The Nonconformists of Leeds in the Early Victorian Era: a Study in Social Composition

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1984

The Nonconformists of Leeds in the Early Victorian Era: A Study in Social Composition

Susan L. Fales Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Fales, Susan L., "The Nonconformists of Leeds in the Early Victorian Era: A Study in Social Composition" (1984). Theses and Dissertations. 4675. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4675

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE nonconformists OF LEEDS IN THE EARLY VICTORIAN ERA A STUDY IN

SOCIAL composition

A thesis presented to the department of history brigham young university

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts

by susan L fales december 1984 this thesis by susan L fales is accepted in its present form by the department of historbistorhistoryy of briahambridahambrigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of art

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hi TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 v chapter I1 introduction 0 1 II11 occupational PATTERNS 25 liiIII111 residential PATTERNSPATTERNSO 0 61 IV FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD PATTERNS 89

V SUMMARY AND conclusions 0 119 APPENDIX A occupational structure of leeds 1851 128

APPENDIX B occupational codes 9 0 0 0 0 0 130 APPENDIX C selected wage ormationformationinfinformationormationmatlon for leeds 134

APPENDIX D streets mentioned by critics 10 0 142 APPENDIX E male heads of household by denomination 150 bibliography 161

IV LIST OF TABLES la occupations of male heads of households by denomination middle class 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 31 lb occupations of male heads of households by 0 0 denomination working class 0 9 0 0 32 2 middle and working class percentages of membership by denomination 0 0 9 0 0 Is 0 0 10 0 9 0 36 3 city directory listings by denominations 0 37 4 proportion of working class by ward 40 65 5 population density of borough of leeds 66 6 economic status of leeds wards 67 7 denomination by township of residence 70 8 denomination by type of housing 0 75 9 type of housing by ward and township 80 10 number of children by denomination 93 11 extended family by denomination 97 12 wives employed by denomination 100 13 lodgers by denomination 0 10 0 104 14 servants by denomination 0 0 0 0 0 106 15 servants by townships and wards 0 108 16 families with male scholars by denominatdenominatedenominationionlon 110 17 fathers birthplace by denomination 114

v TOWNSHIPS AND WARDS OF THE BOROUGH OF LEEDS

TOWNSHIPS

CHAPECCHAPEL AUERTONALLERTON I1 i

headingleyHEADINGLEY f v A BRAMLEY c sc LEEDSeeds 7 ARMLEY s

WORTLEYWORTJluytEYuey C VJ HUNSLET FARNIEVFARNLEYV V BEESTON

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1 1 j

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bramleyRAMLEY13 ft rP

EAST

farnley

I1 NORTH 2 KIRKGATEKWKGATE 0 kilomettkiiKilomett 3 3 MILL HILL r milsmlls 4 SOUTH 0 2 source derekdenek fraser areasgreas of urban polpoliticsi ti cs leeds 1830801830 80 vol 2 ini n thefhe vivictorianctoriactori an cicityty immanesimmaqes and realrealitiesi ti es ed by HJH J dyosayos and michaelmichaei wolff 2 vols london routledgerbutledge & kegan paul

1973 9 p 767 vi CHAPTER I1

introduction

coketowncoke town 11 dickens reminds us was a town of red brick or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed 0 0 0 was a town of machinery and tall chimneysit it out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever and never got uncoiled it had a black canal in it and a river that ran purple with illillsmellingsmelling dye and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long and where the piston of the steamenginesteam engine worked monotonously up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madnessmadness11 A stranger tratravellingvelling to leeds in yorkshires west riding in the early 1850s would surely believe that he had found dickens cokecoketowntown vellingtravellingTra from the south on the leeds and bradford rail line a stranger would enter leeds through the working class townships of hunslethunsley and holbeck he would see on the north as he entered holbeck the meadow lane pottery and the jack lane primitive methodist chapel if his eyesight was good and the smoke was not too heavy the traveler could see beyond the Potterpotterjrpotterypotteryryr four malt klins two iron foundries and a brewery at this point most

rharlescharleslcharlesicharles dickens hard times foregr these timestimea new york new american library 1961 appp 303130 31 1 2 probably he would be struck by the row upon row of grimedbegrimerbegrimedbe red brick backtobackback to back houses with chimneys belching black coal smoke continuing in a northwesterly direction the traveler would spot some open fields on his left and perhaps might wonder why a few feet away the builders of leeds had packed so many houses together so tightly looking to his right the visitor could not help but notice marshalls flax mill famous in leeds and the west riding heading in a more northerly direction the train passenger would then spot holhoibolboi beck one of the many small and flithyfilthy becks or tributariestributaries leading into the river aire in 1871 one of these becks was cleaned and it yielded the carcases of seven cats eleven rats seventeen dogs and six pigs2 turning sharply to the north east the tracks took the traveler slowly past and then over the leeds and liverpool canal after running parallel to the river aire for only a short whilewhilefwhiled the tracks crossed the river and came to rest in the wellington street station on the rivers north bank upon disembarking from his train if the visitor glanced to the west down the river aire he would undoubtedly be struck by the sheer number of mills in sight along the river bank from east to west heading into leeds west ward a string of mills appeared starting with the air dale

hatrickpatrick luttgensNuttnuttgensgens leeds the backbach to front inside out upside down city anponpnpo stiles books 1979 appp 38938 9 3 saw mill and continuing with the britannia cloth mill victoria cloth mill wellington bridge dye house wellington cloth mill airedale cloth mill perseverance cloth dressing mill and the print works all the mills were situated to take full advantage ot the river water in powering the mills numerous steam engines if the traveler gazed beyond the print works he could see ffourour dye houses and the large joppa tannery on the horizon the visitor wishing to explore the city north of the river might be lulled into thinking it would be an easy days walk as the entire township of leeds contained only 2672 acres he would soon discover that leeds was a very up hill and down dale city sloping not so gradually upward from the river the woodhouse moor less than a mile away sits over 230 feet above the aire in the process of that climb the traveler to leeds would perhaps see the substantial mill hill unitarian chapel in park row or he might walk the ancient street of briggateBriggate where the shopkeepers congregated and where he would undoubtedly see dysons clock and the hatter shop of henry john jarvis he might be intrigued by the numerous courts and yards which filled in every nook and cranny behind briggateBrig gate as the city grew and expanded commercial court white cross yard kenyons courtcourtrcourty fleece yard and heatons yardyardy to name just a few As leeds was justly famous for its woollen industry any traveler would certainly want to visit the cloth 4 hall in an area ot the city known as the calls just past the cloth hall was the imposing st peters church if the traveler chose to continue walking to the east he would find himself in the primarily working class wards of leeds known as the east and north east wards these two wards were dominated by the borkiworkiworkingng classes and by the substandard housing of leeds known as back to backs there was a certain monotony of housing in these areas which consisted of coal blackened red brick rows of one ups one downs these one up one down working class backtobackback to back cottages often had rooms of only five yards square and about four yards high with one room on the ground level and one above4above 4 sometimes there might also be a cellar dwelling our traveler might also find walking a little difficult in hilly leeds because only 86 streets out of 586 were paved 5 it was common in leeds to put down ashes to form a pavement however in dry weather this caused an irritating dust and on wet days spongy black puddles appeared although the nineteenth century traveler was probably somewhat accustomed to unsanitary conditions

rodertrobert baker on the state and condition of the town of leeds in the west riding of the county of york in the chchadwickadwick redreportort- ono n ttheh e Ssanitaryan&n itaxicax v condition of ththeP laLabourlabouringboljtidinalnaingg population witawith the localLQ Q 4jaj reports otgj englanenglandd anand waleswriles aandadqlherother reirelatedRel aLedabed padPappaderslappagepaperspappagepusepage 1837421837- 42 volvoivollvoltvoit 2 london W clowes and sons for HMSO 1842 reprint ed shannon ireland irish univesityuniversityUnive sity press 1971 p 1003

51bidbid F p 994 5 surely even he would have noticed the incredible stench in certain areas of the city the noxious odor was causedcassedycausedy in partparty by overflowing and inadequate privies it was a common habit to empty chamber pots into the streetstreety asasyaay even when privies were providedproviprovidedydedy there was no sewerage system in which to flush the contents all the matter had to be dug out and carted away6awaya conditions had not improved much by 1871 when 293 houses in wellington yardyardy a notorious epidemic areararea were torn down there was a midden twentyonetwenty one feet longlongy five feet ten inches wide and six feet deep one nightnighty so the story goesgoesy a drunken man fell in and suffocatedsuffocated7 7 in an attempt to get away ffromrom this less than desirable section of towntowny the traveler could turn to the west and head back to the center As he passed through the quarry hill areaarear a continuation of the poorer working class districtdistrictsdistrictsySy he might notice st peters wesleyan methodist chapel or the lady lane wesleyan chapel y situated in the middle of this working class warren hurrying on towards central leeds he would arrive at the town hall on park lane next door he would undoubtedly notice the finely appointed oxford place wesleyan methodist chapelchapelachapely with seats for 2000 shippersworshipperswor in hopes ot0 finding a little nicer neighbor hoodhoody the traveler y if he continued westrwestwesty would discover

63ohnajohn6john F C harrisonharrlsonharrlharrisoneHarriharrisonysony the birth andlind growth ofgf industrial england 171418671714 1867 new york harcourt brace jovanovichJovanojovanovichyvichrvichy 1973 y p 96 7nuttgensNuttnuttgensygenSy p 38 6 the fashionable park Squarsquareej park place and hanover square area an area reserved for the wealthiewealthierwealthiervrv upper middle class population of leeds it consisted of lovely terraced houses with substantial gardens and separate small estates surrounded by gardens despite the upper middle class appearance the neighbourhoodneighbour hood was located less than half a mile from the river aire whose banks were dotted with the belching factory chimneys in one last efeffortfort to rid himself of factory smoke the traveler could walk up woodhouse lane past blenheim terrace and springfield lodge to the height of the woodhouse moor and look down upon the cicityty all visitors agreed that leeds was a smokey town but if the traveller were observing the city on a sunday rather than a weekday he might be able to see ffromrom hill to 8 hill 0 even on a sunday he might findfind his view less than desirable because leeds experienced sunlight only twenty percent ot daylight hours and central leeds only sixteen percent compared to thirty percent for all of england and wales 9 our travelers perambulation and view of leeds would probably convince the visitor of one thing the city was dominated by the factory chimney and not by the spires of

arobert8robertp robert baker on the state and condition of the ff town ot leeds 0 0 p 1050 9cac J morgan demographic change 177119111771 19111911f in A historvhistory of modernmadeanmgdean leeds ed derek fraser manchester manchester university press 1980 p 68 7 its churches and chapels one could raise the same questions for leeds as dickens did for coketownsCoke towns eighteen denominations who belonged to the eighteen denominations because whoever did the labourlabouringing people did not it was very strange to walk through the streets on a sunday morning and note how few of tthemh the barbarous jangling of bells that was driving the sick and nervous mad called away from their own quarter from their own close rooms from the corners ot their own streets where they lounged listlessly gazing at all the church and chapelgoingchapel going as at a thing with which they had no manner of concern10concern 10 this feature of city life which leeds held in common with other large towns of the nineteenth century was in sharp contrast to the dominance of the parish church and sometimes the dissenting chapel of sixteenth and seventeenth century villagers 11

in 1851 leeds borough had a population of 172270 wwithiith the township comprising 101343 of the total yet the township comprised only 2672 acres out of the total borough acreage ot0 21450 12 the remainder of the borough was made up of the working class outtownshipsout townships of holbeck

lodickenslodickens p 32 llllmargaretlamargaretmargaret shuffordsaufspuffordspufSpuffordfo rd contrastingcgntrag9tinct communitiesc2mmuni ties english viliviiiVillvillagersaaers in the Ssixteenthi atxt ee nth aand Sseventeenthev e-n t een th cecenturiesiturntur i e S cambridge cambridge university presspressy 1974 p xx 12baker12baker on the state and condition of the town of leeds p 9929920 8 and hunsletHunshunsleylet the pastoral townships of farfarnleyPar nley chapel allerton and Potterpotternewtonnewton beeston most noted for coal mining headingley cum burburleyley advantageously located to the north and above leeds township the townships of wortley and bramley textile centers with bramley especially strong as a handloom weaving center and finally armley along with wortley an increasingly important center for engineering and railways for the entire borough population there were only 137 churches and chapels with seats generally referred to as sittingsittingsst to accommodate merely 76488 or 44 percent of the shippersworshipperswor these ffewew sittings would appear to have been more than adequate to accommodate leeds church of england hereinafter referred to as church members and nonconformist hereinafter referred to as chapel members worshippers as only 39392 people worshipped at the most popularly attended moralmornlmorningn g services 133 As a city dominated by nonworshipnonworshipperspers leeds was little different from most ot the industrialized cities of great britain kenneth inglis examined this trend using the figures from census sunday march 30 18511851r published in the 1851 census of religious worship inglis developed an index of attendance which is based upon the

131a51sl census otqt great britain redrepreportartgrt and tablesnabiesnahles on religious wgrshiiworship englandejaglgjad and waleswalgo london edward eyre for HMSO 1853 reprint ed shannon ireland irish university press 11970970 p cclecclx 9 total attendance at all places of worship within an area expressed as a percentage of the population in that area he showed that all places of worship in england and wales experienced an attendance index of 61 but in rural and small towns the index rose to 71471.4 and in larger towns of 10000 or more it dropped to 49749.7 even this ffigure is misleading however as most of the largest towns were well below that average leeds revealed an index of attendance of 47447.4 which although poor when compared to small towns and rural areas was considerably better than many of the larger towns such as preston at 25525.5 or manchester at 34714347.14 leeds was a city which exhibited not only relatively good attendance at religious worship among larger towns but it was also a city dominated by nonconformity this ffactact prompted the new vicar of leeds in 1837 waltar farquhar hook to wrwriteite that the cicitysty I1 s 11 de facto established religion is methodism 15 inglis figures relatingrelatina to the ratio of nonconformist chapel attendance to church of england attendance in the large towns reveal even more the dominance of leeds nonconformity of each 100 worship

14kenneth14kenneth S inglis patterns of religious worship in 1851 11 journal of ecclesiastical Hishistorytoxy 11 1960 81 15w15vi R W stephens life and letters of walter farquharfarguhar hookbook 1878 quoted in derek fraser ed A historybiatgry of modern leedleedsS manchester manchester university press 1980r1980 p 2512510 10 pers leeds experienced 594 percent nonconformist atten- dancerdance y whereas preston showed 43843.8 percent and manchester 4242342.33.3 percent16percent 16 the figures for methodist attendance certainly corroborate hooks observation however as 42942.9 percent of the nonconformist attendance in leeds was methodist17Methodist 17 nonconformity is often grouped under the titles old dissent and new dissent dissent from the established church of england began in the sixteenth century when the independents came into being the seventeenth century spawned the baptists PresbyterianpresbyteriansPresbytepresbyteriansirianssi the unitarians and society of friends these religionreligionssr became known as old dissent when in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the wesleyan methodists methodist new connexion primitive methodists the southcottiansSouthcottians the Swedenborgswedenborgiansians the united brethren and the cormonsMormormonsmons were formed the dissenting religions under study in this thesis are the independents the baptists the unitarians society of friends the wesleyan methodists methodist new connexion primitive methodists and the cormonsMormormonsmons the independents traditionally traced their origins back to robert brownes gathered congregation in norwich

161nglisinglis patterns of religious worship in 1851 11 appp 828382 83 both manchester and preston had relatively high roman catholic attendance which kept the figures for both the church of england and the nonconformists low

171bidibid r p 85 11 in 1581181581.18 browne was the first to spell out the independents basic principles which center around church polity A christian church must be a congregation of true believers and in order to achieve that ideal all authority must be vested in the congregation and none given absolutely to its leadership although the titles independents and con- regationalistsgregational istsests are often used synonymously there is a different meaning conveyed by each term independency denotes the idea of total freedom of the body from outside control whereas the term congregationalism suggests that every church member participates in its administration 19 both of these ideals are practiced by the independent congregations the strength of independency was in a group of counties stretching eastward from devon to essex and suffolk the west riding was only moderately affected by independency and the 1851 religious census figures show that the large manufacturing cities were much more affected by methodism than independency leeds revealed only eleven independent chapels out of a total of 101 nonconformist chapels the baptists with thirteen chapels in leeds borough in 1851 showed their greatest strength in the west riding

18johnjohn D gay the Gegageographylaphyraphy ofgf Reljareljaignreligionign in enenglandcilandailand london duckworth & co 1971 r p 134 191851 census ofgf great britainbr itainetain report and tables on Rreligiousgilgliquiq1i biousgious v2rghjjworships p li

4 12 of yorkshire in the counties which stretched from the east midlands to the east anglian coast ie leicestershireLeicester shire rutland northamptonshireNorthampton shire bedfordshireBedfordshire huntingdonshireHuntingdonshire buckinghamshireBuckinghamshire cambridgeshirecambridgeshirejCambridge shire hertfordshireHertfordshire suffolk and essex20Essex 20 the baptists traced their origins to john smythsmythy who in 1609 institutedreinstitutedre the doctrine of adult baptism by immersion according to the doctrine of the new testament it was felt by smyth who was strongly influenced by the continental european anabaptist teachings of the 1500s that baptism by immersion was the basis for the fellowship of a gathered church smyths followers became known as general baptists because they held that salvation was for alallali1 men the particular baptists on the other hand sprang into existence in 1633 in london under henry jacob who asserted that only a particular part of mankind was prede- stined for salvation 21 nine of the thirteen baptist chapels in leeds were particular in church polity there was hardly any difference between the baptists and the independents john biddle a tractarian of the 1650s is generally credited as the father of english unitarianism their

20gay p 121 21f L cross and E A livingstone eds the oafoxfoxfordor d Digliodictionarydiglionarynary ofgj the christian churchchurgchugg ad2d ed oxford oxford university press 1974 0 p 47r47 129 1851 census of great britain report aadandadd tables on religious worshipsWor shirr p lix 13 ecclesiastical organization was essentially congregational in nature with each individual body ruling itself in a manner similar to the independents and the baptists their doctrine was radically different from the other two old dissenting religions they apparently accepted the miracles of the new testament but they rejected the divinity of christ in addition they could not accept mans inherent sinfulness andrandandy therefore did not admit that an atonement was necessary22necessary 22 the total numbers of unitarians were small howeverhoweverrhoweverrvery and what strength they had rested in the west riding lancashire and cheshire23Cheshire 23 leeds had only three unitarian chapels in 1851 which represented only 1240 sittings the seekers later called the religious society of friends originated out of the great religious upheaval of the seventeenthmidseventeenthmid century george fox was the founder of this important nonconformist religion which perhaps embodied the most extreme protest against ceremonial religion their worship was without any set liturgy or appointed minister and was based on the inner light this inner light rested on the foundation that the divine nature

22f22 L cross ed appp 140814091408 1409 1851 census of religious worship p ixviii1xviii owen chadwick the victorian church 2 vols new york oxford university press 1966 1391

23gaygay p 182r182 317 14 of christ worked directly on mans soul and provided the means to perform good works visibly its effect was shown through an improved moral character in church polity although there was no appointed miniministersterr there were certain officers such as elders who were responsible for meetings and overseers who were responsible for the temporal welfare of their members24members 24 the society of friends isolated behind a wall of peculiarities were a declining religion in 1851 in england there were 371 congregations with sittings for 91599 persons if leeds was typical however the number of sittings far exceeded the number of attendants there was only one meeting house in leeds with sittings for 1100 and attendance at morning worship of only 363 despite the small membership evidenced in leeds the friends were the strongest numerically in yorkshire and other areas of the north such as lancashire and westmorland the southwest also showed membership pockets in london bristol and norwich 25 new dissent was dominated by methodism and particu- larly the original wesleyan methodist connexion its origins can be traced to john wesley an ordained anglican minister whose conversion experience in 1738 led him to

24f L cross ed r appp 53839538 39 chadwick p 424 25gaygay appp 17879178 79 15 travel the country preaching the gospel of scriptural holiness although there was nothing in wesleys teachings that were contrary to the doctrine of the established churchchurchy his methods went against the ministeriministerialal grain wesleys habit of ignoring the parish system and preaching to all the masses was at odds with established practice although wesley never had any intention of leaving the church of england the final break with the established church was made by his followers after his death in 1791261791.26 the growth of methodism seemed to be dependent upon the weakness of the church of england in a given geographical area it was in these areas that john wesley a faithful anglican minister saw the greatest need and to which he and his itinerant preachers traveled consequently the newly expanding industrial cities were the natural breeding ground for methodism leeds was no exception to this practice in 1851 there were twentysixtwenty six wesleyan methodist chapels and a total of sixty methodist chapels there were radical wesleyan methodists who shortly after wesleys death felt that the break from the established church was taking too long and was not going far enough it was almost inevitable that a schism would

26gaygay appp 14445144 45 chadwick I1 370 flafloF L cross ed appp 9089908 9 16 appearappearandappe arandand in 1797 leeds was in fact the scene of a major schism known as the kilhamitesKilhamites atterarteracter the rev alexander kilham who founded the methodist new connexion in all respects except the added power given to the laity the methodist new connexion was no different from the original connexion its strengstrengthtn lay primarily in the north in the west riding durham and northumberland and in the midlands in nottinghamshireNottinghamshire staffordshire and heretordshireherefordshireHerefordshire leeds in 1851 had seven methodist new connexion chapelchapelssr with sittings for over 2700 people27people 27 A more important schism in the wesleyan methodist church occurred in 1810 when hugh bourne and william clowes felt that they were unduly restricted in their camp meeting evangelevangelizingevangeiizingizing they consequently formed their own group the primitive methodists and it was by far the largest methodist schism by 1851 there were almost 3000 places of worship in england and in leeds there were thirteen chapels second only to the wesleyans among dissenting chapels their strength was in the potteries durham northumberland the west riding and lincoln in ailallali aspects of doctrine and worship the primitive methodists were methodist but their preaching methods set them apart from other wesleyanswesleyannWesleyans they were primarily street

27gaygay appp 14950149 50 18511251 census of greatgrgat britain rgragrrqnreportor and tables on religious worshiprqgsh ip p ixxixlxxix nigel yates the religious life of victorian leedsleedsrleeder in derek fraser ed A uishistorybipHIP tgryagry otqt modern legleedslegddsr p 252 17 revivalistsrevivalists who apparently attracted a lower social level than the original connexion28Connexion 28 the last or the new dissenting chapels under discussion was not one of the prominent dissenting protestant chapels in england but an american denomination which was imported to england in 1837 the church of jesus christ ot latterlatterdayday saints hereinafter referred to as the cormonsMormormonsmons was organized in new york on april 6 1830 by joseph smith the founder of the religion in 1837 the first mormon missionaries entered england through the port of liverpool these missionaries and subsequent prominent members ot the church such as brigham young wilford woodruff and parley P pratt who came to england as missionaries in 1840 were relatively susuccessfulcessfulcessfulfui in finding and baptizing cinvertsonvertsconvertsonverts horace mann attributed mormon success among the working classes to their millennarianMillennarian doctrines and to the attractiveness of a church based upon continuing revelation and subsequent infallibility 292 by 1851 there were over 220 mormon places of worship in england with almost 31000 sittings and it is estimatestimate

28 28chadwickchadwick I1 38687386 87 gay appp 15052150 52 1851 census of great britain report and tables on religious rusrugworship appp ixxxilxxxi lxxxii ricaard29ricnardricnardRicnard L evansevaner A century of mormonism in great britain salt lake city deseret news press 1937 appp 22- 33 r 9010890 108 gay appp 19194191 94 1851 census of great britain report j1njand tables on religious worship appp cviavi cxxi chadwick p 436 la18 ed by mann that over 20000 mormons had already immigrated to america30America 30 in leeds borough there was only one meeting place with sittings for 240 attendants the numerical strength of mormonism centered in lancashireLanca shirershirey Checheshireshirershirey the west riding ot Yorkyorkshireshirer hampshire and Gloucestergloucestershireshire the announcement of polygamy in the miiMilmillennimilcennimillenniallenniienni al star of 1 january 1853 diminished the mormon proselyting success in england31England 31

II11

this thesis examines the nonconformist chapel goers of the borough ot leeds to determine their social composition membership from the old dissenting chapels of the independents baptists unitarians and the society of friends along with the new dissenting chapels of the wesleyan methodists the methodist new connexion the primitive methodists and the mormons are all utilized the west riding maintained a heavily nonconformist tradition a pattern consistent with other large industrial cities such as bradford oldham and sheffield and it was for this reason that the city of leeds was selected for this study it is not only the most prominent city in the west

301851sl census ofot great britain report and tables on rjggiqvgrgjigigpg wolswoggbivwoysbapWoys bluhadbAp P exCX 3lchadwickchadwick I1 4394194 19 19 riding but it is also representative of the chief manufacturing cities ot england in the early victorian era in 1851 it was the ffifthif th largest city in the nation with a borough population of 172270 although a leading woollen manufacturing town leeds also had a burgeoning engineering industry like many cities in the industrial revolution it experienced rapid population growth differentiated residential patterns and a predominantly working class occupational structure this study questions whether the social categories owen chadwick used in his important work the mictgrianvictorian church are appropriate for a victorian city such as leeds were the wesleyan methodists primarily from the lower middle class and artisans were the unitarian congregations more educated Is it true that congregational or independent chapels were predominantly houses of worship for the upper middleiddiemiddlemiddiei class with few labourerslabour ers were baptist chapels attended by a distinctly artisan and lower class clientele were the the quakers not a religion of the poor and lastly were the mormon converts almost all of the poorpoor32 the problem actually goes deeper than the social categories assigned by chadwick although the social and economic status ot the chapel goers is one important aspect of this study an added dimension revolves around the family structure were there differences among the chapel goers

