..'REPORT
..'REPORT OF TRESPECIXL COMMITTEE.ON THE SITUATION ýWITH REGARD.TO:THt4MPLEMENTAtION:ýl:'ý-l... THE DECLARÅTIWýý WTHE. GRANTING.ý.0F INDEPENDENCIEý.., itó:, LONI Lý COUNTRIES.ANWPEOPLEs CO A .ýývOLUME Il :GENERALýASSEMBL.. OFFICIAL RECORDS- THIRTY,- FOURTH SESSION.. SUPPLEMENT, NO. 23 (A/34123/ýýRev.1):,. UNITED:ý.NATION'S NeWýYorki 198ó
TTOTE Sýýbols bf,ýlJnited Nations docuTrients are composed of capital letters combined .with.:figures.ý.ýDlétýilon of ýsii6h a syn--bol indicates a reference to a United tions doeiment, The report of :the S ecial Conriittee is divided into four volumes. The ,.present volunie:.ýDontainsý:chåPtéts VIII to XIII:* volume I, chapters I-VIIý volume,:.,III,, chapters..XIY-XXVI; a I nd volume 117, charters Y-XVIl-XXXIII. he.present ýrersi.on of chanters VITI to XIII i,,-, ý,:rolliowineý.documents as t ey.appeared in provjý-,i(ýnal forrl--, 25,S er .1979 A/ý3 ýý3/Åýld-P ý)f 25 "eDt(ý,t,lbei- 197() and 1 October .1979 consolidation of the ,I/J34/2-ý/Ald.l of ,',/34ý/23/A /3riginal: 7nglish-/ VOLUTIE I,ý (Cha,-pters i to: VII), T-TTER OF TRATTSSMITTAL £,.hapter EES TABLISIIP-TTIT, ORGMTUATION, AND.ACTIVITIES OF, THE SPECIAL COWIITTEE (A/34/23 (Part I and Corr.1) 1ýTULTIIIGS 11ELD ATTAY FROM HEADQUA . RTERS, 1919,:W3412ý (Part- TI).Y DISSEýMIA . IODT.ö7 . INFORDIATION.ON DECOLO51UTIoN 64/34/21,(P I rvii» iv. ojjiLUTIOI:ý' OF.SENDING.VISITINGMISSIONS TO T'fý,RRITORIEc'.,(A/34 /p3.,(part IW V. ACTIVITIES OF FOREIGN:ECONOMIC. AIM OTHER' i11TERE, GTS :T m! CH ÅB-r, IDIPEDIEG THE IMPLEMENTATION OF, THE DECLARATION ON THE GRAITTING OF IPDEPENDETICR TO COLONIALICOUNTRIES AND-PROPLES IN SOUTHETT, RTIODE SM: AND NAMTBIA MW. 1 114. ALL OTHER i TERRITORIES UTIDFR COLONIAL DOMINATIODT AND EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE COLODJIALISM,.APARTHEIDAND RACIAL DISCRIMIMATIO. UJ SOUTHERN AFRIC-& (Ä/34j23ý.(Pari ITTJ) VI. MILITÄRYýACTIVITIEMANIDARPIÄXGFITTVTS BY COLONIAL POUERS, IN. TERRITOR S UNDE R THEIR ADMINISTRATION 1911CH: MIGHT BE, IPTEDING THE IMPLE MEIIT . ATION OF THE DECLARAMTI ON: THE GRAD I TING: OF, INDEPENDENCE, TO :COLONIA1 COWNTRIES AVD 790PLES 64/34/2ýý (iDart iv) Y. . DECLARATION.:ONI: THEI. GRÄMFG OF INDEPLYMENCE TC UI. IMPMAIENTA TIODT OY T,RZ, COLONIAL: COIDITRIE S ANDý PEOPLESý BY THEBIT CIALIZEWýAGFTTCIDS.AND. TITE INTE R . NÅT . I014AL TNSTITUTIOVS ASSOCIAT I ED WITILTHEÄJMITEDýITATIONS (A/34/23 (Pärt V» VOLUIE II (Chapters VITI-XIIT) Tlaxa,-ýraphs 'P-t g e VIII. SOUTEEP91 1110DESIA (A/34/23/Add.1) ...... 12 A. Consideration hy the Special Committce ...... 11 B. Decision of the Special Corrjy)ittec . . . . . - . . . . 12 ADIDTEX 1,Torking paper Prepared 'by the Secretariat ...... 10 -iii- CONTENTS (continued) Chapter IX. NA4IBIA (A/34/23/Addo2)...... A.: Consideration by the Special Committee B. DeCision of the Special Conmittee ... AN~NEX Torking naper prepared by the Secretariat X. WEffSTEBN: SAHARA (A/34/23/Aad.3) :...... A. Consideration by the Special Committee B. Decision of' the Special Cormittee ... .TNEX Working paper prepared by the Secretariat XI. EAST TIMOR (A/34/23/Add.3) ...... Consideration by the Special Committee B. Decision of the Special Committee ANNEX Paragraphs Pape,_ - 12 12- 1 12 ...... i. *. . 15 ... . *4 5 .. 1-5 ~~4 5 Tbrking paper prepared by the Secretariat ...... xAW GIBOALTAR (A/34/23/Add.3) ...... 1 4 A. Consideration by the Snecial Committee ...... 1 - 3 B. Decision of the Specisa. Comnittee ...... 4 ANNEXES I. orking paper prepared by the Secretariat...... II Letter dated 10 August 1979 from the Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General ...... XiII. rPUPEI (A/34/23/Ada.3)...... 1 - 4 A. Consideration by the Special Committee...... - 3 P. D...ion of the -pec:.l Committee...... 4 ANNEX torkini(. paper prepared by the Secretariat ...... -iv- 1140 i42 142 1142 5o 50 52 53 102 102 102 116 116 117 127 127 127 CONTENTS (continued),, VOLU14E, I T I (Chapters XIV-MI) e XIV. COCOS (K.EELIUG) ISLANDS (A/34/ý,23/Add.4) xv. HDBRII)ES (A/34/ 23/ Add.)ý), XVI, TOITLAU (A/34/23/Add.4) YVII. PTTCAIR-DI XVIII. ST. (A/34/P3lAddý.4) XIX. A!2PICAlýý SW'ýOk (A/ý4/23/Adc1.4) XX. TRUST TERRITORY OF TH2 PACIFIC WIMDý, (A/34/23/ýAdd.4) XXI. BER1,UDA (AI,34123/Add.5) XXII. BRITI,,11 VIRGUT. ISLANrýS:ý(Al34/23/Add.5) YXIII. HONTSERBAT Wý4/23/Ådd.5) XXIV. l'URKS Aý,11) CAICOS ISLADTDS (-"/34/23/A,:ld.7ý) X-ýV. CAYýW1 Il-LKTDS (A/34/2ý'/,ý.dd.5) XXVT . 1FTITED STATES VT*PGITI ISLAn,, (A/34/23/A,ý,-d-5) VOLUME IV (Cbanters XXV . 