Intraoral and Transcutaneous Cervical Ultrasound in the Differential Diagnosis of Peritonsillar Cellulitis and Abscesses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Intraoral and Transcutaneous Cervical Ultrasound in the Differential Diagnosis of Peritonsillar Cellulitis and Abscesses Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 2006;72(3):377-81. ARTIGO ORIGINAL ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ultra-sonografia intra-oral Intraoral and transcutaneous e transcutânea cervical cervical ultrasound in the no diagnóstico diferencial differential diagnosis of de celulite e abscessos peritonsillar cellulitis and periamigdalianos abscesses Bernardo Cunha Araujo Filho1, Flavio A. Sakae2, 3 4 Palavras-chave: abscesso periamigdaliano, celulite periamigda- Luiz Ubirajara Sennes , Rui Imamura , Marcus R. liana, ultra-sonografia. 5 de Menezes Keywords: peritonsillar abscess, peritonsillar cellulitis, ultra- sound. Resumo / Summary Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a es- Aims: The objective of the present study was to determine pecificidade, sensibilidade e a acurácia da ultra-sonografia the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of intraoral and (USG) intra-oral e transcutânea no diagnóstico de celulite transcutaneous ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of peritonsillar e abscesso periamigdalianos. Forma de Estudo: Clínico cellulitis and abscess. Study Design: Clinical-Prospective. Prospectivo. Material e Métodos: Trinta e nove pacientes Materials and Metods: Thirty nine patients were seen at the foram atendidos no pronto-socorro de otorrinolaringologia otorhinolaryngology emergency department of the University do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Uni- Hospital, of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, versidade de São Paulo com diagnóstico clínico de celulite with a clinical diagnosis of peritonsillar cellulitis or abscess. ou abscesso periamigdaliano. Em todos os pacientes, após a After initial evaluation, all patients were submitted to intraoral avaliação inicial, foram realizadas ultra-sonografias intra-oral and transcutaneous US. Results: Intraoral US was performed e transcutânea. Resultados: O USG intra-oral foi realizado on 35 cases and its sensitivity was of 95.2%, the specificity em 35 casos e demonstrou sensibilidade de 95,2%, especifi- was of 78.5% and the accuracy was of 86.9%. Transcutaneous cidade de 78,5% e a acurácia de 86,9%. A USG transcutânea US was feasible in all 39 patients and diagnosed peritonsillar foi factível em todos os 39 pacientes e diagnosticou abscesso abscess in 53.8%. There were 5 false-negatives and 1 false- periamigdaliano em 53,8% dos pacientes. A sensibilidade foi positive result, sensitivity was 80%, specificity was 92.8% de 80%, a especificidade de 92,8% e a acurácia de 84,5%. and accuracy was 84.5%. Conclusions: Intraoral US was Conclusões: O USG intra-oral foi bastante sensível no diag- quite sensitive in the diagnosis of peritonsillar abscesses nóstico de abscessos periamigdalianos. O USG transcutâneo when performed by an experienced radiologist. Specificity obteve especificidade superior ao intra-oral. Porém, quando was higher for transcutaneous US compared to intraoral o USG transcutâneo foi realizado em pacientes com trismo, US. However, when transcutaneous US was performed in este diagnosticou todos os abscessos periamigdalianos, já que patients with trismus, it was able to diagnose all peritonsillar se tratava de coleções grandes, comuns em pacientes com abscesses, since they were large collections which are trismo. Estes exames tiveram acurácia semelhantes. common in patients with trismus. These exams showed similar accuracy. 1 Doutorando da Divisão de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Otorrinolaringologista (residência no HCFMUSP), Especialista em ORL pela SBORL. 2 Doutorando da Divisão de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica do HCFMUSP, Médico Otorrinolaringologista. 3 Professor Associado da Disciplina de Otorrinolaringologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Chefe do grupo de Bucofaringologia do HCF- MUSP. 4 Médico Assistente-Doutor da Divisão de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Diretor do Pronto-Socorro de Otorrinolaringologia do HCFMUSP. 5 Médico Assistente-Doutor do Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Médico Radiologista. Trabalho realizado na Divisão de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica e no Departamento de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Endereço para correspondência: Dr. Bernardo Cunha Araujo Filho - Rua Elias João Tajra 1260/1500 Teresina Piauí 64049-300. E-mail: [email protected] Este artigo foi submetido no SGP (Sistema de Gestão de Publicações) da RBORL em 5 de janeiro de 2006. Artigo aceito em 3 de abril de 2006. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE OTORRINOLARINGOLOGIA 72 (3) MAIO/JUNHO 2006 http://www.rborl.org.br / e-mail: [email protected] 377 INTRODUÇÃO CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS O espaço periamigdaliano é uma área localizada Neste estudo prospectivo, trinta e nove pacientes entre a cápsula fibrosa da tonsila palatina, medialmente, foram atendidos no pronto-socorro de otorrinolaringologia e a fáscia do músculo constritor superior, lateralmente, do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da sendo o local mais freqüente de formação de abscessos na Universidade de São Paulo com diagnóstico clínico de região da cabeça e pescoço1. Tipicamente predomina em celulite ou abscesso periamigdaliano. Todos assinaram adolescentes e adultos jovens e seu envolvimento resulta o termo de consentimento e o estudo foi aprovado no da propagação de infecções da loja amigdaliana, resul- Comitê de Ética Médica de nossa instituição. tando em celulite ou abscesso periamigdalianos2. Se não Vinte e quatro eram mulheres e quinze, homens, tratado corretamente, o abscesso pode ocasionar graves com idade variando entre 7 e 44 anos. Em todos os pa- danos ao paciente, como aspiração e pneumonia, além cientes, após a avaliação otorrinolaringológica, foram rea- de propiciar a invasão da infecção aos espaços cervicais lizados USG intra-oral e transcutâneo por um radiologista profundos, com sérias conseqüências, como a mediastinite, familiarizado no diagnóstico radiológico desta afecção. O sepsis e até a morte1,3-5. mesmo não teve acesso à suspeita clínica de celulite ou Clinicamente, o abscesso e celulite periamigdalianos abscesso sugerido pelo otorrinolaringologista. Foi utilizado apresentam-se semelhantes, sendo quase impossível dife- aparelho General Eletric 500 pro (Milwakee, USA). O USG renciá-los à anamnese e ao exame físico3,6,7. A diferenciação transcutâneo foi realizado com o transdutor linear com destas duas entidades, espectro da mesma doença, é funda- freqüência central de 7,5Mhz, com o paciente em decúbito mental para o sucesso do tratamento. O abscesso periamig- dorsal e rotação lateral da cabeça colocado no ângulo da daliano (AP) pode ser tratado com punção, drenagem da mandíbula (vide Figura 1). Durante a USG intra-oral, foi secreção purulenta ou mesmo amigdalectomia, enquanto realizado com transdutor endocavitário com freqüência a celulite (CP) é tratada apenas com antibioticoterapia3,7,8. de 6,5Mhz, recoberto com preservativo, o paciente estava O diagnóstico na prática clínica diária, entre a celulite e o sentado com a boca aberta e orofaringe anestesiada com abscesso periamigdalianos, é feito por punção e aspiração spray de xylocaína a 10%, permitindo que o transdutor cuidadosa do espaço periamigdaliano8,9. Freqüentemente intracavitário fosse colocado em contado com a tonsila são requeridas repetidas punções na intenção de localizar afetada (vide Figura 2). Os pacientes foram, de acordo com a possível coleção. Este procedimento é bastante doloroso achados ultra-sonográficos, classificados em com celulite e arriscado, podendo lesar vasos, como a artéria carótida e com abscesso periamigdaliano, e o volume das coleções interna, sendo algumas vezes difícil de ser executado, foi medido. O diagnóstico foi confirmado em todos os principalmente em crianças e pacientes com importante pacientes por punção e aspiração com jelco 14 em três trismo1,8,10,11. Em alguns pacientes, o abscesso existente pontos: pólo superior, pólo médio e pólo inferior. Se a pode não ser diagnosticado, levando a um tratamento punção fosse positiva, uma incisão e drenagem eram reali- inadequado7. O ultra-som (USG) tem sido utilizado no zadas. Caso contrário, foram considerados como celulite e diagnóstico de abscessos desde 1950, porém nos últimos tratados com antibióticos. Os resultados do USG intra-oral 15 anos houve um aumento do seu uso e suas aplicações e transcutâneo foram comparados com os resultados da na medicina. punção/aspiração (vide Tabela 1). Neste contexto tem-se tentado desenvolver e avaliar Foram calculados a sensibilidade, a especificidade, métodos que possam fazer o diagnóstico diferencial corre- o valor preditivo negativo e o valor preditivo positivo to entre a CP e o AP. Há referências na literatura citando dos dois testes utilizados. Além disso, foram construídas o uso do USG intra-oral e transcutâneo na tentativa de as curvas ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) destes diferenciar a CP do AP, até porque não há correlação entre testes e calculadas as áreas sob as curvas (acurácia). Estas a aparência do abscesso e o tempo de infecção12, porém áreas foram comparadas para verificar se um teste apre- limitou-se a uma casuística pequena e na inexperiência sentava acurácia maior que o outro utilizando o teste do dos radiologistas em diagnosticar as afecções infecciosas Qui-Quadrado. do espaço periamigdaliano. A comparação da acurácia do USG intra-oral e transcutâneo no diagnóstico diferencial RESULTADOS entre CP e AP ainda não