32chadwick32 chadwick 1424 437 20 relating to size of families the presence of an extended family a noticeable trend in mobility and persistence in an area if so what do these differences suggest although the answers to these questions may reveal the social composition of the leeds nonconformistsnonconfononconformists they will not completely answer the question why these individuals were attracted to a particular nonconformist religion because few journals and diaries exist which might reveal religious motivation one way to answer this question is to study the organizational structure of the various denominations did certain chapels provide more opportunities for personal involvement than others if so did the occupational patterns of a particular denomination show a correlation between greater church involvement and lower occupational status in other words could an individual who had less say in his occupationaloccupationalcupationallonai world be more attracted to a religion which allowed him more say or can the personal commitment exhibited by some members be measured in some way other than through the traditional literary sources which are scarce for these groups As shuffordspuffordSpufford has suggested if a relatively poor man were prepared to give time energy and above all money to I1 his particular brand otor faith his onvictionsconvictions must have been both deep and genuine 3533 although these questions are not necessarily new

shufford33spuffordrspuffordSpufford p 344 21 the answers to them have primarily been explored only on the national level34level 34 there have been only two major studies of engliengilenglishsh cities conducted to date E R wickham in church andan d people in an industrial cityC examined the religious history ot sheffield from the english civil war to the turn of the nineteenth century hugh mcleod presents a sociological study ot religious trends in bethealbethnal greenigreengreeng london in his work entitled class and religion in thedheghe late victorian city the latter focuses on the period ffromrom 1880 to 1914 because mcleod believes that the nineteenth century provided the essential features of our modern situation both of these studies present valid evidence which supports much of chadwicks statements about social structure however it can be argued that london is not necessarily representative ot the kingdom and certainly differed markedly from industrial cities of the north sheffield however was one of the chief industrial cities and therefore the results of wickhams study could be interpreted as representative for other major industrial cities ot the early victorian era the focus of both of these works however is primarily on literary evidence and neither provides the type of large statistical samples which

34johnjohn D gay thetiietjie geography ot religion in england london duckworth & co 1971 kenneth S inglis churches and the workinghinahingking classes in victvictorianarianqrianquian england london routledge and kegan paulpauli 1963 inglis patterns of religious worshipwor ship in 1851 alan D gilbertG ilbelibe rt leibelhelbeligreligionig ionlon andsind sochetsocietsocietyY in industrial england churchchurchy chalochaioCchadelchapelhael and social changeChancte 1740121174019141740 12118119144 london longman 1976 22 could amplify and either corroborate or disprove chadwicks social structure contentions in this study a statistical population of 2385 people was gathered by listing all the entries from the 183018371830 1837 birth and baptismal registers for twentythreetwenty three nonconformist chapels in leeds the leeds branch mormon membership lists ot the 1840s and early 1850s provided the people from the twentyfourthtwenty fourth chapel all readable names listed on the mormon membership lists were included theth e original population of 2385 people were not grouped by families but were simply an alphabetical list of individu- alsal s As soon as these individuals were checked against the 1851 cgiasucensusa ot population they became families the population now available tor further study was reduced to 483 male heads of households along with their families by two factorsractorsractors 1 many of the individuals were revealed as a member of a family and 2 many of the individuals were not found on the census the 1851 censuscensus of population was also used to determine occupation birthplace the presence of servants or lolodgersagers and nuclear or extended family structure in additionaddi tion the male head of household was checked against the 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 and 1853 commercial directories for leeds and each family residence was located on the 1851 ordnance survey five foot plans for leeds township and the outtownshipsout townships of holbeck and huns 23 let 35 A statistical approach will reveal denominational social structure patterns which have only partially been viewed through literary sources for example will further study ot larger numbers reveal that the working classes were primarily detached from religious worship in terms of religious worship then did leeds resemble coketownCoKe town or were there specific denominations which attracted the working classes more readily than others as horace mann the compiler of the 1851 census of0 f religious worship suggested mann determined that it was new dissent in general which was more attractive to the working classes

c 35the3 the most serious delimitation of this study is the small number of miliesfamiliesta found which represented a relatively small proportion of the membership of each denomination using the male head ofot household only and comparing against each denominations attendance at their most popularly attended meeting on census sunday march 30 1851 the following percentages are revealed unitarians 4 percentpercentr independents 272.7 percent baptists 373.7 percent friends 6 percentpercentr wesleyan Methodistmethodistssr 2 percent methodist new connexion 131.3 percentpercentr primitive methodist 2 percent mormons 16516.5 percent these figures in reality are higher if the family were compared against attendance and not just the male head of household the numbers were limited by the sources and the decision for the sake of comparability to use only male heads of households found on the 1851 census of 12qidpopulationulatiolaw although it is suspected that the tendencies revealed in this study would not be significantly different the confidence level would be greatly improved if more families could have been found additional sources such as more journals voter registration and voting patterns community involvement and the church of england membership need to be examined to add both the personal voice and valuable material on social composition lastly this same type ot study needs to be extended to other industrial cities to examine similarities and differences 24 and methodism and mormonism in particular which showed strengstrengthtn among working class worshippers36 to answer these questions the occupational residential and family and household characteristicscharacter isticsristics of each of eight nonconformist denominations identified earlier will be tested to determine the associational ties common to each denomination although the study utilizes groups rather than individuals as its focus it is hoped that the individual will not be lost in the process for it was the individual not the group who provided the sacrifices and personal commitment to a set of beliefs which were labeled methodist baptist independent quaker unitarian or mormon

36185icensusISSI census of great britain repartreportrepgrt and tabletabietablesai9i on religious warswgrsworshipinsids p cxiaxi CHAPTER II11

THE CHAPEL GOERS OF LEEDS occupational PATTERNS

in coketownCoke town according to dickens the labourlabouringing population did not belong to the citys eighteen denominations but robert spurr a shoemaker of bramley one of the outtownshipsout townships in leeds did belong to a chapel he states one of my shop mates anda nd my self began to go to the baptisbaptiebaptistt chapel I1 thought it very strange when i saw men and women go down into the water and the ministermi nister in the water baptizing them in the name ot0 the father son and holy ghost but i heard them prpreacheach the word of truth and reading for my self in the book i found it to be true so went alongng with them hoping to be in heaven i aloaio1 with thethemim although probably more religious than the inhabitants of coketownCoke town and most of leeds spurr presented the classic example of the occupational uncertainties of the working classes when his first wife died and left him with a tiny son joshua he wrote I1 then went ofofff with a very heavy heart to seek work I1 worked 3 months at Gildgildersomeersome making mensmensi boots 2sas per pair afafterter that i came to work for brother john again for some short time but i wished again to try my weel of fortune else where so i went at leeds up at bank and lived with brother david but i slept at another place I1 had not been there long beforebenore my master removed tp J owen ed y the autobiography of robert spurr baptistbsiptigtquarterlyquarterly xavixxvi 1976 p 284

25 26 to leanwoodmeanwoodmeanwood and all the shipmenshopmen went with them 5 my in number 0 0 master was very poor and liked his drop of ale and he had very little money and little work so when i had been there 18 months i had to leave 50s of my wages in his hands and work at rodley2Rodley 2 after joining the bramley zion baptist church in 1832 spurr met his second wife mary and continued with the hardships of his life of their eight children four died in infancy spurrspurry like allaliailaillaili labourlabouringing class men worked with his hands no matter what the wages or the skill a mans social status was determined by the type of work he performed an illillpaidpaid school teacher or lowly clerk would always consider himself the social superior of a more highlypaidhighly paid skilled artisan simply because that artisan used his hands to perform his work additional hallmarks of the labourlabouringing man were the insecurity of the job and the wide divergence of skill and pay within the working classes A skilled artisan could earn 354035 40 shillings a week whereas a labourerlablaboureurourer might only earn 10 shillings a week on an uncertain basis yet both men were part of the labourlabouringing population of england 3 the middle classes also showed a wide range of pay and skill but more importantly physical labour was not

21bid r appp 28384283 84 sjohn F C harrison the early victorians 18321832 1851851J london weidenfeld and nicolson 1971 appp 22232223022 23023

1 27 performed by this class the upper end of the middle class scale was represented by men who could mingle easily with the gentry the upper middle class in fact formed a city oligarchy edward baines who was an independent a liberal MP from leeds and the proprietor of the leeds mercury represented the professional category as did ricrichardhard constantine hay an independent and member of the royal college ot surgeons newman cash a quaker and prominent woollen merchant was typical of the powerful merchants of leeds on the other hand the lower middle classes were closer to the labourlabouringing classes in pay and were mostly noted for the taint ofot trade or the performance of a paid service they were the xiodcl0ylo householders who might include a shopkeeper coal merchant innkeeper commercial traveler school teacher and clerk the wesleyan methodist john anderson a tea dealer and grocer on 20 park lane the quaker william broadhead who maintained a coffee house on meadow lane road or the independent thomas buckton who was a grocer and druggist in wortley were all men who ffitit easily the lower middleclassmiddle class mold although j300300 a year was often mentioned as a minimum for middle class living teachers and clerks earned as little as ygo60 a year which was much less than a skilled artisan nevertheless these people were considered middle class because of their educational attainmentattainmentssf and because there was no taint of manual labour associated 28 with their jobs these qualities provided the middle classes with the social status that robert spurr could not and did not enjoy4enjoyenjoys 4 born in 1801 robert spurr grew up during the rise of the great manufacturing cities of england at the height of the industrial revolution although born in ossett near wakefieldwakefi eldeid he spent most of his adult life in leeds he therefore was a part of that cityscity tremendous growth from 53276 in 1801 to 172270 in 1851 from the sixth largest to the fifth largest city in the nation with only london liverpoolLiverliverpooltpoolt manchester and birmingham larger

although the 1185151 censuscg agu 69 of occupationsolqqqup4tiq11 s clearly shows that agriculture was still the largest industry of the nonagricultural industries textiles dominated the nation they prevailed not only in numbers around ll111.1 million workers not including hosiery and lace but also as a pacesetterpace setter for industrial organization it was in textiles that the great technological innovations occurred and it was in textiles that the factory system was developed this new system required the development of skills in industrial and economic organizations the textile industry along with the railroadrailroadssr also spawned the neophyte mechanicmechanicalai engineering industry although only about a quarter ot the working population in 1851 was engaged in

4 41bidbid F appp 1034103 29 manufacturing and mining these labourerslabour ers were the motive force behind britains ascendancy as the workshop of the world 1155

robert spurrs leeds in 1851 was very much a part of the emerging urban structure of british society for the first time slightly more than half the population in england was urban and leeds a leading woollen town was the fifth largest city in the country in whites 1853 leeds djrggtpi rectory for example there were listed twentyeighttwenty eight flax and tow spinners fortysixforty six iron and brass founders fiftyonefifty one machine makers 127 merchants which included stuff merchantsme rchaachantsants and woollen cloth merchants and eighty eight woollen cloth manufacturers 6 however using the 1851 censusceneus olof01 qcomatigoccupationswaomaowoo the strength of the textile industry in leeds becomes clearer of 8388983 889889.889 men and women over age twenty 28889 34 percent were occupied in the textile industry by far the largest percentage in any occupation see appendix A for a detailed occupational profile but what of robert spurr and his son george and

51bidbid r appp 101110 11

william white directorydlugaDirgalorydorytory aandad gazetteer of leeds f bradford jaj1 hallhailhalifaxHajj fax Huddershuddersfieldhpddgrgf fieldjgjd9 waketieldwakefield and thejbg2 whole of the clothing districts of the west Rridingi cinqdinq of0f yorkshireshileshireehile sheffield robert leeder 1853 reprint ed new york augusts M kelley 1969 p 239 252 257 258 2872870 30 such young men whose coarse red hands told you they did something with their hands for their living was spurspurrr a typical baptist in leeds what is the occupational profile for each ofot the denominationdenominationsdenominationsrsr and which denominations were apparently the most attractive to the labourlabouringing population by viewing the six columns on table lb ie r artisan factorysupervisoryfactorysupervisoryrFactory Supervisory factoryskilledFactory Skilled factoryunskilledFactory Unskilled labourerlaboureurLabourer and farming as one group a good picture of the labourlabouringing population of each denomination emerges alallail1 of the sects except the friends displayed over 55 percent labourlabouringing population the high percentage in the artisan category ot the working class population may in part be accounted for by the number of people still engaged in the domestic system of the woollen and other textile production this was true especially among the baptists in bramley who were dependent on handloom weaving for their livelihood despite this apparent skewing toward the artisan occupational category it does not alter the total picture ot the working classes as demonstrated in table lbleb if these people engaged in the domestic system changed occupations it is more likely the change would occur within other working class trades rather than middle class professions the smaller percentage of the working class members found among the friends the unitarians and the independents is intriguing when one considers how large the leeds TPBLETABLE latlaa1 A occupations 0OF maleMPLEMOLE HEADSHERDSOF households 1851 IN LEEDS ARRANGED BY denominations

CLERKS professionalprofessionat P01okkeepersbookkeepers manufacturers SALSPLESMMNESMAN SHOPKshopkeepereerEEPER occupationsOCCUICIATOCCUIChatIAT I1 ONS NO NO NO NO NONOSnom 7 denominations 1 unitarians 1 505.0 1 505.055. 1 505.05 qi 4 20 0 2 10I1 0

1 c2 clpemdents1andependentsIND io10 11 171 4 444.44 4- 3 333.3 9 9 9 10 11110liollo11.00 3j I1 DAPTBAPTISTSI1 etsSTS 1 131.33 0 000.0oo 4 535.35 aj3j 1 131.3j 5 6666.6gg 6 4 fhilFRJENDSE N D S 1 454.54 55 0 000.0oo 4 18 jaj2 4 18 2 5 22 7.7 5 SLEYANWESLEYANWE 1 1 go Cgg ME t11T1hod1sts0 D 1 ST S 5 272.77.7 3 161.6lgig 11 606.0 12 666.61 6 21zf0 10109log10.99 6 methodist NEWmewN CONNEXION 0 000.0oo 0 000.00oo 0 1 484.8 0 0000.0co 0 3 14314.314 3

7 PRIMITIVEPR I1 M I1 T I1 VE METHODISTM HOD I1 ST 0 0000.0oo ab1b 1 323.23 0 000.00oo 0 3 979.79 7 0 0000.0oo 0vav 8 MORMON i 303.0 0 000.0oo 1 3303.0aozo 0 0 0000.0oo 0 1 303.03 0 royalsTOTALS 19 404.0 9 1191.9lgig 13 255 5 333 6696.9gg 9 46 969.69gg 6

lyliyltyt ea cumulative miaalemibale1 dd I1 e ctas5C I1 a-aiesasesiss 134771132477 C7677677.677 e7 lo10 SOURCE great drbritaini t a i ri 1851 census enumurileratorlenurnurnerator s schedules townships of leeds and great beitalbritainri t3tab51C5 I1 census enumeratorenumeratorss SchedLschedulestieslleelleS borcdoroughboroughboyc ugh off leensleeds tobleTPBLLTABLE 11. B occupations OF MALEmpike HEAIDS OF households 1 1851 lil1-IN11 LEEDS mrnghARRANGEDD BY denominationsDEMOMINA lonsIONS

FACTORY FPCTORYFACTORY FACTORYY Ttufeltufpl0 11 11 S ARTISAN supervisor SKILLED ui4skillUNSKILLED ED lftbtLABOURERJURER FARMINGfrtrtyl ING FDF R 0yayi NOnou NO NO NO NO floidoNOiwo I11 in L jy

1 9 4455 0 0121 0 0 0 000.0oo0 0 1 505.05 0 1 505.05n00anoo 0 0 000.0oo0 0 2

1 Z c9ca 315119511.99 1 11liii1.1 7 777.77 7 121 13213.213 6 6 6G 0 000.00oo 0 9134

ge & 1 39 51351.351 3 1 1 3 4 535.35 3 5 666.66 6 10 1131jaj 2 797.97 9 76 7 31831.8 0 0 0- 0 0 0 0 000.0oo0 0 1 4 55- 0 00yay 0 22

L 73 39sigwig 9 8 444.44 4 12 6 6fl I116G 878.78 7 19 10 477- 4 222.2 88313A

b6 11 52452.45 4 1 44848x8 X 0 000.00 0 4 19019.019 0 i1 484.84 8 0 000.00 0 c 1

1 lb 3 V oo & 97 7 10 31 2 3 0 0 007 0000.0 0 0 7 22622.6Z 6 7 22622.6 3 979.79 7 31 3 16 48548.548 5 1 3 0- 4 12112.11 I1 2 6fl I1 7 21221.21 0 000.0oe0 0 uj333 gg 194 40740.74 7 1 5 27 575.75 7 47 999.99 9 52t jc 10 9 13 2 7 47777 IA 1 walywzlywery CmulatcumalatcumulatCuuraurn a t 1ivelveve weihworkwornk i ng ciaseianelanclassclans 1345477i 727 3333. tf LINE- ckel&fnCHEELSEA PENSIONERPENST onerONFR ONE NOT OCCUPIED ON NOT OCCUPIEDOCCUP I1 D TWOTIteluJU rarishPARISH fiefrieflefIEF ONE nolnoiNOT OCCUPIEDOCCUP I1 ED

I1 13 U R C E G B 51 1 I1 SOURCE0 greatea E a 1 n 18 C ri u i EenuemuIA rilfilrii efmeem B TI1 co W i A co r t tritainbritaintriteitelr i ttainealmbalm 1851 lerisnleriane s n ttoretor1crat or s scheh 03dulod u es rmnshr-S i ppss off Ll-eeeded s nd ro 1 B C 11 1 great B i a i n I nS ll E U ra yz 1 brritainbritaint 185i censusceneuse S 0off enurneratn e rat orr S SCPCdjilccilc fjorclighidorFJorcLighll11 q h lotoff L eeecibecie cl 33 working class population was leeds has variously been described as threequartersthree quarters or fourfifthsfour fifths working class during this periodsperiod7period 7 these were the men who generally faced insecurities in their working world insecurities brought on by the casual labour of a road paver or the low wages of a stone gatherer they also worked long hours to earn these uncertain and fluctuating wages the average work week was 60 hours see appendix B for a of the occupations 1 list placed in the eleven categories and appendix C for a partial list of occupations and wages for leeds and other industrial cities the measurement of factory labour within the labourlabouringing population will reveal which of the denominational memberships were the most heavily involved in the leeds factory movement by combining the categories of factory skilled factoryunskilledfactory unskilled and factorysupervisoryfactorysupervisoryrfactory supervisory the top four denominations are the methodist new connexion 23823.8 percent primitive Methodistmethodistssf 22622.6 percent the independents 21521.5 percent and the Mormormonstmormonsmormonemonstmonsymons 21121.1 percent the wesleyan methodists come in with a close fifth place at 19419.4 percent the baptists show 13 percent the unitarians considerably less with 5 percent and the friends were not

cdavid7daviddavid ward environs and neighbours in the two nations residential differentiation in mid nineteenth 6 century leeds journal of historicalHistorigal ggglrageography F 1980 j p 146 R J morris middle class culture 170019141700 1914 in derek frasereraser ed A history of modern leeds manchester manchester university press 1980 j p 200 34 represented in this category it was expected that those denominations having the highest percentage of working class membership would also have the largest number of men working in the mills thithlthiss proved to be true except for the baptists perhaps their relatively low showing among the factory element in leeds stems in partparty from the fact that almost 69 percent of the member sample was drawn from bramley a town dominated by the handhandloomhanbloomloom not the power loom

II11

in the nineteenth century class distinction even permeated the time of day that religious worship took place evening services for example tended to attract a higher proportion of working class worshippers than morning services 8 to help determine which nonconformist denominations attracted more working or middle class members the total number of sittings versus the number of worshippers were compared for each denomination for both the morning and evening services this comparison is presented as a percentage of attendance for each meeting see table 2 itisit is readily apparent that attendance was generally poor with one exception the cormonsMormormonsmons horace mann the compiler of the 1851 religious

81851 canelcensus ofQL great britain 2suputpuputreport and tables on wg p reirelgelreligiousigioug worshipsr sh i 0 p civiiclviicivia 35 census held the view that the membership of the nonconformist denominations showed a decidedly lower social status than the church of england as revealed through attendance at morning and evening service this observation does not appear to be totally true in leeds if it was correct none of the dissenting denominations would disclose a percentage of attendance higher in the morning service than the evening service in reality all except the primitive methodists and the mormons revealed a stronger preference for morning worship over evening worship this suggests that either mann was incorrect or only partially correct in his observation or that the percentages of working classes and middle classes are not as definitive as they appear on table 2 probably the more accurate answer lies in a combination of both

illlilliiIII111

although the denominational comparison ot0 morning and evening worshippers does not shed any conclusive light on the attractiveness of particular dissenting groups to the working classes the city directories proved more insight- ful city directoriesdirectories are a valuable source in identididentiidentifyingfyingdying social status within the community an entry in the city directory was based upon written solicitation of all borough households response to these mailed questionnaires was provided by the head of household who gave occupational TABLE 2

percentages OF MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES T BY denomination WITH attendance1 AND 4ttingsSITTINGSS

OF OF OF OF WORKING MIDDLE appropriated attendanceATTEN DANCE CLASS CLASS SITTINGS MORNING EVENING denominations

unitarians 55055.055 0 45045.045 0 44 40840.8 18318.318 3 independents 59259.259 21y 40 68 75 41141.1 30930.930 9 BAPTISTS 84484.484 4 15615615.6 71 36536.5 30530.530 5 FRIENDS 36336.336 3 63763.77 0 33033.0 0 WESLEYAN METHODIST 71071.071 0 9029go909.00 63 47047.0 39539.539 5 METHODIST NEW CONNEXION 81081.0bioblo81 0 19019.019igo 0 76 58058.0 48348.346 3 PRIMITIVE 1 3.3 methodists 86986.986 9 13113.113 59 38638.6 43543.54 1 5 MORMONS 91091.0gioglo9 l0la10 909.0go 0 41641.6 8833383.333 33 there is undoubtedly aran overlapoveroveyladlao in attendanceattenattencanceattericcaricecance for marymany of the worshippers

SOURCE great britain 1851 census enumeratorseroeyo troerat rsr ledulesredulesscneaulesscirleduiesdulesdulee townships of leeds and great britain 18511651 census enumerators schedules borough ofcifcie eedsleedsL and 1851 census ofcifciecle great britain report and iblestablestcables on religious worship england2 ri giardglandgiand abdandarida ridyid wales

36 tftbiTABLEE 3 CITY DIRECTORYDIREQTORY LISTING BY denomination 483male483mftle483 MALE HEADS OF household

LISTED GENTGENTLEIL- EMANMRmfinmr denomination tt unitarians 14 70 0 2 10 0

independentsT 55 59 1 5 5 4

BAPTISTS 21 277 3 0a 0 0

ay FRIENDSFR1 I1 ENDS 211 9s95as 5 2 9 00y

WESLEYAN METHODIST 84 45 2 2 1 0

METHODIST NEW CONNEXION 10 47 6 0 0 0 PRIMITIVE METHODIST 4 12 9 0 0 0

MORMON 11 33 3 0 0 0

SOURCE the 1843 1845 1847 1849 85118511 and 1853 city directories for the township and borough of leeds for a more cornoletscornoconnocorapletlmletslete citation refer to theth bibliographybib11 raphy013raphy013

37 38 information business and home address and possibly social status it was more likely that an educated business- man or a familycamily with a social status to maintainmainmaln taint would find the directory most beneficial A quarryman would undoubtedly see little need to have his name and occupation listed whereas a grocer or woollen merchant might find the city directory a significant source for advertising his business or tradetrades the information revealed by the city directories was rather consistent with the occupational profile provided on table 1laA and lb as well as the tentative class breakdown based upon that occupational profile see table 3 As was expected the unitarians independents and the a y Friendfriendssr exhibited ververy high percentageI1 of city directory listings surprising however was the relatively high percentage of entries for the wesleyan methodists the methodist new connexion and the cormonsMormormonsmons this suggests that a higher proportion of the working classes was represented in the directory than expected that there were some definitional problems with the occupational profile and its subsequent translation into class structure or that there was a striving for a higher social status among members of the predominantly working class denominations if this latter observation were true it would be expected that the mormons with 91 percent working class membership and 39 onethirdone third of its members 1istedlisted in the city directories might reveal city directory occupational entries in working class occupational categories other than the artisan category in reality however eight of the eleven men listed exhibited occupaoccupyoccupationstionseions in either the artisan or shopkeeper categories with one professional and another a kanufmanufmanufacturerturertuneracturerac only one individual could be classifclassifiedclassia led as a labourerlablaboureurourer with the occupation of railway porter the methodist new connexion also showed seven of ten men listed in the city directories as artisans or shopkeepers a profprofileilellelie markedly similar to the cormonsMormormonsmons the distribution was apparently due in part to the sample size the higher social statuses represented by the rank of gentleman were more common among the unitarians and the friends than any other denominations the independents exhibited a smaller percentage of gentlemen than expected with 545.4 percent

horace mann repeatedly lamented the paucity of labourlabouringing class worshippers at churches and chapels but particular nonconformist denominations enjoyed much greater success than others in reaching the labourlabouringing population who were involved in religious worship the MormoncormonsMormormonsmormonsrmonssr the primitive methodists the baptists and the methodist new connexion experienced considerable success within this 40 apparently religiously apathetic group contemporaries attempted to explain why the labourlabouringing classes did not normally attend religious worship as well as why particular classes might be more attracted to one religion than another one of the most common impediments to the attendance of a poorer man at religious worship was the practice of pew rents horace mann the compiler of the 1851 cecensusnsu9i of rg11giougreligious worshipswgrghiip contended that the practice of pew rents served to exacerbate the already difficult problem in england of class distinctions working men is contended cannot enter our religious structuresit without having pressed upon their notice some memento ot interiorityinferiority the existence of pews and the position of the ffreeree seats are it is said alone sufficient to deter them from our churches and religion has thus come to be regarded as a purely middleclassmiddle class propriety or luxury 9 edward miall a contemporary critic of the established church and the influential editor of the journal the ngagonfononconformistgaistgmist also had strong views upon this same subject here in great britain we carry our class distinctions into the house of god whether the edifice be a splendid monument of art or whether it be nothing superior to a barn the poor man is made to feel that he is a poor man the rich is reminded that he is rich in the great majority of our chapels the square pespewpewy carpeted perhaps and curtained the graduated scale of other pews the ffreeree sittings if there are any keep up the