1I-XXXIII) Xý'VII. GUM,' (A/34ý/23/Add.6) XYVIII. FALKLUD (ý1ALVINAS) (P/31i/23/,Add.7) XXIX. BELIZE (A/ >),/2ý/Add.7) X'Gý. AMTIGUA, )T. KITTS-ýJFVI2- Å'ý,7GUILLA A-p-iD ST. VI'l!Cl'DIT (ANý/23/Add.[) XXX1. GTLBERT ISU,,Kl)qý XYXII. 2-1. ,,XJ lll. IITPORýlATIW FROM KOW-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES:TRADISHITTED W=R ARTICLE 7-3 OF TUTý C1lA=E 0ýF TITR UýlITEUSATIODTS (A/34/'ýW, (ýý1.ýas Tlie Cilbert Islancis acceý,cd to indenendence.on St. Lucin, ý_ýteceded t(ý, indeý-nejldence on,.22 Februaryý 1979ýas int Lw_ ...... . CIIAPTETý ý VI Il* SOUTIIERý,TýRHObEc)IA P,. Consideration bythe Special Conirýitteeý The ý'ýpecial Commit.t eé consideredý the question 6 . f: 8 . outIhernýRhode. s . la at :its 1139th to 1145th Meeting , between: 2ý. and, 27. April 1979 during..'ýts sessi6h held,.ýat, BelGrade. 2. In its:cbn.-,ideraiýion of.the itený the -cial-Commltteé-took:into account.theý provisioný Of the. rélev . ant,: Gene r <ýil . Ass emb lý. re s ol ut i dtiýs i n cludi rig . in particuar. resolution . s 33/38 A: I and B of,13 December. 1978. on the I (1ýiestibii, 6f . S6ýitheýrn. R I hoåe . siaan d. r . es6j, uti6i! of..the same I date I on ý the, .. implementåtion. o,...tfie,, Declaråtiofi o ný.,thé',ý.Gr an t. ing o f Independence.toýColonial Countries and Peo-plesi ::By Paragraph 12ý ýDf..,ý resolution..33/44,. the. General. ýAssembly. requestedý the. Special.''Iý, colýmittééý yýtoý: d4:intinue to seekS- ditable.means.for-the ilaple I tftéritåýt ibn:ý of. General -Assémbly:resolýitiorýý- 1514 (xv),,in.all.Tetritoriésý,,(ýhilch halré. not yet,ýatt.-iiiýed. independence and, ..in particiýl<ýir: tormulý4ti5,speci ic propo . s . a roi . r. :t he f,-,lim . n ation of.theýreiYýaininGýmanifes a lonsýof.(ý016niýLlism and, ýc) teportý:- thereon.,.,to the General.Assembly,.at.its thirty-foujrthsession".: The speciå,lýý ý6=itte:ie, also. paid due, atténtiotý to,.the relevant reso u ions..0 the sécurityý,:cduticil concerning.Southern.Rhodesla._: -be ote.it a 3. During it,9,.éonsiiåeråti6n.,of.,.thé:itéffiýl.theýý3peela ..Coirmittee,,1ýad.. vorking pap e rý.preparéd by the:Seeretariat::(Seéýarinéx.t<).- théý:piý,ýý!ýeht..chapter) contaln . ing I in f or . mati on on: develop I e I nts co I n ce rn . in . g the::Territoi-yý.:ý :Llø... particiPa iýDnof national liberåtion moveméýt 4. Inconfo ity with: tile,ýprøvisiolis. bf,ýthe y,.resoi-iý lons aud: I n:.: aci td rm. wlth ý tåblished pteL c tid I é5-the, Spe.cial C6rmittée,.:,in consultation , co ande, i es ýýAfric I all - Unity (oAU) invited*thé. national liberation..,ý,:...... e.: cý lon o t. rganizat'ý move iIn.e..rIito f. Sout . heiýh:Rhodesiaýtb. p I a I rtleipatL:ý:ih.ýan. observer, cýLpacl Y consi d e . rat. i 6hý: 1 0 ýf, ýthé ýitem. AccordinglY 5 the,.nåtiohaL-liberation.movement ýråý, represent d*duringtlýe télé- ýrånt..,proceedings.ý6f: the Special Committee,.(see.paraý.. -71 below). ý2, ýGerýéral Debate.. 5. At its.iiý6thýmeeti . ngý-.0 . r I i 4 - April . b y.: addptlng:. the. :e i ghty-s econd repor-t Of the al conmittee ý d,ýeidéd to take:. up the:ý,:: ý,Torki * .:G oupi .(A/ACil09/Lý;lý90.):,.,théý Peci ng r S al. lts ýtlé tihgs.ýat:Belg'rade:>ý tohbld.:a.Gener questi6n of So thetii,ýRhbdeEýlai dýiri e u -d ions: Sduthérn, deýateý coveringý:.the, quest of Rho esla, covéring. bbth items conciýsi6n ýOf the: ge ý,rýl åébåté i ådbpt eels.iý)n, b I 1:.A/ý4/23 /Addýlý. Previ6uslY,ýissued under. the, SYM 0 6. Accordingly at its l139t11 to l45th meetings, between 23 and 27 April, the Speci a Commiittee cSidered the : question of Southern Rhodesia, with the active participation, of the ,repre .se ntativé ofP~ the administerinC, Power, as wjeil as the representätives of the nationål .iberation movemient, and on the conceusion of the general debate, adopted a: Final Document on the:. Decolonization of Zimbabwe and :ämibia (see para. 10:below). Statements -in the general debate were made by the repre. sentatives öfthe, United:Kingdo o at Britain and Northern Ireland at the 1139th meet ing. (A/AC.109/PV,1139); Ethiopia, Indonesia and Bulgaria at the i4hoth meeting (A/AC.l09/rV.uhO) Chile, the. United Repiblic of Tanzania, India, Tunisia and .Fij i at the l41st meetifngl (A/AC.l09/PV.llhl ), Auistralia, the Union of Sovjet Socialist, Republics, Iran Iand .Sierra ýLeone at.. the-11.42nd Meeting (A/AC.109/PV.llh2) Swe den, the Syrian. Arab IRepublic .skChina, Cuba :and:. Äfghanistai at the llh3rd meeting (A/AC.109/PV.143); ad Tri nidad and:Tobago,_Czechoslovakia, Iraq, the Congo and Yugoslavia at:the: l:4thå meeting (A/AC.lo9/PV.ll4): An additional statement was made by the representatives of the Syrign Arab Republic (A/AC.109/PV.1i45). 