Recommended publications
  • FOCUSED PRACTICE in HOSPITAL MEDICINE Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Examination Blueprint
    ® FOCUSED PRACTICE IN HOSPITAL MEDICINE Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Examination Blueprint ABIM invites diplomates to help develop the Purpose of the Hospital Medicine MOC exam Hospital Medicine MOC exam blueprint The MOC exam is designed to evaluate the knowledge, Based on feedback from physicians that MOC assessments diagnostic reasoning, and clinical judgment skills expected of should better reflect what they see in practice, in 2016 the the certified hospitalist in the broad domain of the discipline. American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) invited all certified The exam emphasizes diagnosis and management of prevalent hospitalists and those enrolled in the focused practice program conditions, particularly in areas where practice has changed to provide ratings of the relative frequency and importance of in recent years. As a result of the blueprint review by ABIM blueprint topics in practice. diplomates, the MOC exam places less emphasis on rare This review process, which resulted in a new MOC exam conditions and focuses more on situations in which physician blueprint, will be used on an ongoing basis to inform and intervention can have important consequences for patients. update all MOC assessments created by ABIM. No matter For conditions that are usually managed by other specialists, what form ABIM’s assessments ultimately take, they will need the focus is on recognition rather than on management. The to be informed by front-line clinicians sharing their perspective exam is developed jointly by the ABIM and the American on what is important to know. Board of Family Medicine. A sample of over 100 hospitalists, similar to the total invited Exam format population of hospitalists in age, gender, geographic region, and time spent in direct patient care, provided the blueprint The traditional 10-year MOC exam is composed of 220 single- topic ratings.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultative Comanagement (15%)
    Consultative Comanagement (15%) Focused Practice in Hospital Medicine (FPHM) Where Can I Find this topic Blueprint Topic: covered in MKSAP 17? Perioperative Medicine (12.5%) Cardiology Endocarditis prophylaxis MKSAP 17 Cardiovascular Medicine Perioperative risk-stratification MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Perioperative arrhythmias MKSAP 17 Cardiovascular Medicine; MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Pulmonology Perioperative asthma management MKSAP 17 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Perioperative chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MKSAP 17 Pulmonary and Critical Care management Medicine Postoperative hypoxia MKSAP 17 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Hematology Perioperative anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Perioperative deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Endocrinology Perioperative diabetes mellitus management MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Perioperative stress-dose corticosteroid management MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine Perioperative thyroid management and thyroid storm MKSAP 17 General Internal Medicine; MKSAP 17 Endocrinology and Metabolism Perioperative and postoperative infections MKSAP 17 Infectious Disease Neurology Postoperative delirium MKSAP 17 Neurology Compressive neuropathies MKSAP 17 Neurology Pregnancy (2.5%) Hypertension in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) MKSAP 17 Nephrology MKSAP 17 Pulmonary and Critical Care Asthma and pregnancy Medicine Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy or
    [Show full text]
  • Organ System % of Exam Content Diseases/Disorders
