Distribution, Protection and Restoration of Taxus Baccata L. in Ukraine

Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2020, Vol. 62 (4), 327–335 SHORT COMMUNICATION

DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2020-0031

Distribution, protection and restoration of Taxus baccata L. in Ukraine

Oleh Hnatiuk1 , Vasyl Mohytych2, Małgorzata Sułkowska2

1 National Forestry University of Ukraine, Educational and Research Institute of Forestry and Park Gardening, Gen. Chuprynky 103, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Forest Research Institute, Department of Silviculture and Genetics of Forest Trees, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland

Abstract

English yew is one of the most endangered species in Europe. Due to the specificity of this species, its natural regeneration is quite difficult. The aim of the study was to present the current situation of distribution, protection and restoration of the species in Ukraine. The study presents some characteristics of largest natural and artificial yew populations in the country and their protection. In situ and ex situ yew populations are quite different, in terms of bioclimatic conditions what does not affect to the growth characteristics of the populations. In addition, the activities related to the natural and artificial renaturalisation of the yew were analysed. Thus, tending of tree stands, where the natural regeneration of yew was inventoried can be recommended but it should be planned very individually regarding requirements of the site. The introduction of yew seedlings in the conditions of the managed forest is very difficult. Despite the complication of obtaining planting material and high cost, it is important measure to preserve the species. In Ukraine are successful examples of the seed transfer of yew populations by about 450 km in North-East direction (Carpathian yew population) and 700 km in North direction (Crimean yew population). It is an evidence of high ecological plasticity of the species. Moreover, some recommendations that could be useful for increasing the popularization of this species throughout the country were given in conclusions. The wider use of yew in public areas across the country due to unique value of species and more convenient protection of young seedlings. It is worth to continue the inventory of yew locations at the national level and study the possibilities to use as local sources to conservation of this species throughout the country.

Key words

English yew, in situ, ex situ, conservation measure, natural regeneration

Introduction Africa. It is a primarily dioecious tree species and mo- noecious individuals are rare, which causes problems as English yew (Taxus baccata L.) also known as Euro- far exchange of genetic information between individu- pean or Common yew, is a conifer tree species native to als in fragmented populations is concerned. Common most of Europe, from southern Scandinavia to northern yew is easily distinguished from other conifers by red

© 2020 by the Committee on Forestry Sciences and Wood Received 20 October 2020 / Accepted 28 October 2020 Technology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Forest Research Institute in S´kocin Stary 328 Oleh Hnatiuk, Vasyl Mohytych, Małgorzata Sułkowska

berries. It is slow-growing but extremely long-living Common yew is found over the entire edaphic range, species, with some individuals up to 5000 years old with the exception of highly acidic, poor and peat soils. (http://www.euforgen.org; Benham et al. 2016). Its occurrence is also limited on soils heavily affected Although the distribution area is large, occurrence by water. of the species is scattered and minimum temperatures The anthropogenic factor was a major reason which regularly below –20°C may be one of the limiting fac- caused the decline of yew populations. In many Euro- tors for its distribution (Zatloukal and Vančura 2004). pean countries, yew is an endangered species, requir-

Figure 1. Location of Common yew sites in Ukraine (circles denote natural populations, square denote locations of artificially regenerated sites) and its distribution range (grey shape main map and black shape bottom left map) according to http://www. euforgen.org. Numbers on circles and squares denote locations: 1 – Grand Canyon of the Crimea, 2 – Uch-Kosh locality, 3 – Valley of the Belbek River, 4 – Tyrke Mountain, 5 – Marmarosh massif, 6 – Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, 7 – Kuziiskyi massif, 8 – Koshman locality, 9 – Velyki Markushi locality, 10 – Velykobychkivske Forest District, 11 – Tysovyi Yar locality, 12 – Vovchyi Yar locality, 13 – Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhanskyi massif, 14 – Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park 15 – Kolomyia Forest District, 16 – Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve, 17 – Skole Beskids National Nature Park, 18 – M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden

Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2020, Vol. 62 (4), 327–335 Distribution, protection and restoration of Taxus baccata L. in Ukraine 329 ing both ex situ and in situ protection (Zatloukal and and Chernivtsi administrative regions – Tysovyi Yar Vančura 2004). Natural Monument (Didukh 2009, Pryazhko 2005). The yew wood and other parts of the tree are poi- The species is distributed in beech and fir-beech forests sonous. The species have a broad spectrum of anti-can- (Cephalanthero-Fagion union, Querco-Fagetea class) cer activity compounds e.g. taxels (Lee 1998), which at the altitude of 400 to 900 m a.s.l. The total area of promoted the using of this species with pharmacologi- forests with yew is about 285.0 ha. Generally, the yew cal purposes. grows as admixture species, understory of matured or The aim of the study was to present the current situ- overmatured forest stands and it forms small trees with ation of distribution, protection and restoration of this DBH from 2 to 10 cm and height from 1.5 to 6.5 m. species in Ukraine. Only some individuals possess DBH over 20 cm and height more than 10 m (Pavlyuk and Marchenco 2004; Zayachuk 2019). The Kniazhdvir Nature Reserve is The distribution and bioecological preferences characterised by: annual average temperature 8.4°C of yew in Ukraine (Fig. 2A). The warmest month of the year is July, while the coldest month is January. Annual average tempera- In Ukraine, yew is distributed in the Carpathians and ture is 593 mm. The driest month is February, while the Crimean Mountains (Fig. 1). Yew occupies mainly greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July. brown eutrophic soils on carbonates. The species often In the Crimean Mountains yew grows in the small growth in ravines, on rocks, steep slopes and it prefers populations or individually specimen from Karabi the specific microclimate of high humidity and shade Yayla to Ai-Petri. The largest populations are located conditions. in the valley of the Belbek River (2,000 trees), near the In the Carpathian Mountains yew growth in isolat- Tyrke Mountain (800 trees), and the Grand Canyon of ed populations. The largest such population is located the Crimea (400 trees). The species occupies the sessile in the Kniazhdvir Nature Reserve in Ivano-Frankivsk oak and beech forests (Dentario quinquefoliae-Fagion administrative region (about 22,000 individuals; sylvaticae), particularly in the upper mountain eleva- Boratyński et al. 2001). However, the species also rarely tions, at an altitude of 500–1200 m a.s.l. (Didukh 2009). occurs in Zakarpattia – Carpathian Biosphere Reserve The valley of the Belbek River is characterised by: an-

A B C

Figure 2. The Walter and Lieth climatic diagrams for Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve (A), Valley of Belbek river (B) and M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (C). On the graphs monthly averages for precipitation (black line) and temperature (grey line). Annual averages of both elements in the upper part and at the left margin monthly averages annotations of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures of the warmest and coldest months. The rectangles under the 0°C axis show frost likelihood. Dark grey fill means that the average daily minimum is zero or negative, while light grey fill means that the absolute monthly minimum is zero or negative. The black vertical pattern depicts the humid months, while the dotted grey one shows when the aridity prevails (Guijarro 2014). The weather conditions of study sites for the period 1920–2019 were determined based on the data from Copernicus Climate Change Service [ECA&D project (https://www.ecad.eu)] (Cornes et al. 2018)