7.. r. r;: Tirivafi. Kangai and Mr. John Nkomo, the representatives of the Patriotic Front,: made st tements at the l39th meeting ...AC..../PV..13... 8. Statements relatingto the item were also made by the representatives of the .pecial Co mmttee against Apartheid, the. United..Nations Council for Nämibia and by the Executive. Secretary:: of OAU. to the ý:United: Nations at tie 11 39th: meeti. (A/AC.109/PV.1.39);: the :representativeö f the Office of the United Nations Jligh Comi ission er for R efugees: (UNI.CR) t ethe-ihOtI ineeting (A/AC.1Ö9/VP.1 )h the irepreseéntåtiveé, of -the Ufniteýd 1',ati ons~ Educae t.io ,n Ial. Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO :at the, i1h4th: meetring (A/AC.109/PV.llh); and the representative of the OAU Co-ordinating Committee:.for the Liberation of Africa at the llh5th meeting (A/AC.109/PV.1145): (see..also vol. I, chap. II, of the present report). 9. 'ith: the consentofthe Comittee, the representatives of Algeria, Angola and i.Greece..participted in the Committe:s pro cedings. Statements were .madie by the repreentative of Algeria at the ll43rd meeting :(A/AC.109/PV.1143) and by: tiie: rep)resentative of Angola at the :114th meetin:g (A/AC.lOö/PV.li4:). 3. Draft decision 10. ::"At its rteeting on 27 April, the Special Committee adopted the draft text of the Final Document:. on the Decoloni:zation of Zimbabwe and Namibia, (A/AC.1O9/5 78)wihout objection (see para. 12 below) . Statements in that connexion .were made .by the: representatives of the Ivory Coast, the Union of Soviet Socialist.. pubJies Sweden and uArust ia/ 11.:Arl So t27 1 na LoctwOn e2nt WAi ecAC,109/578) relating to the *t on esi transmitted to the President of the Security Council Y')32~) On '5ay, the text of the Final Document was transmitted to the eirmanent ep.resentati ve of the United Kingdom to the United Nations for the attention of hi Governinent. Cpies öf the Final Docuienit were also transmitted to al States a d to the spciulized aö.Oeies and other organizations and bodies withlin the, Uni ted ',kations- s;ysterr and( to OAU. B. Decision of the Specia committee 12. The relevant sections of the. FinalI.Document on.:the. Decolonization of Zimbabwe and Hamibia (A/AC.109/578) adopted by the Special Committee at its ilSth Ymeeting, on 27 April, to which reference is ade. in paragraph 10 above, is reproduced below: (i) The Special Committee, in thee context-of the progrxe of work approved by the General A.ssembly. inits resolution 33/44 of 13 December 1978, accepted with. appreciation the invitaätion of. the Government .of Yugoslavia in that regard.and :held a.series of plenary meetings at Belgrade from 23 to 27 April 1979 to. cönsider the questions of Southern Rhodesia and ITamibia in view3 of the continued illegal .occupation of and domination over.these Territoriesby the r6cist régimes of Salisbury and Pretoria, a situation which the Security Councilý has determined as constituting a threat to international peace and Security. (2) At its.opening meeting, the Special, Committee heard an important and inspiring message from Mr. Josip Broz Tito, the President of Yugoslavia.in which he declared that ."the eradication of:colonialism is not only a matter, for the conscience of imankind but is also a prerequisite for the reläxation of tension in the world, for the strengthening of relations of: equality äanong countries and for the safeguarding of peace in the world"'. President Tito went.on to"state that ."Yugoslavia has always considered.that full.respect for the principles of sovereignty, independence and equality of all. peoples: and countries cannot be limited, and :brought intoquestion for the sake .of any interest, no matterwhose.. President Tito also stressed that. "ever since " the creation of the non-aligned movement in Belgrade in 1961, the liquidation of colonialism has been one of its most important objectives"'. The President declared that.the moment was right."for the United Nations. to iexpress.its so1idarity andproVide: effective assistance to the peoples of southern Africa, and to take"decisive I.measures to isolate the racist régimes and apply effective sanctions against them... (3) The Special Committee:also heard words of welcöme änd a key-note addresse delivered