    Organ System % of Exam Diseases/Disorders Content Cardiovascular 16 Cardiomyopathy Congestive Heart Failure Vascular Disease Dilated Hypertension Acute rheumatic fever Hypertrophic Essential Aortic Restrictive Secondary aneurysm/dissection Conduction Disorders Malignant Arterial Atrial fibrillation/flutter Hypotension embolism/thrombosis Atrioventricular block Cardiogenic shock Chronic/acute arterial Bundle branch block Orthostasis/postural occlusion Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Ischemic Heart Disease Giant cell arteritis Premature beats Acute myocardial infarction Peripheral vascular Ventricular tachycardia Angina pectoris disease Ventricular fibrillation/flutter • Stable Phlebitis/thrombophlebitis Congenital Heart Disease • Unstable Venous thrombosis Atrial septal defect • Prinzmetal's/variant Varicose veins Coarctation of aorta Valvular Disease Patent ductus arteriosus Aortic Tetralogy of Fallot stenosis/insufficiency Ventricular septal defect Mitral stenosis/insufficiency Mitral valve prolapse Tricuspid stenosis/insufficiency Pulmonary stenosis/insufficiency Other Forms of Heart Disease Acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis Acute pericarditis Cardiac tamponade Pericardial effusion Pulmonary 12 Infectious Disorders Neoplastic Disease Pulmonary Acute bronchitis Bronchogenic carcinoma Circulation Acute bronchiolitis Carcinoid tumors Pulmonary embolism Acute epiglottitis Metastatic tumors Pulmonary Pulmonary nodules hypertension Croup Obstructive Pulmonary Cor pulmonale Influenza Disease Restrictive Pertussis Asthma Pulmonary
    [Show full text]
  • Peritonsillar Abscess NICHOLAS J
    Peritonsillar Abscess NICHOLAS J. GALIOTO, MD, Broadlawns Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa Peritonsillar abscess is the most common deep infection of the head and neck, occurring primarily in young adults. Diagnosis is usually made on the basis of clinical presentation and examination. Symptoms and findings generally include fever, sore throat, dysphagia, trismus, and a “hot potato” voice. Drainage of the abscess, antibiotic therapy, and supportive therapy for maintaining hydration and pain control are the cornerstones of treatment. Most patients can be managed in the outpatient setting. Peritonsillar abscesses are polymicrobial infections, and antibiotics effec- tive against group A streptococcus and oral anaerobes should be first-line therapy. Corticosteroids may be helpful in reducing symptoms and speeding recovery. Promptly recognizing the infection and initiating therapy are important to avoid potentially serious complications, such as airway obstruction, aspiration, or extension of infection into deep neck tissues. Patients with peritonsillar abscess are usually first encountered in the primary care outpatient setting or in the emergency department. Family physicians with appropriate training and experience can diagnose and treat most patients with peritonsillar abscess. (Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(8):501-506. Copyright © 2017 American Acad- emy of Family Physicians.) CME This clinical content eritonsillar abscess is the most Etiology conforms to AAFP criteria common deep infection of the Peritonsillar abscess has traditionally been for continuing medical education (CME). See head and neck, with an annual regarded as the last stage of a continuum CME Quiz Questions on incidence of 30 cases per 100,000 that begins as an acute exudative tonsil- page 483. Ppersons in the United States.1-3 This infec- litis, which progresses to a cellulitis and Author disclosure: No rel- tion can occur in all age groups, but the eventually abscess formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Peritonsillar Abscess
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Missouri: MOspace Peritonsillar Abscess Background 1. Definition o Extension of tonsillar infection beyond the capsule with abscess formation usually above and behind the tonsil 2. Almost always a complication of acute tonsillitis 3. Most common deep head/neck infection (50%) 4. Also known as "Quinsy" 5. Peritonsillar cellulitis o Extension of tonsillar infection beyond the capsule without abscess Pathophysiology 1. Pathology of disease o Infection that starts as acute tonsillitis and results in abscess o Most often Group A Strep1 o Cultures of abscesses often grow anaerobes (Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Veillonella spp)1 o H. flu, S. aureus occasionally cultured alone o Inflamed areas . Supratonsillar space of soft palate Just above superior pole of tonsil . Surrounding muscles Esp. internal pterygoids o Pus collects between fibrous capsule of tonsil and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle 2. Incidence, prevalence o Most commonly seen in adults age 15-30 o Estimated incidence in USA: 30/ 100,000 people/ year 3. Risk factors o Tonsillitis o Acute or chronic oropharyngeal infection o 15% with antecedent Infectious Mono, seen by monospot test2 o Prior tonsillar infection 36% o Smoking 4. Morbidity/ mortality o Airway obstruction o Septicemia o Thrombophlebitis (Lemierre's Syndrome) - spread of infection to carotid sheath which may lead to spread of infection to lungs, mediastinum o Aspiration pneumonia subsequent to rupture of abscess into an airway Diagnosis 1. History o Headache, malaise o Severe sore throat . Worsens, becomes unilateral o Dysphagia Peritonsillar Abscess Page 1 of 6 10.26.09 o "Hot potato" muffled voice o Trouble fully opening mouth o Neck pain / swelling .