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nual average temperature 10.3°C (Fig. 2B). The warm- Różycka 1989; Simon et al. 2018), where the species est month of the year is July, while the coldest month is name sound similarly e.g.: ‘Tisă’ in Romania, ‘Tis’ in January. Annual average precipitation is 495 mm. The Slovakia and the Czech Republic, ‘Cis’ in Poland etc. driest month is April, while the greatest amount of pre- The studies of the disappearance of yew trees in the cipitation occurs in December. Ukrainian Carpathians are not too abundant. As a most In addition, yew was introduced to other Ukrainian advanced research can be considered: From the past of regions outside natural distribution range. The species the yew (Kontny 1937). Still the 17th and 18th centu- is utilised in garden and landscape designs in many cit- ries yew was quite common in the Eastern Carpathians, ies across the country. As a result of different forms of while its valuable timber was the subject of intensive European yew, it can be meet in recreational areas, parks exploitation. However, when the study was carried out and in public areas (Hnatiuk 2019). However, the most (30s of the 20th century) only decomposing trunks of cut important ex situ units are botanical gardens, as an ex- yew trees had been reminded in the forest. One of such ample of a successful transfer of yew to new growth con- stump with the diameter 1.8 m was found near Verkho- dition is the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden vyna in Ivano-Frankivsk administrative region. In first of the NAS of Ukraine in Kyiv (Shynder 2018). Where, half of 19th century, the studies were pointed at the pro- the seed transfer was by about 450 km in North-East di- tection and inventory of yew in Ukrainian Carpathians rection and 700 km in North direction for Carpathian (Sokołowski 1921; Szafer 1913). The description of the and Crimean populations, respectively. In the condition existing yew stands and protection the most significant of botanical garden, the annual average temperature is of them (e.g. Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve) was an impor- 8.5°C (Fig. 2C), the warmest month of the year is July, tant contribution in process of decreasing of this species while the coldest month is January. Annual average pre- threatening. These data compared to later studies allow cipitation is 518 mm. The driest month is March, while to identify trends that occur in some yew populations. the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July. Currently, there are two main factors that the species occurrence decrease could influence. The natural one related to the slow growth of yew, which does not Process of decreasing the European yew allow to compete with fast-growing tree species and an- populations thropogenic factors related to all types of management in forests with the admixture of yew e.g. felling, har- During the study of presence of pollen grains of Taxus vesting bark or branches, grazing of cows, disturbing baccata L. in the palynological materials of the Riss- of soil cover. Würm deposits, it was found that in the optimum of this interglacial, yew also took part in formation of the veg- etation cover of current Ternopil administrative region Yew protection in the country Bezusko et al. (2013). In ancient times, yew forests were widespread in the The species is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine with Carpathian and Precarpathian regions. There are many the status of vulnerable. The awareness is crucial that traces about it in toponymy (Kubijovyc 1980; Stoiko if the negatively affected factors were more intensive 1966). In Ukrainian, the name of yew sounds as ‘Tys’. then the vitality status of populations would be worse, The numerous historical field names have such root then in the near future, the species may be classified word. Moreover, there are also villages and mountain as endangered. Moreover, the yew populations are also rivers which names have such root word. For example, listed in the Green Book of Ukraine. It means that the Tysovets village in Chernivtsi administrative region, violation of the status of site where the species grows Tysiv and Tysmenytsia villages in Ivano-Frankivsk ad- e.g. the cutting of the trees and pruning is forbidden ministrative region, Chorna Tysa and Tysalovo villages, (Didukh 2009). as well as Bila Tysa and Chorna Tysa rivers in Zakarpat- In Ukraine, few dozen individuals of yew with the tia administrative region. The same situation is observed age from 500 to 900 years old have been inventoried. in neighbours countries (Dovčiak 2002; Dufková 2019; Theirs DBH are more than 2 m and height as least 10 m

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(Shnayder et al. 2011). The oldest trees are located on According to the studies conducted in Poland the southern coast of Crimea, where in natural condi- (Niemczyk et al. 2015), the proper growth and devel- tions 7 trees are registered. Their age is from 500 to opment of yew trees in a stand requires the creation of 1300 years old with DBH more than 2.5 m (Bojko 2015). moderate light conditions (at the level of about 30%). The oldest one is considered to be Zakharzhevskyi yew The height increments of yew seedlings were smaller (Ai-Petri peak), whose age is about 1200–1300 years old one, at the sites with high density of canopy (openwork with DBH 3.76 m and height 10 m (Hrynyk et al. 2010). remains at the level of 20% or less). On such sites, the However, among the Carpathian populations such old period of direct competition between yews and herba- trees were not found. Here, the oldest and largest speci- ceous plants is extended. Authors concluded that yew men grows near Dilove village (Zakarpattia administra- has greatest growth in oak and Scots pine forests, fol- tive region). Its age is about 175–200 years and height is lowed by spruce, fir and beech forests. The oak and 14.6 m (Polianchuk et al. 2020). Scots pine stands with yew participation are not com- The Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine also includes mon for Ukrainian Carpathians. However, especially more than ten yew individuals, which grows outside oak forests can be similar to yew forests in the Crimean natural distribution range of the species. Generally, it is Mountains. group of trees in Botanical Gardens or alone Monument The preservation of yew populations is an impor- Trees. The age of the three oldest trees is estimated tant issue in other European countries. In the Czech from 110 to 150 years old (Bojko 2015). Their height is Republic (Zatloukal and Vančura 2004), the yew practi- from 6 to 10 m. They are characterised by high vitality cally disappeared from the forests and the species was branches and lack of damage by pests or diseases. The declared to be a highly endangered. In the process of trees produce seeds every year. preservation of yew populations there were following directions for application measure treatments: theoreti- cal (continuing research into the yew gene pool), admin- Measures treatments in the processes of yew istrative and legislative (increasing the effectiveness of restoration and conservation legal protection in areas where yews occur; improv- ing the method of management while controlling the Due to the rarity of this species, the lack of research number of browsing animals), implementation policy on a wide scale on the renaturalisation of this species (support for natural regeneration and planting of yews are noted. Thus, there are many gaps in the process of where necessary using suitable reproductive material). selecting effective methods for its renewal, both natural Currently, in Ukraine the following actions are being and artificial one. For example, in the 80s of last cen- taken to into account to renaturalize of yew: a) crea- tury, there was an opinion that beech trees of very large tion gene bank of planting material, b) sowing seeds size interfere with the normal growth of yew. The ring and planting of seedlings in natural ecosystems, c) con- barking had been performed to for individual beech ducting phenological observations, d) establishment of trees to minimize their density to fulfill sufficiently reproduction areas; e) reconstruction of disturbed nat- favorable conditions for the growth of yew. However, ural environments (Deyneka 2014; Kabal et al. 2014). the experiment was not satisfied, after increasing of the Nowadays also, the inventory of other unknown forest lightening yews were regenerated very poorly The gaps areas with yew are conducted. Recently, 39 individuals of withered beech trees turned out very good site for were found in Zakarpattia administrative region. The masse regeneration of undergrowth of fir and beech, trees are located at the area of 48.2 ha. The largest one while the growth rate of yew was slower one (Pavlyuk is characterised by 31.7 cm of DBH and 12 m of height and Marchenco 2004). So, the taking into consideration (Polianchuk et al. 2020).The main priorities for forest the measure treatments which could influence light con- breeders are cultivation of quality planting material of dition, it should be planned very carefully in the yew yew from seed (Kolesnichenko et al. 2009; Lisoviy et al. reserve. Yew has a natural competitive advantage in the 2016), as well as through vegetative propagation (Uso- struggle for survival with other tree species, because of ltseva 2009). Moreover, the research on the micropro- its ability to withstand critical shading. pagation of the species was also being conducted (Filo-

Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2020, Vol. 62 (4), 327–335 332 Oleh Hnatiuk, Vasyl Mohytych, Małgorzata Sułkowska

nova 1999; Lisoviy 2015). In the future, all this conser- forest stands in the Ukrainian Carpathians. According vation measures can allowed to increase the occurrence to Pavlyuk and Marchenco (2004), during the period of yew using limited resources for reproduction. from 1969 to 2001, the Pechenizhyn forestry (Kolomyia Forest Districts) were planted 35.4 ha of artificial forests with the yew participation. Unfortunately, we identify Natural regeneration of the species only 23.0 ha of artificial forest from which the yew is preserved only within the 18.9 ha (Hnatiuk and Huz The Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve, due to the area and yew 2018). population size is the most useful object for the studies In the Ukrainian Carpathians, according to our of yew natural regeneration in the country (Boratyński studies, the total area of artificial forest stands with et al. 2001). Thus, in 1950s the natural regeneration of the admixture of yew, is 24.15 ha (Tab. 1). While, the yew is less successful than in other species (Yuzkiv problems and possibilities of the renaturalization of 1958). However, from 4 to 16 thousand of yew seedlings the species are constantly analysed (Polianchuk et al. per 1 ha was observed here. The light is not an impor- 2020). The recommendations for the cultivation and the tant factor for English yew seed germination (Dhar et al. creation of biologically stable forest stands with yew in 2013). The survival rate and growth increment of seed- composition were elaborated, based on the gained ex- lings generally was better in higher light conditions perience (Herbut and Turis 2008). The economic value (Iszkuło and Boratyński 2006). It could explain that in of establishing of stands was not neglected. Despite the The Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve the most of seedlings complication and high cost of obtaining planting mate- (80–85%) were 1-year old and mostly were found under rial, the preservation of yew seedlings complicated in the canopy of the mother tree (Yuzkiv 1958). However, the conditions of the managed forests. in 1976 the percent of 1-year seedlings was slightly lover 76%, while 2–3 years old plants were participating in in Table 1. Artificially regenerated sites in Ukrainian 13% and older one as it follows: 4–7 year – 8%, 8 and Carpathians older – 3% (Boratyński et al. 2001). One of the latest Established Total Unit study that was established in 2001 (Iszkuło et al. 2005), in area, ha showed that the number of yew seedlings was increased Carpathian Biosphere Reserve 2013 0.75 (more than 30,000 with height lover then 1.3 m). In par- Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park 2003–2013 0.10 ticular, the number of the youngest seedlings (height up Kolomyia Forest District 1973–1984 18.90 to 0.05 m) was less than in 1976. The numbers of middle- aged and oldest seedlings/saplings (height 0.05–1.3 m) Skole Beskids National Nature Park 2008–2014 3.10 were a few times higher in 2001. It was important that Velykobychkivske Forest District 2010 1.40 there was no threat to seedling caused by grazing. The Total 24.15 game animals are an extremely serious threat to the natural regeneration of yew (Zatloukal and Vančura 2004). So, we can conclude that natural regeneration for Conclusions: Kniazhdvir Natural Reserve is satisfactory and increase during the last 50 years of 20th century. –– In Ukraine, the in situ and ex situ yew populations are quite different, in terms of bioclimatic conditions what does not affect to the growth characteris- Artificial regeneration of the species tics of the populations. –– Tending of tree stands, where the natural regenera- One of the ways to solve this problem is to create an tion of yew was inventoried can be recommended artificial forest stands with the participation of yew, es- but it should be planned very individually regarding pecially in places of its former existence (Herbut and requirements of the site. Turis 2008). The in-situ and ex-situ methods of yew –– Despite the complication and high cost of obtaining conservation are conducted in the artificially managed planting material, the introduction of yew seedlings