by Mr. IJosip Vrhovec, _the Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia. (4) 'Having considered the questions of Soithern hodesia and,!4åiibia within the context of the Declaration on:the Granting: of Independence to Colonial " Countries:and Peoples, contained in General,:Assembly resolution 1514- (xv) of h December 1960 and having heard the statements by the ýrepresentat ives of the Special Committee: against Apar theid:and the UnitedNations Council .for Näibia, by the Executive Seeretary of the organiZation of African Unityto the United lIations, by the representativ,: . of.the United: Kingdom of. Great: Britain-and:F*orthern ireland as the administering Fower concerned, and by the representatives of Algeria and Angola, as wall as by the representatives 1/ A/AC..1.9/P.....38. of the Patriotic Front of ZimnbabTe and tlthe South West Africa People's :Organiza tion ,he Specia Committee calls the attention of the international community, to the extremely.serious situation prevailing in those Territories as a result of-the continuing manoeuvres by the ille&al racist régirne of Salisbury and by the occpyng..regime !of Söuth Äfrica to perpetuate their illegal domination of these Territories and to impose puppet r6gim.es on the peoples of Zimbabwe and Näaribia. (5) Both the illegal régime of-Salisbury and the racist régime of South Africa bear a grave responsibility for the creation of a situation which seriously threatens international peace and securizy in southern Africa. This has been broughtabout.by their persistent -denial to the African peoples of the: Territories.which they illegally :occupy of ýthe most basic hurian rights, includingthe.inälienable right to genuine self,-determination, freedom and independence,. by their ruthless resort :to violenceandrepression in an attempt to stiflethe genuine aspirations.of-.those peoples, their repeated acts of .aggression against neighbouring States and their adamant refusal to comply: with: the resolutions and decisns. of the 'Security Council. (6-) Fce:dwith this rapidly deteriorating situation, the Special Committee sölemnly calls"for.international so'idarity with> and support for, the peoples of Zb e and NaMibiaa authentie national liberation movements reögnized by. the Organization of AfÄrican Uninity and by the United *Nations - the Patrioåtic Front of Zimbabwe and the South West Africa People.s Organization. -in.:the ir jus.t strugl to achieve genuine self-deternination freedom and independence. The.Committee urges.all States, specialized agencies, and institution.s associated with the United Nations, as well as non-governmental organizations. to render all possible.assistance to the peoples of; Zimbabwe and Namibia and 1their national liberation movements in their. struggle: tö bring, an end to colonialism, racism, racial discrimination and aartheid. (7) The Special Committee strongly condemns the illegal rgimeriof Salisbury and the racist.régime of:South Africa for their wanton and increasiný-resort to Violence and intimidation .against..the African .peoples under their domination and. for their cynical defiance of the United Nations in its efförts to.bring about the genuine and complete decolonization of Southern Rhýodesia and Namibia. (8) The Special Committee reaffirms that any settlement in these Territories can be accepted by the international community only if it is based on genuine independence':and. with tijhe full participation of the people of the Territory concerned,- as rep resented by its authientic national liberation mloveinent, in conformity, ith.:.the genuine aspirations of the people and in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United :ations(9) Accordingly, the Specinal Comittee cills upon the entire international community categorically to reject and denounce all i-anoeuvres by the illegal gime of Salisbury and the occupyin regime of.South.Africa to.impOse ..- Called internal settlemen ts.ý,.a i . med.,at giving:-theirýillegal reg me of legitir,,,acy In thi s.,.ýconnexion,., :, the Öömmättée,..ýrör . m . . älly, ýdéclåresl.thät the thé :i . lleg . 1ý xégiméýIft: Soilthém::Bhodesial: from ,1ý- cailed electi.ons:,he db,,to 21 April 1979:und thé:.results-thereof- ate:ýnull:andyoid.åädý:. I callä,::upon States to,ýý-rith o d-anylrecogni ioný.wia so ér,.,f 6 éå led. t ev rom any.s repres,ntatlVés.ý:: iästålled:, or-: organs. estäblished-:as a, résult.ý- ötý.theý,:bogus , s . e t 1.11:dé- 11 ff rtsIeihg. ý,ic cti ons The ýCommittee. .