91851 census ofqt great britain report andaad tables 0on agilgireligiousaugqug norshipnqrshipworships p clixalix 41 separation between class and classclass1010 edward diallsmialls journal invited working men in 1848 to write letters on the working classes and religious institu- tions the majority of the respondents denounced the social distinctions which permeated from the secular world into the religious world they especially commented on the almost total want ot0 sympathy manifested by the ministers of religion of every denomination with the privations wants and wastes ofot the working classes 11ll11 pew rents versus free sittings was a contemporary issue that divided worshippers along class lines it would seem obvious that those chapels which had the highest percentage of free sittings would also show the highest percentage of the working classes as shippersworshipperswor at firstf glance this hypothesis would appear logical and consistent the mormons 240 seats at their south market place of worship were free and the mormons demonstrated the highest labourlabouringing population 91291.2 percent the clarity of this observation becomes a little muddied however when one considers the society of friends whose meeting house on water lane was only about 500 feet away from that of the cormonsMormormonsmons the friends had the lowest percent of labourlabouringing

loedwardlo edward miall the british churches inllalia relation to the BrbritishiLIsh people london arthur hall virtue and co 1849 p 211 ilinglklinglinglisis churches and the working Cclasses inyictqrin victorian england p 19 42 population 36336.3363t but all of their 1100 seats were free see table 2 the free seats in the friends plain chapels were provided because doctrine dictated it according to george foxfoxy if all people were to receive salvation by grace without money or price then both tithes and appropriated sittings were at odds with gods doctrine12doctrine 12 the plainness of their meeting houses can also be explained on theological grounds perhaps one of foxs most quoted tenets of faith was that god did not dwell in temples made with hands 13 indeed he expanded on this idea to indicatei adindi ca te the church was made up of living stones living members a spiritual household which christ was the head of but he was not the head of an old house made up of limeilmelimerllmerilmer stones and wood14 although contemporaries were undoubtedly correct that class distinctions carried into the houses of worship a clear picture does not emerge from the denominations not knowing specifically how each of the nonconformist chapels was physically organized creates an additional problem in the interpretation of free versus appropriated sittings and its impact on the poor man perhaps some of the chapels were laid out in the way that miall described

12george12george foxtboxtfox the journal of george fgfox cambridge university press 1951 p 76r76 p 500

131bidibid r p 8 141bidibid p 24 43 but certainly some were not the cormonsMormormonsmons at this time worshipped in a rented facility at the south market complex a building which was not designed for chapel use and which presented therefore no hierarchical seating distinctions approximately three years prior to the census the mormons were meeting in john barnes working class cottage on shannon row the friends for theological reasons enter- tained no seating distinctions either however it is difficult to know whether any of the other denominations were so organized charles elliotts study the social and economic history of the principal protestant denominations in leeds 176018441760 1844 11 examined the approach of the church of england the wesleyansWeslewesleyannyans independents baptists and the unitarians to the problems of economic reorganization during the early period of the industrial revolutionrevolutions he answered the question posed above by analyzing briefly the impact of pew rents on the different denominations he concluded that differences in pew rents existed between the denominations 15 however the prevailing opinion was that the poor abandoned the established church for dissent because the nonconformist attitude towards the poor was less offensive

15 charies15charlescharles M elliott the social and economic history of the principal protestant denominations in leeds 1760- 1844 oxford cuffieldnuffieldNu college university of oxford phd dissertation ffield1962r1962 p 144 44 wesleyanism originally was very sensitive to the needs of its poorer members and although free seats were not always availavailableablerabier cheap seats were obtainable in the old chapel 9 for amplerampierampleyexampleex eight pence gave access to a pew for six months and this same pew rent existed in the out townships apparently all but the most destitute preferred paying something to nothing when the chapel had partially appropriated sittings this cheap seat practice did not prevail however when the giant chapels were built at the oxford place chapel there was no seat under 2sas ad6d per six months whereas most of the seats were at least 6sas ad6d among the baptists and the independents elliott claimed that there were good grounds for assuming that the nonconformist chapels sittings were cheaper than the anglican but at the larger prestigious chapels such as queen st east parade and south parade the differences were negligible A member ot the south parade baptist church in fact even went so far as to express her respect for the pastor and people but was unable to attend the chapel because of her poverty 16 the pew register for the mill hill unitarian chapel also suggests that the poor were not regular renters the register includes twenty wool merchants three gentle

16deacons16 deacons minute book 1844 quoted in elliott p 147 45 men three accountants three solicitors three commission agents one consul american r one bookseller two eng- ineers and many others with a similar social status although elliott admits that there may be some distortion of the social composition in his study because he used barely half ot the list it appears that the price of uni- tariantarianismism was high17 elliotts observations lend credibility to the arguments that pew rentals did indeed carry class distinctions into the chapels as well and the churches the anomaly between the middleclassmiddle class nature of unitarianism with its 44 percent appropriated sittings and the workingclassworking class baptists with 71 percent seat appropriation cannot readily be explained alone by the socially divisive practice of pew rents other factors within the organizations must be considered

an intriguing denominational polity centered around the concept ot0 lay participation to what degree were men permitted to contribute timetimertimey money and energy to their chapel were there differences between the chapels in the extent of lay ministry if differences in layministrylay ministry participation existed were they related to the suggestion in

171bidibid r appp 1032531032530103 2532530 46 chapter I1 that the lower the occupational status the more likely it was that an individual would be attracted to those chapels which permitted him the greatest participation the answers to these questions have potential for supporting or refuting the statement of the secretary of the london diocesan church building society made before a house of lords select committee in 1857 in which he said that in a chapel community a shopkeeper or an artisan might be looked upon as somebody whether in the capacity of deacon visitor tract distributor or as the holder of some of- ficef ice 111818 the poor according to horace mann harbored unfortunate suspicions regarding the indifference and even hostility of the ministers engels asserted that the cry of hes a parson was enough to drive a clergyman from the speakers platform of a public meeting 19 mann contended that the use ot layagencylay agency might have helped to allay these fears because the message of christianity would be discussed by individuals in the same socioeconomicsocio economic circumstances he pointed to the success of wesley and whitfield and to the mormons considerable success among the labourlabouringing 18greatgreat britain parliament parliamentary papers lords 1857 quoted in alan D gilbert religion and society5 in industrial eaglandengland church chadelchadwichapel and socialsogi changenge 174019141740 iblibi12119144 london longman 1976 p 90 19frederick19frederick engels the condition of the wolkingworking class in alandenglandEn from personal observation and authentic sources london panther granada publishing 1969 p 155 47 population to show that the masses were not totally inacces- sible to religious feelingsfeelings2020 which of the denominations then permitted the greatest participation the society of friends and the mormons had the greatest degree of lay participation although their membership were on the opposite ends of the social scale the friends were 63763.7 percent middle class and the mormons were 9 percent both of these organizations however had lay ministries the difference in social composition between the two denominations may be accounted for in part by the introverted habits of the friends compared with the extroverted programs ot0 the cormonsMormormonsmons the friends for example excommunicated members on the basis of marriage outside the fold and they avoavoidededed1ded evangelical missionary activitesactivities without the infusion of new blood the friends exhibited patterns ofot upward social drift as its members practiced their self improvement principles this accounted in part for the higher socioeconomicsocio economic status of its membership the cormonsMormormonsmons on the other hand were totally committed to the lay missionary ideal which brought a continual flow of new members of course the cormonsMormormonsmons as a new sect introduced in england in 1837 had not been in existence long enough to experience any upward social drift

201851 census of great britain report and tables on religious worshworshipirifarif p clxalx clxii 48 the life blood of the wesleyan methodist connexion was the class leader each week these christian laymen would meet with a class of about twelve students to hear statements of their spiritual attainments and to give counsel the further use of lay or local preachers who followed secular callings and preached on the sabbath at appointed places gave an added dimension to the wesleyan movement these lay preachers were not permitted to accept payment for their servicesservices2121 the practice of love feasts where all could participate in an outpouring of religious sentiment provided another avenue generally denied the members of the established church the primitive methodists by far the largest of the splinter groups of the wesleyan methodists were organized in 1811 while in doctrine the ranters were wesleyan in practice they were closer to the mormons in their proselytproselyte ing techniques they conducted not only camp meetings but street meetings and were what chadwick called simple street revivalists of the open air 22 they carried the practice ot church participation further than the wesley ans and this may account for their strong appeal to the working classes

2lj85j211sb1 censuscqnaubab9 of great britainbrjtain report and tables on relibellbeilreligiousqigug worship appp lxxlluxlixxiv v lxxv 22chadwickrchadwick p 3863860 49 the methodist new connexion was founded in 1797 in leeds over the question of the right of the laity to participate in the secular and the spiritual government of the denomination the doctrine of the denomination had not strayed fromf rom its wesleyan origins but the degree of participation was challenged and extended beyond the wesleyan connexion23Connexion 23 the participatory nature of the mormon laity went far beyond that suggested by the secretary of the london diocesan society first of all the male members of the denomination were ordained to hold various officeofficess within a priesthood organization offices such as deacon teacher priest elder or high priest each of these offices called forth certain responsibilities in addition men such as john barnes a shoemaker william shires a wool dyer james emsley a tobacco pipe maker were given responsibility as heads ofot their local organization called branch- ese S they made appointments such as missionary assignments speakers for meetings individuals to head various aspects of the organization they also had responsibility as disciplinarians and watchdogs of their flock these men who held secular jobs as well as extensive ecclesiastical positions within the organization were often expected to attend to heavy evangelical missionary activities ththee

231851 census ofgt great britain reiogrtreport and tables on religious bigralaiworshipsO p ixxvlxxv 50 mormon membership showed commitment to their cause by relatively heavy financial contributionscontributions2424 the influence of the minister as opposed to the laity was much greater in such nonconformist denominations as the independents the baptists and the unitarians the baptist ministers it was lamented were generally poorly educated and poorer than the independent ministers who represented primarily the diversity of the middle classes the unitarians were expected to be wealthy and carry on the aristocratic heritage of presbyterianism being a unitarian minister carried with it the presumption of gentilitygentility2525 As noted in the christian reformer in 1840 it is expected that the minister shall have the education manners habits and appearance of a gentleman that he shall do honour to the pulpit he is invited to fill by the efforts of mind he may call into exercise that he shall be society for the best educated and most refinedfitof the members of his congregation and of their wives and daughters and that he shall reflect credit upon their selection ot0 him by the ablitabeltability he may display at public meetings of their abiltbody 6 both denominations however permitted a limitlimitedededed lay participation as trustees or perhaps teachers

24council24council minutes of the leeds branch leeds conference 185918751859 1875 church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints historical department salt lake city utah charles miller missionary diaries and other writings of charles D miller typescript brigham young university libraryLibraryF provo utah 25e111elliottott appp 413420413 420 2626qhristianchristiristl an reformer 1840 p 471 quoted in elliott p 417 51 the argument for a higher percentage of middle class membership in these two denominations stems from the more educated status of the ministry which tended to attract to it a more educated congregation perhaps this reveals a different type ofot lay participation then that evidenced in methodism and mormonism amongst the independents it was argued that the poor could not come to chapel when the sermons were aimed above their heads when young R W dale 1855 attacked the theology of original depravity in the chapel of carrs lane birmingham he used language which in no way brought the difficulty down to easy understanding and if the same sermons had been preached in an anglican or roman catholic or a methodist place of worship we can imagine a contemplative doze afflicting pew or bench yet at carrs lane we are told excitement deepened into alarm and alarm rose to the height of a panic the congregation was like one great bible class there was a bible open in almost every hand wave upon wave of emotion rolled through the congregation as the preacher developed his theme this is a sign both of education and of that lay responsibility which is the raison detre ot0 a congregational polity 27 the sunday school movement was also strong in leeds and provided opportunities for lay participation among the dissenting denominations W B stephens notes that there were thirtysixthirty six church schools in leeds borough in 1851 with a studentstudentbodybody of 700070.00 in ffactact leeds with a tradition of dissent had a higher proportion of its population at church schools in 1851 than bristol bradford

270went270owenwent p 407 52 hullbuil newcastle london liverpoolliverpoolf manchester or birdingbirming hamham282 8 in leeds township according to the 1851 census of education sunday schools were operated by the independents six baptists five society of friends one unitarians one wesleyan methodists eleven methodist new connexion three and primitive methodists one29one 29 A final question must be asked regarding the analysis ot the different occupational and social structures of the nonconformist denominations to what degree did the different denominations provide a social orientation for their membership or in what sense were the chapels social communities for their members hugh mcleod contends that the diaries speak often about sermons music and awe inspiring cathedrals but never about community he adds for the poor churches were sources of money for the middle class they were social bentrescentrescentres but for the upper class they were places of worship first and last their community already existed in the ffornformorm of the branch of society to which they belonged moreover life in society permittedrmittedemitted local ties only in the form of patronage 0

28w28vi B stephens elementary education and literacy 177018701770 1870 in A history of modern leeds ed derek frasereraser manchester manchester university press 1980j1980 p 231 2 291851918 51 censcanscensusU Q of education englaiaenglanaenglandd and vialyiliylliwalese s rgragrreportsgr ts and Ttablesalq london george E eyre and william spottiswoode for HMSO 1854 reprint ed shannon ireland irish university press 1970 p 407 bugh30hughhugh mcleod classclasa andaligignand religion inilllii the late victor- groom iaaian city london helm 1974 0 p 205 53 if mcleod is referring to churches such as the church of england he is perhaps correct but the evidence here suggests that among the working classes as well as the middle classes there was considerable community cohesion charles elliott sees at least in the baptists an extremely strong case for community he believes that the formal and formidable token of membership in the form of baptism by immersion as a converted adult welds baptists into a cohesive community causing particular social classes to pale in comparisoncomparison3131

there was a strong sense of community extant in most of the nonconformist denominations an 1813 observer of methodism angrily pointed out that methodists considered themselves to be a chosen and separate people they went so far as to call themselves the elect or the people of god whereas the rest of the people were the people of the world he further observed that everything they had must be exclusive from their chapels to their schoolschoolssr their own magazine their own bible and even their own mad houses 322 the same spiritual and community exclusiveness could have been leveled at the cormonsMormormonsmons who from their

31elliott31 elliott p 500 32methomethodismdi sm exposed Londolondonnr 1813 j p 141514 15 cuotedquoted in gilbert p 88 4 54 inception have referred to themselves as ilaigaa peculiar people and who also possessed their own scriptures the book of mormon and their own magazine in england the

1 millmillennialal Sstar I1 it is hard to imagine a greater sense ofot commitment to community and to the organization than that exhibited by the working class men of the mormon church in addition the membership of this chapel also came together in social functionfunctionssr especially tea parties which were well attended33attended 33 the belief in baptism by immersion of the baptists and the cormonsMormormonsmons did seem to provide an added sense of community the form and importance of baptism was the first thing robert spurr noticed about the baptists the mormons took this tangible baptismal covenant further however by implementing it repetitiously as a continuing ideal of commitment repeatedly the early mormons submitted to rebaptism into the kingdom of god their membership records reveal this as do the diaries and the council minutes already referred to surely the concept of being baptized into the kingdom of god and recommitrecommitinging oneself to that community was a rather formidable token as elliott suggested the willingness to sacrifice time and even dignity

33 33councilcouncil minutes of the leeds branch I1 p 94 diaries ot0 john pidding and elizabeth jones typescript brigham young university library provo utah p 10 55 to the cause of ones community was equally reflected in the missionary activities of the primitive methodists and the cormonsMormormonsmons owen chadwick eloquently tells the story of thomas russell a young Primiprimitiveprimitiverprimitivestiver who attempted to evangelise wantage in berkshire thomas russell evangelisedevang elised wantage and was bruised with stones his clothes torn in rags his body coated in slime and mud and stinking eggs he washed the clothes in a canal and went to Farrfarringtonfarringdoningdon washed his clothes in a pond and went to Shrishrivenhamvenham washed his clothes in a brook and preached a fourth sermontsermon this time encountering nothing but a stone which cut his lip that day he walked thirtyfivethirty five miles preached four sermons was three times stinking with eggs and filthfilth3434 the dedication of mormon missionaries can be illustrated through charles miller whose journal provided a constant and daily record of travel preaching counsel with members and the continual commitment of the members of this community to house and feed him 35 william clayton of manchester in his diaries also revealed how he gave himself wholly to the work as he traveled without purse or scrip and how committed the members of the mormon church were who although not necessarily well off fed and housed him to the best of their abilities 36

34chadwick34 chadwick p 389 35miller35 miller missionary diaries and other writings 36william36william clayton baneanmanchesterchestelchester Mormonnormonmormonssmormgnbqmormonessss the journal of williamW 1 lladliamilam clayton 181840 totg 1842r1 ed by james B alienallenailen and thomas G alexander the mormon Ddiaryaary vol 1 classicpressypresey iary series santa barbara peregrine press 1974 0 56 the methodists baptists and mormons had similar feelings about their communities and they were strongly committed to their beliefs and ideals perhaps robert spurr stated it well for all of these groups illilii went along with them hoping to be in heaven with them 37 the evidence suggests that these people who had received very little from their worldly circumstances had finally found a home a place to belong the friends independents and unitarians social structure was on a somewhat different level than those denominations discussed above was there then the same sense of commitment to a community there was certainly a closeness between the friends which extended into their extensive businesses joseph kitching and william marshall both share brokers and members of the society of friends had offices next door to each other at 1 and 2 change court leeds george mason and william dyson were better exam- ples sharing partnership in the milling business of dyson and mason prosperous corn millers and flour dealers of wellington street this closeness stemmed mostly from the sea of peculiarities which walled the friends off from the rest of the world they believed in simplicity of religion above all else and this constrained them against tithe for the established church paid ministers and all fixed

37spurr37 spurr p 284 57 ceremonies they refrefusedused to call the names of the days of the week or months ot0 the year by their familiar names because they were given in honour of false gods so that sunday became first day and july was seventh month38Month 38 mann indicated that the friends came to realize gradually that salvation lay only in what their lives typified39typified 39 these beliefs along with their practice of excommunicating members who married outside their community suggest strongly that the friends existed as a socially cohesive community the independents on the other hand experienced less separateness than the friends exhibited however their belief that a christain church consisted of a congregation of true belibellbelieverseversreversa set them apart as a community not only must this community of true belibellbeilbelieversevers openly profess its faith but it also must change its dispos- ition and demeanor the membership existed in a democratic society where decisions ot0 acceptance and rejection of new members resided with each member of the community and not solely with ititss officers 40 this type of chapel polity extended a sense of control over its community

I1 38chadwick38 chadwick p 421 39185139 census ofgf great britain report and tables on religious worship p lxlexlixiiiii 401bidibid r p li 58 that did not exist within the established church perhaps there was less need for a strongly cohesive social organization among the independents because at least part of the independents enjoyed social standing in the community the unitarians also enjoyed more social status than the cormonsMormormonsmons methodists or baptists and had less need to form themselves into a socially cohesive community certainly some of them enjoyed a measure of social acceptance based upon their middleclassmiddle class status but equally certain their somewhat arid religious doctrines did not lend themselves to emotionalism and commitment but rather to intellectual argument in fact chadwick contends that the unitarians were more prone to admit they did not knowknown 414 it would not appear to be a religion to attract a 11 congregation11congregation of true believers or a peculiar and If electifelect people it would seem more likely to attract people who were seeking discussion rather than definitive doctrine but who willingly gathered into a relatively cohesive body to do so despite the differences between the dissenting denominations as to the socioeconomicsocio economicstatus of their memberships it is evident that within the chapel community there was cohesion all aspects of a members life were involved in his commitment to his membership whether it

4lchadwickchadwick p 396f396 391 59 had to do with dress or behavior alan gilbert stated this idea best when he declared baptism in infancy made a man an anglican but becoming a methodist a congregationalist or a Baptisbaptisttj involved thorough integration into a gathered church42church 42 although the social structure categories owen chadwick assigned to the various nonconformist denominations appear to be accurateaccurater there is some blurring within the denominations for example the independents were the houses of worship for the upper middle classes in many instances but it is not true that there were only a few working class members within the denomination in leeds nor does there seem to be a direct correlation between greater church involvement and lower occupational status the mormons with a completely lay ministry exhibited the highest working class population the friends with the highest middle class membership also conducted their meetings under a lay ministry the hypothesis that the old Dissendissenttr represented by the independents Unitarianunitarianssr baptists and the friends showed similar social composition patterns is only partially true in all cases the baptists with a very low middle class representation skewed the cohesiveness of this group of denominations the baptists fit more closely with new didissentssentassent than with old dissent of course within leeds

42gilbert p 87087 60 there was a unique occupational pattern among the baptists as a large part of its membership was taken ffromrom the bramley zion baptist churchchurchy many of whose members were downtrodden handloom weavers CHAPTER liiIII111

THE CHAPEL GOERS OF LEEDS residential PATTERNS

the most important social effect of urbanization was segregation by classiclassaclass1 As labourerslabour ers were lured to the large cities by the hope of economic betterment the citys population mushroomed and the residential patterns became more differentiated A working class labourerlablaboureurourer the robert sparrsspurrs of the large towns was tied closely to both work and homehomer because his hours of work were long public transport was limitelimiteddr and casual labour was frequentfrequentsfrequent22 in addition those who were better educated and wealthier removed themselves from the disagreeableness ot the inner city unlike the labourlabourerlabiablaboureurourererrery the welltodowell to do tradesman or industrial- ist did not have to live near his work and it was this ffactact which exacerbated the isolation of class to class 3 perkin paints a picture of town functions localized into concentric

haroidharoldwarold perkin the origins ofgf modern english society 178018801780 1a81880Q london routledge & kegan paul 1969 p 118 2cac J morgan demographic changechangerchangey 177119111771 1911 11 in A historyahigt2ry ofgt modern leeds ed derek fraser manchester manchester university press 1980 j p 54 ajames3jamesames hole the homes of ththee working ciasclassesClas gesses with suggestions for their improvement london longmans green & co r 1866r1866 p 4

61 62 rings which although carried to the extreme presents an accurate picture of the social segregation shops and offices in the centre factories and poorest workingclassworking class homes hard by artisans and poor clerks houses somewhat further butroutrout middle class homes in the inner suburbs merchants industrialistsistsests and higher professional mens villasindustrialin the outer ring or when the railways came in detached satellite suburbs strung along the railway lines4linesa

leeds was no exception to this general patterpatternpatternynr although opinions differ as to the extent of the differen- tiatiationtion J F C harrison sees the working classes living in well defined areas of leeds township in the north north east and kirkgateKirk gate wards in the township of leeds along with the outtownshipsout townships of holbeck and hunsletHunshunsleylet the middle classes were more pleasantly located in the mill hill west and north west wards he sees this social segregation far advanced during the early victorian era with the differences ofot dress and speech further accentuated by physical isolation 5 david ward agrees with harrison that residential segregation was a commonplace ofot nineteenthmidnineteenthmid century leeds but he sees the segregation as more weakly differentiated he arrives at this conclusion after studying the

jerkin p 118 narrisongarrison the birth and growth of industrial endlaenqlaenglandnd p 92 63 extent ofot the middleclassmiddle class evident in what contemporaries and other historians have traditionally designated working class only areas6arease the most important contemporary account of social segregation was that of robert bakebakerrr a leeds physician surgeon to the poor law commission and later factory inspector in 1833 baker prepared an initial report of leeds cholera cases for the leeds board of health this report contained a map which portrayed perhaps for the firstarstfirst time a concept of social geographygeography77 later he elaborated on this theme in his leeds local report which became a part of owen chadwicks monumental work report gdon the sanitary condition ofqtQt the laholabolabouringLabourminging pgtu151tpopulationi qd0 baker concluded that the greatest instance ot cholera was in the workingclassworking class areas ot the eastern portions of the city whereas the west and the northwest were relatively immune 8 baker also devised an intriguing scheme to determine the number of working class population in each of the wards in the township of leeds he arrived at his totals based upon a census ratio ot 4 12 people to a house which he then

cdavid6daviddavid ward environs and neighbours in the two nations residential differentiation in mid nineteenth century leeds journal of historical geography 6 1980o198019800 appp 132162132 162 roberthobertbobert bakerbakery report ot the leeds board of health leeds 1833 in ward p 1401400 8bakermbakerbaker on the state and condition of the town if of leeds 0 0 f p 999292 64 combined with the number of houses underunderdanderyundery4 10 annual rent the housing valuation was conducted in the town between 1838 and 1839 although this was thirteen years earlier than the period in question the increase in population was no doubt distributed in similar proportionsproportions99 the last column of table 4 below was added to provide at a glance the proportion of working class in a ward baker also provided information on population density by ward and township see table 5 which serves to show distinct differences between the townships derek fraser provides the information found on table 6 which tends to corroborate the idea of a spatially differentiated population within the township of leeds and some of its out townships there are minor differences noted among fraser baker and harrisons categorizations ie kirkgateKirk gate appears to have a higher socioeconomicsocio economic base under frasereraser and bakers categories than it does under harrison harrison places kirkgateKirk gate as a workingclassworking class neighbourneighbourhoodhood which disagrees with fraser and bakers assumption the discrepancy may center around the use of rents as the main criteria for determining working class status probably the rents in rkgateregatekirkgatekiKirk gate were substantially affected by its location at the heart ot the city where many businesses were found business property often elevates

bibid9ibid91bid j p 993 tadieTABIE 4

proportionphoPROPORTION af2fUF WORKING CUBSCLASS BY vargWARD

XPLLATION OF percentflgepercentage OF DWELLINGS THE WORKING THE WORKING population UNDERLINDER it18 CLASSES attAT 4 12 claassCOUM ATgat 4 12 A UARDSWARDS OF TEthelnflrdvardWARD ANNUAL RENT TO ftA HOUSE 10TO flA HOUSE

morthmouthSOUTHNORTH 135861258612 506 21031021 IN 3450945091450 75675.67563t fflrthW R114.4 EAST 15269161269 342234233142231423 15399 94794.7

