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NOTES to the SEPTUAGINT EZEKIEL 6 Thematically Chapter 6
NOTES TO THE SEPTUAGINT EZEKIEL 6 Thematically chapter 6 continues chapters 4–5 with its threatening predictions. From a dramatized condemnation of Jerusalem the prophet turns now to address the mountains of the surrounding land of Israel, the sites of the high places with their idolatric worship. The Septuagint (LXX) is shorter than the Masoretic Text (MT). LXX lacks the conflations of MT and of its maximizing text into which vari- ants have been incorporated. On the other hand, the trimmer text of LXX sometimes suggests it has been contracted1. Whereas in MT verses 8-9 seem to ring a hopeful note, in LXX they further develop the threatening message of the forgoing verses. The Double Name Twice in a role in verse 3, and once in v. 11, the critical editions of LXX have single kúriov where MT reads the double Name evei inda. In earlier contributions we already dealt with this phenomenon2. Here it may suffice to briefly summarise the data, adding remarks on the treatment of the topic in some newer commen- taries, and on L.J. McGregor's evaluation of the Greek evidence. In MT the double Name evei inda occurs 301 times3. It is typical for the book of Ezekiel were it is attested 217 times. In these instances, the critical editions of the Hebrew text, BHK and BHS, characterise inîda∏ as a secondary intrusion, either by commanding the reader to delete (dl) it, or by saying that it is an addition (add). The basis for this correction is the Greek text, and the suggestion that inîda∏ was inserted into the text as a help for the reader, to remind him of the fact that the “tetragram” could not be pronounced and was to be replaced by Adonay. -
Ezekiel Chapter 9
Ezekiel Chapter 9 Ezekiel 9:1 "He cried also in mine ears with a loud voice, saying, Cause them that have charge over the city to draw near, even every man [with] his destroying weapon in his hand." In the last lesson, God had gone into detail with Ezekiel, to make him fully understand why He judged Jerusalem and Judah. He gave over-abundant proof that they were guilty of the worst kind of sin. This cry is against Israel, and specifically, Judah and Jerusalem. A slaughter weapon suggests the massive destruction of human life that was impending. It appears, these that have charge over the city are superhuman beings under the direct orders of God. These angelic executioners came equipped with weapons of destruction (see Daniel 4:13, 17 and 23 for a comparison, a watcher, a holy one who did God’s bidding). These could be angels that God had stationed to protect His holy city. Now, they are set to destroy. These are similar to the angels in Revelation, which bring woe upon the sinful earth at the direction of God. Ezekiel 9:2 "And, behold, six men came from the way of the higher gate, which lieth toward the north, and every man a slaughter weapon in his hand; and one man among them [was] clothed with linen, with a writer's inkhorn by his side: and they went in, and stood beside the brazen altar." There are many symbols in this verse. The number 6 is the number of man, or mankind. This judgment then is against man. -
2 Chronicles Chapter 36
2 Chronicles Chapter 36 Verses 1-16: Ignoring God’s warnings will bring destruction (in this case, exile). Paying attention to God’s warnings will save a person from destruction. One of the responsibilities of being a Christian is warning people of God’s coming judgment and the way of deliverance provided through Jesus. Verses 1-4: The reign of Jehoahaz (ca. 609 B.C.; compare 2 Kings 23:31-23). Jeremiah continued to prophesy during this reign (Jer. 1:3). 2 Chronicles 36:1 "Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem." “Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in his father's stead": Though he was not the eldest son. Jehoiakim, who was afterwards placed in his place, being two years older, as appears from (2 Kings 23:31). And this is the reason, as the Jewish commentators in general agree, that he was anointed. Which they say was never done to the son of a king, unless there was a competitor. Or some objection to, or dispute about, the succession, as in the case of Solomon and others. Josiah had been a good king. The kings that followed him were evil. The decline of Judah is swift now. Jehoahaz was known as Johanan as well. The people loved Josiah, and assumed his son would be like his father. 2 Chronicles 36:2 "Jehoahaz [was] twenty and three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem." Who seems to be the same with Shallum (Jer. -
Micah 3:5,9-12 5 Thus Says the LORD Concerning the Prophets Who Lead