ý.reso u e y. nouncesa ,e o ljridert aken at I ::p . tesent .-byý-the- S outh- . fri can öccupyin- régim . t I oý légalite its Turnhall . e,: . P . uppet e . léments- . in-Dlam . bi . al å , s å nev, seri . us . step towärds,ý: inposing a puppet régime,:in ITamibia- åndlý as åh.*1e:kttemeý aff ront to: thé: Urlit ed ýJ ati Oris (10) The Special Committee::.draws,:attentiontothe-fact.that the struggle for liberatiOn.lin::,soiitherh..Afridå has,.now-enteted, its.ýffiost.,critical and,decisive j-)liase. lt:..:accotdinglyurges. ål States as weil., as:. internation . and,: rion- L,,overnmé . n . täl:.ýorgahizations t. ocöncert.their.ý,effortj in order ýtolring atout, early:.ý*..andi:jiist:.ý,ettléinents...in,,southern.:.Rhodesia..and igamibia based: ön Ilkajorjty: rulé and::åfi cöriformity.with:.thé pririciples Iaid down by,,,the United i ati ons äna,1 , ö ... step.ýup,åll-roundýsupýort and , as s i st an ce . to the. nati onal Ii , e I r , atjoným , ve . m , e I nt, s the Patriotic Front- of.Simbåbwc.and.,thé:Söuth,ÄIest Af Péåpl& s::Orgån:izåtiön:-, in-their nöble strugg e o ýac evé.ýthéae-goals. (11) The., situation:. in :Zlmbäbwe,,änd Namibla.has.,beený..,ekäéétbätédý.by:,the continul nGý.ext I ens . ive politi cal , military. and. éc6nömic,..links :9f cejrtain Westein. å:öther countries.with the, racist.:regimeof South Atri ca.. The failure so, far ý,by-tbe..,, eclirity .. councilÄö. adöpt..effeetive..meås ures..under Cliapter Vii ýof-th . ýChärtér.Of-th*,ýUnited, ilätions: against.ÄheýýSouth.,:,African regirie- is a. major- f actor: in, South Af rical s. continued,,.def.lånde, oý,,,..Uäite I d an -bia. Acdordin-l ýthe::Specialý Comm:L ,"ations decisiöns.: oh-zimbabwe* åndý 14 i Y 'ttec t C.. to. ia memb rs of the Securi ounci an in:.par cularý the es ern countries.. which ýäre, perrhaiient.niémbets. of the:ICISuncil to f acilitate the inposition of éffeet.ive measures Jjnder.Chapter.ýVIL.of-the,ý.:Chartér. (i-)IlteSecia111CoiImitteIden,o,un..c.g,Åh.eiat.est:ättemptsýby the.ý occupYing, .(,égime o f :Pre . tö I r . i . ä t, o procialm . a unilatérål.ýdéclaråtiön of. i ndepen dence 1.1 in 1-ýjjrjibia and:reite rates,ý i . ts dem I an I d thät: the..régime,ý,ullt!onclitjänally:åécept,ý. and upu ous y imp 1 eme . åt-the United ýNations: -1 bia! äsendot édby the Security Cou n . cil 11... iný,its resolutiOn1,435ý:(1978)OP,ý9ý1teI ptIe.nib eIr. I. southérnRhodesia (13) In Southern Rhodesia,.the i I i 1 . e . gal:ýr acist:MihOtity..,régime:has further ss i ý,:tétrorý::and intinidåtion åntensifiéå itý inhuman. practices:.ofj:ýppré on t iwits. clömination:over the ug nst th -b'd-to.,.re. a 'al* e.. people ý.Ih:.äýdesperate t erritory an o_ ejzýthe:tide-Pfli-berätioh:j I the I :iliegä!ý:r;'egimé.håsý resor eJ ..1 - - * .. I .. :.0 thi t ýrepeated ýmassiveýac so even: noré, ru ess:measures9 such.ýåsý,.1, SSt es which resulteå . in.. the massacre a6xgreäåion.against,nelåhbourlng,African.. of unarnea: civiläansý a it åtté t to. deceive, woriå.ýOpinionlåy imposing. tl-ie so-called internal:.settlement.ý (1) n helihtofthe,, foregoinfg,7 the Sýpecial, Comniittee: (a), Reaffirns the inalien able right of the people of Zimnbabwe to seif determinationý', freedomi and inideýperidence. axýd the1 eii.mc othei st ge to s euireé by all :means, att their isposal the en.joyinent of that righlýt as set forti- ini the Chartera i eofrit wit' thýe objcctive:s, of G;enerailAsrby resolution 1514 (ýXV); (b)Reafirns hePrinciple that there shouJid be no independence before iraej ority rule. 1i Ziiåbabýweand that: any settlement relating to the future of teTerr'tr usbe Ooke ut wýith the fuill, participation of the Patriotie -Front-anld.in accordance with.the true as3piration's of the people of Zrbbe (c) Strongly. tcondemns the continued.war of repression arid the intensi fied oppressivemeasures against the people of Zimbabwe by the .illegýal. racisit minority,. rg iDe, as well as its repeated acts of agýgression against. Angola,: Botavanad, Mozarbiqtieý an d Za7ibi a; ()Strongýlyý Condemna South Africaand certain Westerni and other .countrie s.for.the. direet* anýd:,indirectý supportthey are continuing to give to heilegal. raitioiyrégiffiée in cocntravention of the prov .sions of all the relevant reésolution Is and deeisions of the United Nations; (e Callsupontihe..Governmient of the United Kingdom-i in the diseharge of its prkirna ry .res p ons.i Ibility .as,,,the. adninistering..Power to take all effective