EPST 14271 294739472194731947 13261 92992.9939933

SOUTH 563351633 943 424341243 75475.4 alkirksfiteKIRKS1 NGfiTEAagtegateTE 313831138 348 12331123314233 39339.33939.

tillsillMILL HILL 516751167 274 156611566 30330.3

612 WEST 15483I1 09 4mam 210421104 946891468 61261.261 ai

NORTH kestWEST 965691656 146511465 6592659861592 68368.3

TOTALS 58120821208211220 13603 61212 74574.5745h

SOURCE robert barerbaker on the state and conditionconeconomlonion of the towtonntown of leeds in the west ridingofridingRidingofof the county of yorkyor k in the chadwick report on the sanitary condition of the labouringLabour ing P 3ulationponulationpopulation kithwith the local reports of england and valeswales and other related radersracerspaderspacers 1837421837 42 voiavoi2vc12121.2 london ii clowes and sons for reisoHMSO 84218421 recrintreprintr ec rint ed shannon ireland inchirichlrich universityniversity press 1971 p 8939934939

65 TABLE 5 population DENSITYDENSITY FOR THE BOROUGH OF LEEDS

aneAREaneaAREAaneg ft POPPOPULUL lbs185IBS i1 185151 OUT TOWNSHIPTOWNSHIPSIS IN1 IINHABITED1 NHAEtitedcited INI1 N PCPO PUL TO POPULPOPpoa UL OCRACREStesSES HOUSHOUSESfestes ie1851151 fA HOUSEHOL SE PERPIER PicreACRE

1 farrlleyfarrileyFarfarnearnrileyley 11 990998 350 i414.1at 722 4 9 0 8 potter newton 111 657 2 82 i19 385 4 9 0 8 chapel town 229 747 gis61261 iai2 221 842 4 6 1 0 beeston 111 535 427 1 973 4 68 1 2 headingleyHeaheaddingleying ley 331 058858 111 222 696 105 4 9 1 9 brambyambrarnleyBrarnleyI1 ey 229 331 111 876 389 949 4 7 3 68

pem 1 .1 armleypemleyoem ey 907 1 1 303 661 190 4 7 6 7 wort I1leyey 119 036 111 672 717 896696 4 7 7 6 hunslethunsleyhurshuns letiet 151 100 441 216 19leqlgq 466 4 6 17 6 hoiholH 0 I1 deckbeckbec k 760 3 099 14J 152 4 5 18 6 17121179 121 1505915 059 706807368070 680 LEEDS PROPER

NORTHWESTNORTH weetWEST waardWARD 538 2292.92. 693 12 270 454.54 5 22822.822 8 EAST waardWARD 657 331 781 17917 421 4 6E 26 5 WEST WARDWORD 560 41 231 20207 176 505.05 0 36036.036 0 NORTH EAST nardWRDWARD 541 49 564 21 301 4464.66 38 0 MILL HILL WARD 127 969 5 414 5 5 42 7 SOUTH waardWARD 123 191 363 661 677 4 9 54254.254 2 Q y KIRKGATE WARDWORD 31 632 3 337 5U 30 1076107.6107 6 NORTH WRDWARD 92 221 828 14 454 5 1 157 1

LEEDSLEIEDS PROPERPROPgropergropengroagrop ER 267229 672 aly21921 061 loitloi1011101 050 1 outtownshipsOUTTOUT T otnshipsTOWNSHIPS 17917 121214 15 059 72170170 680

r 191197907 90 0 J560.0 6 I1 iR 0 l7i730171 730 ilitflryMILITARY q937 1703172 023 source robert baker on the I1 ridustrianc listutez rial1 ariaana sanitary economy of the borough of leeds inirilri 1858 joujournalrr na I1 of the royal statistical society series A volvoi01ol STI 1858 p 430

66 TABLE 6 ECONOMIC STATUS OF LEEDS WARDS

LEEDS TOWNSHTOWNSHIPI1 P RENTS of houses over 10 of houses under 5 pounds ppaa pounds pap a 1839 1844 1839 mill hill 64 63 11 kirkgateKirkgate 57 53 13 west 36 34 10 mortnnotnoy th west 277 266 35 north 233 19 200 sosouthut h 22 288 255 east 9 10 51 north east 8 9 424 LEEDS BOROUGH AVERAGE PER CAPITA poor rate payable 1840 rate value 1841 shshi11i 11 ing p1papounds11 U rld S mill hill 149014.90 119411.9411 94 kirkgateKirk gate 9739739.73 757.57527.52 headingleyHeadingley 7037.037 03 6276.276 7 southS in u t h 4284.284 8 3823.823 8 west 4164.164 16 3673.673 67 bremleyBrernley 3133.133 13 2822822.828.8 north west 3073073.07 2782.7878 north 2622.626 2242.244 hurshunsH ursuns ietletI1 et 2382.3838 38.38 2232.233 holbeckhoihol deckbeck 2312.3131 31.31 2112.1111 le-eastaSt 1941.941 94 2392.3939 north east 1641.641 64 1491.491 49

7edsLEEDSbeds BOROUGH average per capita rateable value in1 il ooundsodundsgounds 1841 mill hillhili 11 94 northnoethacirncir t h weswestwewt 2 78 kirkgateKirk gate 757.57527.52 north 2 244 1 21 Heaheadingleyheaddingleying ley 6 2277 huns letietI et 5 2 3 southS i- t u t h 3823823.823 8 hohoihol1 beck 2 111 1 west 3673.673 67 east 1 83 brambramley1 ey 2822.828 nornoynortnortht h east 1 40 SOURCE DEREK FRASER POLITICS IN LEEDSLELEJEDSJEDS 1830 18521185 11 phd dissertation university of leeds 1969 p 510a510p 780

67 68 rents although there is reason to agree with harrison that kirkgateKirk gate was more of a working class area than the rents would suggestfsuggestsuggessuggeststF chapter IV corroborates fraser and bakerbakersI1 s assumptions this conclusion was reached after reviewing the type of housing found on the 1850 ordnance survey tiverivefive foot plans for the leeds holbeck and hunslethunsley townships another means of determining contrasting standards of living between the eight wards of leeds township is to look at the differences in mortality rates among the wards the consequences of living in certain wards becomes obvious as bakersbaker Is figuresf and analysis of the death rates are reviewed area no 1 which includes the north and north east wards revealed a death rate of 435100043.51000 area no af2f2 which contains the east south and kirkgateKirk gate wards had a death rate of 333100033.31000 and area no 3 the predominantly middle class wards of mill hill west and north west showed a death rate of 278100027.8100027 8100081000.81000 10 the death rate of 435100043.51000 was approximately twice the national average 216100021.61000 in 1841 11

lobakerloglobakerbaker on the state and condition of the town lo10 of leeds F p 1011 libB R mitchell and phyllis deanedeaner abstract ofg british historical statisticstatistjgs cambridge university press 1962 p 36360 69 II11

it was determined in chapter II11 that there were both economic differences and social status variances among the denominations the independents friends and unitarians revealed patterns of a higher economic base and more middleclassmiddle class social status than the other denominations whereas the baptists wesleyan methodists methodist new connexion primitive methodists and the mormons disclosed in varying degrees a more workingclassworking class economic base and little or no social status it is assumed that this same pattern will persist when the residential arjangarrang ment of the denominations are examined table 7 displays the number ofot heads of households for a particular denomination who were living in one of the eight wards of the township of leeds or one of the ten out townships ofot the borough of leeds although the numbers and their corresponding percentages are interesting they are not significant until like wards and townships are grouped together for amplerampierampleyexampleexamplerexamplesex the leeds township wards of mill hill west and north west were generally considered to be the enclave of the middle classes based upon the occupational study in chapter lirII11 it was expected that the unitarians independents and the friends would have the highest percentage of their members living in these three wards this expectation proved to be true with 35 percent of the unitarians 38738.7 percent of the independents and tadleTABLE 7 denomination BY TOUNSHIPTOWNSHIP OF RESIDENCE denninationDENNIdenqminfltionNATION

7 WESLEYAN METHODIST1 NEW PRIMITIEPRIMITIVE TOWNSHIPS UNITARIAN independent BAPTIST FRIENDS METHODIST CONNEXION METHODIST MOWMmommfflrw

NILLMILL HILL 535.3 323.2 009w0.0ooaw 18218.21802 272.737 484.8 t0ta 303.0

KIKKSATE 00080.00.80008oo 1II11 1 000.060ro 02900.29.00002oo 050.5 9953cc5ca 020.2oo 38303.03.83830

WEST 26326.3 22622.6226236 656.5gs 13613.6 65665.6156x1 14314.31414. 636.3 616.1gi

NORTHWEST 535.3 42942.9121 W 252.52535 919.1gi 55656.55.55565 484.8 313.1 000w0.0ooaw

NORTH 535.353115.311 757.5 00090.00.9oo 454.5 323.2 03000.00.3oo 000.0aoe 3303.0t

54 13 43 00ao gi91 1 SOUTH 535.3 545.4 131.3403 13613.6 434.3 BW 000.0w 9919.14

EAST 531155.3113 222.232 393.9 000.0oo 434.34 43 959.535gs 3313.11 18218.21 a 23

NORTH oo 54 492igo1 53 1821 a 21 EAST 15815.81583115.831 434.3 0 ft 000.0 545.4 19249219.249.2 535.3 18218.21

HUDINGLEY 535.3 323.23 2nan 525.2 919.1blbi 383.8 000.0oo 000.00020laoiba 303.0aj3j 0 chaapelCHAPEL ALLERTON 000.0oo33. 11liii1.11 1 000.0oo 000.0oo 11liii1.11 1 lt8 M0 06 aw0 2rar potternemtonpotternewtonpottenPOTTER nektonNEWTON 535.3 11iill1.11 1 131.3 919.1gi 000.0oo 000w0.0ooaw 313.1 83000.08.30300oo

ARMUEY 535.359 3 545.4 393.9 000.060 707.0776 a 33333.333 3 21521921.521.9 3w3aw b

oo 1 1 oo oo 1 oo oo FARNLEY 03000.00.306 11liii1.1 000.0 000.0 16661.66.6irlrlg66 00abt0.0obb 03000.30.006 ali20oli2.00120.12ad wortley 000.090go W 17217.2 525.2 000.0oo 868.6gggo 10a 337537.57 5 30020.23.000oo

BEESTON 00ooa0.0 222.2223 2 000.0oo 0 000.00020 272.7 000.0rogo00. a000.0oo 000.02687 a

BRAMLEY 03ooaw 1 1 aaoa 9gi91 1 00oo 663 3 1 lo13 branley 033w0.3 11liii1.1 68868.8 000.0 919.1& 000.0 636.3 23102.3

HOLBECKMQLBECK 18518.51 5 222.23233 00900.09.0oo 13613.6131132 6 11311.3 00. 0 3313.111 919.1bi8119 I1

NSLETMJNSLETm 535.33 ai 656.5 131.3 919.1bi81 12412.4134 4d4ad 8 949.4 27327.3273373

11 1 TOTAL 1 3 1 1000eab100.0000ooo 019 d 100.1 100100. aw1 oieole 1 0 lotaigotai 1uau ea0 99999.9 1001 1000100.0 1w 4 101.0ioloit TOTAL NUMBERS 19 93 77 22 186136186 21 32 33

SOURCE great britain 1851 census enumeratorsenumeratEnuenumerateneratmeratmeraz ors schedules township nfof lsecsleelebcsecs and great britain 1851 csnsuscensusceesusnsus enumerators schedulesscnedulcsscnedules borcugnbcjcdl of leeds

70 71 40940.9 percent of the friends it was also expected that the mormons and the primitive methodists would have the smallest percentages of their families living in these wards this expectation also proved to be true with only 888.8 percent of the cormonsMormormonsmons and 979.7 percent of the primitive methodists residing in these three wards if one adds three of the wealthier outtownshipsouttownout townshipstown ships of headingleyHeadingley chapel allerton and potternew ton the picture emerges more clearly the middleclassmiddle class composition of the unitarians independents and the friends is further strengthened with 45 percent 45245.2 percent and 59259.2 percent respectively living in these areas the essentially working class nature of the primitive methodists and the mormons is also reemphasisedreemphasized with 13 percent and 11711.7 percent member residents in these relatively middle class or even wealthy areas if the denominational membership from the tradi- tiotionallynally workingclassworking class areas of the east and north east wards along with the townships of holbeck and hunslethunsley are combined the percentage of members for the cormonsMormormonsmons independents and friends are as expected the mormons show 70570.5 percent of their membership living in these areas whereas the independents had only 15215.2 percent and the friends 22722722.7 percent the low percentage for the essen tiallybially working class primitive methodists is surprising until one recognizes that 61361361.3 percent of the membership 72 drawn for this study resided in the working class out townships of armley and wortley the baptists show a similar pattern with almost 69 percent of the membership living in the outtownshipout township of bramley a depressed township heavily dependent on handloom weaving As expected from the occupational analysis the unitarians show an equal proportion of their membership residing in middleclassmiddle class and workingclassworking class areas these denominational statistics represent a general and crude touchstone for the measurement of social status by residence A more refrefinedined measurement is an examination of the type of housing found by ward and township within the leeds borough

liililIII111

an advertisement in the leedheedleedsleedaheedaa mercuryme r culy in 1799 described the estate known as springfield house this villa was located about 200 feet away from another estate very similar in size called springfield lodge owned by newman cashcasticastl a prominent woollen merchant and member of the society of friends the description of the villa to be sold at auction illustrates the wealthy end of the dissenting membership A newly erected mansionhousemansion house with every requisite outbuilding and also an excellent garden with a wall four yards high in which there is a large basin well supplied with fine water and which garden and an orchard adjoining are stocked with the choisestchoicestchoi sest fruit trees together with two 73 pleasant dwelling houses and a large wellbuiltwell built warehouse twentyseventwenty seven yards by twelve properly divided for Dressindressinggr packingshopspacking shops etc the estate commands a most extensive and delight- ful view over the town and the adjoining country the house consists on the ground floor of a dining room 26 ft by 28 drawing room 22 ft by 18 and kitchen fitted up with stoves 24 ft by 18 and all 12 12 ft high together with a store room 18 ft by 12 back kitchen pantry and brewhouse Is there are nine spacious and airy lodgingroomslodging rooms with commodious dressing rooms and water conveyedA into a closet for the use of the rooms and the house is well supplied with hard and fast water the estate has right of common upon woodhouse moor and is very valuable for building upon12 although this description was written 50 years before the time under study there is little question from a perusal of the large scale ordnance survey maps of 1850 that springfield house and springfield lodge were still lovely areas within leeds but this description of opulence is in sharp contrast to the more common depiction of the working mans cottages found in contemporary writings the working mans cottage was the traditional one up one down with one room on the ground loorfloorf and one above a room only about ivelvefivef yards square and about four yards highh ighagh robert baker once again provides the most poignant description of one of these moormanspoormanspoor mans cottages thomas rooley and his wife both about 66 years old lived in such

12leeleeds13s mercury 17 may 1799 quoted in maurice 11 beresford the face of leeds 178019141780 1914 in A historyjjislgry ofQ modern leedslggdsr ed derek frasereraser manchester manchester university press 1980 p 79 74 a cottage he was formerly a soap boiler but was not working because of ill health thomas his wife and their unemployed sonsony survived on his wifes wages and parish reliefrelieffbelieff which amounted to about 2sas ad6d a week the amilyffamily had lived in their cottage tor about a year and both thomas and his wife had very poor health the yard had not been dry since he and his wife moved in although the landlord made a sumpholesumphole at great depth in one corner it is full to capacity of deposit the stench is often so bad and especially after rain that he and his wife cannot bear it the firelreireplacefirefireplaceplace of his house has a small place under it for ashesash es but he has been forced to remove the grate and put down an ovenplateoven plate to cover it with in consequence of the stench coming under the house and making its way up the grate last week in consequence of much rain he would have been up to the knees in wet but for baling the water out and throwing it over the wall he worked ivelvefiverivef hours at it last winter when the thaw was he had water in the house for some days the necessary above drains into this water through the partition wall and adds to its offensoffensiveneoffensivenessivene ss then there are suds and dirty water also which are arcedorcedforcedf to be added to it for there is no drdrainainaln nor means ot throwing them elsewhere 133 these two extremes of prosperity versus poverty in living conditions are also represented in the housing categories used in table 8 the backtobackback to back cottage was the most common in leeds for the working classes these were the one up one downs with no ventilation because the cottage was surrounded on three sides by other cottages

13baker13 baker on the state and condition of the town ff 990gge of leeds 0 0 appp 99899998990998 99 TABLE 8

denomination BY TYPE OF HOUSING

SEPARATE

DWELLING dackdachBACKMBACK MTO TERRACED TERRACED surroundedSURRDED balckbaack NO GARDENS WITH GARDENS BY GARDENS ESTATE UNDEFINED TOTALS 1 2 3 4 5 6 denominations

LNITAlnitariansunitariansunitflriflnsRIANS 461546.1546151146.1511 307730.77 153815.38 0200.20m aaot0013aadot0.013 7697.69769x 6306.3063ot independents 35935.911129111.29 2353335323.53 4574.57215721.57211 0a aw 1xax1 176517.65 2452245324.52 BAPTISTS 600ftm it19 JW 1030183ot10.30loog im0000.00ooo e8wedw0dowoomN 20 m00 48k4814.81

FRIENDS 153815.38 307730.773877k 384638.463646x 7697.69769x 7697.697695c 9w9009.00aw000ooo 6356.35

WESLEYAN THODISTAETHODIST 48284fl2848.2848828 172417.241724h 114911.491149x 9w0aw M 000atw0.00ooooumouw 229922.99 418341.83

tm3dis7METHODIST nanekNEW COWXIONC0WIEx I1 IN 454545.45 9099893893099.899.09809bog 00w0 M 90w0 N 0000.0099m 454545.45 5295.29529x

PRIMITIPRIMITIW METHODISTMETHODASTT 666766.676667x aa0 N 166716.67 iw0 N 0amkowkM 166716.67 2885268528.8528 0 loiwiloewi 5294539452.94 2941x29 41 5885.88588x 0000.00oooa 00 0000.00oag 117611.761176x 8178.17817x totqlTOTAL 442at44 2ni 2223 19 149014.9014 m SW0648 0960.96096189618.961ogg 192319.231923x1933 160000600 00

1 0 TOTAL WEEPSNLMBERS 91 39 3111 i 2 41 3883282881082808.08

SOURCESOURCES great britain ordnance survey of leeds 155 feet to a nilelailemile 25 sceetssneetssneetsj southampton 1850

75 76 and shared walls the first such cottages were constructed as early as the 1750s1750st as the old yards and courts of briggateBrig gate kirkgateKirkgate and the headrowbeadrow were lined with these five yard cottages the only difference between these early backtobacksback to backs was their irregular and haphazard appearance compared to the newer variety of the 1800s which were always built symmetrically and monotonously in straight lines14lines 14 the next type ofot housing was the terraced house which was simply a row house the terraced house with gardens generally appeared on the maps with a front yard sometimes small but often long and narrow the yard served to insulate the house and its inhabitants from the street john peele Claphaclaphammr the treasurer of the county court an independent lived on hanover street in the west ward where his terraced home displayed a substantial front garden by 1853 clapham was listed in the city directories as a gentleman and he had removed to hanover square a short distance away which was a more opulent abode thomas young a mormon and an inland revenue officerOffiofficerrofficerscerfcerr lived with his wife harriet and five children on byron street north ward this terraced home with gardens was not as grand as john elesbeelespeelesPe because the garden was in the back of the house and contained what appears to be a privy

14 14mauricemaurice W beresford the backtobackback to back house in leeds 178719371787 1937 in the historyhigjtgry of workingclassworking class housing A symvogijmsymposium newton abbot david & charleschariescharlesrcharlesy 1971 j appp 97- 98098 77 joseph kitchingpitching a friend and welltodowell to do sharebroker lived in a relatively opulent home on st marks place woodhouse in the north west ward the home was a separate dwelling surrounded by gardens but not up to the estate category represented by newman cash at springfield lodgelodger or edward baines estate at hanover square many of the houses had to be described as und- fefinedined on table 8 this was necessitated by the lack of street numbers on the 1850 ordinance survey fivefootfive foot maps in some cases because the street was comprised of back to backs and terraced housing it was impossible to tell which one represented a particular address table 8 demonstrates the incidence of types of housing by denomination it is evident immediately that the number ot families represented by each dissenting denomination is considerably less than the original sample this munitiondimunitiondimunationdi occurs because the ordnance survey maps used covered only the townships of leeds holbeck and hunsletHunshunsleylet also the numbers are diminished because it was not possible to find every address on the 25 indexed sheets the irstarstfirstf thing that is apparent is the high percentage of backtobacksback to backs among all the denominations except the friends this is not surprising because a large part ot leeds was built with this type of housing the middle class pattern persists for the friends and the

1 78 independents as one looks at the percentage of back to backs but there is no question again that the friends were the most affluent of the nonconformist denominations what is surprising however is that the Mormormonemons the most pronounced workingclassworking class group had only 5294529452.94 percent living in backtobackback to back housing an examination of the percentage of the residences actually found for each of the dissenting denominations provides an interesting aside to the type of housing in which they lived for example of the mormons only 32 of the 34 from the original sample lived outside of leeds holbeck or hunsletHunshunsleylet and yet it was only possible to findfind 17 of the addresses approximately 53 percent the remaining denominations showed a much higher rate of success which suggests that perhaps the mormons lived on rather obscure streets courts or yards in some of the poorer sections of town the baptists and the primitive methodists were found at a rate of0 666666.66 percent the wesleyan methodists at 707370.73 percent the unitarians and the friends at 76476.4 percent the independents at 809580.95 percent and the methodist new connexion at 84684.6 percent if it is true that the opportun- ity for locating these families on the maps was based in part on how obscure the street or court was then it is surprising that the methodist new connexion had such a high incidence of return when they enjoyed a middle class membership of only around 20 percent 79 table 9 amplifies further the idea of the differences which existed between the wards of leeds and the townships of holbeck and hunslethunsley concerning socioeconomicsocio economic status mill hill stood out as a wealthier and more advantageous neighbourneighbourhoodhood but the west and north west wards also show similar patterns there is no question as one looks at the most prevalent type of housing between the leeds wards of the north and north east plus the out townships of holbeck and hunsletHunshunsleylet that backtobacksback to backs were the predominant housing this fact fits well with the extent of the working classes resident in these areas noted on table 4 another way ot0 noting differences between streets and type of housing is to examine those streets which were frequently condemned by contemporary critics and which contained a heavy concentration of backtobacksback to backs for a list of these streets see appendix D it would be expected that the mormons and primitive methodists had a larger number of their families living on these kinds of streets but surprisingly they along with the baptists and unitarians had no families living on any of these streets the friends had one family living on middle row in camp field the methodist new connexion also had one family living on quarry hill the independents showed one family living at 2 templar street and the wesleyan methodists revealed two families one at front row camp field and the TABU 9

TYPE OF HOUSING BY vardWSQWARD flAND TOWIP

SEPARATE DUELLINSDWELLING dackBACKTOBACK TO TERRACED TERRACED surroundedSURRUDED BXbaack NO GARDENS vithkithgflrdeWITH GARDENSNS BY MRDENSGARDENS ESTATE UNDEFINED plalelalplflce 1 I1 2 3 4 5 6

MILL hlllhelihellHILL 09 lo1010 3 a 0 0

kisksflteklitkgate 1 2 0 0 0

WEST 22 5 13 0 2 17

MIRTHWEST 9 3 7 1 0 7 ktorthmorthknorthNORTH 4 2 3 0 0a 4

SOUTH 4 7 09 0 9 4

EAST 12 1 1 0a 09 2

WRTWATNORTHEAST 19 i0 0 0 0 4

HOLBECK 5 2 3 0 0 2a riletalletailetHUNSLET 15 7 1 0 D i

TOTALS 91 39 31 1 2 41

SOURCE great britain ordnance survey of leedsleefls 155 feet to a milmi iele 25 sceetssneets southampton 1850

