, 199f giant, 39, 40f, 41f Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 421, 422f MRI findings in, 436 incidence of, 36 Klippel-Feil syndrome, cervical spine findings of atrium, 288 MRI of in, 118, 121, 121f of chest wall, 263 angiographic, 39, 39f, 474 Knee of kidney, 345 contraindications to, 39–40 bone marrow abnormalities in, 395, 395f– of parotid gland, 234 conventional, 36, 37f–38f, 39, 40f–41f 397f Lipomatosis flow in, 39 cartilage injuries of, 394 epidural, 156–157 ruptured, 36, 38f, 39, 40f–41f chondromalacia patella in, 398 extradural, 169 sites of, 36, 37f–38f cystic lesions around, 395, 397f, 398f Lipomyelomeningocele, of lumbar spine, 177 thrombosis of, 39 effusions in, 398 Liposarcoma, 436 Intracranial arteries, spasm of, 72 ligament injuries of, 388–389, 390f–393f Lissencephaly, 105 Intradural extramedullary arteriovenous meniscus of, 383–388 Liver, 289–314 fistula, 167 abnormalities of adenoma of, 294, 297f, 298f Intradural lipoma, 193, 198, 198f, 199f grading system for, 384, 384f–385f blood supply of, 290 Intramedullary arteriovenous malformation, pitfalls in detection of, 386–388, 387f– Budd-Chiari syndrome in, 314, 315f 167 388f carcinoma of, 294, 295f, 296f Inverted papilloma, of nares, 230 degeneration of, 384f, 385 cholangiocellular carcinoma of, 313–314, Iophendylate (Pantopaque), residual, in discoid, 386, 387f 313f thoracic spine, 156 normal, 383, 384f contrast agents specific to, 289, 462, 464– Iron, for liver imaging, 471, 472 postoperative, 388, 388f–389f 465, 466f–469f, 471 Ischemia tears of, 383–384, 385–386, 385f–386f contrast-enhancement pattern in, 290–291 cerebral. See Cerebral ischemia. MRI techniques in, 383 cyst of, 302, 303f–305f, 305 in arteriovenous malformation, 45 pigmented villonodular of, 398– echinococcal disease in, 305, 306f mesenteric, 489 399, 399f focal nodular hyperplasia of, 294, 299f– small vessel. See Small vessel ischemic dis- tendon injuries of, 389, 393f–394f, 394 301f, 300 ease. Kupffer cells, contrast agents targeted to, 289 hemangioma of, 301f, 304f, 310, 311f–312f spinal cord hemangiosarcoma of, 310 cervical, 128, 132f lesions of thoracic, 168, 169f classification of Ischemic heart disease, 281–282, 282f Lactation, contrast use during, 462 histopathologic, 291, 293f Ischemic-gliotic cerebrovascular disease, 69, Lacunar infarction, 65–69 in T -weighted dynamic imaging, 71, 71f clinical presentation in, 65–66 1 291–294, 291f–293f Ischemic-hypoxic injury, to brain, 72–73, 73f, MRI findings in, 65f–68f, 66–69 in T -weighted imaging, 314, 314f 84–85, 84f–85f pathogenesis of, 65 2 hypervascular, 292f, 294–302, 295f–302f Islet cell tumor, 326, 327f vs. dilated perivascular spaces, 87 hypovascular, 292f, 302–310, 303f–310f Isointense, definition of, 29 Langerhans cell granulomatosis, 25, 26f, 128 Larynx with delayed persistent enhancement, MRI of, 241–242 293f, 310–314, 311f–313f squamous cell carcinoma of, 242 lymphoma of, 305 Jefferson’s fracture, 141 Lateral collateral ligament, in knee, tear of, metastasis to Jugular vein, MRI of, 242 389, 392f doughnut sign in, 310, 310f Jugulodigastric lymph nodes, 241 Lateral inferior genicular artery, 386 halo sign in, 310, 310f Juvenile angiofibroma, of nasopharynx, 230, Lateral medullary infarction, 67, 68f, 69 hypervascular, 300, 302, 302f 231f Lateral pterygoid muscle, 417 hypovascular, 305, 307f, 308f, 310, 310f Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 3 Lateral recess stenosis, 184, 186f peliosis of, 310 Legg-Calve´-Perthes disease, 400, 402, 410 portal thrombosis of, 314 Leigh’s disease, 114, 115f transplantation of, contrast-enhanced mag- Leiomyoma, of uterus, 358, 360f–362f netic resonance angiography in, 488 Kidney, 337, 340–352. See also Renal entries. Leiomyosarcoma, of uterus, 363 Long head of the biceps tendon, agenesis of, seminal vesicle cyst with, 381f, Lenticulostriate arteries, distribution of, 54, impingement on, 416 382 55f Longitudinal relaxation time. See T1 angiolipoma of, 341, 344f Leptomeningeal metastasis relaxation. cyst of, 337, 341, 342f, 349f brain, 21, 21f Loose bodies, in knee, 395, 396f, 397f leukemic infiltration in, 351, 351f cervical, 135–136, 135f–136f Lower extremity, contrast-enhanced magnetic lipoma of, 345 lumbar, 193, 196f, 199, 204, 204f, 205f resonance angiography of, 489–490, lymphoma of, 345 thoracic, 160 490f–491f metastasis to, 345 Leukemia Lumbar spine, 174–227 MRI of renal involvement in, 351, 351f achondroplasia of, 181 indications for, 337 spinal involvement in, 163 ankylosing spondylitis of, 209, 213f techniques in, 340 Leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal, annular bulge in, 216, 217f nephroblastoma of, 345, 350f 96f, 97, 97f annular tear in, 216, 216f 500 INDEX