measures, to enable .the. peopl e, ýo: Zinibabwe. to acceý-de to independence in accordance. w7th.théir deep.aspirations,,.to refrain from assisting or encorgin ,g a ny Iieås u re s wh .ich. couild. hamper thýis process, and not under any cicustncs o ccrdto t e ilea r' ime any of the lrcý,ers Gr attributes of. sovereignty;(f)- Condemrns and rejeots the so-called internal settiemrent reached at Såli sbuýry. on, 3 I:iarch 19cý78 as null and: void and, in confo)riit.), with Security Cbtnihl .resolutionh 423 (96 f 14 Mýareb 1978, calis upon all States not to accorýd any recognition to such settlementý (6.) Strongý-ly denounces all othýer manoeuvres of the illeý,al racist nilortyr~ire ainied at the retention of power, (h) In tarticu.ia.r, strong-,ly condemns and rejeets the illegýal ýconstitution,,drawii upr in pýursuac of theý so-called internal settlement as perpetuýatiiiý, thetý- present racist, minority rule; hi Caeorically rejects the so-called electioris held under this ill~lcorsttutonasnot prviigfor niajority ruýle; (j -callin- resoluitioný 445 (1979) of 8 March 1979 of the -e urity couricil, calls..upoti all- Sýtates not to accord a.ny recogýnition wh7!atsoever to anyr o-l-led riajorit 'Governmencit th-at may be soughýt to be fornied as a, result of t ile i a elIe ýt i 0ts; (k) Finýily supportsl.theý:ýpe6ple.oý.Ziiýb-ýýve er the .,urld leaders'hip.,iýýfý.ýthe patric)tic Front. in thý.,,lr,:legit-imate.ý*s*trý,g,le to:éxéýrcis e th. ei . r ...ýitia . liéhable ,lýt to self-detérmlnåtion,.and,,,lildepé ri n ence býr all mean åt thei disý,6S I ýaid calls upon all States o ex end.théir.:fýille8tý ýbssible, tý the . ýin tilat reLýard; (1) Earnestly requests::all St<ýteSý é:ký-- rt pressure by all:méåfis inorder to. térr!linåté..rbiý,th,ýýitlýý,:ýLll.:,.reptéssivé:measutes.perlýetratéd by ý the., i y regiine aeains illegal .raéiSt..ninbrit ý 6 tth eople of ZimbeLbwé;ý-.1t6 e:ýrécýt:ýthé, unconåiti6ii,,ilý a , n d- i .. im . ediate ..telea!ýé of. dlll.p6liticåLl pri§orieiý8,. and, the reirioval, ýofýý 11 ýrie , stric ti on . s ow . ind. i . viduals :as.wéll ýýl.,6tiýet restrictions,ý on,ýpolitical ýactivity:ý the establishment of full detoérat , c freeå6m an d: e q I politidal. tights aild.the,restoration.to thepopu lation oý.ýfun*daine*ntctlýhijxnan tlghts;ý and td.:bring. about the. iirýinediate,. dessa ion 0 all å , c t. s c aggress i on and, any preparations. thér I for against neighiýouring: Statesý (m) Strongly condemn>..thor>e,,sýa-tes.."ich.,allo,ý, or...efitourageintheir,-...-. territorY-thé recruit t .,ýmd,.tirýxnsitý of.inercenaries.forý 8outh Rhodesia:.and any. faeilities related.thereto, ýýd -talls uporl . til ei,, -t'o ý,: t 'ýké - alI',-'' necessary,:.ånd:. effective inéastires,.to prevent advertisem . ent.for,,an . å recruitýiént -kand-transit-bf inercenaries ý.f or.,Southern_ Rh6déýs115L- ,.11...ý1,..' (n) Requests.all,,,ståtes.. o.g ve iiýýédiaté. and. subståLnt.l.aiý.materialý assistance:_,t6 théý,ýýý)vértiitents*, of ýArlg61a, Botsýwana,-,.ý-lotaýn . b 3. que an A, lz. am enableth68e (ý6ve2ýrýnénts'to. strengthen their defence:capability.:irl:orderto safý-ýguardýeffectively. their. soývereignty, eýndý territor I i a, integrit yý.,. (15) Further.ý the-Special..Commit eé,,stjrbng3_y,éoridemns.týeiiietéasine,, collaboration in.*-Vi6 låtionof, Arti 1 2 h ýlhd:*Aiýticle of the Chart ev n 5 0 .8.tions,. c-iýtain er.:, bind of the . rej å t d,ýci ris, of theUnit*éd ll state art ic I ula I r ly S I bi! in ýrith the illeg iL rbýici s t .. m . i I n I or I ityý . ré(,im e. :the te by ý:ý s eri oiýs13ý the e ffective appli cåtibn ,o f.. >1 i . ýaLnetions,.and other.ffie sures tåkeiiýthus f ar, against. the. illegal, régime.,ý The: Conlinittee, 4eeply . disturbed at w , i d. e spre ad ý.vi oiatiý ons ..of., United:.Nations ,san.et.',,on ýd m that -is d the area c ål! ihý. particular for-urgent the-serioi evelopmen S:,iflcon . ce . r I t I e d ýi . n te*rnation al. actim o , n. w ith a. - viei.i.,to. im . p I Osi . n g isolation the ga ,re(ri In c6nnexibn thel. oiniýilt ce is deeply, c6ricerned.that me as b ýs f féLiled.ýtbýýb d ures ap , proved, e iý it Co haveýso:, ar ring.an en. y. ti c r y un to - tl 1 1 le gå! r - eg im.1e.ahåýisýIo.nvindedthat.ý.sanIclons:aI nriot put. I an- en d: . t 6 sup e r vise the:xe6gimé-ýunless:.tnéy: are,ýcomprehensive, mandåtiýýry.,.åhd:,,s.tir.let y:, a I nd,ý.u i 1 -1 iless:.:i-aeeýsýýés . aýré, ý.tåkefl.ý.ag I ai I nst-.States..'-which (16) Accordingly, thé.:.Spécl.