80 81 other at 1 quarry hill perhaps because the sample was small the results contradict the earlier observations regarding occupational and residential patterns one additional measure of residential differences among the denominations is based upon an examination of those streets composed wholly or partly of backtobacksback to backs built between 1781 and 1815 in addition the number of cholera cases identified by baker and the incidence of cellar dwellings on these streets is also examined see appendix D for a complete listing of the streets the unitarians reveal 15415.4 percent or two of its thirteen families living in these circumstances one family lived at hope street where cellar dwellings existed and two cases of cholera had been reported the otheotherr family lived at high streets where seven cases of cholera were reported but no cellar dwellings existed the independents showed a slightly lower percentage 11811.8 percent of its fiftyonefifty one families living in these circumstances one family lived at kendall street where no cholera cases and no cellar dwellings existed another family lived on hope streetstreety where cellar dwellings and two cases of cholera were reported two families lived on templar street where no cellar dwellings or cholera cases were found zion street was the home of another family where four cholera cases were found but no cellar dwellings and finally one family lived on charles street where 82 seventeen cases of cholera were reported but where no cellar dwellings existed of the ten baptist families none lived on these streets the Friendfriendssr howeverhoweverrhoweverfverr did have one family james kershaw a watchman who lived on middle row camp field where ten cases of cholera were reported but which contained no cellar dwellings this family represented 777.7 percent ot the thirteen families whose addresses were found the wesleyan methodists showed 585.8 percent of the eightyseveneighty seven families lived on these types of streets one of the families lived on the same charles street identified above for the independents another family lived on reuben street which contained cellar dwellings and reported two cases of cholera front row in camp field was the same section as james kershaw lived in noted above chatham streetstreety which reported no cholera but contained cellar dwellings claimed another wesleyan methodist family walkers place where neither cellar dwellings or cholera cases were reported housed the last of the families the methodist new connexion revealed 15415.4 percent of its eleven families living on these streets one amilyffamily lived on zion street which contained no cellar dwellings but which revealed ffourour cases of cholera the other family lived on the infamous charles street which revealed seventeen cases of cholera 83 the primitive methodists record only one of the six families living on one of these streetstreetsstreetersf for 16616.6 percent of the sample chatham street was the home of richard humble a joiner and a primitive methodist the cormonsMormormonsmons surprisingly revealed only one family of seventeen living on one of these streets little line streetstreety the home ot0 thomas greengreeny a mariner had no cholera cases and no cellar dwellings suggesting that it was not the worst of these types of streets because of their heavy working class composition it was expected that a little higher incidence of cormonsMormormonsmons primitive methodists methodist new connexion wesleyan methodist and baptists would be dwelling on these particular streets it was somewhat surprising to see the per- centagescentages ot unitarians and independents living on these streets however it is possible that this type of microcosmic study and analysis can be pushed too far it must always be born in mind that the area under examination was not large leeds township contained 2672 acres hunslethunsley 1100 acres and holbeck only 760 acres and although men such as newman cash and edward baines could somewhat insulate themselves in their homes in the west ward at springfield lodge and hanover square the vast majority of the population lived in backtobacksback to backs or terraced housing over everything in the city hung that great pall of smoke smoke generated by the factories the dye houses the 84 workshops and the domestic chimneys15chimneys 15 in addition the lack of street pavements privies and poor drainage were experienced by almost everyone in the city although many of bakers observations are based on data ten years prior to the time period under study there is good reason to believe that his observations and informed analysis held true in fact B J barber an historian recently observed that a municipal local act passed in 1842 which provided wide powers to the city council to improve public health conditions in actuality did almost nothing barber further notes there is no reason to suppose that the motives of the speculative builders and the consequences of their activities were any different in these decades fromf rom those of an earlier generation castigated by robert baker in the 1840s18401s 16 indeed an informed observer in 1866 claimed that the regulations in the 1842 act could be easily side stepped by 171 the cottage speculator 0O

based upon residential pattpatternsernst it has again been demonstrated that the congregations of the unitarians the

luttgens15nuttgensNuttnuttgensgens p 38 lgbB J barber aspects of municipal Governgovernmentmentrmenty 3 H 18351914183518 5 1914 ini n A historyi stoslo r y ofgt modernmode r a leeds x 183.1831835183519145121451214.5 12119144 ed derek fraser manchester manchester university press p 305 hoie17hole17 hole p 29 85 Independentindependentssr and the friends were much more likely to be composed of middle class worshippers than the other nonconformist denominations in addition the cormonsMormormonsmons the primitive methodists and the baptists exhibited working class residential patterns as expected from their heavily labourlabouringing class occupational profiles these patterns at the macrocosmic level of the borough are complementary with the occupational profiles however at the microcosmic level when the types of houses and the actual addresses of the member families are reviewed the picture is much more muddied although it is fairly easy to say that the mill hill west and north west wards were composed of more middle classthanclass than any other ward and that the east and north east wards along with the townships of holbeck and hunslethunsley are primarily working class these become generalizations one is soon forced into agreement with david ward that exclu- sively middleclassmiddle class areas were extremely small and these districts housed only a minority of that class 181 indeed even on a given street there were differences in houses and social composition the rest of the city was undoubtedly dominated by the working classes but what is impossible to ascertain from the maps under review in this study was the stratification of the workingclassworking class majority according to skill income and security and divided into industrial sectors and it is unclear

18wardward p 142 86 ffromrom contemporary testimonies as to whether these distinctions were also reflected in the patterns and levels of residential differentiationdifferentiation1919 the occupational and residential patterns of the dissenting denominations complemented each other regarding the economic and social status levels of their adherents to determine further if there are additional distinctions among the denominations member families and their house holdsholdsyholdby these patterns will next be examined

191bid O 16

CHAPTER IV

THE CHAPEL GOERS OF LEEDS FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD PATTERNS

if a snapshot ofot the family was perhaps the best image ot victorian society no one represented the domestic scene better than the regal persons ofot victoria and albert when the nation vieweaviewed the monarchy they saw not so much the aristocratic order but a bourgeois family 1.1 family journals abounded at midcenturymid century middle class families could gather around the fireplace and read such magazines as ththeg bomehomegaggmg circlecircierg 1 e thee home companionagqgapanmpani qiaglagia thehe3qmqhome friender iqndr HQTPQMP

Q 13 thoughtsbqpgbtgrT thetha home magazinema99iz liaeilae famifamilycami 1 I y economisteg Q M familfamily recordegg family friendF ripuipulp ndrandr famfamilyy treasurer Q shaulshaug e family prize

i 2 maaazinpmagazinamagazinp and hauseboldhausenboldHauhnnaphniseboldd ciscel miscelmiM arll a ny r and the family mirror anthony wohl contends that the victorian family was almost a creed in tact its doctrine was that the stable family distinguished england from less moral societies he adds that the victorians felt the home was the foundation and the family the corner stone of their civilization and that within the family were first learned the moral religious

athe1thehe victorian lamilyfamilybamily structure9 tr4qt Pi& anda n d stressesS tr agqg Q Q kak9 r ia 1 anthony S wohl ed new york st martinmartinsI s press1978press 1978197 8 9 p harrison the early victorians E iu2181832 1851 r p 113 2the2t1cleathe yigjgrivictorianan esipfamilyj 1 v structure allialiiand stress POp 9

87 88 ethical and social precepts of good citizenshipcitizenship33 many of these statements especially the magazine readingreadingssr were based upon the middleclassmiddle class family rather than the working class family the private home with its heavily curtained windows and its cosy comfortable atmosphere was the bastion of the middle class family in this hierarchical institution the husband and father was the head his authority extended over his wife and children but also over the servants As the wife and children rarely ventured out to work they were dependent upon his income only which provided a good basis for his authoritarian family control the middle class family became imbued with a certain holiness during this time although the image was idealized family prayers every evening and attendance at church or chapel were commonplaces of the middle class family charles kingsley an anglican minister and christachristainin socialist believed that family relationships were given to mankind to help him understand the meaning of a father in heaven men must be fathers themselves to understand this and they must have wives to love and love them to understand how christ loved the church 4

31bidbid j p 10 acharles4charles kingsley hihishiahiehlaa letters and MemmemoriesguigagLiga ofgf ililiililhisgi life ed by his wife 2 vols londonlondono 1877 I1 190j190igo 255f255 quoted in harrison the early victvictqrvictoriansqr i sinsginsgine p 114 89 victorian commentary about workingclassworking class families was primarily negativenegativer unlike the idealized visions of middle class family life the role ot the father appeared to be demeaned children were required at a young age to help support the family and mothers employed outside the home allailali pointed to the destruction of a stable family it was charged that the factory system broke up the familyfamily55 engels dramatized this situation in a letter from a labourlabouringing man robert pounder barons Buildingbuildingsbuildingsrsr woodhouse moorsidemooresideMoor side leeds to richard oastler according to pounder a working man on a walk came to st helens lancashire and looked up an old friend he foundcound him in a miserable damp cellar scarcely furnished and when my poor friend went in therethere sat poor jack near the firelrefire ana what did he think you why he sat and mended his wifeswi fes stockings with the bodkin and as soon as he saw his old riendfriendf at the doorpost he tried to hide them but joe that is my friends name had seen it and said jack what the devil art thou doing where is the missus why is that thy work and poor jack was ashamed and said no I1 know this is not my work but my poor bissumissumissuss is ili the factory she has to leave by halfpasthalf past ffiveivelve and works till eight at night and then she is so knocked up that she cannot do aught when she gets home so I1 have to do everything for her what I1 can for I1 have no work nor had any for more nor three years 0 is there is work enough tor women tolksfolks and childenchildren hereabouthereaboutssr but none for men 06 contemporary fiction also reflected the dangers to

marrisongarrison the early victoriansaigyigtarianscarians appp 737473 74 engels p 173 90 family life that the factory brought elizabeth gaskells main character mary bartonbartony in the novel of the same name talks about this problem father does not like girls to work in factoriesfactoriesr said mary norno I1 know he doesnt and reason good ththeyey oughtnt to go at after theyre darriemarriemarrieddr that im very clear about I1 could reckon up counting with her fingers laytayay nine men I1 know as has been driven to thlth publichousepublic house by having wives as worked in factories good folk too as thought there was no harm in putting their little ones out at nurse and letting their house go all dirty and their fires all out and that was a place as was tempting for a husband to stay in was it he soon finds out gin shops where all is clean and bright and where the fire blazes cheerily and gives a man a welcome as it were I1 say it Is princepr ince albert as ought to be asked hawh6whow hedhelditslike his missis to be from home when he comes in tired and worn and wanting some one to cheer himh im and may berbebeg her to come in by and by just as tired and down in th I1 mouth7mouthmouthy 177 in this chapter the differences between the nonconformist denominations will be studied in regard to the family and household because there has been no research found which reviews the family in relationship to denominations this chapter will focus on the sociosocioeconomiceconomic differences based upon middle and working class concepts as described above the family sizesizer its household makeup whether the family was nuclear or extended and whether there were servants or lodgers present the extent of wives employed the ages and extent of male children as scholars

elizabeth Gaskelgaskellgaskellrlr mary barton A tale of manche- testerr life middlesex england penguin books 1981 p 165

1 91 in these families and finally family mobility will be examiegamiexaminedI1 ned

the size of the family iiss a critical issue from an economic sense if the family is viewed as an economic unit as well as a social unit then factors which affect the economic viability of the family can alsoaiso affect that familys birthrate the nineteenth century is generally considered to be a period of high fertility in england because many parents viewed children as contributorcontributorss to the familys economic wellbeing more than they viewed them as an expense this factor made larger families but as soon as the family fortunes rose and children were no longer viewed as a direct or necessary contributor to the family income the size ot miliestamiliesfamiliesta decreased 8 this assumed pattern described the basic differences between the working class family which would be larger and the middleclassmiddle class family which would be slightly smaller peter steamsstearns for example claims that by the midcenturymid century or earlier the average middleclassmiddle class family size began to drop steadily the same was not true for the working

6r8rar burr litchfield the family and the mill cotton mill work family work patterns and fertility in midvictorianmid victorian stockport in the victorian family strugstruc- tultuituree anda nd ststressesne s ggs anthony S wohl ed new york st martins press 1978 pyp 181 92 classesclasses99 table 10 outlines the number ot children by denominations because of the manner in which the sample popul- ations were gathered all ot the results for the denominations are not comparable the families for the unitarians throughbroughthrough the primitive methodists on this table were gathered by extracting baptisms or membership records for the years 183018371830 1837 this means that the life cycle for each of these families is similar however the mormon sample was gathered by extracting information on families from membership records for the period ofot the late 1840s and early 1850s because the mormons were a first generation church the sample population is younger than the other denominations and the families are in a different life cycle than the other nonconformist denominationsdenominations11 families thisth i s difdlfdifferencef erencearence is readily refreflectedlecterlected in the mean number ot children noted for the mormon families compared with the other dissenters families it was necessnecessaryaryl therefore to exclude the mormons ffromrom a comparative review of family size if there is any validity to the idea that middle class familiesfamicami lieslles were slightly smaller than working class families then it would be expected that the friends the

9peter N lpetereter Stearnsteamsso EUEeuropeanU ropqqn ocietvsocietyS ocleocie tv in upheaval socialso clalialjal histohistoryr y ai2isincep ce 1750 ad2d ed new york macmillan 1975h1975 p 141 tftbleTA B L EZ 1310

NUMBER DFOF CHILDRENCdhilditenireni BYiby denominationT

TOTAL teandesmteamtesmMEAN OF familleffimilFAMILIElesIESs NO OF NO OF NO OF WITHWILTH FIVEF t VE OR denomination FAMILIES CHILDREN chiohiCHLDSMCHLCH denDSMc OREMORE CHILDRENr D R E N

UNITARIAN 20 55 2C 75 30 123 independent 93 377Z37 7 4 05 3731 7 E 21 baptists 77 335 4 35 42 86

FRIENDS 22 a81 43 6368 27 23 loesleyflnW E S L ae&e Y A N METHODIST 186 761 4094.094 09 36 545 4 METHODIST NEW conniexionCONNEXIONCONNIE XION 21 74 3523.523 52 38 56 PRIMITIVE METHODIST 31 128 4134.134 13 48 37

1.1 MORMON 33 78 2362362.362 123wyl E 151515.1515 a 15

t- 31 r TOTALS 483 1889 31 91 33J 29V

1 1 I SOURCE great britainbr i t a i rl 1851 censusc-l e ns t s I1 niimeratiivsn u rn er t co s schedulesscnedulesscmedules townsniostiwrishimsTown snios ofor becs5ecsbecqec s aricc great britainbr 1 t a i n 1851a c5ca I1 cernuscens u s eriurnsratorE n u ro eyaryaa t 0 r s Sschedulesch ed u I1 es borouchboroucnB c r0 u an or leeaslebasL e e a s

93 94 unitarians and the independents should reflectref lectelect the smallest family size because they showed the highest proportion of middle class in their ranks this expectation did not prove to be completely accurate howeverhoweverrvery because the unitarians exhibited the smallest family size and the friends had larger families than the methodist new connexion families even the independents had slightly smaller families than the wesleyan methodists the baptists and the primitive methodist families did prove to have the largest average family size of the denominations which matched the hypothesis proposed above they also revealed the highest percentage of miliesfamiliesta with tivefive or more children several factors accounted for the larger than expected family sizes ot the more predominantly middle class

dissenting religions 0 the decrease in familycamily sizes had not begun to occur until after mid century the factfact that this sample was taken during the 1830s would reflect this lack of change the friends had a middle class structure of more than 50 percent but all of the other denominations including the unitarians and the independents were still more predominately working class than middle class although the differences were not great there is also the problem ot how the data on family size were gathered in this study the process ofot family reconstitution was not utilized rather the family data were taken from the 1851 census this means that 95 there were undoubtedly children not found on the census who were members of the family this crosssectionalcross sectional approach is less accurate than family reconstitution but is still indicative and useful and was the only approach possible for this study because of the records there is a possibility among the unitarians independents and friends that sons were away at boarding school during the time that the 1851 census was taketakenn in march which means that these families were larger than shown on table 10

II11

an additional economic consideration within a family was the presence ofot kin was the family nuclear or was it extended michael anderson in his study of family structure in preston in 1851 has shown successfully that dependence on relatives was an economic necessity for many ffamiliesamilamiiamli 1 es in fact contrary to popular contemporary opinions the extended family was a more likely entity in midvictorianmid victorian england than in preindustrialpre industrial england andersensandersons studies in preston revealed that 23 percent of the families contained kin whereas peter lasletts pr- eindustrial studies exhibit only 10 percent extended families 10

lemichaellomichaellomichaelmichaei anderson family household and the industrial revolution in the gricanamericangoricanam family in social historialH i st L ri al spectiyeperspectivepelpeg michael gordon ed ad2d ed new york st martins press 1978 ppo 40 91 96 ththee presencepre se nce of kin in a familyfamily may not be as clearly a middleclassmiddle class versus a workingclassworking class breakdown as might be expected if a calculative dependence on kin was necessary for survival then country cousins seeking work in the big city would be just as likely to contact their middleclassmiddle class relatives as they would their workingclassworking class relatives in ffactact it would seem more likely that the middleclassmiddle class relatives would be able to help in finding work more readily than the labourlabouringing class it is not surprising then that the unitarians and the friends showed a high percentage ot extended families more surprising is that the independents revealed a small percentage of extended families the lowest of any of the denominations of course it must always be born in mind that sample size dramatically affects these percentages the small number of unitarian and friends families found on the 1851 census is a factor in the higher percentage of extended families see table 11

of concern among contemporary critics of industrial- ization and its debilitating affects upon the family was the perceived increase in mothers employment engels and elizabeth gaskell recite the deleterious effects of working mothers on husbands in addition the contemporary observer was equally concerned over the children of such familiesfamil ieseleseiesO TABLE 11I1 I1

EXTENDED familyFOMILYFAMTLY6.6 BY denomination

NUCLEAR FAMILY EXTEEXTENDEDEXTENN DED FAMILY denomination NO NO UNITARIAN 13 6565065.0a 7 35 0izi independent 6585 9191491.44 a 8 SE bftptistBAPT IST 67 87087.087 0 10 13 0iz FRIEND 17 7777377.33 5 222 7 WESLEYAN 1 METHODIST 162 87187.187 244 191.9igJ 2.2 9 METHODIST NEW CONNEXION 17 81081.081 0 4 19 a ly primilpremilPRIMITIVE1lveigeIVE METHODIST 266 8383983.99 5 16 1 MORMON 288 848.48482 4 5 151 c5zcaz a

TOTALS 415 85985.985 9 6866 14114.114 r

SOURCE great britain 1851 census enumeratorenumeratorss schedulesscnedules towrishipztownen i s ofor eedseedeleedsteedei andaridbridsydayd great britainbr i t a i n 1818511.85151 caesuscansusce-ns u s Eenirieratorrl liit111.1 M LZ r a t 11 r s scneduiesc ri e d u1ua es boroiinnBoroiB 0 r0 u aninn of0 f L eec s

97 98 godfreysgodfreyhGod freys cordial a pacifier laced with laudanum was commonly used to keep young children quiet indeed a chemist in nottingham told the childrens employment commission that there were chemists who sold as much as a gallon ot laudanum a week mary colton a 20 year old lace runner was not unlike many of the poorer families in nottingham she gave birth to an illegitimate child in november 1839 when the child was only a week old she began giving it half a teasponfulteaspoonful of godfreys twice a day she gave it godfreys to keep it quiet so that she might be able to continue her work on her lace piece uninterrupteduninterrupted1111 women as workers were not harmonious with the victorian philosophy of deification of the home women were to marry and have children and certainly were not supposed to work after they marriemarriedd 12 yet litchfields study of working women in stockport shows a surprising number of mothers working anandd many of these mothers had small children at home he notes in fact more than half the mothers with children at home aged under one year were

ligreatlegreatgreat britain parliamentary fapaderspapersdelsydersy 18431843r xivrxivaXIV childrens employment Commissiocommissionnr part 1 p 45r45 616161 61 quoted in victorian women A documentaryadocumejatgry accountacq2untpjjdgmen1of womens liveshives ininningtepathnineteenthcenturynineteenth century england france and the united statestat Qs staafstanfstanfordord stanford university press 1981 appp 2378237 8 12wanda wanda F nefneffnerfnerrf r victorian idgrkiworkingrisrig jjomqnwomen an iligtqrjhistori- cal and liliteraryte lalylakyjaky tuoystudytudybuoy 0pt women inja british industries andfind pr9tpratprofessionsqggjgng 183 1q50 london frank cass & co 1966 p 14 99 listed as working in the census 111313 michael andersonsanderson1s seminal work on preston is still the measure against which other studies of this type can be compared he showed that in preston 26 percent of all wives were working and ot the wives working 52 percent were employed in factory work however he claims that the effects ot0 this work on husbands and children were much less than might originally be imagined because much of the work was performed at home also many of the working wives had few or no children at home he discovered that 20 percent of the working mothers had children under 10 years of age the majority of mothers worked in order to help their families survive14survive 14 leeds township revealed a pattern of 36 percent of all females aged 20 or over working the records do not indicate what percentage of married women were working but the figure anderson arrives at for preston 26 percent is probably also close for leeds table 12 which shows the wives employed by denomination reveals an interesting trend for leeds nonconformist families they were not heavy contributors to the numbers ot working women in leeds with

13litchfield13 litchfield p 191 michaei14michael14michael anderson family structure in nineteenth century lancashire in the urbanization ot epeuropeanlodrodropealapaja sacsgcsocietyj p t t7ta in the ninenineteenthteenthbenth century andrew lees and lynn lees eds lexington mass D C heath and co 1976 appp 1845184 5 TABLE 12

wigesWIVESIWIVES EMPLOYED BY r T DdenominationI- NOM I1 narNA I L CN

NOT TOTAL denomination EEMPLOYEMPLOYEDEMPLOYEDD EMPLOYED

1 unitarians 94 I14 5 9 23p 8 independents 86 9 13 I1 iglg1919. BAPTISTS 90 3 9 7 16 3

FRIENDS 90 9 9 I1 5 0 w E-esleyftns I1 E Y A N methodists 93 6 6& 474 38 7 METHODIST nelneiNEW CONNEXION 77 8 22 2 4 1IV PRIMITIVE METHODIST 82qc 8 1717217.22 6 6& MORMON 89 7 10 3 6 6 totfilhotfilTOTAL 90019090.01goos0 10010.010loo 0 1000100.0 TOTAL NUMBERS 398 44 442

1 SOURCESOURCES great britain J851.8511851851 census enumeratorE 1li LL rilritnit er a tor s G t- schedulesSch eaules toorishtowrishtownshipstownsnipsTown snipsI1 Ps 11off leecL beaseeass and greatireadrea d bybritaini t a i n 1851 census enumeratorsenumerator1sr nurseratt 019 s schedules boroughborougnbcorcnugh of leeds

loo10010.0 101 only 10 percent overall employment only the methodist new connexion at 22222222.2 percent and the primitive methodist at 17217217.2 percent are even close to the preston sample if economic necessity drove wives to seek employmentemploymentrmenty there would have been smaller percentages of wives employed among the Unitarianunitarianssr friends and the independents but it is only in the case ofot the unitarians that this assumption held up the percentage ot0 married women employed was higher for the independents than it was for either the wesleyan methodists or the cormonsMormormonsmons to test further the theory of economic necessity among working wives a comparison of the various jobs held by the women was made with the occupations of their husbands among the baptists all the women except one were cloth bullersburlersbur lers their husbands jobs ranged from delver to farmers man none considered high paying all of the methodist new connexion wives were woollen cloth bullersburlersbur lers and all ot0 their husbands was involved in the cloth industry as weavers sorters dressers the only exception to this observation is one ot0 the two employed wives of the friends employed as a french corset weaver mary galloway employed four men and three women her husband thomas a master painter was also an employer ot seven men and two boys this hardly appears to be a case of economic necessity perhaps some nineteenth century women worked for enjoyment rather than economic necessity 11 102 there is also strong evidence to support andersensandersons observation that many of the women worked at home occupations such as milliner and dressmaker stay maker corset maker sack maker and undresslalaundress were all occupations which could be berfperfperformedormed at home in addition many of the women worked with their husbands elizabeth barnes a mormon and a bootbinderbookbinderboot binder worked for her shoemaker husband john hannah marsden a unitarian and her husband joseph ran a shop of the wesleyan methodists members mary hicks was an assistantassi stant bookseller for her husband john who was a publisher and bookseller james and catherine hutchinson were canvas weavers the horror stories of the heavy drugging of young children through the use of godfreysgodfreyhGod freys cordial suggests that many of the working wives had young children to raise andersons work in preston reveals that of all borkiworkiworkingng wives wiwithth chichildrenidren only 20 percent had children under loe10100 15 this figure proved to be much higher among the leeds dissenting denominations working wives thoughaialthough the unitarians and mormons had no wives working with children 10 or under from the highest percentage to the lowest percentage all of the rest of the denominations showed much higher ratios than those for preston the primitive methodists 80080.0 percent the methodist new connexion 75075075.0

151bidibid r p 185 103 percent the independents 72772.7 percent the baptists 57157.1 percent the friends 50050.0 percent and the wesleyan methodists 27327.3 percent these figures along with the percentage of working wives do not clear the blurry lines between the denominations they suggest that the middle class versus working class labels assigned in chapter II11 are not definitive and that the generalizations attached to certain denominations being of the poor and others being primarily of the middle class are just that generalizationsgeneral izatizationsionslons of course it must also be born in mind that there were differences in4 type of employment among the women such as a shopkeeper or a factory piece worker this ffactact sheds a different light on the statistics

the presence of lodgers or servants indicated a particular class structure in a family michael andersonandersonss study describes the presence ot 23 percent lodgers in the preston ot 1851 however the number of lodgers among the dissenting leeds denominations are not so informative other than to indicate that the presence ot lodgers was less common in leeds than in preston see table 13 however it would be premature to make such an assumption because no pattern emerged among the nonconformist denominations it might be expected that the friends unitarians and independents would have the smallest number of lodgers and that TABLET A 3 LAE 13

LODGERS BY denomination

WITH WITH WITH nithWITHWTTH WITH ONE TWO THREE FOUR NO totallTOTAL LODGER LODGER LODGERS LODGER lodgenLODGER denominations UNITARIAN 5 0a 000.00oo 0 0a 0a 000.00oo 0 95095.095 0 4 1 independent 4 3 II111 1 000.00oo 041011 000.00oo 0 94694.694 6 39339.319193 3 BAPTIST 2 6& 131.31 3 0 0izrier 000.0 0oo 0 96196.196 1 15915.915.15 30 FRIEND 454.54 5 4 5 0 013 0 0 90 9 464.64 6 WESLEYAN METHODIST 5 9 1 6& 050.50 5 000.00oo 0 91991.991819big 9 38538.538 5 METHODIST NEW CONNEXIONCONNIEXION 000.00oo 0 000.00oo 0 0 0 484.84 8 95 2 4 3 PRIMITIVE METHODISTME 1 HODIST 656.56 5 000.00oo 0 000.0oolb 0 3 2 90 3 6 4

MORMONIMORMON 5 9 21 0 0 0 0Vv11 0 94 0 8a

0rOFar TOTAL 4484.88 1 2 020.20 2 040.40 4 93493.49 3 4 1000100.010.10loio 0 osk011 totflltotallTOTAL COLUMN 2 3 6 1 2 454511 483

E SOURCESOURCEZ great Zsrislibliiritainbritainfcairacair i 18511251 census emurln u iniibiint erera t c schedules tclwnshipstowy ishitsiships ofor leecsfleecs ardandarid great britainbl i a i n 185118 5 1 cerbuscereuecensusCe n s us enirnerator9E n u rn er at ci r 5 schedules 2boroughorclugh ofcifciecle leeds