Lumbar spine (Continued) Lupus erythematosus, cerebral injury in, Meningioma (Continued) anterior sacral meningocele of, 176 71–72, 72f, 84 of cervical spine, 128, 133f arachnoiditis of, 187, 190–192, 190f–191f Luschka joints, spurring of, 118, 120f of thoracic spine, 164, 167, 167f caudal regression in, 175–176, 176f Lymph nodes parasellar, 24 Chance fracture of, 204 cervical, 241 with sinus invasion, 16–17, 17f chordoma of, 193 in mediastinum, 258, 262f Meningitis compression fracture of, 204 Lymphangioma bacterial, 93f congenital disease in, 175–181, 176f–180f, MRI findings in, 436–437, 436f cerebral arteritis from, 72 182f–183f of lumbar spine, 198–199 viral, 92, 92f degenerative disease in, 209, 214–216, of spleen, 318 Meningocele 214f–215f Lymphoma in brachial plexus injury, 146, 147f dermoid of, 198 of central nervous system, 7–8, 8f, 97 of lumbar spine, 176 diastematomyelia of, 176–177, 178f of kidney, 345 of thoracic spine, 156 disk herniation in of liver, 305 Meniscal cyst, of knee, 395, 398f free fragment in, 225f–227f, 227 of mediastinum, 258, 261f Meniscofemoral ligament, 386, 387f location of, 216, 219f–222f, 223 of spleen, 318 Mesenchymal tumors, of kidney, 337 myelographic findings in, 223 of thoracic spine, 160, 163f Mesenteric vasculature, contrast-enhanced nerve root enhancement in, 223, 224f, primary, 448f magnetic resonance angiography of, 489 227 Lysosomal storage diseases, 114 Metabolic storage diseases, 114, 116 recurrent or residual, 209, 211f–212f Methemoglobin resolution of, after conservative therapy, in cerebral venous thrombosis, 75, 75f 223, 223f in intraparenchymal hematoma, 31, 32f disk space infection in, 187, 188f–189f Magnetic susceptibility, definition of, 35 in intraventricular hemorrhage, 35, 35f dorsal dermal sinus in, 177, 179f Magnetization transfer suppression, of in partially thrombosed intracranial aneu- background tissue signal, 457, 459f end plate changes in, 214–216, 215f rysm, 39 Magnevist (gadolinium-DTPA), 1, 461t, ependymoma of, 100f, 199 in petechial hemorrhage, 53, 54f 462–463 epidermoid of, 198 in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 34, 35f oral, 353, 471 fat deposition in, 209 in subdural hematoma, 32, 33f Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 437, 438f fatty filum terminale in, 181 MRI signal characteristics of, 29–30, 30f Mallinckrodt (AngioMARK, Optimark), 463, flexion injury to, 204 Microcystic adenoma, of pancreas, 326, 329f 465 giant cell tumor of, 192–193 Microglioma, 7 Mandible in infant, 175 Midbrain, dilated perivascular space in, 69, anatomy of, 417–418 infection and inflammatory disease in, 70f, 87, 88f lesions of, 240–241 187–192, 188f–191f Middle cerebral artery Manganese leptomeningeal metastasis in, 193, 196f, for gastrointestinal imaging, 471–472 bifurcation aneurysm of, 36, 37f, 38f, 39f 199, 204, 204f, 205f for liver imaging, 471 distribution of, 54, 55f lipomyelomeningocele of, 177 Manganese (Mn)-DPDP (Nycomed, infarction of, 54, 55f, 56f, 60, 61f lymphangioma of, 198–199 Teslascan), for liver imaging, 471 Middle cranial fossa, arachnoid cyst of, 100 meningeal cyst of, 181, 182f Marfan’s syndrome, 266–267 Migraine headache, vasospasm and, 72 MRI techniques in, 174–175 Mastoiditis, parenchymal brain infection in, Mitral regurgitation, 284, 284f myelomeningocele of, 176, 177f 90f Mouth, benign lesions of, 233–234, 234f neoplastic disease in, 192–204, 192f, 194f– Maxilla, lesions of, 240–241 Moyamoya, cerebrovascular disease in, 74, 205f Maxillary sinus, squamous cell carcinoma of, 75f neurofibroma of, 101f, 103f, 199 239, 239f Mucinous cystic neoplasm, of pancreas, 326 normal, 174–175 Maximum intensity projection (MIP) image Mucocele, of paranasal sinus, 237, 238f osteoid osteoma of, 192 in pulmonary embolism, 479 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 114 plasma cell myeloma of, 193 in renal artery stenosis, 486f, 487f Mucosal thickening, in paranasal sinus, 235, postoperative, 207, 208f, 209, 210f–212f McAlpine’s scale, 78 237, 238f pseudomeningocele of, 207 Medial