ýl.,donimittee.,.,ý... (a) ,trong13r.. dern ris. t I ho G overn , dent s part icularly:.the ,G6ýretnMelit: of. t.. f .,the, united in vio a ion oti u lons arldý iii.,open.ý.4ýorýtta*enti of.their srecifie,obligations:under Ar-ticie 2.ý påragraph..5,,, . and:Article,25 of the. Charter. of.. the.., United N ýýti continue to. collaborate..withthe.illegai racist minority régime and urges those Governments to cease forthwith all such collaboration-, (b) Condemins alsothse Governr ents which violate the mandatory sanetions adopted .by the Security Council, as wel! as certain Governments which continue to:fail to enforce.the.sanctions, in ,contravention of the obligations assur.ed by them under Article 2, parägraph 5,: andd Article.25 of the Charterc). Expresses deep concern..and indignation at the current moves in the United .States of. America and the.United Kingdom to lift sanctions against the Smith rågime in violation of the decisions of the Security Council and draws: the attention of. thee Governmnits.to-their responsibility and obligation to comply. serupulously with .the decisions of :the Security Coumcil; (d) Ca1lsupon'all:Governmets" which thus far have not done so: (i).To take stringent.enforcement measures to ensure strict compliance by all individuals associations and bod ies corporate under their . jurisdiction with the sanctionsimposed.by the Security Cocil. . and to prohibitany. ,formof.ollaboration by them.with the illegal rgme '(ii)T0take effectiv, ,measures to prevent or discourage the emigration to Southern.Rhodesia -(Zimbabwe) of any individuals or groups of individuals under their jurisdiction. (iii) To d iscontinue any action which might confer a sembiance of legitiacy on the ýillegal:: rgime inter, alia, by. förbidding :the operation and activities of Air Rhodesia, the.Rhodesia ational Tourist Board andthe .Ehodesian informtion. Office, or..any other activities which conträvene the. ais and purposes of the :sanctions,. >äoinvaiate passports and other dcuments for travel to the Territpry, (V) . To take ai effective measures against international companies and agencies which supply. petroleum and petroleum products to the illegal regim1-,e in Southern Rhodesia;, RequestsI all states, directly or within the framework of the speCäa .ed agencies and other-. organizations within the United Nations system of which they are miembers, End thröurhthe rarjzes within the United Nations systeto_extend to the: Governments'.of.Angola, Botswana, Mozambique and .Zämbia all foris of financial tecical and .::raterial a ssistance in order to..enable those: Gvernments to vercome ..economic difficties in connexi on with .their.. applicatin of: economic s anctions imposed against the illegal, régme and.the severe economic loss and destruction of property boughtahotby the ts:of agressio m yte -8. (17) The Specia'l.:Committée.ýalso requestsý-iwgentlyall States, direetly.. through their action-in,'..the.specializ-edagenciesand other organizations and bodies Withiný.the ýunited.ýNati6r,!ý. system of.whichthey are meinbers, as well as the.. goåvernmental.:and::non goverrmental:ýorganizations concerned and, the veýriouS pr6gtaLtbesýýwitiin th United Natiotsý.tcý extend in consultation witil theý.Ciovernments corýcéttýed:,.and. in co-operation with ,the Organization,ýof Afriýýahl.:Unity :ariý!:,::thé':.United.Naýtioiis,ý High: Commissioner. for :Refugees ýýs: OPPro. . ria I e I the niaximumýý)orýýible moral, financial itateri ål political and, humanitar - i;ý. ass i ., s . tåLhcéýto. (a). The Zi 1 6 . ab- IWe,;2ýnrefu.gIee..sIinlozambiqueZainbiaBo tsjairýa nd..other. :African and (b) The :'. nýýiýonai liberation..movemebt of. Zimbabýw,ý.,ý.thé:.P;,ýtri(ýtie..Froiýt.",. in order to.:.,étlablé.ýlt to meet effectively the economic. andý.s6cial:needs,.of., t I he pegp, . le::iný..the jibéråted.areas of.ýZimbabwe.,ý In.the.:,samé. conneýxion :the,.,: Comi . hit . te e ý.stres ses ýýtheý urgent rieed:for.the rýpedialized aýgehciesý and other d. particularly..the United NationsDeveloprent-:Programme$ .ganiza lons. coneerne t6 éL tinue ..to: accord, priority., tothe provision, of.. s c ord otýtoft fin ån I c i al.*assistanceýwithýa vieýr.to enabling.the national.liberation move fe ti ly developmentýprojects:beneficial:ýtbýthé to prépar. ..ý.ý,ånd: organize. ef c ve peoplé coneerhécl,,:,ýand requests those organizations.to take: i&ýýdiateý.step!