104 105 the Morcormonsmormonsmons primitive Methodistmethodistssr Baptistbaptistssr methodist new connexion and wesleyan methodists would have the largest numbers in fact the friends and primitive methodists had the highest percentage of miliesfamiliesta with lodgerlodgerssr and the unitarians independents baptists methodist new connexion and mormons were all within two percentage points of each other the only pattern which emerges is that of the low percentage of 93493.4 of the dissenting families having no lodgers A study of the percentage of lodgers in leeds borough needs to be conducted to determine if the nonconformist pattern is consistent with leeds the presence of servants among the nonconformist families however was more revealing see table 14 this fact fits well into the patterns already established from the occupational and residential analyses of the previous chapters it was anticipated that the cormonsMormormonsmons baptists and primitive methodists had the smallest percentage of servants the unitarians Independenindependentstst and friends had the highest percentages and the wesleyan methodists and methodist new connexion fell in the middle this assumption was based upon the middle class versus working class composition of the denominations as well as their residential patterns unlike the lodiodlodgerslodgerstgerst the servants fell conveniently into place as anticipated the overall percentage of servants among the families was 13613.6 percent which is slightly higher than the figure for preston of 10 tahleTABLE 14

seltsSEMTSSERVANTS BY denomnflti&idenominationdenominati&n

q hithKITHWITH rithvithgithHITHWITH hithkithWITH kithhithMITHWITH kitWITITH WITHWTTH11 ONE TWO THREE pouhFOURPOUR SIX NO rouSOUsowROW s&rvflntSERVANT SERVANTS SERVANTS SERVANTS SERVANTS seflswflswalSERVANTSTS totfilsTOTALS

denominations

witaaifluUNITARIAN iaw10010.0loolamlombaw 525w5.2aw 100lol10.0loo 03aa0.3oj 03aa0.363ro 75075.075 w 414.1 independent il8llbklirila118 434.343x 656.5gs 88000.08.808oo lk11iiil1.1 76376.3 19319.3 BAPTIST 262.626il 000.0000888. 131.313x aitalt00olt0.0oo 003w0.0ooaw 96196.1 15915.9 FRIENDIFRIEND 31831.8318x 919.1bi981 IX 9k919.1akgigl ia18 at2 0000.0oo 31831931.831.9 464.646lt

WESLEYAN STHODIST 545.4 323.2332333. 35050.53.5 000.0awoo 000.0ootoo 90990.9309399 38538.55

methodiicmodistme7hodiiCmODISTIST NEW CONNEXION 484.8 484.8 00ooaw0w0.0 00waw 000.0ooaw 3w 90590.5 434.3

PRIMITIVE METHODIST 323.2 000.0oo 00ooaw0w0.0 000.003510.351oo 000.0obboo 96896.89685196.851 54645.46.4

MORMON 000.0ewoo 303.030513.051 008w0.020ooaw 000w0.0oaaw 008w0.0oraw 97097.0973t s8e8ea

OFTOTSLOF TOTAL 707w7.0aw 313.13 liilitlri 252.525h 080.8londb 020.2 86386.3863663 1mwlne200000bmw1 00000.0

COLUMN 1 1I totfilcotal1otal 34 15 12 4 L 417 483

SOURCE great britain 1851651.8511851 census enumerators scnesulesscnecules townships of leetslestis and great drraBrnabritainii 185118851 census enumerators schedulesscnedulesscmedules borourbocourborougn of leecsfleecs

hig 107 percent16percentpercent1616 the friends exhibited a middle class appearance with 68268.2 percent of their families having one or more servants this figure is quite close to the middle class percentage of 63763.7 percent settled upon from the occupational analysis the presence ot 25 percent of the unitarian families with servants is 20 percent lower than the occupational middle class analysis showed not every middle class family had servants the 23723.7 percent of independent families with servants also reveals a middle class structure greater than the average of 13613613.6 percent table 15 displays an analysis of the servants by townships and wards within the borough of leeds the economic strength ot these various geographic areas is congruent with the data from chapter lilliiIII111 which revealed the economic and residential desirability of the mill hill west and north west wards and headingleyHeadingley township

A family is an economic as well as a social institu- titionI1 on sons were important financial contributors in a working class family and often went out to work long before the socalledso called educational period of three to fifteen years

161bideibid f TBLET A 9 I1 E 15 SERVANTS BY 7ownshipsTOWNSHIPS

ntJMBERNUMBER OF TOTALT 3 T A L A 0CFF eervftntsRVANTS S PRP R iv T i T j T f NUMBIER A A izz.4 T W H ftFAMILIESmilleMILIE S NUMBER OF fatFPIF leelebIESk 4 ensiamsigmsiS UP WITH FAMILIESFAMILTES W nr T H1l TOWNSHIPS SERVANTSS ervflni S IN TOWNSHTOWNSHIP CP SERVANTSSERW NTS NO0 OF TOTAL

MILLMIELL HILL 10 15 666e66 66 2042010 166531 6536.5353 krksatekirkoflteK T 2 5 400040.0040 00 3 2c 48 WEST 19 70 271427.1427 14 33 277 2777

1 i NORTHWEST 8 31 258025.805 80 14 JLiili111.1J 57 NORTH 1 16 6206.206 0 4 3 331i

1.81 SOUTH 3 22 136313.6313 63 4 3al8181 31

1 21 25 EAST 233 4344.344 34 i1 0 838 1

NORTHEAST 0 299 021 00 0 0 3000 hefidingleyheadiingley 5 is18 277727.777 77 16 13 22 CHAPEL 1 3 333333.3333 33 2 4 65 ALLERTON pottpotternewtonPOTTERnentonneutonNEWTONERNEWTON 3 6 5000500050.0050 00 7 5 79 farmleyARMLEY 0 36 0000.000 00 0 0 00 FARNLEY 0 4 0000.00ovo0 00 0 0 00 wortleywortWGRI LEY 5 4648 10 414 6 7 5 797 9

BEESTONBEESTDN 0 7 0000.00ooo0 00 0zt Ziai2 00

1 1 23 1 3 BRAMLEY 73 36E 0 283U

HOLBECK 2 323 6 255 R 1 65

HUNSLET 4 46 6a 63E 211311 7 5 79 TOTALS 65 484 13413.413 4 ll12192111 1loo10000 00210 SOURCESOURCES great brbritainI1 t a I1 n 1851 cerscensuscensoens us enenumerator5senumeratorsuirueratrnerat or I1 s schedulesScnecktiesilestieg townships of leeds and greatg-i e t britain 1851 census enumeratorsenumerator9s0 r I1 s schedulesSc n edu 1 es borough ofor leeds 108 109 was completecomplete1717 therefore the educational patterns of the sons of dissenting religions in leeds is another link in understanding the socioeconomicsocio economic status of the dissenters and the emphasis given educational attainment michael anderson noted the ages of boys in manchestmanchent ersalforder Salford and preston in 1851 who were employed given the industrial nature of both these cities to leeds the percentages of boys in leeds employed would clearly be similar see table 16 it would be expected that boys from the years 5 through 10 would be listed on the leeds 1851 census as scholarscholarssF but at about age 11 a greater tendency to assume employment began anderson discovered that on the average 57 percent of the boys in preston were employed during the ages of 11 through 14141 181 by comparison over 70 percent of the 11 through 14 year old sons of dissenters in leeds were employed or undescribed on the census the percentage of 28128.1 scholars ages 111411 14 for all the denominations is considerably lower than the national average 36136.1 19 the percentages for several of the denominations were close or above the natinationalonaional over over 41 percent of the independent scholars were in between the years of 11

17 harrlsonbarrison17harrisonharrison the Ealivarlyaulyearly victoriansVicto riangniang p 136 18anderson18anderson family structure in nineteenth century lancashire in ththee urbanization ofot euleureuropeanotpaasociqlysociety in ththeQ nineteenthnineteenth century p 189 191851 Ccensuse naus ofgf edianaediagaeducation between appp 132133132 133 TABLE 16

e FAMILIES lithWITH MALE scheSCHOscholarischolarlSCHOLARSlarsLARl3.3 BY denomination

1 MO 6106 10 111411 14 151915 19 OF TOTATOTAL denomination 5 YRSYRSN EARSYEARSY YEARS YEARS FAMILIES

1 1 unitarians 0000.00ooo0 00 00000000.0000 100 00 0000000.000 00 10010.010loo 0 1

3 1 independents 17172417.2424 31-310331.0303 413841.3841 38 103410.34li0liaL 34j 331131.12 BAPTISTS 20205920.5959 58586258.6282 14147114.7171 55885.8888 4444244.22 FRIENDSFRIJENDS 100010.0010 007 400040.004q7t 00 3000300030.0030 0121 20022000230020.0020 10211001 45545.545 5 iESlesWESLEYANLEYAN MIEmethodistsTHODISTS 9439.439 43 547254.7254 72 320832.0832 08 33773.7777 28528.5 METHODIST netneknekiNEWJ CONNEXION 200020.0020 210 40400040.0000 200020.0020 00 200020.0020 016 63623823.83 8 PRIMITIVE METHMISTMETHODIST 9099.099gog09 636463.6463 64 181818.1818 18 99099.0909 35535 5 MORMON iiiilili111111.1111 11 555655.5655 56 333333.3333 33 0000.00ooo12 00 27327.327 3

COLUMN AVEAVERABESAVERAGESRAGES 137313.73 4967496749.67 281028.10 77197.19169 317 TOTAL NUMBERS 21 76 45 11 153

SOURCE greatgreat britain 1851 census Eenumeratorsriltriler atchetchator ss echeScheschecuiesscheculesschedulescules townsni3stowrtsmins of leeds and 3 reat t 1 i 1 ej I britainbr i t a i 1 185118 I1 censusC ens u s enumeratorsn u rilrit eesaysa tor s Sschedulesc e al ul es Boroboroughborougnborougriugri ofcofcop leeds

110 ill through 14 100 percent ot0 the unitarian sons 30 percent of the friends and almost 30 percent of the wesleyan methodist sons and over 33 percent of the mormons1mormons sons were scholars during these years it is in the years of 15 through 19 that a considerable financial commitment to education was made any amilyffamily who had sons ot these ages still attending school meant that either there was sufficient money in the family to permit this activity or that all the members of the family were sacrificing so that this one son could continue to pursue his education it is diffdifficulticultscult to tell which circumstance might be holding sway for each of the families but in any event the independents primitive methodists friends methodist new connexion baptists and wesleyan methodists all had one or more families with sons continuing their education at either 15 years ofot age or older see table 16 for percentages this is consistent with andersons figures of 93 percent of the preston boys working at age 15 202

VII

in his short autobiography robert spurr a baptist convert cited several instances of migrations to find better employment some ot these moves were within the

2 0 ibidibido O 112 borough of leeds but others took him short distances away to Gildgildersomeersome or meanwood21 because the type of study conducted here in which the major source was the 1851 census for the borough of leeds it was impossible to find the many places a family could have resided using city directories over a ten year period to find the heads of households revealed little in the way of migration pa- ttternse r n s too ffewew of the male heads of households were listed in these directories and oftenottenocten only the place of business was listed yet it is revealing to study the migration patterns of the various families because this type of study tells something about economic necessity among the ffamilies one or two of the denominations might reveal patterns of heavy migration leeds township was sustained by migrationinmigrationin before 1851 but in 1851 the pattern had changed and leeds borough had 74974.9 percent of its population born in the borough and only 25125.1 percent in migration migrationininmigration was low for the borough when compared with bradford for example which had 55 percent and preston 53 percent of migrant population 22 two theories about migration are of special interest to this study ravensteinsRaven steins theory states that economic

2lspurrspurr appp 28384283 84 22morgan22 morgan demographic change p 48 53 61

1 113 motivation is the primary cause of migration heilelle observed that most people migrate short distances and few people migrate long distances 23 in stouffers theory of0 inter- vening opportunities he mathematically tested raven steins short distance migration observation stoufshoufstoufferfer attributed the short distance migration to the fact that many opportunities would have to be passed over in order to go a long distance24distance 24 other theories return to ravensteinsRaven steins economic determinism michael andersons study of preston follows ravensteinsRavensteins short distance theory with 70 percent of its migrants having traveled 30 miles or less25 in studying the migration patterns of leeds dissenting families the male head of households birthplace was used because the sample population was gathered primarily from leeds borough baptismal records of 183018371830 1837 the use of the families children as part of the migration patterns would skew the sample towards a heavier inleedsin leeds borough birthplace table 17 exhibits the results ot this birthplace study although all ofot the dissenting religions show a lower borough birthrate than the 74974.9 percent noted above the unitarians are close to this figure only the mormons

23 23kennethkenneth C W kammeyer an introduction totg popula tion san francisco chandler publishing 1971 p 58 241bidibid p 59 25morgan25morgan demographic Chchangeangeo p 61 ABLE 17

WHERIS birthplace BY deiwnfltiemdenominati&

COUNTIES boroughBOROUSHBGROLGH REST contiguous REST OF OF TO WEST OF deaminationdenowmtiondemminationDEMMI NATION LEEDS YORKSHIRE YORKSHIRE BLANDENGLfiNDgang SCOTLANDSCOTLAIND lreIRET reiheihet findfandanqnD ottierotties0TeerIER TOTAL

aw og oo0. oogo 4 unitarians 70070.078790 W 25025.0250x 5w505.0 000.000. 000.00 000.0lyt 888.88606 4k4ak 4

INWANXITSindependents 49551449.5519 5 35635.6366is 6 323.232k 545.454515.451 111iili1.11 222.223 21 222.23225 2.2 19319.319

oononn00oo 0090oaga 00oo re6700oo 1 BAPTISTS 66266.2bb2t663662 32532.5 000.0 latlaiiai13aai1.3 80008.00.0 000.0 08000.00.8 159x4 5 9

oo 1 rooo oo 0300 & a 6000 0300 46 FRIEMSFRIENDS 35436435.436.4 m350250.2ma 83000.08.3 13513.51 6 0 N 30000.03.0 03000.00.3 464.6

WESLEYAN methodists 53253.25353. 39239.239 & 11illl1.1lk 53595.35.9 050.55.5 000.00oo0. 00930.09.30300oo 33533.5385335 5.5 7hodistrtethodist nekmekNEHW connerCONNEXIONCONNEX lonION 61961.9gig L32351323213332132.3513 484.8 00iw0.0 000.09oo9. lt 000.0oo 434.3

PRIHITIVEPRIMITIVE METHODIST 45245.245453 2 51651.6 323.2323t 00990.09.909oo 000w0.00002aw OZ 000.0oos8sa 646.464lt wrffinwoffinM0WN 24224.22142214.23423142 35439435.439.4 66. i 242242.243 61rlri6.1 0aw2w0 30000.03.0oo 68696.86.9bb89gb

ootq 2464 1 TOTALSootswotamotaLS 52452.4 38138.1 212.1 53585.85.35358 080.868 242.4b 4 040.4 a1300130.000 0

SOURCE great fritabritaPritabritainln 1851 census enumerators schedules ennshipseNntownshipsoweownships of leeds anc great britain 1851 census enureratorsenwmratorsenumerators slenstemscsculesedullesed uilesullesultes forcforoborosojinsojgnup of leecsleeoslebosfleecs

114 115 and the friends show a significantly lower borough birthrate with 36436.4 percent and 24224.2 percent respectively ravensteinsRaven steins short distance migration theory holds up well among all the denominations except the cormonsMormormonsmons the percentage of in migrants from outside of yorkshire or the three counties of nottinghamshireNottinghamshire derbyshire and lancashire which are contiguous to the west riding of yorkshire are miniscule the mormon evidence reveals that 30230.2 percent of the fathers were born outside of these areas relatively close to leeds the friends 13613.6 percent the independents 10910.9log percent the wesleyan Methodistmethodistsst 595.9 percent and the baptists show a negligible 131.3 percent the motivation for these moves iiss difficult to ascertain the friends closed society with marriages outside their religion creating excommuniationexcommunication and their close business partnerships with other friends may have created some unique migration needs this could be the beginning of an explanation for a total of 63663.6 percent friends migrationinmigrationin to the borough of leeds perhaps a small portion of the labourlabouringing elements of the dissenting religions provided an economic motivation for these migration patterns it could not be determined if these men migrated to leeds on their own or if they came as children with their parents the mormon migrant population in leeds of 75775775.7 percent however presents a picture different from other dissenters with this group too there is more 116

eevidencev 1 de nce that the majority of mormonmoemon men actually migrated on theitheltheirr own and not as children with their families this evidenceev ide nce is suggested through the mormon membershmemmembershipbersh ip records where dates and places of adult baptism were a standard part of the record alan gilberts observations about anomie which he describes as a social disorganization brought about by the breakdown of long established social and cultural systems applies to the mormon group according to gilbert anomie is a loss of solidarity produced by the collapse of old social structures and a loss of consensus as norms and values previously taken for granted are challenged or overthrown and social insecurity in a period of rapid social change and dislocation 0 the obverse of anomie is a heightened demand for new associational and communal foci to replace those which have been lost 262 the problem with this theory is that gilbert believes that the success of evangelicalevangeiicai nonconformist recruiting was afaffectedf ectedacted by it only in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries a success shown by the occupational lists of the various dissentingscentingdissentingssenting denominations he bases the timing of his theory on the fact that by the victorian era the change from the agrarian to the industrial system was complete according to gilbert this change explains the declining nonconformist numbers of the 1840s and

glibert26gilbert26 gilbert p 89 117 1850s27 in general gilbert is correct in his observation that the majority of people had already adjusted to the social dislocation created by rapid industrializa- tion however the mormon population in leeds fits anachr- onistically into this concept being from the working class they were more subject to the buffetings of social and economic change of the nonconformist adherents mormons were one of the most heavily involved in the factory movement their heavy mobility pattern suggests that they were in the earlier patterns ot adjustment to the industrial revolution when more people experienced anomie certainly the mormons were migrating into the city well after the height of its in migration perhaps the mormons were the most vulnerable to the blandishments of a new religion because of their social status and social dislocation emilio willems the eminent brazilian sociologist has studied this phenomenon in brazil where he examined the appeal of protestantism over the establishment catholic church he states the establishment status of brazilian catholicism he has argued is a serious handicap to the maintenance of the catholic religion within certain social groups conversion to protestantism constitutes one of the many ways in which hostility and rebellion against a decaying social structure may be expressed 0 1 the catholic church is ofoftenten perceived by the masses as a

271bidibid appp 89 1456145 6 118 symbol of the traditional order or as an ally of its supreme exponent the landed aristocracy 0 1 the further removed the ideology and structure of a particular denomination are from those of the traditional society the stronger the appeal it holds for the common people28people 282 8 A first generation church expanding rapidly with adult converts made the mormon congregation different than the other nonconformist denominations whose members came from existing congregations not converts four of the eight nonconformist religions had been in existence in some form or other since the stuart restoration the wesleyan methodists and methodist new connexion bore strong liturgi- cal resemblances to the church of england which attracted people out of the establishment religion who did not wish to stray too far from the familiar the mormons were the only group that fit into the patterns described by gilbert and willems although the differences between the denominations as to family size the employment of wives and the education of sons and the presence of lodgers in the household were slight the presence of servants and the mobility patterns especially of the cormonsMormormonsmons did tend to show social differences among the different dissenting groups

2 demilio8emilioemilio willems protestantism and cultural change in W V dantonio and B pike eds eeliheiiRelireligioncione &qvolutrevolutionionlon and reform Nneweklehl forceseg ragsrcgs olot01 shangechange in latin america new york burns & oatesgates 1964 p 2348234 8 quoted in gilbert appp 81281 2 MAPTERCHAPTER V

THE CHAPEL GOERS OF LEEDS SUMMARY AND conclusions

the nonconformist chapel goers of leeds were examined in this study to determine their social composition in the beginning questions were raised regarding differences of socioeconomicsocio economic status among the denominations and the ability of the chapels to attract particular classes or groups of people these questions were answered through an examination of occupational residential and family characteristics where social composition could be studied against the backdrop of leeds a leading manufacturing center leeds the fifth largest city in the nation also providedpr ov 1wedmed an appropriate setting for a study of nonconformity because it along with the west riding enjoyed a tradition of dissent 1 the city also experienced relatively high attendance at religious worship when compared with its sister woolen city bradford or manchester oldham and preston the attendance at religious worship of all large towns 10000 or more caused alarm among contemporaries

harrlsongarrisonlH arrison the eallyearbyearlyearjy victorians 183218511832 1851 appp 126- 30300

119 120 when compared with small towns and rural areas 2 because nonconformity was strong in leeds and religious worship was relatively high it was felt that the membership of the leeds nonconformist denominations would fit the patterns accepted among contemporaries and scholars for example the friends proved to be a predominantly middle class indeed an upper middle class group the unitarians showed strong features of a more educated and middle class membership as did the independents their middle class composition was less than expected however 45 and 40 respectively certainly the mormons and the primitive methodists faiths tended to attract labourlabouringing people rather than the middle classes although the baptists were part of old diesenDissendissentdissentrdissentstr none of the upward social drift experienced by the friends unitarians or independents affected the baptists in leeds this situation may be unique to leeds where a high number of the baptists used in this study were gathered from the outtownshipout township of bramley where handloom weaving was strong the baptist population exhibited 34 percent of the baptist men engaged in the domestic system the lower level in society revealed by the baptists of leeds however is not inconsistent with the national view 3

21s5121851 census afofqf great britain rereportdoltdoll and tablestai21ps onQD elictigusreligiousR worshiioworshipWorsh lidiioild p civiiiclviiicivili miall p 211 03chadwickrhadwick I1 424r424 4374370 121 the wesleyan methodists provided its membership a familiar feeling on abathbbathsabbathsa day worship because its liturgy was doctrinally rooted in the established church perhapspe rhapschaps for this reason and also because it was a second generation church it displayed a higher than expected percentage of middleclassmiddle class worshippers 29 than the other new dissent denominations this appeared to place the wesleyans squarely between the more middle class old dissent chapels of the unitarians independents and the friends and the new dissent worshippers of the methodist new connexion Primprimtiveprimtivotive methodists and the mormons as well as the baptists of old dissent the occupational analysis city directory listings residential patterns and the presence of servants clearly placed the social composition of the nonconformist denominations as expected the results of the investigation of the type of housing number of children in a family the presence of an extended family percentage of wives employed and the presence of lodgers in a family proved incon- clusive as clear patterns favoring a middle or working class composition the results in these areas do shed additional light howeverhoweverrvery on the social composition of each denomination throughout this study has primarily examined the heterogenous characteristics of the dissenting denominations yet there are also characteristics of homogeneity 122 gilbert in fact strongly suggests that particular denominations did not serve distinctive social constituencies and that although social nuances between denominations could be significant in certain localities it was the social homogeneity that was most significantsignificantssignificant4 4 leeds dissenters revealed differences among the denominationdenominationssr but the surprising feature was the high percentage of working classes among all of the dissenting groups except the frfriendslends out of one hundred men seventy were working class and thirty middle class out of one hundred residences eighty were backtobackback to back or terraced houses with no gardens A clear pattern emerged demonstrating working class membership in the nonconformist denominations in leeds rather than middle class this result flies in the face of contemporary observations as well as later attempts at historical investigation the prevailing opinion among contemporaries and historians was that english nonconformity was a middle class phenomenon and that it neglected the working classes horace mann talked of the middle classes augmenting rather than diminishing their religious devotion but he further reflected that the labourlabouringing classes showed the greatest laxity in religious worship and proposed the idea that

filberthlibert appp 61261 2 123 secularism was the dominant devotion of this group 5 hugh mcleod sees nonchurchnon church goers as most prevalent around the bottom end of the social hierarchy and nonconformists around the middledmiddle6middle 6 in the 1850s an englishman offhandedly referred to the upper and middle classes those whom we term churchgoerschurch goers 7.7 gilbert comments that above the middle classes english society was virtually impervious to protestant religious deviance and at the bottom of the social scale among the lowest income groups and those without employment there was another much larger segment of the population grossly underrepresentedunder reprepresentedr esentedresented in evangelical nonconformist communitiescommunities88 horace mann and edward miall concluded that there was a gross unde-underrepresentationrrepresentation among the lower classes at religious worship their crowded and often debilitating living conditions appeared to preclude the contemplative atmosphere necessary for true religious worship the scenes and associates from which the poor however well disposed can never apparently escape the vice and filth which riot in their crowded dwellings and from which they cannot fly to any less degraded homes what awfully effective teaching it is said do these supply in oppos- ition to the few infrequent lessons which the

51s515 1851.1851 denauscensus of great britain reportrqpgrzt and tables ganpn q rereligious1 i ig ubaubg rguhlvworship p civili 0

mcleod class community and region 0 p 33 7 A layman why are aurourqur churcheschmrgbqg&jggeclosedd 1858cn p 23j23 quoted in inglis churches and bheuhethe workingW classes in victorianmictaianenglandoengland p 322 filbert p 66 124 christian minister or missionary afafterter much exertion may impart 0 perhaps no slight degree of that religious character by which the english middle claciaclassesssesases are distinguished is the consequence of their peculiar isolation in distinct and separate houses thus acquiring almost of necessity from frequent opportunities of solittasolituasolitudee those habits of reflection which cannot be exercised to the entire exclusion of religious sentiments butrbut certainly however this may be no doubt can be admitted that a great obstruction to the progress of religion with the working class would be removed of that condition which forbids allali solitude and allaliail reflection were alleviatedalleviated99 miall echoes this same concern for the difficulty of maintaining spirituality in the homes of the poor the spiritual man must be in some measure at least contemplative and contemplation asks privacy but with the class to which we refer there is scarcely a possibility of retirementretirement1010 yet out of the mass of formal nonworshipnonworshipperspers prevalent among the leeds working classes there were primitive methodists who were willing to submit to public humiliation including stone and egg throwing to preach their brand of the gospel to the uncommitted there also existed a small group of mormons who felt strongly enough about their religion to walk well over a mile to chapel on sunday after working six days during the week certainly there was a significant number of Dissentdissenterserst who found the time and energy for contemplation and involvement in their