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatrics CAQ Blueprint
    Pediatrics CAQ Blueprint Content Area Percentage 1. Health Maintenance 10 2. Cardiovascular Disorders 6 3. Pulmonary Disorders 6 4. Endocrine Disorders 5 5. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat 7 6. Gastrointestinal/Nutrition Disorders 7 7. Renal Disorders 3 8. Genitourinary/Reproductive Disorders 3 9. Musculoskeletal Disorders 4 10. Sports Medicine 3 11. Neurologic Disorders 5 12. Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine 6 13. Abuse and Neglect 2 14. Dermatologic Disorders 6 15. Hematology/Oncology 4 16. Infectious Diseases 12 17. Allergy and Immunology 3 18. Congenital Anomalies and Genetic Disorders 2 19. Neonatal/Newborn Medicine 4 20. Emergency Medicine and Critical Care 2 1. HEALTH MAINTENANCE (10%) 2. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (6%) A. Growth and development A. Congenital heart disease/defects • Constitutional growth delay • Acyanotic heart disease • Developmental delay • Cardiomyopathy • Failure to thrive • Cyanotic heart disease • Normal growth and development • Marfan syndrome • Obesity • Pulmonary hypertension • Puberty • Vascular malformation • Short stature B. Heart murmurs B. Nutrition C. Heart rhythm disorders • Infancy • Arrhythmia • Childhood • Long QT syndrome • Adolescence • Supraventricular tachycardia C. Preventive pediatrics • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome • Accident/injury prevention D. Syncope • Anticipatory guidance E. Hyperlipidemia • Colic • Hypercholesterolemia • Immunizations F. Infection • Oral health • Endocarditis • Pregnancy and contraception • Kawasaki disease • Routine screening guidelines • Myocarditis • Sleep hygiene
    [Show full text]
  • Education Education from the JOURNALS Edited Highlights of Richard Lehman’S Blog On
    education education FROM THE JOURNALS Edited highlights of Richard Lehman’s blog on http://bmj.co/Lehman Uselessness: a key outcome The authors are fond of eosinophils for diabetes drugs as the current fashionable marker, I’m an old man and I have long but I’m not so sure. The point is that since said all I want to about drugs we keep flexibility in our diagnostic for diabetes. I’ll just commend to thinking, and don’t go too far up your attention two of the latest any one mechanistic byway. abstract summaries from the ̻ Lancet doi:10.1016/S0140- world’s most prestigious journal: 6736(17)30879-6 “Among patients with type 1 diabetes who were receiving Removing axillary nodes in insulin, the proportion of early breast cancer surgery patients who achieved a glycated Here’s a 10 year survival study of haemoglobin level lower than 7.0% women who underwent localised with no severe hypoglycaemia or resection and radiotherapy diabetic ketoacidosis was larger in for T1-2 breast cancer. If 1-2 the group that received sotagliflozin metastases were found in the than in the placebo group. However, sentinel nodes, they were the rate of diabetic ketoacidosis was randomised either to sentinel higher in the sotagliflozin group.” node resection only or to complete Q: In that case, why would you use axillary node resection. Got sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes? that? It took me a couple of goes. Next: “Among patients with Return of reflux Survival was actually slightly type 2 diabetes with or without “Laparoscopic anti-reflux better in the women who had previous cardiovascular disease, surgery was associated with a sentinel node removal alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Outcomes in Children Treated for Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis Deirdre Donnelly, Anita Critchlow, Mark L Everard