Micah 3:5,9-12 5 Thus says the LORD concerning the prophets who lead my people astray, who cry “Peace” when they have something to eat, but declare war against those who put nothing into their mouths. 9 Hear this, you rulers of the house of Jacob and chiefs of the house of Israel, who abhor justice and pervert all equity, 10 who build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with wrong! 11 Its rulers give judgment for a bribe, its priests teach for a price, its prophets give oracles for money; yet they lean upon the LORD and say, “Surely the LORD is with us! No harm shall come upon us.” 12 Therefore because of you Zion shall be plowed as a field; Jerusalem shall become a heap of ruins, and the mountain of the house a wooded height. Matthew 23:1-12 23 Then Jesus said to the crowds and to his disciples, 2 “The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses’ seat; 3 therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it; but do not do as they do, for they do not practice what they teach. 4 They tie up heavy burdens, hard to bear,[a] and lay them on the shoulders of others; but they themselves are unwilling to lift a finger to move them. 5 They do all their deeds to be seen by others; for they make their phylacteries broad and their fringes long. 6 They love to have the place of honor at banquets and the best seats in the synagogues, 7 and to be greeted with respect in the marketplaces, and to have people call them rabbi. -
Ezra/Nehemiah: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Ezra/Nehemiah: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION Whoever is among you of all his people, may his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and rebuild the house of the LORD, the God of Israel—he is the God who is in Jerusalem. 1-3 Historical Background Author It is unknown who wrote Ezra and Nehemiah. Historically it was believed that Ezra and Nehemiah author each book that carries their names in the title. Primarily because of the memoires that exist in each book (Ezra 7-10; Neh. 8-9) and the first person pronouns that are included throughout each book. Setting ● Israel’s capital is Jerusalem which is a vassal state under the control of the Persian King. ● Most Jews were exiled to Babylon / Persia. Some were left behind and remained in the land. ● When the Jewish exiles returned to the land, they faced opposition from enemies, particularly the Samarians who lived there. ● When the exiles returned to the land, they discovered that the distinctiveness of the Jews who were not deported had been compromised. Many had intermarried with non-Jews, which was forbidden in the Law (Ezra 9-10, Nehemiah 13:23-29). ● God called Ezra (priest) to bring the community back to covenant faithfulness (Torah). ● God called Nehemiah (governor) to rebuild Jerusalem’s wall, to secure the city. ● The repopulation of the Promised Land was a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy (Isa. 40:1-11, Jer. 25:11-12, 29:10) Date The events in both books take place over a span of roughly 60yrs (Ezra 539-458; Neh. -
1 Nehemiah – Lesson Eight – Nehemiah 11-12 Introduction The
Nehemiah – Lesson Eight – Nehemiah 11-12 Introduction The wall was finished, the gates were set firmly in place, and the watchmen signaled the coming and going of tradesmen from well beyond their borders. With all this in place, it would seem that personal sacrifice and risk-taking was greatly reduced for the Israelites. Yet, one more opportunity would test their resolve. When the call came to repopulate the holy city, to come and live within the walls, it was met with resistance. What caused these chosen, set- apart people of God to hesitate in taking their rightful place in his holy city? Before you cast your first stone, consider your own excuse. What is keeping you from being all in with God? What fears or personal preferences are testing your resolve as one who has been chosen for a life of worship and obedience to holy living? As you study this lesson, ask the Holy Spirit to renew your desire to establish your claim in God’s place of blessing, and to be listed among those who will one day joyfully receive the words of the King, “Well done, my good and faithful servant.” Please note: Questions are based on the New International Version of the Bible. Personal application answers can reflect your opinion and/or spiritual growth. These questions are marked ‘PA.’ Unless otherwise noted, when answering questions that refer to a specific scripture verse, you can use the words of the verse itself or summarize the answer in your own words. The Settlers 1. (a) From Nehemiah 11:1-2, how were people selected to repopulate Jerusalem? (b) What do you learn about casting lots and God’s will from: Exodus 28:30 – Numbers 26:55; 27:18-21; 33:53-54 – Proverbs 16:33 – Ezra 2:63 – Nehemiah 10:34 – 1 (c) Why was it not necessary for Moses to cast lots? See Exodus 33:11a. -
1 Context Overview 2 Outline of Ezekiel 26