collateral ligament, in knee, tear of, Mu¨llerian duct retrolisthesis of, 206–207, 208f 389, 392f–393f anomalies of, 357–358, 357f, 359f Schmorl’s node in, 209 Medial medullary infarction, 69 cyst of, 377 schwannoma of, 102f, 199 Median nerve, 421 Mu¨llerian mixed sarcoma, of uterus, 363 spina bifida occulta in, 175 in carpal tunnel syndrome, 423, 423f, 424f MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine), 462, spondylolisthesis of, 206, 206f, 207f Mediastinum 464–465, 466f–469f spondylolysis of, 204, 206, 207f mass in Multiple myeloma, spinal involvement in, stenosis of, 181, 184–187, 184f–187f primary, 258, 259f–261f 163–164, 163f, 164f, 193 synovial cyst of, 209, 214f secondary, 258, 262f Multiple sclerosis, 78–82 teratoma of, 198 MRI of, indications for, 258 brain lesions in tethered cord in, 177, 180f, 181 Medullary infarction, 67, 68f, 69 locations of, 78–79, 79f–80f transitional vertebrae in, 175 Medulloblastoma, of brain, 12, 14f periventricular, 81 traumatic injury to, 204, 206–209, 206f– Megalencephaly, unilateral, 106 visualization of, 79, 81 208f, 210f–212f Meningeal carcinomatosis, 21f vs. cerebral arteritis, 72 vertebral body hemangioma of, 192, 192f Meningeal contrast enhancement, in cerebral clinical presentation in, 78 vertebral metastasis in, 193, 194f–197f infarction, 51, 52f hyperintense white matter foci in, 71 Lumbosacral nerve root anomalies, 181, 183f Meningeal cyst, spinal, 181, 182f McAlpine’s scale in, 78 LumenHance, for gastrointestinal imaging, Meningeal disease, MRI findings in, 92, spinal lesions in, 81–82, 154f–155f, 155, 471–472 92f–94f, 94 173, 173f Lunate bone, avascular necrosis in, 421, 422f Meningioma Musculoskeletal system MRI, 383–453. See Lung. See also Pulmonary entries. convexity, 16f also specific joint, e.g., Knee. cancer of, with mediastinal invasion, 258, en plaque, 17, 18f anatomy and technique in, 436 262f extra-axial, 15–17, 16f–18f indications for, 383 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- falx, 16f Myelination giography in, 478–479, 480f–481f intraventricular, 15 disorders of, 111, 113f–115f, 114–116 MRI of, 258, 263 of cavernous sinus, 17, 459f normal, 110–111, 111f–113f parenchymal lesions of, 263 of cerebellopontine angle, 17 Myelinolysis, pontine, central, 76f, 77, 85 INDEX 501

Myelocystocele, terminal, 181 Odontogenic cyst, of facial skeleton, 241 Pancreas (Continued) Myelographic findings, in lumbar disk Oligodendroglioma, of brain, 5, 6f cystic, 326, 329f herniation, 223 Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, 76f, 77 MRI classification of, 322, 323f Myelolipoma, of adrenal gland, 334, 337, Omniscan (gadolinium-DTPA-BMA), 1, pathologic classification of, 322, 322f 338f–339f 461t, 462, 463 Pancreatic duct Myelomeningocele Oncocytoma, of kidney, 337, 345 carcinoma of, resectability criteria for, 324, in Chiari type II malformation, 99 Ophthalmic artery aneurysm, 37f 326f of lumbar spine, 176, 177f Opposed-phase imaging magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogra- Myocardial infarction, 281–282, 282f of abdomen, 289, 290f phy of, 289 Myocardial tagging, 280, 282, 282f of adrenal gland, 330 Pannus formation, in wrist/hand, 421, 423 Myocardium, normal, 281 Optic neuritis, 82 Pantopaque (iophendylate), residual, in Myxoid fibroadenoma, of breast, 244, 250, Optimark (versetamide, Mallinckrodt), 463 thoracic spine, 156 250f–252f Oropharynx Papilloma Myxoid liposarcoma, 436 benign lesions of, 233–234, 234f choroid plexus, 14–15 Myxoid sarcoma, 287f, 288 cystic lesions of, 233 inverted, of nares, 230 Myxoma, of atrium, 286f, 288 squamous cell carcinoma of, 232–233 Paraganglioma, of adrenal gland, 330, 332, Myxomatous degeneration, leiomyoma with, Os odontoideum, cervical spine findings in, 332f 358, 362f 123, 124f Paramagnetic substance. See also specific Osgood-Schlatter disease, 389, 394 substance, e.g., Gadolinium. Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, arteriovenous definition of, 455 malformations in, 45 gradient echo imaging of, 36 Osseous injuries, after cervical trauma, 141, relaxivity theory applied to, 455–457 Nasopharynx 144f Paranasal sinus benign lesions of, 230, 231f Osteoblastic metastasis, lumbar, 193 air-fluid level in, 235, 237, 237f MRI of, indications for, 229 Osteochondritis, of temporomandibular joint, benign lesions of, 235–239, 236f–238f squamous cell carcinoma of, 229–230, 420 fibro-osseous lesions of, 237, 239 229f, 241 Osteochondritis dissecans hemorrhage of, 237 Neck of elbow, 425, 429f mucocele of, 237, 238f lesions of, 241–242 of knee, 395, 396f mucosal thickening in, 235, 237, 238f lymph nodes of, 241 Osteochondroma polyp of, 237 MRI imaging protocol for, 228–229, 241 MRI findings in, 437 retention cyst of, 235, 236f Necrosis of cervical spine, 127 squamous cell carcinoma of, 239–240, 239f avascular Osteoid osteoma Parapharyngeal space, masses in, 232 in hip, 399–402, 401f–402f MRI findings in, 437, 443f, 444f Parasellar meningioma, 24 in temporomandibular joint, 420 of lumbar spine, 192 in wrist/hand, 421, 422f Parathyroid lesions, MRI of, 242 Osteomyelitis Parenchymal contrast enhancement, in radiation, 87, 87f MRI findings in, 449, 450f–452f Neonates. See also Infants. cerebral infarction, 51, 52f, 53 of mandible, 241 Parenchymal disease cerebral infarction in, 73, 73f of thoracic spine, 157 myelination in, 111, 111f in brain, 89, 89f–92f, 91–92 Osteonecrosis in breast, 244, 248f–249f ventricular size and width in, 111 in hip, 399–402, 401f–402f Nephroblastoma, 345, 350f in kidney, 337 in knee, spontaneous, 395, 395f in lung, 263 Nephroblastomatosis, 345, 351, 351f , in cervical spine, 150, 151f Nephroma, cystic, multilocular, 341 Parieto-occipital watershed region, 64 Osteoporosis, of hip, transient, 402, 403f Parotid gland, tumors of, 234–235, 235f Nerve root anomalies, lumbosacral, 181, 183f Osteoporotic compression fracture, of lumbar Patellar tendon Nerve root enhancement, in lumbar disk spine, 204 degeneration of, 389 herniation, 223, 224f, 227 Osteosarcoma, 447, 447f dislocation of, 394, 394f Neural foramina, 117 Outer-sphere relaxation, 456 rupture of, 389, 393f degenerative disease in, 184, 187, 187f Ovary Peliosis Neural tumor, of parapharyngeal space, 232 carcinoma of, 375, 376f–377f hepatic, 310 Neuroblastoma endometrial cyst involving, 370, 371f–372f splenic, 318 of adrenal gland, 332, 333f, 335 normal, 367, 368f Pellegrini-Stieda disease, 394 of thoracic spine, 164 teratoma of, 370, 373f–374f, 375 Pelvis, 353–382. See also specific organ, e.g., Neurocutaneous syndromes, 106, 108–110, tumors of Bladder. 108f–110f benign, 369–370, 369f Neurocysticercosis, parenchymal brain differential diagnosis of, 368f female, 354, 356–375 infection in, 90f malignant, 375, 376f–377f inflammatory disease in, 370 Neuroenteric cysts, of thoracic spine, 156 overview of, 367f nongynecologic masses of, 368f Neurofibroma Oxyhemoglobin, MRI signal characteristics insufficiency fracture of, 402, 404f MRI findings in, 437 of, 29 male, 375, 377–382 of lumbar spine, 101f, 103f, 199 MRI of, 353 Neurofibromatosis Perfusion imaging of brain, 108–109, 108f of brain, 50, 50f, 455, 460–461 of cervical spine, 123, 125, 125f Pachygyria, 104–105, 105f of liver, lesion classification based on, 291– of thoracic spine, 164 Palate, tumor of, 233 294, 291f–293f Neuroforaminal spurring, 118, 120f Pancoast tumor, of brachial plexus, 263, 264f technique for, 460 Neurogenic tumors, of thoracic spine, 164, Pancreas, 320, 322–326 Pericardial effusion, 285, 288 166f carcinoma of Pericarditis, constrictive, 283, 284f, 285 Neurologic deficit, ischemic, reversible, 48 contrast enhancement in, 324 Pericardium, MRI of, 284–285, 284f Neuroma, acoustic, bilateral, 108–109, 108f differential diagnosis of, 322, 323f, 324f Peripheral washout, in malignant liver Neuronal migration, congenital anomalies in, double-duct sign in, 322, 324, 325f lesions, 305, 307f, 308f 104–106, 105f–107f islet cell tumor of, 326, 327f Periventricular leukomalacia, 72, 73f, 85 Nose microcystic adenoma of, 326, 329f Peroneal tendon, tear of, 431–432, 433f benign lesions of, 230, 231f MRI of, 320, 321f, 322 Phakomatoses, 106, 108–110, 108f–110f MRI of, indications for, 229 pseudocyst of, 326, 328f Phase contrast methods, in measurement of Nucleus pulposus, 174 tumors of, 322–326 blood flow velocity, 279 502 INDEX