    80 Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.2006.058933 on 14 November 2006. Downloaded from CHRONIC COUGH Outcomes in children treated for persistent bacterial bronchitis Deirdre Donnelly, Anita Critchlow, Mark L Everard ................................................................................................................................... Thorax 2007;62:80–84. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.058933 Background: Persistent bacterial bronchitis (PBB) seems to be under-recognised and often misdiagnosed as See end of article for authors’ affiliations asthma. In the absence of published data relating to the management and outcomes in this patient group, a ........................ review of the outcomes of patients with PBB attending a paediatric respiratory clinic was undertaken. Methods: A retrospective chart review was undertaken of 81 patients in whom a diagnosis of PBB had been Correspondence to: Dr M L Everard, Paediatric made. Diagnosis was based on the standard criterion of a persistent, wet cough for .1 month that resolves Respiratory Unit, Sheffield with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Children’s Hospital, Western Results: The most common reason for referral was a persistent cough or difficult asthma. In most of the patients, Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK; symptoms started before the age of 2 years, and had been present for .1 year in 59% of patients. At referral, [email protected] 59% of patients were receiving asthma treatment and 11% antibiotics. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most commonly isolated organisms. Over half of the patients were Received 12 January 2006 completely symptom free after two courses of antibiotics. Only 13% of patients required >6 courses of antibiotics. Accepted 14 October 2006 Published Online First Conclusion: PBB is often misdiagnosed as asthma, although the two conditions may coexist.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENTIFIC SECTION Review Article
    SCIENTIFIC SECTION Review Article E.L. ATTIA, MD, FRCS[C] Halitosis K.G. MARSHALL, MD, FRCP[C], CCFP Bad breath, halitosis, is an unpleasant problem most cells and other debris causes an unpleasant odour, people try to avoid. Physicians seem particularly adept which quickly disappears after the usual oral toilet and at avoiding halitosis by referring patients with this the resumption of normal salivary flow. problem to a dentist. However, halitosis may be a Food symptom of a serious disease. Even if a serious disorder is not present, the cause of bad breath can The metabolism of certain foods and beverages usually be determined and appropriate therapy given. produces volatile fatty acids or other malodorous sub- In this article the causes of halitosis and suggestions stances that are excreted through the lungs. The most for treatment are outlined. common examples are alcohol, garlic, onions and pas- La mauvaise haleine est un ph6nombne d6plaisant que trami. Studies in the 1930s and 1940s showed that if la plupart des gens cherchent A Aviter. Les m6decins garlic were introduced into the peritoneal cavity or semblent les plus aptes a Aviter ce probl6me en rubbed into the soles of the feet it still produced an rbf6rant chez un dentiste les patients avec de la unpleasant odour on the breath.23 It was also found that mauvaise haleine. Toutefois, la mauvaise haleine peut if onion or garlic were swallowed without being chewed Otre un sympt6me d'une s6rieuse maladie. MAme si il the odour would still be detected on the breath.4 n'existe pas un s6rieux d6sordre, la cause probable de Smoking la mauvaise haleine peut habituellement Otre d6termi- nbe et une th6rapie appropri6e donn6e.