Author: Ron Graham EEzzeekkiieell CChhaapptteerrss 2266,, 2277 aanndd 2288 —Outline and Notes 1 Context Overview Jerusalem has been under siege by Nebudchadnezzar king of Babylon, and finally the city has been ransacked and brought to ruin. Many Israelites were killed, many taken captive to Babylon, and some escaped. So Israel now consisted of the slaughtered in Jerusalem, the exiles in Babylon, and the fugitives among other nations. Ezekiel was among the exiles in Babylon who had been taken captive years earlier. He was appointed by God to watch over the Israelite captives and teach them by sharing his visions, preaching oracles from God, and performing symbolic acts. Not many paid heed to Ezekiel. King Nebuchadnezzar was attacking other nations besides Judah, and other cities besides Jerusalem. Prominent among these was the kingdom and city of Tyre. God promised that Tyre, because it had become corrupt, would be attacked by the Babylonians and by "many nations" and eventually be destroyed like Jerusalem. Ezekiel delivers God’s counsel to Tyre in a series of prophecies, laments, and oracles. 2 Outline of Ezekiel 26 11th YEAR (Ezekiel 26:1). Prophecy Against Tyre Jerusalem is in ruins and Judah is desolate. The coastal kingdom of Tyre thinks that opens the gate for Tyre to expand and profit. (Ezekiel 26:1-2). But God is against Tyre, and the kingdom will eventually suffer the same ruin as Jerusalem. This will result from "many nations" making wave after wave of assault (Ezekiel 26:3-6). Nebuchadnezzar will Attack Tyre Babylon will be the first of the nations to attack Tyre. -
The Minor Prophets Michael B
Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville Faculty Books 6-26-2018 A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets Michael B. Shepherd Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Shepherd, Michael B., "A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The inorM Prophets" (2018). Faculty Books. 201. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books/201 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Books by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The inorM Prophets Keywords Old Testament, prophets, preaching Disciplines Biblical Studies | Religion Publisher Kregel Publications Publisher's Note Taken from A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets © Copyright 2018 by Michael B. Shepherd. Published by Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI. Used by permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. ISBN 9780825444593 This book is available at DigitalCommons@Cedarville: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books/201 A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE KREGEL EXEGETICAL LIBRARY A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE The Minor Prophets MICHAEL B. SHEPHERD Kregel Academic A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets © 2018 by Michael B. Shepherd Published by Kregel Publications, a division of Kregel Inc., 2450 Oak Industrial Dr. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49505-6020. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a re- trieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, me- chanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without written permission of the publisher, except for brief quotations in printed reviews. -
Outline of the Book of Habakkuk
Outline of the Book of Habakkuk The Prophet and Date of Letter The name Habakkuk means “embrace or embracer” (ISBE v. 2, pp. 583). There is absolutely no information about the background or person of Habakkuk recorded. A general date may be determined by readings such as Habakkuk 1:5-11. Jehovah would raise the Babylonians (Chaldeans) to great power. The language appears as though Babylon had already been involved in great warfare, conquering nations, and dreaded as Assyria once was. Nineveh, the great city of Assyria, was conquered by Babylon during the year 612 BC. Babylon’s “rise” to power began at this point. Judah would not feel the actual brunt of Babylon until 605 BC (the year the Egyptians were defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar / cf. Jer. 46:2) (cf. Dan. 1:1ff; II Chron. 36:6ff). Though the Lord had pronounced the end of Judah during the days of Manasseh (i.e., 695 – 645 BC) it would not take place for another 40 years. An exact date is impossible to conclude from the facts that are given. The Date of Habakkuk is likely between the fall of Nineveh (i.e., 612 BC) and first attack on Judah (605 BC). Josiah would have been at the end of his good reign as king of Judah (640 to 609 BC.). Judah experienced great peace and achieved many religious reforms under Josiah by the year 621 BC (cf. II Kings 22:1-23:25). Nebuchadnezzar’s determination to put Egypt in subjugation eventually meant taking Judah. Habakkuk, thereby, appears to be a contemporary with Zephaniah, Jeremiah, and possibly Nahum. -