Phase encoding, respiratory-ordered, 258 Prostate Respiratory-ordered phase encoding (ROPE), Phase imaging, opposed carcinoma of, 380, 380f 258 of abdomen, 289, 290f congenital anomalies of, 377, 380 Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 283 of adrenal gland, 330 cyst of, 377, 380 Retention cyst, of paranasal sinus, 235, 236f Phenytoin, cerebellar degeneration from, 77 hyperplasia of, benign, 377, 378f–379f Reticulum cell sarcoma, 7 Pheochromocytoma, 330, 332, 332f infection of, 377 Retinocerebral angiomatosis, 109–110 Pigmented , 398–399, MRI of, 375, 377 Retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst, 100 399f zonal anatomy of, 375 Retrolisthesis, in lumbar spine, 206–207, Pilocytic astrocytoma, 12, 13f Prosthetic implant, in temporomandibular 208f juvenile, 3 joint, 420 Revascularization, renal, contrast-enhanced Pineal cyst, of brain, 11, 12f Proteinaceous cyst, 437 magnetic resonance angiography in, 485 Pineoblastoma, 11 Proton density, 2, 455 Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit Pineocytoma, 11, 11f Proton density image, definition of, 29 (RIND), 48 Pituitary gland Proton density-weighted scan, 2 Rhabdoid tumor, of kidney, 340 adenoma of, 22–23, 23f, 470–471 Proton-electron dipole-dipole interaction, 28 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 437, 439f normal, 22 Proton-electron dipole-dipole proton Rheumatoid arthritis, cervical spine findings tumors of, 21–24, 23f–24f relaxation enhancement, 28 in, 126–127, 127f Plantar , 432, 435f Proton-proton dipole-dipole interaction, 28 Ring enhancement Plantar fibroma, 437, 437f Pseudocyst in multiple sclerosis, 81, 82f Plantar fibromatosis, 437 of adrenal gland, 337 in parenchymal brain infection, 89, 89f, Plasma cell myeloma, of lumbar spine, 193 of pancreas, 326, 328f 90f Platybasia, 123 of spleen, 320 Rotator cuff Pleomorphic adenoma, of salivary gland, 234, Pseudomeningocele, of lumbar spine, 207 abnormalities of, 410–416, 412f–415f 235f Pterygoid muscle, lateral, 417 anatomy of, 410 Polycystic kidney disease Pulmonary. See also Lung. tear of adult, 341, 342f Pulmonary artery, MRI of, 267, 272, 272f full-thickness, 413, 415f autosomal-recessive, 337 Pulmonary atresia, 275 partial, 413, 414f Polymicrogyria, 105, 106f Pulmonary embolism, 267, 272, 272f, 479, with retraction, 413, 415f Polyp 480f tendinitis/tendinosis of, 412–413, 414f nasal, 230 Pulmonary regurgitation, 284, 285f paranasal sinus, 237 Pulmonary thromboembolism, contrast- Pons, lacunar infarction involving, 67, 68f enhanced magnetic resonance Pontine glioma, 12, 13f angiography in, 479, 480f Saccular aneurysm, 36, 37f Pontine myelinolysis, central, 76f, 77, 85 Pulmonary vasculature, contrast-enhanced Sacral agenesis, 175–176, 176f Popliteal cyst, of knee, 395, 397f magnetic resonance angiography of, Sacral insufficiency fracture, 404f Popliteus tendon, 386, 388, 388f 478–479, 480f–481f Sacral meningocele, anterior, of lumbar Portal thrombosis, 314 Pulmonary veins, congenital anomalies of, spine, 176 Portal venous system, contrast-enhanced 275, 278 Sacrococcygeal teratoma, 198 magnetic resonance angiography of, 485, Punctate enhancement, in multiple sclerosis, Salivary gland 488, 488f 81, 81f infection and inflammatory disease in, 235 Portosystemic shunt, transjugular tumors of, 232, 233, 234–235, 235f intrahepatic, contrast-enhanced magnetic Sarcoidosis resonance angiography of, 488, 488f brain findings in, 91–92, 92f Posterior cerebral artery Quadriceps tendon, tear of, 389, 394f cervical spine findings in, 126 distribution of, 54, 55f Sarcoma infarction of, 54, 57f–58f arising from bladder, 354, 356f Posterior cruciate ligament mu¨llerian mixed, of uterus, 363 anatomy of, 388–389 Radiation necrosis, 87, 87f myxoid, 287f, 288 tear of, 388, 389, 391f osteogenic, 447, 447f Posterior fossa brain injury from, 85, 86f–87f, 87 reticulum cell, 7 arachnoid cyst of, 20–21, 21f cervical spine injury from, 136, 136f Scaphoid bone congenital anomalies of, 100, 101f, 102. Radiography, in avascular necrosis, 400 avascular necrosis in, 421, 422f See also Chiari malformation. Ranula, 233–234, 234f fracture of, 421, 422f, 423f lesions of, 11–14, 13f–14f Relaxation Scapholunate ligament, tear of, 424, 424f, Posterior longitudinal ligament inner-sphere, 456 425f in lumbar spine, 174 outer-sphere, 456 Schizencephaly, 105–106, 107f ossification of, 118 Relaxation time Schmorl’s node, in lumbar spine, 209 Posterior spinal artery, 117 spin-lattice. See T1 relaxation. Schwannoma Posterior tibial tendon, tear of, 432, 434f spin-spin. See T2 relaxation. acoustic, 17–19, 18f–19f, 470–471 Posteroinferior cerebellar artery Relaxivity lumbar, 102f, 199 distribution of, 54, 55f, 60 theory of, 455–457 thoracic, 164, 166f infarction of, 62f time parameters in, 455 Scoliosis, thoracic, 169, 173 Postoperative