91851 census ofgf great Britbritianislat report aandaadad tables on religiousrgliqiqu& Wprshipfworships appp clxalx claiclxi

lomiallolo miallmiallo appp 3501350 1 dt

125 particular denomination in fact the most surprising element of all is that it was more likely for the poorest dissenters living in predominantly backtobackback to back or unadorn- ed terraced housing to join the denominations that required the most timetimer energy and commitment when robert spurr joined the baptists he stated I1 believe that creed to be according to the new testament and generally agreed with their doctrines such as original sin regeneration by gracegracer baptizamBapti zam and the lord sepporsuppor free justifi- cation and adoption the final perseverance of real believers the eternal happineshappinesshappines of the rigterigteousrighteousous and so on11 the spelling and grammar reflected a relatively uneducated man yet spurrs reasons for joining the baptists were not shallow and reflected considerable contemplation james bywater who joined the mormon faifalfaithfalthth almost immediatelyimmedi atelyabely recognized what to him were truths when he heard the necessity of baptism the laying on of hands for the gift of the holy ghost also the signs following the true believer the necessity of continual revelation 122 the principles that led robert spurr and james bywater to join their particular nonconformist sects were profound not shallow they reflected a desire for religious truths more than a desire for social contacts

llllspurrspurr p 284 12jamesjames Bywatebywaterbywatersrr thezhe triostriq19.9 pilgrimagepi jlgrolgr image autobiography of james bywater utah james bywater family organization 1947 r appp 98929892982 98 9 126 perhaps there was more cause for the working classes to belong to a church for relireligiosreligiongios rather than social reasons the middle classes had more cause to need social contacts and to find these in the socially acceptable religions As the family fortunes rose the socially unacceptable religions such as the primitive methodists or the cormonsMormormonsmons would be unlikely to attract the middle classes who were seeking respectabilityrespectability1313 contemporaries reflected on some of the expected features of middle class religious observance at the national scene charles booth found that not every middle class englishman who went to church or chapel was enthusias- tic about his religion in fact he found many worshippers faces exhibited blank indifference to the proceedings As inglis suggests perhaps custom rather than inclination brought many people to church 14 A congregational minister observed in 1867 that many of the middle classes were in church or chapel out of habit and regard for appearances than from real respect for christs ordinance of social worship and real desire for christian edification 155

13mcleod13mcleod classclasso community and region if ppo 2299 141nglisringlis chulchChUrChchurchesep and the working classes in victorian englaenglandnd appp 32223322 23 15a15h mackennalmackennanMac kennal sermons rrgeacpreacheddeddadjed to rarkingbarkingworking people 1967 p 90 quoted in inglis ahuqhuchurcheshes and the rukworking classes in victorian england p 3233230 127 but the working classes who attended religious worship presented a more intriguing picture these people seemed to be true seekers the name originally given to the society of friends and a term used by malcolm thorp to describe the early mormon converts of britain16Britain 16 AS hugh mcleod observes workingclassworking class religious converts were mainly drawn ffromrom those with ideas in search of meanings systems explanations or ffromrom those in revolt against the way of life of their neighbours in either case questions both of personal morality and of the nature of the social and cosmic order were likely to bulk larger in their conception of religioni olonoion than the contemplation of bliss to come17relrei alon while this is true it has been amply demonstrated that the workingclassworking class nonconformist worshippers in leeds were the majority and that converts to the dissenting religions were more likely to be drawn to methodism mormonism and the baptists than they were to unitarianism Independenindependenceycey or the friends

16malcolm16 malcolm thorp the religions backgrounds of mormon converts in britain 1837521837 52 11 journal ofgf mormon historyHi aloryatory 4 1977o197719770 p 55955 17mcleod17 mcleod clclassaas and religionrp1jaion in the late victorian city p 283 APPENDIX A

occupational STRUCTURE OF LEEDS IN 1851 occupations 1851 percentage

I1 agriculture 2247 ib animals 66 282.8 II11 fishing 1 iliIII111 mines and quarries 1798 212.1 IV bricks glass and pottery 1281 151.5 V chemicals and oils 748 090.9og VI engineering 741579415 888.8 VII precious metals 190 020.2 VIII textiles 28889 34434.4 IX skins and leather 1023 121.2 X dress 9184 11011.0 XI fofoodod drink tobacco and iloiio lodging 4727 575.7 XII woodworking lr15465 46 191.9lgig XIII paper books and printing 783 090.9og XIV building 4179 505.0 XV gasgastgasp waterwatery electricity and sanitary 158 020.2 XVI transport 3483 414.1 XVII commerce 806 101.0iolo XVIII government local and national 369 040.40 4 XIX defense 559 070.7 XX professional 1966 232.3 XXI domestic and other service 7347 888.8 total 78761 XXII others occupied 51285 r 12 8 616.1gigl total 83889 1000010000100.00 source W G rimmer occupations in leeds 184119511841 1951 publigatipublications of the thoresbylaoreabyiaolao leabyreaby society vol 50 pt 2 miscellany vol 14 1967 p 15878158 78

128 NUMBERS OCCUPIED IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF TEXTILE production IN LEEDS CENSUS REPORT textile branches 1851

COTTON 97 WOOL AND WORSTED total 17654 woollen cloth manufacture 14910 worsted stuff manufacture 1671 blanket manufacture clothiers 446 knitters fullers and undefined dealers 627 SILK 323 FLAX AND HEMP 8947 mixed or undefined materials 487 bleachers printing and dying 644 dealers 598 miscellaneous 138 total 28889

W 1 source 10 G rimmer occupations in leeds 184119511841 1951 publicapublicationst i 0 ns ofgf tthebe thothoresbyggs2v society vol 50 pt 2 miso11miscellaneoMiscellamiscellaneyneyangy vol 14 196711967 p 176

129 APPENDIX B

occupational CODES professional leather merchant linen yarn merchant architect paper rage waste banker merchant consul united states sharebroker highway surveyor stone merchant inland revenue officer woollen merchant listing maker woollenwoolwooi 1 e n merchantme r chant magistrate borough of foreman leeds woolstaplerWool stapler minister police officer shqpkqepshopkeeperr proprietor of the leeds mercury barber publisher bookseller school assistant butcher school mastermistressMaster Mistress chemist solicitor coffeecof fee housetemper surgeon ance house keeper teacher druggist treasurer of county fellmonger court fish dealer flock dealer gz5o2k&ggpeucjqlClerksclerksbookkeepersBookkeepers flour dealer fruiterer bankers clerk green grocer bookkeeper grocer cashier hairdresser clerk innkeeper post office clerk Iroironmongermonger railway clerk linen draper secretary pawnbroker solicitors clerk proprietor of houses warehouse clerk provision dealer shop boy sxegmnSl stationer leaman tea dealer clothier tobacconist commercial traveler undertaker commission agent warehouseman corn factor woollen draper fire brick agent 130 41 13113 1 plumber artisan potter blacksmith printerprintery compositor blue slater rope and sail maker book sewer saddler bookbinder sawyer boot & shoemaker shoemaker brazier shuttle maker brushmaker smith builder spindel maker cabinet maker stay deaveryweaverrweavery handloom canvas weaver stone mason carpenter stuff dyer carpet dyer tailor carpet weaver tanner carver & gilder tin plate worker chandler tobacco pipe maker clock & watch maker tomb stone engraver cloth maker upholsterer cloth spinner wagoneer cloth weaver wheelwright coachbuilder whitesmith cooper wood turner cordwainer woolcomberWool comber corn miller woollen cloth printer cotton weaver woollen cloth miller currier woollen cloth weaver dyer woollen hand loom engraver & printer weaver flax spinner woollen hand spinner gray slate riveer woollen spinner gun maker yarn spinner handloom weaver hatter manufacturer jinny maker joiner bolt & screw leather dresser brush linen weaver canvas lithographer chemist marble mason cloth mason fire brick millwright hair setting & curled needle maker hair manufacturer oil miller malster painter stay maker paper hanger woollen pattern settler pin cuttergrindermak millsupervisoryMillmilizsuderyisorySupervisory er pipe dresser coal master pipe maker cloth foreman plasterer cloth mill overlooker 132 cloth overlooker cloth press setter flax mill overlooker flax dresser flax overlooker power flax mill fluter loom grinder porF 0 r eemanm a n Wwoollen0 0 1 1 e n mule cloth piecer formerchant silk warp dresser power loom overlooker slubber tanner foreman stuff tenter W 0 0 1 1 e n factoryF a c t 0 r y wool sorter woollenoverlooker woollen cloth burler woollen cloth dresser millskilledMill Skilled woollen cloth scourer woollen cloth tenterer boilermaker woollen mill labourerlaboureurLabourer brickmaker woollen piecer chemistChemistrmisty Analecticanalecticalanalepticalal woollen mule piecer engine maker woollen scribbler & engineer fuller engineer fitter woollen slubber fire brick maker woollen sorter hackle & gill maker iron driller mechanic farming iron founder iron foundry metal farm labourerlaboureurLabourer weigher farmer iron moulder groom iron plannerplapia nner mechanic horseman iron turner locomotive engine labourerlaboureurLabourer tester machine maker band maker machine mechanic belt sewer mechanic bricklayer mechanic turner carrier mule spinner cart driver reed & heald maker coal leader sack maker coal miner time keeper cloth chapel keeper woollen cloth finisher delver woollen mule spinner engine tenter woollen power loom errand boygirlBoy Girl weaver factory boygirlBoy Girl gardener millunskilledMill Unskilled handle setter iron bundler carder feeder iron labourerlaboureurLabourer carder fullerfillerFuller Filler labourerlaboureurLabourer cloth drawer labourerlaboureurLabourer iron foundry cloth dresser labourerlaboureurLabourer on road cloth fuller lamplighter cloth mill warper mariner cloth miller milkman 133 miner porter pottery labourerlaboureurLabourer quarryman railway porter screwer shoe lash maker stone getter stoker at gas house street paver stuff presser thread reeler warehouse worker watchman water carrier Waterwaterpipepipe dresser APPENDIX C

SELECTED WAGE information FOR LEEDS leeds and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood average rates for years 1855 1856 and 1857 linen andjjgjxand flax man- factureufacturersrs flax spinning fine flax yarn & weaving spinning skilled persons per day per day s d s d first class 5 0 6 0 second class 3 6 4 0 third class 1 6 3 0 labourersLabour ers and operatives first class 2 9 2 9 second class 2 6 2 0 third class 1 0 1 3 boys 0 llII11 0 11 girls 0 10 0 10 wages of children of 13 to 18 years under 13 years of age ad7d engineering and foundry work wages derper day steam engine building millwright work and boilermaking skilled persons first class 5sas ad6d second class 4sas ad4d third class 2sas ad8d labourersLabour ers or operatives first class second class 2sas ad6d third class iron foundry and machine tool making skilled persons 4sas to 5sas labourersLabour ers or operatives 2sas ad4d to 2sas ad8d

134 135 Earthenearthenwarewau and pokcglaporcelainin milnufacturmanufacture wslgewalgewagess per day skilled persons firstfi rst class 5sas second class 3sas ad6d third class 2sas id labourersLabour ers or operatives first class 2sas ad6d second class ad2d ad6d third class 2sas glassglaga manufacturemgjauf acturacour e glass bottle manufacture skilled persons first class 1855 6sas 1857 4sas ad9d second class 1855 5sas ad7d 1857 4sas ad5d third class 1855 4sas ad9d 1857 3sas ad7d labourersLabour ers or operatives 2sas ad6d leatherleathey tanning and dressing labourersLabour ers or operatives first class 4sas id second class 3sas ad2d to 3sas ad4d third class 2sas ad8d paderpaper manufacture wages per weekkie brown and grey paper manufacture labourersLabour ers or operatives first class 4sas ad6d second class 3sas third class 2sas boys Is ad2d girls lsIs ad2d miscellaneous trades wageswage s per day hackle pin manufacturemanufacturer also hackle gills and all kinds of steel combs used in fibrous working machinery skilled persons first class 5sas ad6d second class 4sas labourersLabour ers or operatives third class 2sas ad6d boys Is 136 women 2sas ad8d tobacco manufacturekanufmanuf acture skilled persons first class 5sas second class 4sas third class ad8d to lsIs ad8d labourersLabour ers or operatives boys ad6d to ad9d girls ad6d to ad9d women Is ad2d six manufacturers the grinders of gill and hackle pins are mostly employed on pieceworkpiece sorkworkworks but earn on an average 5sas ad6d per day those who average 4sas per day are hackle and comb workers eleven establishments in leeds six of them first class trading over whole kingdom average rates of wages paid in leeds and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood during the year 1860 oilolioll refining wages derper week oil miller men 29s oil miller boys ioslos to 13s enginemenenginemanEngi nemen 25s millwrights 25s porters 18s coopers 25s tobacco cutzcutting stovers 25s machine men 25s spinners of twist tobacco 25s pickers apprentices 5sas to 12s workers in MVmetalmetaitglegl blacksmiths 22s whitesmithsWhite smiths 26s average rates of wages paid in leeds and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood in the year 1858 woollen lianufacturmanufacture9.9 wool sortsorterserst men 4sas wool scourersscouressscour ers driers etc men 2sas ad8d to 3sas ad4d slubbersslumbersSlubslubbersybersbersy men 5sas5 s 1 0 d to 6sas ad8d 137

mule spinners 9 men 4sas ad8d weavers hand loom men 2sas ad6d overlookersOverlookers and tuners As3sas ad6d to 4sas ad8d millers 3sas to 3sas ad4d overlookersOverlookers 5sas to 6sas ad8d dyers 2sas ad8d to 3sas foreman 5sas to losios carpersWarwarperspers women 2sas weavers power loom women Is ad8d to 2sas ottersknittersknottersKn Is ad3d bullersburlers lodiod to Is servers or filler for one machine girls or boys lodiod billy piecerspieperspiecers boys and girls ad8d billy piecerspieperspiecers half time boys & girls ad4d woollen cloth dressing Dressdresserserst men 3sas ad4d to 3sas ad8d Drawerdrawerssr men 5sas5 s to 6sas ad8d Tentertenterssf men 4sas ad4d to 5sas press setters 5sas lodiod to 6sas ad8d engineman 4sas dressers young men 2sas to 2sas ad8d dressers boys ad8d to 1Iss ad6d dressed cloth bullersburlersbur lers women Is to lsIs ad2d cloth merchantsmxghaatls warehouses warehouseman 3sas ad4d to 4sas ad4d average rates of wages in leeds and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood during the year 186018601 qggupupn rates of wages fiaflaflaxelax andanano towTQW snirspirspinning overlookersOver lookers 22s mechanics and warehouseman 18s mechanics and warehouseman boys 6sas unskilled labourerslabour ers 15s ad9d unskilled labourerslabour ers boys 5sas ad7d spinners and twisttwisterstwistersterstersy female 6sas yarn and thread reelersfeelersre females 7sas hacklershecklersHac klers line andelerstown preparepreparersrs boys 4sas lodiod hacklershecklersHac klers line and tow preparepreparersrs women 6sas halftimehalf time hands in reeling 138 spinning twistingtwistingr etc boys and girls 2sas linen manlifmanljfmanufacturegjgturg weavers female 9sas winders carperswarperswarpers etc female 8sas iron1gag on anda pd steelt e e1ea manufacturema aufnuf agtur wages derper ton rollers pieceworkpiece work 12s hammerman pieceworkpiece work 9sas furnaceman pice work 9sas heaters pieceworkpiece work 7sas reffinersrefinersrefineryRe iners pieceworkpiece work 7sas Puddpeddlerspuddlerslers pieceworkpiece work 6sas ad6d machine tool nakmakmakinginqing wages derper week fitters and turner 24s to 28s moulders 26s to 30s pattern makers 22s to 28s labourersLabour ers unskilled workmen 16s to 18s 60 hoursweekhour sweek A great deal of overtime work is performed in large establishmentestablishmentssr some men occasionally working 100 hours per week for which they are paid accordingaccordinglyly metal laarshaarswares andlandladd brassmrass workhiglhigg wagewawagesge s per weekwe braziers 30s coppersmiths 30s tintinplateplate workers 24s brass moulders 30s brass inishersfinishersf ini shersshere 35s leleatheralbathadb e r mamanufacturenufagt 1gag e wages per week tanners 20s leather dressers 223s3 s fellmongersFellmonfellmongerygers 21s this is a very important branch of trade in leeds and a leather fair is held quarterly boot and shoe manufacture machine hands female 8sas to 15s machine fitters feamelfeamyel 7sas to 15s general workmen 16s to 20s C 131399 seeddeed crushing and oil finingrefiningRg wages ierterdelpelper week oil millers 20s enginemenenginemanEnginemen 25s millwrights 25s porters 18s coopers 25s average rates of wages paid in manchester and neighbourhoodsNeighbour hoods during the year 1839 1849 and 1859 shoemakers wages derper week boot closers 1839 26s 1849 26s 1859 32s boot makers 1839 22s 1849 23s 1859 25s average rates of wages paid in manchester and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood during the year 1859 Printprintinginq and BoQUinbookbindingqingding wages deyperuey week newspaper compositorsweeklycompositor sweekly paper 31s newspaper compositorsdailycompositors daily paper 40s compositorcompositorrcompositors general 30s pressman 30s bookbinders 30s lithographers 26s engravers to copperplatecopper plate printers 30s halhat making HattHatterhattersthattersrhatterererstsr silk body makers 25s silk finishers 25s tippers off 35s hatters felt body makers 22s Prooproffersproofersfers 32s blockers 35s dyers 30s finishers 28s crown sewerssewerskysewersy women and girls 9sas trimmers losios cabinet Makinamaking and upholsteryaj2duphqistery cabinet and chair makers 28s 140 carvers 30s polishers 20s upholsterers 30s Upholsterupholsterersersteret women losios qoacbandcoach and Caracalmcarriagecaumlaggjagg buildbuilding body makers 35s carriage makers 30s springmakersSpringmakers 38s smiths 35s vicemenvice men 22s wheelers 30s strikers 14s body painters 32s carriage painters 28s labourersLabour ers 16s ad6d trimmers 32s buildingdi aq irairhtrades bricklayers 33s bricklayers labourersLabour ers 21s stonemasonsstone masons 30s stonemasonsstone masons labourersLabour ers 18s slaters 26s slaters labourersLabour ers 18s plumbers 28s plasterers 28s painters 28s joiners 28s paperhangers 30s average rates of wages paid in leeds and neighbourhoodNeighbour hood during the year 1877 occupationqccurat wages delderperpar hour bricklayers 8 ladl2d12d masons ad9d joiners ad8d house carpenters ad8d plasterers 8 12 d slaters 8 12 d painters ad7d plumbers 7 12 d glaziers 7 12 d smiths 7 12 d gasfittersGasfitters 7 12 d Bellbellhangershangers 7 12 d 141 paperhangerspape rhangechangechangers rs ad7d7 d labourersLabour ers generally ad6d source returns of wages published between 1830 and 1886 C 517251721 london HMSO 1887 parliamentary papers LXXXIX APPENDIX D

STREETS frequently MENTIONED BY CRITICS AS containing backtobackBACK TO BACK HOUSES AND POOR SANITARY conditions brighton court 4 backtobacksback to backs on either side camp field 3 rows of backtobacksback to backs cavalier street all backtobacksback to backs clarksonclarksonss yard 8 back to backs entered through a tunnel cross lisbon street some backtobacksback to backs duftons yard 12 back to backs 6 through ebenezer street 38 back to backs 11 through gouldens buildings 24 backtobacksback to backs in interior court adjoining graveyard harper street 33 back to backs 11 through adjoining markets howarth court 14 back to backs entered through tunnel mill street 31 backtobacksback to backs nelson street 41 back to backs 9 through noahs ark 10 backtobacksback to backs in totally enclosed court but one of the few developments south of the river that came to the attention of reformers off street 53 backtobacksback to backs orange street 40 back to backsbackey 3 through paleys galleries backtobacksback to backs of several stories unique in leeds phillips yard 11 backtobacksback to backs quarry hill 26 back to backs many through riley court 7 backtobacksback to backs somerset street 29 back to backs 2 through spring street 23 back to backs 4 through sykes yard 14 backtobacksback to backs templar street 49 back to backsbackst 36 through union street 53 back to backsbackerbackey 3 through walkers yard 18 backtobacksback to backs wellington place 12 backtobacksback to backs at least wellington yard 38 backtobacksback to backs and 15 single cottages at least

142 143

THE FIRST generation THE 43 STREETS MADE UP WHOLLY OR PARTLY OF backtobacksBACK TO BACKS BUILT BETWEEN 1781 AND 1815 bow street 6 richmond road 25 back bow street 1 st annes lane 5 brick street 4 st jamesjamest street 9 bridge street 3 steander row 7 little bridge street 1 sykes street burmantoftsBurmantofts street 4 sykes yard 3 camp field 10 templar street front rowrowy middle row union street 8 back row union row 6 cankerwellCankerwell lane 2 walkers place cavalier street 21 walkers row charles street 17 york street 30 chatham street back york street copper street 2 zion street 4 copenhagen street back zion street 2 duke street 15 zion square ebenezer street 11 little london reuben ellerby road street 2 ellerby lane 27 back ellerby road flax street 4 georges street 10 back georges street 6 goulden square gouldensGoul dens bidsbidgsbldgs 11 harper street 5 high street 7 back high street hope street 2 john street 1 kendalls buildings kendall street kendall row 9 east king street 4 leighton lane line street little line street lisbon street lisbon court marsh lane 55 nelson street 9 new park street 3 new row 3 nile street 2 back nile street offoff street 10 park court east queen street 2 dersonsrandersonszandersonsRan yard 144 the numbers in brackets after each name are the cholera cases in 1832 robert baker report gjthegatheof the leedsleedaheedsheeda board of health 183318331 21721 7 the 372 cases in these 43 streets made up 28 percent of the total 1448 for the in township the list consists of streets etc that a appear on netiam and giles plan of 1815 and also b have backtobacksback to backs indicated on the largescalelarge scale five foot one mile OS plan of 1850 it also includes reuben street little london which lay within the townshipinintownship but just beyond the bounds of the 1815 plan great woodhouse hamlethamiethamletthamlety also part of the in township lay beyond the area of the 1815 plan but thorpes plan of 1821 shows no streets laid out beyond the courts and folds except possibly pickard street which was back to backbackfbacka streets marked by asterisks also had cellar dwellings source beresford maurice W the backtobackback tottofcotco back house in leedsleedeleedsrleeder 178719371787 1937 1 iinn jhthe history ofgf workingclassworking classcjab9b9 housing A aymyq9symposium newton abbot david & charles 1971

THE SECOND generation 360 OTHER STREETS WITH BACK TO BACKSBACKSF BUILT 181518501815 1850 back to back houses on OS five foot plan of leeds 1850 sheet 1 sheet 3 smiths bidsbldgsbidgs hobsons bidsbldgsbidgs clarksons row close st pleasant green mark st pleasant court spenceley st kings row st marks st kings court cross mark st graveley tee asquith st graveley row cemetery st cross cemetery st sheetsheg 2 scotts tee holborn tee moseley st charing cross st albert st huddersfieldHuddersfield st chancellor st bateson st rhodes sq toulson row buslingthorpe row scott hall st 145 asheethpet 4 carr st elmwood vale lapish st elmwood st pickard st cobourg st pickard green queens PIpl horrock st barclay st tolson st whitelock st daisy st stamford st hobson st darley st walsh row lilac tee oaklandsOak lands row concord st oaklandsOak lands st imperial st beckett st myrtle st alfred tee busfield st camp st vandyke st leanwoodmeanwoodMeanwood st byron st reuben st cannon st back reuben st mason st primrose st cloth st sheepscarSheepscar bidsbidgsbldgs victoria place sheet 8 barrack st buslingthorpe st winnflowerwindflowerWinnflower place buslingthorpe lane LincollincolnfLincolnlincolnfieldnfleidfield tee buslingthorpe tee LincollincolnfLincolnlincolnfieldnfleidfield row chapletownChaple town rd LincollincolnfieldlincolnfLincolnnfleidfield place wilds court lincoln st roundhayRoundhay rd hay mount place wingham st hay mount bidsbidgsbldgs wingham place new cleveland st wingham tee cherry st white st cherry row roundhayRoundhay st pilot st queens tee rushworth st sheepscarSheep scar row haigh st sheepscarSheepscar green cambridge st sheepscarSheepscar vale grey st chapeltownChapel town st lion st tiger st sheet612g e t 6 violet st low close bidsbidgsbldgs fenton st providence bidsbldgsbidgs sunny bank tee st lukes tee toulson place upper cherry st cankerwellCankerwell lane green st st james st pollard st portland crescent lilac tee backB a c k Ppo0 rartlandt 1 a n d concord st crescent rtland accommodation place accommodation tee shetsheetshel 7 harrisons bidsbldgsbidgs farrar st 146 boston st portland st selby st portland crescent whitehall st west st anglesea st henrey st beckett st charley st forest st sheetbge t 29 mercy st wellington st hollis st well st grattan st back well st florist st skinner st england st grove st dover st lisbon st corporation st school st baker st eldon st angel st cropper gate north hall st wellington place north hall tee calder st pimlico st airedale PIpl burley road westminster PIpl caroline place cross lisbon st park lane castle st newcastle st saville st durham st little queen st darlington st wortley st sheptlshepelsheet 111 wellington tee abbey st russell PIpl denton st merrion st thackray st belgrave st back nile st silalaqiasheetqqtqut 10 nile st copenhagen st harcourt place hope st marlborough st templar st chatham st lower templar st hanover st cross templar st back hanover st bridge st howard st livery st new park st haltmaltmait st back park st templars court park court moscow st fountain st noble st caroline st sun st parliament st star st government st gower st somers st brewery st bedford place bell st chorley lane poland st leighton lane saint st oxford st time st bentick ststc pendulum st 6 147 tultuitulipip st orange st pink st masons bidge rose st stone st little bridge st plane st lydia st stainburnsteinburnStainburn sq nelson st vienna st union st vienna court ebenezer st cross vienna st georges st purdy st back georgegeorgesgeorgeeI1 s st giles st east lane chapel st harper st carver st sykes yard cross ebenzer st sykes st helen court gouldens bidsbidgsbldgs york court gouldens square crispin st dyers st cato st somerset st railway st upper somerset st grantham st little somerset st madras st cross somerset st east field st duke st clay st quarry hill glue st st anns lane cross shannon st charles st steel st clarksons yd flint st st marys row I1 s arms church st forestercourt little line st cleveland st billett st plaid row cross billett st cable row shear st shannon row high st vincent st back high st rodney st upper corn hill sloe st little albion st hatfield st york st shaw st brick st elm st off st oak st brussels st upper accommodation lees square rd keeton st 12 sugden st shlshtaht blackburns cresccresa linsley row cottage st union row woodman st boynton st bath st hound st beckett st fox st east beckett st cross high st east grove st prospect row rock st lemon st burmantoftsBurmantofts 148 upper burmantoftsBurmantofts st upper cross st cross burmantoftsBurman tofts st upper cross yd barkers row spring st barkers bidsbidgsbldgs spring yard waterloo st giles bidsbidgsbldgs pea st balls bidsbidgsbldgs anchor st lumb st bean st brighton yard acorn st brighton court upper acorn st wheeler st mulberry st mill st wheat st worsted st bread st spinner st apple st richmond rd windsor st east field st edgar st clay st plato st edmund st railway tee catherine st accommodation row providence st pleasant row cross st little providence st shelshet 14 dolphin st little dolphin st front row camp short dolphin st field cross dolphin st middle row dufton st back row wrigglesworthWrigglesworth st stone row copper st brass st sheet 15 browns bidsbldgsbidgs upper wrigglesworthWrigglesworth pool row st pitt row new row short row flax st williams court kendalls bidsbidgsbldgs walkershaikehalkewalke r s row back ellerby rd walkers yard east king st steander row east queen st new lane zion st new lane place back zion st hinchliffes court zion square lands court cavalier st kendall st uptons court kendall row willis st waterloo st morpeth st upper cavalier st sheet 16 high markland st fawcett st foundry st cookson st milk st sussex court brook st sussex st lower cross st surrey st 149 leicester st kent st elam st sheffield st bachelors st bachelors bidsbidgsbldgs lower bachelor st ellerby lane walkerswalwai ke r I1 s place carnation st dahlia st sheet 19 john st orfeur st barstow st douglas st banner st sheet 20 bridgefieldBridge field bidsbidgsbldgs note no backtobacksback to backs on sheets 5 13113 17 18 sheets 21- 25 cover land outside in township source beresford maurice W the backtobackback to back house in leeds 178719371787 1937 11 in the history of wolnorworworkingclassworking class housing A symposium newton abbot david & charles 1971 APPENDIX E