Hosea 8:1-14 Overview of Chapter 8: 1
Hosea 8:1-14 Overview of chapter 8: 1. 8:1 – The disaster and the reason for the disaster 2. 8:2-3 – False religion 3. 8:4a – False government 4. 8:4b-6 – False religion 5. 8:7 – The resulting disaster 6. 8:8-10 – Failed false government (international affairs) 7. 8:11-13 – Failed false religion 8. 8:14 – Israel’s failure, Israel’s false hope, Israel’s disaster Syncretism (means merging different religions, cultures, ideologies together) – YHWH/Baal: Israel claimed the Covenant benefits of YHWH but worshipped with pagan ideas and rituals of Baal. Rejected YHWH in their culture by: o Assassinating leaders and establishing new leaders through rebellions o Sought stability and security from other nations (Israel hoped they could persuade the foreign cultures to be “nice”, but forgot the sin nature of man and rejected YHWH) o Israel built up their military, mainly fortresses, instead of trusting YHWH 1 Baal images: Baal, the god of fertility and storms. Baal was the son of El. The raised right arm is the gesture of Baal smiting. The idol would have been holding a spear or a mace, but it has perished or been lost. These were found at Megiddo which is along the south side of the Jezreel Valley. These artifacts are in the Chicago Oriental Institute Museum and were found during the 1930’s excavation. There is shown below a four horned altar and an offering stand found in the palace complex which would have held a dish for liquid, food or incense offering. 2 Ivory inlays from Megiddo that at one time were used to decorate wooden furniture, etc. -
Ezekiel Chapter 26
Ezekiel Chapter 26 Ezekiel 26:1 "And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first [day] of the month, [that] the word of the LORD came unto me, saying," (In 585 B.C.), the 11th year of Jehoiachin’s captivity, on the tenth day of the fifth month, Jerusalem was captured. We have now passed the destruction of Jerusalem, and Nebuchadnezzar has moved on to other countries to conquer. This is a new prophecy, and a more extensive explanation than the countries we have just read of. Ezekiel 26:2-3 "Son of man, because that Tyrus hath said against Jerusalem, Aha, she is broken [that was] the gates of the people: she is turned unto me: I shall be replenished, [now] she is laid waste:" "Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I [am] against thee, O Tyrus, and will cause many nations to come up against thee, as the sea causeth his waves to come up." This is speaking of Tyre just before her destruction. Tyre was one of the richest cities in the east. We find they were a land of merchants. Their wealth came from their shipping trade. Tyre was like the others, who were pleased to see the fall of Jerusalem. God will not bless anyone who is opposed to Jerusalem. They were proud of their wealth, and did not want to be second to Jerusalem in popularity. Tyre was an ancient city located on the Mediterranean Sea. They were actually on an island just off the coast. The warning is given to Tyre, as it had been given to Jerusalem, before their fall. -
Ezekiel Session 19
Session 19 - Ezekiel 26 & 27 TYRE Chapter 25 spoke of judgement against nations to the East and West of Jerusalem. The next three chapters are devoted to Tyre, the center of the ancient Phoenician empire, with chapter 28 making the peculiar crossover to Satan. Tyre is on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and literally means “the rock-city”. The present day name of the location is Súr in Southern Lebanon about 34 miles North of Haifa. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the origins of Tyre can be traced back as early as the 28th century BC.. Tyre had made a transition off the mainland to an island a half mile off the coast and had successfully defended itself against the attacks of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser for five years a century and half prior to the fall of Jerusalem. Tyre actually had a history of friendship with Israel in times past. King Hyram was helpful to both David and Solomon in the preparation of the building of the temple (2Sam 5; 1Ki 5; 1Chr 14; 2Chr 2). After the split of Israel the relationship between the nations began to change dramatically. Eventually Jews were taken and sold as slaves by the people of Tyre to the Greeks and Edomites (Joel 3; Amos 1). Tyre’s navy was legendary and until Alexander the Great, Tyre was virtually invincible. The Phoenicians were well recognized as a great commercial empire because of her mastery of the open waters. The reaches of her sea-going trading efforts went as far as Great Britain, and had established colonies all throughout the Mediterranean.