tumor detection, MRI in, 449 Renal. See also Kidney. Seminal vesicles Pregnancy, contrast enhancement during, 462 Renal artery, contrast-enhanced magnetic cyst of, 381f, 382 Prestyloid space, salivary gland tumor arising resonance angiography of, 484–485, MRI of, 380, 382 in, 232 486f–487f Septal defects, 275, 278 Primitive neural ectodermal tumor Renal cell carcinoma, 337, 351–352 Septo-optic dysplasia, 104, 104f cerebellar, 7 cystic, 341, 343f, 345 Septum pellucidum, cavum, 98, 99f supratentorial, 5, 7, 7f MRI findings in, 345, 346f–349f Septum vergae, cavum, 98, 99f Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Renal pelvis Serous cystadenoma, of pancreas, 326, 329f 96f, 97, 97f transitional cell carcinoma of, 340, 345 Short TI recovery (STIR) scans ProHance (gadolinium-HP-DO3A), 1, 461t, tumors of, 337, 340 description of, 457, 460f 462, 463, 463f Renal revascularization, contrast-enhanced for bone marrow evaluation, 449 Prolactinoma, pituitary, 22, 23f magnetic resonance angiography in, 485 for lumbar vertebral metastasis, 193 Proliferative dysplasia, of breast, 244, Reperfusion, after cerebral infarction, 48 Shoulder, 410–417 248f–249f Repetition time, 2, 457 anatomy of, 410 INDEX 503

Shoulder (Continued) Spinal stenosis (Continued) Supratentorial space (Continued) impingement syndrome in, 410–416, 412f– of lumbar spine, 184, 184f tumors of, 3–11, 3f–12f 415f degenerative (acquired) Supraventricular dilated perivascular space, instability in, 416–417, 416f–417f of cervical spine, 118, 119f, 120f 69, 70f, 87, 88f MRI techniques in, 410 of lumbar spine, 184–187, 185f–187f Sylvian triangle, 54, 55f Siderosis, superficial, in subarachnoid Spine. See Cervical spine; Lumbar spine; Syndesmophytes, in lumbar spine, 209, 213f hemorrhage, 34 Sacral entries; Thoracic spine. Synovial cyst, of lumbar spine, 209, 214f

Sinus infection, intracranial complications of, Spin-lattice relaxation time. See T1 relaxation. Syringobulbia, of cervical spine, 137, 138f 89, 90f Spin-spin relaxation time. See T2 relaxation. Syringomyelia. See Hydrosyringomyelia. Sinus invasion, meningioma with, 16–17, 17f Spleen, 314–320 Systemic lupus erythematosus, cerebral injury Sinus tarsi syndrome, 432, 435f accessory, 314, 316 in, 71–72, 72f, 84 SLAP lesion, 416, 417f agenesis of, 316 Small vessel ischemic disease anatomy and function of, 314–315 in cerebrovascular disease, 69, 71, 71f cyst of, 318, 320, 320f in elderly persons, 69, 71, 82, 83f ectopic, 316 T1 relaxation vs. multiple sclerosis, 81, 82, 83f infarction of, 318 definition of, 2 vs. transependymal cerebrospinal fluid flow, infection of, 317–318 description of, 455 84, 84f metastasis to, 320, 321f in water, 28 Soft tissue lesions MRI techniques in, 316 T1-weighted scan MRI findings in, 436–437, 436f–439f pseudocyst of, 320 definition of, 2, 29, 457 vs. bone marrow disease, 449 trauma to, 316–317, 317f in glioblastoma, 458 Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equation, tumors of, 316f, 318–320, 319f–321f of abdomen, 289 456 Splenogonadal fusion, 316 T2 proton relaxation enhancement, 28–29 Sphingolipidoses, 114 Splenomegaly, 318 T2 relaxation definition of, 2 Spin density, 2, 455 Spondylolisthesis, of lumbar spine, 206, 206f, description of, 455 Spin echo imaging 207f in water, 28 description of, 2, 457 Spondylolysis, of lumbar spine, 204, 206, T -weighted scan fast or turbo 207f 2 definition of, 2, 29, 457 description of, 2, 457 Spondylosis of abdomen, 289 of abdomen, 289 of cervical spine, surgery for, 150, 152f, Talofibular ligament, anterior, tear of, 432, of cervical spine, 117 153f, 155 434f of knee, 383 of lumbar spine, 209 Tarlov cyst, 181, 182f in bone marrow evaluation, 449 Squamous cell carcinoma Tarsal coalition, 430, 430f in heart disease, 273, 279 of larynx, 242 of nasopharynx, 229–230, 229f, 241 TE (time to echo), 2, 457 in lacunar infarction, 66–67 Temporomandibular joint, 417–420 in multiple sclerosis, 79 of oropharynx, 232–233 of paranasal sinus, 239–240, 239f anatomy of, 417–418 magnetization transfer suppression in, 457, avascular necrosis in, 420 459f Strain, of hip, 402, 407f Stress fracture dysfunction of, 418–420, 418f–419f of abdomen, 289 meniscus of of cervical spine, 117 MRI findings in, 453, 453f of femoral neck, 402, 405f anatomy of, 418 of head and neck, 228 anterior dislocation of, 418–420, 418f– of lumbar spine, 174 Stroke completed, 