MALE HEADS OF households BY denomination qnitarjanunjtcjans blackett lancelot fitzgerald linen yarn merchant dunderdale david woolsorter jennings benjamin clothier lilley josephjosephrjosephy shoemaker lupton darnton woollen cloth merchant mallinson benjamin woollen cloth finisher marsden joseph shopkeeper musgrave albertalberty dyer musgrave william dyer oxley henry private banker ramsden thomas boot maker rhodes joseph stuff dyer stears thomas joiner Sutcliffsutcliffesutcliffefef johnjohnrjohny journeyman carpet weaver varley thomas bricklayer walker thomas malster hardlewardlewardiewardley thomasthomasrthomasy share broker wellbeloved charles secretary of the leeds manure co williams Benjamibenjaminnr innkeeper wood james wood turnerturnery master employing 1 man ladludI1 n3na dedpedpendentspenye adendedentsnt & armstrong robert leslie independent minister atkinson jamesjamesrjamesy commission agent atkinson william A carpet dyer baines edward proprietor and editor of the leeds mercury and master printer employing 41 men and boys bean william engineer fitter bennet james labourerlablaboureurourer upon the road bennet williamwilliamr dyer bingley john bookkeeper timber merchant blackburn william henry parker dyer emp 6 men booth nathaniel stationer buckton thomas druggist catley robertrobertr stone mason cawood thomasthomasrthomasf clerk post office ciaClaclaphamphamy john peele treasurer of county court crossfcrossdcrossfieldleid josephjosephrjosephy clothier spinner davis john clementclenentsclements handle setter 150 151 davy albertalberty consul united states dealthadealthyDe althy john spreader flax mill dickinson james road labourerlablaboureurourer dixon james woolstaplerwool stapler eddison samuelsamuely woollen cloth weaver Fawcetfawcetttr james dawson woollen spinner fletcher thomas 9 cornmillerbornmillercornmiller gardam william fish dealer guthrie ebenezer machine maker haigh george washington cloth presser hammond thomas dyer hampshire thomas shoemaker master emp 20 men hardcastle john mechanic hartley christopher press setter cloth hay richard constantine member royal college surgeons london practicing apothecary hezzlewoodHezz lewood abraham hand woollen cloth weaver bullahhullahbuliah robert brickmaker employing 5 men inman john labourerlablaboureurourer at quarry jackson james woolsorter and shopkeeper janson joshua joiner master employing 1 man janson thomas band maker kilbintonKilbinton william hoad clerk machine maker king william cloth dresser journeyman kirk john rag paper waste merchant knight james young wholesale and retail stationer lambert joseph cloth dresser longstaff richard engineer mahon thomasthomastthomasr chelsea pensioner marshallmarshallo Benjamibenjaminnr carrier maude williamwilliamr clothier morton jonathan cloth dresser moxon williamwilliamr warehouseman naylor jacob proprietor of houses naylornay lor john cloth weaver newton isaac mason master employing 6 mermen north david cloth weaver ormsby joseph cloth dresser palmer william tobacconist papepaperpapey george highway surveyor parkerparkerr joseph cloth weaver penniston thomas cabinet maker pickles john cloth millner plattpiattpiattyplatty joseph cloth maker priestly williamwilliamr cloth dresser rawson georgegeorger solicitor richardson samuel woollen cloth weaver rider david commission cloth merchant roebuck georgegeorger woollen merchant and linen draper rogers robert innkeeper rogers thomasthomasrthomasf woollen cloth printer shackleton roger corn miller employing 3 men and 2 boys 152 smith edward tailortallor undertakeundertakerundertakeryrr woollen draper smith john banker smith john wales woollen draper and tailor smith josephjosephr millwright standish john plumber and glazier sykes samuel dyer teale jacob clothier templetempietemplertempier henry woollen mule spinner thornton william schoolmaster tillotson georgegeorger hackle and gill maker tomlinson william cordwainer townend williamwilliamr whitesmith journeyman turnerturnery josephjosephrjosephy cloth dresser turner thomas cloth finisher walkerwaikerwalkerr johnjohnrjohny cashier in woollen cloth warehouse walker john cloth dresser walker john coal master irmfirmf of 4 walkerwaikerwalkerr robert cloth manufacturer webster jonathan woollen cloth manufacturer websterWeb sterr josephjosephr canvas weaver wheatley johnjohnr schoolmaster whitaker john woollen cloth manufacturer whitehead john woollen cloth merchant wilkinson john felted cloth merchant employing 27 men and 2 women winteringham george blue dyer wood thomas no occupation Bbaptistsfti2tiqt5 armitage david cloth spinner barnes abraham woollen slubber blakley john cloth handloom weaver booth william cart driver bradshaw georgegeorgergeorgey cloth manufacturer employing 2 men bragg john farm lablabourerlaboureurourer brown john farm labourerlablaboureurourer chadwick joseph stone mason employing 7 men chadwick william quarryman clegg benjamin cordwainer master employing 4 men cliff joseph magistrate borough of leeds firef irelre brick manufacturer employing 161 men clough john butcher cordingley josephjosephr cloth hand loom weaver craven edwin lamplighter craven thomas cloth weaver craven william farmer s man dean john grocerdrapergrocer draper dewhirst john delver drakedrakerdrakey josephjosephrjosephy woollen hand loom weaver ellis john shoemaker ellis joseph farmers man 153 farrar william cloth weaver Fawpawfawcettcetti benjamin farmercornfarmer corn dealer fawcett thomas woollen power loom weaver fearnside henry carver and gilder fletcher richard labourerlablaboureurourer gaunt john edwardedwaededwardfedwardr woollen hand loom weaver gauntgaunty nathaniel woollen hand loom weaver gill john millwright employing 1 man guy joseph woollen hand loom weaver hardacre joshua labourerlablaboureurourer hardwick thomas joiner heaps william plumber hessling edward farmers man Hewithewitttr Benjamibenjaminnr stone mason hill john reed and heald maker hinchcliff william gray slate riveer hobson jamesjamesr cloth weaver holdsworth john warehouseman holgatehoihol gate joseph woollen cloth fuller hollings thomas porter hudson william grocer hyde james woollen cloth weaver kitson john cloth weaver plancyblancybiancymancy john joiner marsden john millwright man marsden joseph cloth weaver marsden samuel handloom weaver middlebrook joseph woollen cloth weaver morrisplorrisr georgegeorger quarryman nallorynaylorynay lor john cloth weaver naylornay lor richard quarryman nichols john butcher pickles george innkeeper pickles john joiner and builder pratt thomas woollen cloth manufacturer employing 4 men proctor thomas mason Purpurchinpurchonchon john cloth dresser robinson charles mule spinner smaile s johnjohnr mechanic smith joseph woollen cloth manufacturer spence william woollen handloom weaver spurr robertrobertr shoemaker tailford nathan tomb stone engraver tate joseph woollen spinner thompson john carpenter turner john cloth maker walker james wool carder walker james butcher and grocer waterhouse john power loom overlookoverlookderder webster samuel james slubber wentworth joseph woollen handloom weaver wheatley jonathan woollen spinner 154 wilson john stone mason wilson nathan clothier wood john woollen cloth miller society of friendsfrienderqaq broadhead william cloth drawer and coffee house keeper cash newman cloth stuff merchant dyson william corn miller master employing 6 men eddison edwin solicitor galloway thomas painter master employing 7 men and 2 boys gardner richardrichardtrichardr linen draper employing 4 men hall william carpenter master employing 6 men and 4 lab haworth william coach builder master employinhemployingemploy inh 16 men and 18 apprentices jowitt john retired woolstaplerwool stapler kershaw james watchman kitching josephjosephrjosephf sharebroker linsley joseph mustard cocoa and chicory manufacturer employing 26 workers marshall william sharebroker elasonmason georgegeorgey corn miller naylor john flour dealer thistlewaite anthony flour dealer thorne james tea dealer and grocer walker thomas cloth manufacturer walker thomas flax spinner walton benjamin saddler Watsohatsonkatsonwatsonnr nathaniel oil miller journeyman west william professor analecticanalecticalanalepticalal chemist Wwesleyangsiqya U MQmethodistslbgdi addy george cloth dresser anderson john grocer andersenanderson john cloth dresser appleyard george cloth weaver armitage samuel cart driver armitage william woollen spinner atack david coal miner austerberry Michaemichaelmichaeilr police officer bagot thomasthomastthomasr coal leaderleaderrleaderer master employing 2 servants batty joshua woollen hand loom weaver bell michael tailor bellhouse william chandler master employing 2 men best william cloth weaver parish relief blackburn william sawyer booth abraham cloth overlooker booth thomas cloth weaver booth williamwilliamr stone mason boothman david builder employing 37 men broadley josephjoeephjosephr labourerlablaboureurourer chelsea pensioner 155 broadley josephjosephrjosephy labourerlablaboureurourer chelsea pensioner brogden josephjosepnjosephrjosephf miner brook joshua commission agent brown john journeyman whitesmith brown samuel engraver and printer journeyman buckley jonn clothier bulmer s michael mason burgoyne jamesjamesrjamesy provision dealer Burrowburrowssr jonn letter sorter butterfield john tailor shopkeepershopkeepery and letter carrier calverly jamesjamestjamesr coal miner calvert thomas shoemakersnoemaker and hotel temperance carr charles rope and sailmaker clarkson thomas cloth drawer claughton william machine maker clayton jonn millwright and farmer of 6 acres clough john woollen hand spinner coates robert linen weaver cooke thomas printer compositor cooper george butcher cornforth joshua hair dresser davidson nathan chemist davison benjamin cloth fuller davison james shoemaker dean robert stay maker master employing 5 women and 1 apprentice deane jonn mechanic Denisodenisonnr william shopkeeper huckster denton samuel hanahanaloomhanbloomloom weaver dews enoch time keeper cloth dixon nathan woollen factory overlooker dove christopher retired leather merchant driver richard clapham schoolmaster duck jamesjamesrjamesy tanner and brazier dunderdale job irondrillerirondriller mechanic eddison george canvas weaver ellis john linen draper farrar john metal weigher at iron foundry fawcett matthew spinner fearnley john woollen manufacturer employing 30 men fearnsides william cloth hand loom weaver fernie david mechanic firth abraham woollen spinner firth john clothier firth thomas woollen manufacturer and cotton dealer fletcher thomasthomasrthomasy clock and watch maker fowler thomasthomasrthomasy street paver gill christopher milk man goodallGo odail richard farm labourerlablaboureurourer gott williamwilliamr clothier gough peter boot and shoemaker greenwood michael iron moulder 156 grimshaw daviddavidtdavidr railway clerk haley johnjonnjohnrjohnyjonny bundler of iron haley josephjosephrjosephy cloth manufacturer employing 143 women 46 men and 22 boys hardacre josephjosepnjosephrjosephy labourerlablaboureurourer at stone quarry harrison nathanrJojonathan cartman Hemshemsleyhemsleyyleyy georgegeorger cloth spinner hicks jonnjohn bookseller periodical publisher and binder higgins thomas mechanic hind william dyer of black cloth hodgson jonnjohn coal leader holgate jonnjohn cloth mill overlooker horsefield nathan commercial tea traveller horsman thomas corn miller master employing 6 men hudson john bricklayer hudson thomas shopkeeper humble richard joiner hutchinson james canvas weaver Illingillingworthworthl david dyer isles thomas cloth dresser jackson thomas tailor johnson benjamin staymaker employing 3 women kenworthy robert flock dealer kitson john cloth weaver knight williamwilliamr woollen mule spinner langstaffLang staffy john cloth handloom weaver lawson jamesjamesrjamesy woolstaplerwool stapler lawson williamwilliamr tailor leach john woollen spinner learleary thomas blacksmith lister john hair setting and curled hair manufacturer employing 2 men and 4 boys lister thomas bricklayer lockwood charles delver Locklockwoodwoodrwoody thomas cloth weaver lofthouse leonard milk dealer longbottom joseph fire brick manager masterman thomas gardener mathews josephjosephrjosephf woollen cloth weaver may john joiner mortlmortimerMorti merr jamesjamesrjamesy cloth weaver musgrave johnjonnjohnr woollen cloth manufacturer employing 2 men newell thomas cordwainer Nicholsonicholsonnr william doinedolnejoinedolnerjoinerr and builder employing 15 men and 3 apprentices noble luke warehouseman norfolk abraham farm labourerlablaboureurourer norton Jonajonathanthant plumber and glazier othick william woollen cloth dresser padgett georgegeorgev cabinet maker parker edmund smith master employing 3 men and 1 boy 157 Pearsopearsonnr josephjosepnjosephrjosephy fire brick agent perkin stanhope woollen cloth scourer pool benjamin warehouseman flax pool luke bolt and screw manufacturer employing 40 hanashands proctor david flax machine maker pullanpulianpuilan robert woollen spinner radcliffe charles wesleyan minister bramley reinhardt johann christian chemist and druggist master rhodes john handlhandihandloomoom stay weaver rhodesrhodest robert post office clerk richardson george cloth weaver robinson jonathan woollen cloth dresser robinson joseph woollen cloth weaver rogerson abraham coal miner Rotherotheryryt william canvas manufacturer employing 6 men and 2 women schofield george cloth dresser scholetieldscholefield richard clothier scott joseph tailor and provision dealer sedgwick john cabinet maker and upholsterer employing 1 apprentice senior john clothier settle james woollen cloth weaver settle john listing maker sharpe james gun maker simpson james cloth drawer simpson jonnjonny farmer 38 acres simpson richard butcher slater william engine tender smith john commission agent smithsmithy john stuff dyer steadsteady robert woollen handloom weaver steele james salesman shoemaker stephenson samuelsamuelfsamuela shoemaker Stokelstokelllf rodertrobertrobertr wheelwright sugden samuel slubber sykes benjamin cloth weaver sykes william cloth dresser taylor joseph joiner cabinet maker and paperhanger teal william blacksmith thackray joseph foreman wool merchant thompson joseph shoemaker thompson mark iron founder thompson thomas policeman thornton robert coal miner todd joseph overlooker cloth factory todd samuel woollen handloom weaver townsley john chapel keeper and joiner tracey joshua tailor valentine james currier varley james woollen handloom eaver vevers patrick tanner foreman 158 wade abraham cloth weaver wade thomas clothier wadkinWacl kin joseph overlooker at flax mill wainwright charles joiner wainwright ralph working chemist waite thomas groom waite william cloth dresser walker james handloom weaver walker samuel malster master employing 16 men walton george woollen cloth dresser whealdingWhe alding james cloth dresser whitakerwhitakerr johnjohnrjohny cloth weaver whitaker william smith whittles joseph stuff slubber wilks thomas shoemaker wilson jasper bricklayer wood george woollen cloth dresser wood james cloth warehouseman wood james no occupation methodist new connexconnexion annalannai robert shoemaker master briggs john woollen spinner fowler james woollen cloth weaver hargreaves johnjonnjohnrjohny tin plate worker hartley jonas journeyman cooper holtboltboit samuel cloth weaver hopwood david bricklayers labourerlablaboureurourer mortimer james woollen spinner rawson george cordwainer chelsea pensioner riderriderr jacobjacobf dyer and shopkeeper roberts georgegeorger cloth dresser roberts john woolsorter sunderland joseph pawnbroker tiffany christopher brush manufacturer employemployingng 7 men and 3 boys wainman benjamin grocer wainman john woollen weaver wilkinson robert clothciothelothbloth dresser wilson johnjonnjohnfjohnr tobacco pipe maker wotfindin richard overlooker in flax mill wood john cloth dresser wright robert boot and shoemaker employing 2 men primitive methodistsmetbqdi sts armitage william cloth dresser briggsbrings william at brickyard caritoCarltocarltonnf david joiner eddison Jeremijeremiahjeremiahtjeremiahhahtahr clothier fawcett john farmer 5 acres 159 atherflatherFi john woollen cloth weaver goodson jonnjonny clothier Graygraysonsony johnjonnjohnrjohnyjonny hanahandhandloomloom weaver haywood johnjohnrjohny cloth dresser heaton john cloth fuller hollingsworth john coal miner hollingsworth thomas coal miner hudson isaac agricultural labourerlablaboureurourer hunter thomas woollen cloth dresser hutton james handloom weaver kendall thomas woollen cloth dresser land williamwilliamr rope maker mansfield jonn agricultural labourerlablaboureurourer myers thomas farm labourerlablaboureurourer morton william cotton weaver chelsea pensioner peat john woollen cloth dresser poppleweilpopplewellpoppiepopplewellrPoppleweilwellweli george woollen yarn spinner rileyyrileycleyrleyr josephjosephrjosephy coal tender ruecroft george labourerlablaboureurourer stead john hand cloth weaver stead jonnjohnjohnrjonny clerk machine works summersgill joseph linen weaver thrippleton jonnjonny woollen cloth maker wade johnjonnjohnrjohny labourerlablaboureurourer stoneyard websterWeb sterr miles labourerlablaboureurourer whitelyWhitel yr jonn cloth dresser mormons ashman john plasterer bagshaw edward grinder barnes john boot and shoemaker barrass george water carrier carrying holbeck spa water late cloth weaver brook john locomotive engine tester campbell bryce carpenter eddison william brickmaker emsley william pipe maker fairburn edward boot and shoemaker visitor at john barnes field joseph needle maker fishburn francis tobacco pipe maker green thomas mariner hellewell robert grinder hill george thomas pork butcher holland joseph tailor master employer and manufacturer hutchinson georgegeorgergeorgey handloom weaver jaques william blacksmith jarvis henry johnjohnrjohny hatter kedingtonbedingtonKed ington william seaweed dresser lambert thomas leather dresser newton samuel bricklayer 160 nuns robert tailor pullanpulian thomas wood sawyer reeve robert warnewarney manufacturing chemist riall richardrichardfrichardr stoker at gas house richardson john george shoemaker visitor at john barnes Scarborougscarboroughhr john railway porter husband of a member scatcherd samuel boiler maker husband of a member shires william wool dyer tempest joseph bricklayer labourerlablaboureurourer terry henry woolcomberwool comber hoodwortWoodwortwoodworthhf john boilermaker young thomasthomastthomasy inland revenue officer bibliography

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0 Directdirectoryglygry and taiptoiptopographygeraidgoraidhv ofgj leeds zradf5radfbradfordgr haihalhalifaxif ax huddersfield1dergjigidsHuddersH u field wakefield and the wholewhoie q .0 clothing DstrictastrickadistrictsI1 of thetae west gijinriding ofgf yorkshireyorkah 0 0 shefsheffieldf leid robert leader 184718470 directory and gazeteergsjzGazegazetteeratgerptgerteer of leedsleqLep ds bradford halifax huddersfieldHudders field jdakvfwakefieldjpldr and the wholewhoie clothing districtsdistrigts ofgf the west riding of yolyoryorkshireashikshi Le sheffield robert leader 1853 reprint ed new york augustus M kelley 1969 williamwilliamss directory of the 13grouchborough13grouch of leedslebedlegeds 0 leeds edward baines & sons 1845 166

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qo q .1 gh saufspufshuffordspuffordSp uffordfordfond margaret aocontrastingn trantinluaatragtintraghrag tin communities 1 lagenglishI1 i viilavillavillagersapqp g s in the Sixtesixteenthelath and seventeenthseventegnth centuriesCentiariesjuiesjules cambridge cambridge university press 1974 steamsstearnsstearne peter N bureuropeanodeo oe an society in iitbgavupheavalal social highistoryt gggav v since 1750j750 ad2d ed new york macmillan 1975 taylor P A M extexpectationse9talign9 kle9twawestwardrdtadt dhethe mormons and ttheh e emigration ofgf their british convertsConvertsvertaverda in the ninineteenthngtgenth centcentury london oliver and boys 1965 thorpthorps malcolm R social and religious origins of early english cormonsMormormonsmons paper no 444 in world conferencecunjercgnjer enaaenqa 0onn rjggoraggorecordsr d s vol 6 0 brbritishift ish family and local his- totoryky salisalesaltsait lake city church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints 1980 victorian bomewomewomen12 A 12qgmedocumentarynlauytarytauy accountaqoui2t of womens lives inju nineteenth qgnturcenturyy enenglandnd dezancfranceezanc and the ununitedite states stanford stanford university press 1981 wickham E R church and people in an industrial cilcitcity london lutterworthLutterbutterworthworth press 1957 wohl anthony S ed the victorian family structurestructure and stuaStugstressesstugggegge new york st martins press 1978 articles baker robert on the industrial and sanitary economy of the borough of leeds in 1851 11 journal of the royal atisticalartisticalstatisticalotatistical societyqgietvr seriesserlesSP lipsKiPS A 21 1858 427443427 443 cole alan the social origins of the early friends erleribrifriendsadsnds historical society jpjournalurj2aj 48 1951 99- 1881880 collett clara Womeniswomens work in leeds economic journal 1 1891 4604734604730460 4734730 forster gordon C the beginnings of an industrial city leeds 1690184016901840169090 1840 thetha univuniversityersidy of leeds review 12 169

may 1969196 9 264826264810484810 inglis kenneth S patterns of relreireligiousiviousigious worship in 185118510 11 journal of ecclesiastical history 11 1960 74867486074 86086 leeds statistical committee of the town council leporreportreport upon the condition of the town of leeds and of its inhabitants journjournala 1 of the rozalroyalrgvgl istatistical societysocletyj seriesserles Alk 2 18318399 39142439139142410391424404244241042440 mcleod hugh class community and region the religious geography of nineteenthnineteenthcenturynineteenthsteenth centuryce nturynaury england in A sociolo- alcagical1 yearbookxparbgok of relhelheireligionjgign in Bribritaintaidttaint ath6th ed by michael hill london SCM presspr ess ltd 1973197 3 appp 229-9 72 rimmer W G occupations in leeds 184119511841 1951 rublpublic-ica ations of the thoresby society vol 50 pt 2 Misomiscellanyliany vol 14 1967 15878158 78 working mens cottages in leeds 177018401770 1840 1 publications ofgf the thoresby societysqgjplyr vol 46 pt 2 miscellanymig allanyollany vol 13 pt 2 1963 18 1651981651989165 1981989 thorp malcolm R the religious backgrounds of mormon converts in britain 1837521837 52 11 jgurjournalagur caical of mormon history 4 1977 516551 65 ward david environs and neighbours in the etwotwo4two nations residential differentationdifferentiation in midnineteenthcenturymid nineteenth centucantucenturyry leeds journal of historical geobrageographygeogra hv 6 1980 133162133 162 dissertations and theses elliottelliottr charles M the social and economic history of the principal protestant denominations in leeds 1760- 184418440 11 phd dissertation university of oxford 1962 fraser derek politics in leeds 183018521830 1852 phdph D dis-di s sertationser tation university of leeds 1969 THE nonconformists OF LEEDS IN THE EARLY VICTORIAN ERA A STUDY IN

SOCIAL composition

susan L fales department of history MA degreedegreer december 1984

ABSTRACT this thesis examined the nonconformist denominational membership in the borough of leeds during the early victorian era to determine the social composition of its members the chapel goers of old dissent represented by the Unitarianunitarianssi Baptistbaptistssr independents and the society of friends and new dissent represented by the wesleyan methodists methodist new connexion primitive methodists and the mormons were the basis for this study the results of the occupational residential family and migration analysis revealed a surprisingly high percentage of working classes 72 represented among the dissenters this factfact flys in the face of contemporary observation and historical investigation which placed english nonconformity as a middle class phenomenon there were also significant differences among the denominations the friends displayed an upper middle class orientation the unitarians and independents were more educated with slightly less than half their membership middle class and the remaining denominations proved to be more attractive to the working classes

10 C COMMITTEE APPROVAL iomalcolm101.0R thorprucrrCommittecommittefedommcomm itt fe chairman

Rrobert0be r t C kekenzernzanz e r cammicommicommitteetteeatee member

R laniernanierdanierdanler batschbntschi3ritsch graduate coordinator