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in the conditions of the managed forest is very dif- Boratyński, A., Didukh, Y., Lucak, M. 2001. The yew ficult. (Taxus baccata L.) population in Knyazhdvir: Na- –– In Ukraine are successful examples of the seed ture Reserve in the carpathians (Ukraine). Dendro- transfer of yew populations by about 450 km in biology, 46, 3–8. North-East direction (Carpathian yew population) Cornes, R.C., van der Schrier, G., van den Besse- and 700 km in North direction (Crimean yew popu- laar, E.J.M., Jones, P.D. 2018. An ensemble version lation). It is an evidence of high ecological plasticity of the E-OBS temperature and precipitation data of the species. sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmos- –– It is recommended wider use of yew in public areas pheres, 123, 9391–9409. across the country due to unique value of species Deyneka, M. 2014. Ways of improvement of economic and more convenient protection of young seedlings. and nature protection activity of national natural –– It is important to continue the inventory of yew loca- park „Skolyvsky Beskydy” (in Ukrainian). Efekty- tions at the national level and study the possibilities vna Ekonomika, 3. to use as local sources to wider conservation of this Dhar, A., Vacik, H., Ruprecht, H., Al., E. 2013. Popula- species throughout the country. tion dynamics of endangered English yew (Taxus baccata L.): implication for conservation and management. In: Endangered Species: Habitat, Protec- Acknowledgments tion and Ecological Significance. Nova Science Publishers. We acknowledge the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 Didukh, Y.P. 2009. Red data book of Ukraine. Veg- project UERRA (http://www.uerra.eu) and the Coperni- etable kingdom (in Ukrainian). Hlobalkonsaltynh, cus Climate Change Service, and the data providers in Kyiv, Ukraine. the ECA&D project (https://www.ecad.eu). The authors Dovčiak, M. 2002. Population dynamics of the endan- also would like to thank Marcin Klisz (Forest Research gered English yew (Taxus baccata L.) and its man- Institute) for his support to obtain presented climate agement implications for biosphere reserves of the data for this study. Western Carpathians. Final report on Young Scien- tist Award. Dufková, K. 2019. Dendronyma v sídelních jménech References českých zemí (in Czech). Filonova, L. 1999. Introduction in vitro culture of Taxus Benham, S.E., Houston Durrant, T., Caudullo, G., de baccata L. and obtaining of taxol produced callus Rigo, D. 2016. Taxus baccata in Europe: distribu- lines (in Ukrainian). Institute of Cell Biology and tion, habitat, usage and threats. In: European Atlas Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Science of Forest Tree Species (eds.: J. San-Miguel-Ayanz, of Ukraine. D. de Rigo, G. Caudullo, T. Houston Durrant, A. Guijarro, J.A. 2014. User’s guide to Climatol. Mauri). Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg. Herbut, F.F., Turis, E.V. 2008. To the question of the re- Bezusko, L.G., Karpiuk, T.S., Mosyakin, S.L., Be- naturation yew (Taxus baccata) in Carpathian (in zusko, A.G. 2013. Paleochorological characteristics Ukrainian). Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod Univer- of Taxus baccata L. distribution during the optimal sity, Series Biology, 22, 63–66. phases of the Riss-Wurm in terglacial in the plain Hnatiuk, O. 2019. Using yew (Taxus baccata L.) in park part of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Botani- gardering (in Ukrainian). In: International Scien- cal Journal, 70, 35–41. tific and Practical Conference “The Current State Bojko, N.S. 2015. The yew tree (Taxus L.) as an item and Prospects for the Development of Landscape of historical and cultural heritage in the World and Architecture, Garden Design, Urban Ecology and Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Forestry and Decorative Phytomelioration” (ed.: R.B. Dudyn et al.), Lviv, Gardening, 229, 216–223. April 4–5, 2019. Liha-pres, Lviv, 96–98.

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