48 419f Spina bifida occulta, 175 perforation of, 420 Spinal artery, 117 in evolution (progressing), 48 in lacunar infarction, 65–66 MRI techniques in, 417 Spinal cord Sturge-Weber syndrome, 45, 110, 110f normal motion of, 418, 418f arteries supplying, 117 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 34–35, 35f, 168 osteochondritis of, 420 atrophy of, 140 in intracranial aneurysm, 36 postoperative, 420 compression of vasospasm-induced, 72 prosthetic implant in, 420 causes of, 141, 144f Subarachnoid space, invagination of. See Tendinitis in lumbar disk herniation, 223, 224f, 227 Dilated perivascular spaces. Achilles, 431, 432f in thoracic vertebral metastatic disease, Subclavian artery rotator cuff, 412–413, 414f 157, 160, 160f–162f occlusion of, 481, 483f Tendon injuries. See also specific tendon, e.g., edema of, 140, 140f right, aberrant, 273f Patellar tendon. hemorrhage of, 140, 140f Subclavian steal syndrome, contrast-enhanced of ankle/foot, 430–432, 431f–434f injury to magnetic resonance angiography in, 481, of elbow/forearm, 424–425, 426f–427f computed tomography in, 140–141 492 of wrist, 424, 425f MRI superiority in, 141, 142f–143f Subdural empyema, 94 , 425, 427f myelomalacic changes after, 140 Subdural hematoma, 31–33, 33f, 94, 94f Teratocarcinoma, of brain, 11 type I, 140 Subdural hemorrhage, 168–169 Teratoma type II, 140, 141f Sublingual gland of brain, 11 type III, 140 cyst of, 233–234, 234f of lumbar spine, 198 ischemia or infarction of tumor of, 233 of ovary, 370, 373f–374f, 375 cervical, 128, 132f Submandibular gland, pleomorphic adenoma Terminal myelocystocele, 181 thoracic, 168, 169f of, 234 Teslascan (Mn DPDP, Nycomed), for liver lesions of Superior cerebellar artery imaging, 471 in leukemia, 163 distribution of, 55f, 60 Testicular lesions, 382 in multiple myeloma, 163–164, 163f, infarction of, 60, 62f–63f Tetralogy of Fallot, 275, 275f 164f, 193 Superior mesenteric artery, occlusion of, 489 Thalamoperforating arteries, distribution of, in multiple sclerosis, 81–82, 154f–155f, Superior vena cava, left, 275 54, 55f 155, 173, 173f Superparamagnetic substance, 35 Thalamus, lacunar infarction involving, 66f tethered, in lumbar spine, 177, 180f, 181 Supraspinatus tendon, impingement on, Thoracic aorta Spinal meningeal cyst, 181, 182f 410–413, 412f–415f aneurysm of, 266–267, 266f, 483, 483f Spinal stenosis Supratentorial space atherosclerotic ulcers of, 484, 485f congenital primitive neural ectodermal tumor of, 5, 7, congenital anomalies of, 273–275, 273f– of cervical spine, 118 7f 279f, 481, 482f 504 INDEX

Thoracic aorta (Continued) Transplantation (Continued) Ventricle(s) (Continued) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- liver, 488 right giography of, 263, 479, 481–484, Transposition of the great arteries, 275, dysrythmogenic dysplasia in, 283–284 482f–485f 276f–279f hypertrophy of, 281f dissection of, 267, 267f–271f, 483, 484f Transverse ligament, 386, 387f tumors of, 14–15, 15f intramural hematoma in, 484 Transverse myelitis, acute, of cervical spine, Ventricular diverticula, congenital, MRI of, 263 155 hyperintense white matter foci in, 71

occlusive (acquired) disease in, 481, 483, Transverse relaxation time. See T2 relaxation. Versetamide (Optimark), 463 483f Trauma Vertebrae Thoracic inlet cerebral ischemia from, 64, 64f butterfly, 156 imaging of, 258, 263 to cervical spine, 140–146, 140f–147f transitional, in lumbar spine, 175 MRI of, 258, 263, 264f–265f to hip, 402, 404f–409f Vertebral artery Thoracic outlet syndrome, contrast-enhanced to lumbar spine, 204, 206–209, 206f–208f, dissection of, lateral medullary infarction magnetic resonance angiography in, 210f–212f from, 67, 69 479f to spleen, 316–317, 317f occlusion of, 481 Thoracic scoliosis, 169, 173 to thoracic spine, 169 Vertebral hemangioma Thoracic spine, 156–173 to upper extremity, 492 MRI findings in, 445 abnormal alignment of, 169, 173 Triangular fibrocartilage, 420–421 of lumbar spine, 192, 192f AIDS-related infection in, 157 lesions of, 423–424, 424f Vertebral metastasis arteriovenous malformation and fistula in, Tricuspid regurgitation, 284, 284f cervical, 128, 134–135, 134f 167–168, 168f Tricuspid valve, myxoid sarcoma of, 287f lumbar, 193, 194f–197f astrocytoma of, 164, 165f Trochanteric bursitis, 402, 408f thoracic, 157–169, 158f–162f congenital or developmental abnormalities Tuberous sclerosis, 109, 109f Vertebral osteomyelitis, of thoracic spine, 157 of, 156–157 Tuberous spondylitis, of thoracic spine, 157 Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, 40–41, 42f cord ischemia/infarction in, 168, 169f Vertebrobasilar infarction, atherosclerotic disk herniation in, 169, 171f, 172f thrombotic, 60 ependymoma of, 164 Viral meningitis, 92, 92f extramedullary hematopoiesis in, 169 Ulcer, atherosclerotic, of thoracic aorta, 484, Virchow-Robin space, invagination of. See hematologic neoplasia of, 160, 163–164, 485f Dilated perivascular spaces. 