    [Show full text]
  • Peritonsillar and Retropharyngeal Abscesses N
    n Peritonsillar and Retropharyngeal Abscesses n Drooling—child refuses to move the neck. A peritonsillar abscess is a localized infection (pus) involving the tonsils. Retropharyngeal ab- Sometimes swelling in the back of the throat causes scesses occur in the back of the throat. Although difficulty breathing. Call our office! ! these two infections have some differing symp- toms, both usually cause fever, sore throat, and dif- ficulty eating. Treatment in the hospital is usually needed, including intravenous (IV) antibiotics and What are some possible sometimes surgery. complications of peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess? The main complication of both infections, especially ret- What are peritonsillar and ropharyngeal abscess, is blockage of the airway, causing difficulty breathing. retropharyngeal abscesses? There is also a risk that the infection will spread to other An abscess is a localized area of infection with pus, usu- areas nearby. ally caused by bacteria. Abscesses can develop in lymph nodes behind the throat (“retropharyngeal”) or in the area of the tonsils (“peritonsillar”). The tonsils are lymph tissue located at the back of the mouth; they can easily be seen How are peritonsillar and when enlarged. Like the lymph nodes, the tonsils contain cells that play a role in the immune system. retropharyngeal abscess The bacteria causing peritonsillar abscesses include diagnosed and treated? “ ” strep (group A streptococci) and other bacteria from the Diagnosis. mouth. Retropharyngeal abscesses are caused by the same bacteria as well as by “staph” (Staphylococcus) bacteria. The doctor will examine your child’s throat to see if there Peritonsillar abscesses usually start from a throat infection, are any obvious areas of swelling or redness.
    [Show full text]
  • Don't Overlook Unexpected, but Risky, Diagnoses
    ® NOVEMBER 2020 VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2 THE JOURNAL OF URGENT CARE MEDICINE ® www.jucm.com The Official Publication of the UCA and CUCM CLINICAL cme ALSO IN THIS ISSUE 19 Original Research Probably Strep Informed Decisions Are Safer ‘ ’ Is Decisions in Patients with Sinusitis cme 29 Case Report Potentially Dangerous— When a Disease ‘of Childhood’ Threatens the Life of an Adult Patient 35 Clinical Don’t Overlook Unexpected, Better to Risk Patient Outrage Than Antibiotic Resistance When Treating but Risky, Diagnoses Otitis Media cme Health Law and Compliance The COVID-19 Vaccine Could Save Lives—and Your Business. But What If Employees Refuse to Get It? Ad_FullPage_Sized.indd 1 10/21/20 3:13 PM URGENT PERSPECTIVES Finding Urgent Care (and the Value of Recognizing a Specialty) n GUY MELROSE, MB, ChB arrived in New Zealand 11 years ago, a doctor without direc- Ition and certainly with no inkling of urgent care. I was one of those doctors who had always hoped to find their ultimate career path whilst at university. Alas, whilst I was able to remove some options (here’s looking at you Ob/Gyn),no single spe- cialty sufficiently inspired me to follow that rabbit hole through to its conclusion. So, my medical career began with an eclectic mix of jobs and travel, mainly focused around the emergency department. Maintaining this level of generalism seemed sensible, until such time as a specialty found me. As a young person, the ED was an exciting and flexible option. Yet in the back of my mind, I always assumed the career that would suit my broad interest in medicine whilst also addressing my growing need for a work-life balance would be general practice (or family practice, as it’s known in the U.S.).
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Evaluation and Management of the Sore Throat
    Emergency Evaluation and Management of the Sore Throat Angela R. Cirilli, MD, RDMS KEYWORDS Streptococcal pharyngitis Uvulitis Infectious mononucleosis Epiglottitis Retropharyngeal abscess Peritonsillar abscess KEY POINTS The chief complaint of sore throat includes broad differential, including streptococcal phar- yngitis, tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, epiglottitis, uvulitis, and infectious mononucleosis. Tonsillitis can be difficult to differentiate from peritonsillar abscess. Ultrasound can help diagnose and direct treatment in these situations. In the post vaccine era, epiglottitis is now a disease of adults with insidious onset and more subtle symptoms requiring early aggressive airway management in people present- ing with stridor, signs of distress, and systemic disease. Uvulitis has infectious and noninfectious causes, which usually respond to medical treat- ment but occasionally can cause deadly airway obstruction. The diagnostic dilemma of streptococcal pharyngitis and mononucleosis continues, and many recommend the aid of laboratory testing in diagnosis and differentiation from other viral causes of pharyngitis before treatment. INTRODUCTION The chief complaint of “sore throat” can be caused by conditions ranging from common viral pharyngitis to a deadly diagnosis, such as epiglottitis or severe airway obstruction. A patient with a sore throat should not be taken lightly and deserves your immediate attention, evaluation, and emergent treatment. This article reviews the evaluation,
    [Show full text]