163f–164f Ulnar collateral ligament, tear of, 425, 428f Von Hippel–Lindau disease hemorrhage of, 168–169 Uncinate processes, 117 brain findings in, 109–110 infection in, 157 Uncovertebral joints, spurring of, 118, 120f cervical spine findings in, 128, 133f leptomeningeal metastasis in, 160 Unilateral megalencephaly, 106 Von Recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis, 108, meningioma of, 164, 167, 167f Upper extremity, contrast-enhanced magnetic 108f multiple sclerosis lesions in, 81–82, 173, resonance angiography of, 490, 491f, 173f 492 neoplastic disease in, 157–167, 158f–167f Uterine cervix. See Cervix. neurogenic tumors of, 164, 166f Uterus adenomyosis of, 358, 362f, 363 Wallenberg’s syndrome, 67, 68f, 69 normal, 156 congenital anomalies of, 357–358, 357f, Wallerian degeneration, MRI findings in, 49 osteomyelitis of, 157 359f Warthin’s tumor, of parotid gland, 234 traumatic injury to, 169 endometrial carcinoma of, 363, 364f–365f Watershed cerebral infarction, 64, 64f tuberculous spondylitis of, 157 leiomyoma of, 358, 360f–362f Wavy line sign, in MRI of breast implant, vertebral metastasis in, 157–169, 158f–162f leiomyosarcoma of, 363 253, 257f Thorax, MRI of, 258 malignant mu¨llerian mixed sarcoma of, 363 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 85, 86f Thromboembolic disease, pulmonary, 479, MRI techniques in, 353 White matter disease, 78–87. See also 480f normal, 356–357 Dysmyelinating disease. Thrombosis, portal, 314 tumors of, 358, 359f–362f, 363, 364f–365f hyperintense foci in, 69, 71, 71f Thrombotic cerebral infarction, 60–61, 63 Utricle cyst, 377 in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Thrombus, in kidney, 345 91, 91f Thymoma, malignant, 259f in central pontine myelinolysis, 85 Thymus, MRI of, 258, 259f in dilated perivascular spaces, 87, 88f Thyroid lesions, MRI of, 242 Vacuum disk, in lumbar spine, 214 in hypoxemic injury, 84–85, 84f–85f Time to echo, 2, 457 Vagina in multiple sclerosis, 78–82. See also Multi- Time to repetition, 2, 457 Bartholin’s cyst of, 367 ple sclerosis. Time-of-flight magnetic resonance carcinoma of, 367, 368f in optic neuritis, 82 angiography, in intracranial aneurysm, MRI techniques in, 353, 367 in periventricular leukomalacia, 85 39, 39f, 474 Valvular disease, 284, 284f–285f in systemic lupus erythematosus, 71–72, Tongue, tumor of, 233 Vascular enhancement 72f, 84 Tonsillar fossa, infection of, 234 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance an- in Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 85, 86f Tornwaldt’s cyst, of nasopharynx, 230, 231f giography for, 473–474, 473f–475f. See radiation-induced, 85, 86f–87f, 87 TR (time to repetition), 2, 457 also Contrast-enhanced magnetic reso- visualization of, MRI vs. CT in, 78 Trachea, MRI of, 258 nance angiography. Wilms’ tumor, 345, 350f Transependymal cerebrospinal fluid flow, vs. in cerebral infarction, 51, 51f Wrisberg’s ligament, 386, 387f small vessel ischemic disease, 84, 84f in extra-axial lesions, 1, 461 Wrist, 420–424 Transient ischemic attack, definition of, 48, Vasogenic edema, in cerebral ischemic anatomy of, 420–421 49 disease, 48, 50–51, 50f avascular necrosis in, 421, 422f Transitional cell carcinoma Vasospasm, migraine and, 72 fractures of, 421–423, 422f–423f of bladder, 354, 355f Vein of Galen aneurysm, 45 ganglion cyst of, 421, 421f of kidney, 340, 345 Venous angioma, 45, 46f ligament injuries of, 423–424, 424f–425f Transitional vertebrae, in lumbar spine, 175 Venous thrombosis, cerebral, 74–75, 75f, 77 MRI techniques in, 420 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic Ventricle(s) pannus formation in, 421, 423 shunt, 488, 488f hydrocephalus in, 14–15 tendon injuries of, 424, 425f Transplantation meningioma of, 15 Wyburn-Mason’s syndrome, arteriovenous kidney, 352 MRI of, 281, 281f malformations in, 45