ý :in thåt:. t . e - ga rd..in eldseconsultation with the. Orgeýnization.,6f..Afric8ýnýý.unityý...I. th S-øeciaLlý Co ittee, e mm erative. that the scopeof sanctions againstthe-iilegaL eeffis. i .IMP re 1ýýallthe,measures,envisag 'girne be :ýridefted::ýbc5. inc ud ed undet..Artlclé,.41ý.,of,ý. the Charte'r.,,iýndýrý>ltejr ANNEX* Working paper. ~rpr.ed Iy the Secretariat CON¶LENTS Geography andpýeop1e...... Atternpts at :a .peacefuL settlement...... ýSt4tus 1of the.irite r nai ýsettle ment ýw Armed struggie...... or ,gani zàtin óf'Af'rícan Unity: andi thei:Group of' Non-Aligned Countries...... Agresin gans nighbouring States...... Eeonomic*eonditions...... Sanctions against Southern lhodesìàa ...... 17 35 - 98 99 - 112 113 - 117 118 - 122 123 - 138 139 - 176 *PrevibuslY iSSU e und er th ytabl A/AC.109/L.1284 and Add.1. -lo- :.,ýGEOGRAPBYIýMD pEýýpLE h Th---TerritCrY bf', SóUthernlýhodésiÉt:ý ýComprisin(7, an. area,, or. 24ý ý20..square.:ý !.les, ýbetwtýenýý,Lýtit1udýý. 1501ý361., S and.220. 301 ,S "d,. longitude F, and:: 33, 4 E.-1 1t- hares, bord vith, Zambia ýon the nó -w -4 s ers rth est,: Botswana-.: thc soutji-we . st South.: Af ric a, on the south andMozambique. on the, east . and. northj?- Population, d, emip, t* an ra ion 2. At 31 Dece I mber . 1977 ,ýthé, total population of Southern Bhodesiaý, as . ima at composed,,of Africans Européans,.Asians. and, Coloureds (5ee to,,the..estimates, theAfrican.populationincreased.,.by, 2 4 0, óOO from De c énb er -1976: *to, Decernber 1977 accoimting for, almost all of the: e . t .. c 1 e . nt.: I population.ine, rease-during, that period. Ovér..the.same months.. I -the E-Qrop . e I an:ýp o ' pulation..de~clined for,.thesecond successive.year in.the historyof the.ý. Terdto- ry. estimated.at 10,,000.(double:the figure att:r1b . u I ed to :the:ý high. rate. of Európe emigr ion .(see table 2ý below) :.,In Decernber~1977.ý there i,ýéreestiriated.to.befi.6 million Africans, and,263M0'. Eurc-Péåns. in: SoutLer I i . i Rhodesia 3. According-to reýorts11> the. rate..of i- mi(11ratión~ýfrom.southern,,Rbodesia*,.:whi c ýb . ecan to.-rise, in,,1973,,,has. remained.vejry, high. .,Combined with.the-ýýt4ýýadily,.. ( ' teeli n i .. ngý rate:of: immityration,. the net exodus reached , an ý, all-time,, high ,in 19TT:,ý .(see-table- 2,ý, lo Since the. signin of the..Rhodesia Constitutional Agreement., known . asý theý.-Salisbury Arreement), on. 3 March 1978,.b/.the, rate.of.white.1: emigratión.,,-has.. f urther..:,.accelerated. Sy. mi d- m-1978 ý., it*. vas I calculate . d that . 2 . per.cent oý...the: ..est imated. 260 1) 000,ý whites.ý had left: Southern ý Rhodesia.. : ,The..monthlY: n et,,-loss . of ýihites'.wasý,reported tohavebeen .471,in ý,,larchý, lý111, inJuly,- 1,245 ih Augustý and,. the highes t I monthly exodus , in 151 ars Inthe: first MO ntedýto 9 104iý,By th ' ..end of, December.1978.nth!ý.óf- 1978. thenet loss amoU 18,0ý» ýýwhiteÉ;::.were. répo . rtedtohave leftthe Territory$ýcompared:.Vith,16,638 ih the previous yeår. 4. Many professionial,:People,ý, have.' joined. the:. ekodus..ýrom.,the ..Territóry...... According to reportsý::,in..1578 e.ýTerr i ory.had:a:riet.ý.loss.of 121 teachers,-68. engineerÉý:,,ý,:. 66 accóuntants:: and uditors:, 53,-nurses and.more.than,,420- artisans. :_Purth'et many.: a a[~Othet..esti imatesý PU ýthis figure at 7:-0 million wýi . c h gives:'an.,. Af i c-, t, /E- ur ratio of:, almost -27-1 comparedwith the 1976, ratio , of .24: lýatbly T-hirtv-third 'b Sée e s s i en -f icial:, ecords óf ý the General: Asserr ý),ýPpj .. %.- - chap ar ýas, 5 7 ý-6 3 Sée:, ement, l),,, vol anne alsolparaý 35:ý.belowý jj Table 1 Soutbernl(úodesia: estimbatedpopulation, 1268-i21 7. The number of tourists visiting :the Territory .ý häs.also decreased. AcÄoiin: to the figure s of the: Southern Rhodesia JCentrtal StatisticeaJ Office, d/ the nurnbý.-r of krisitors tö the Territöry. in. 1977 was about 121.9199, compared with 169,854 in the previous year., 2. ATTI PTS ATA PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT A.Anklo-Amýerican proposals 8.S..:.since 1977, the United Kingdom.of.Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Supported .by. the nited. Stat of Amer: ca has continued in its efforts to find a peaceflý Settlement to the problem of the tränsfer:of power in Southern Rhodesia from the white minörity, to the African: majority e/ 9.: On" 1: September 1977, ýproposais for settlement: of the Southern :hodesian problem were simultaneöusly. announC ed at Salisbuär Londö äand: Washington, D.C. They were.alSo cömmunicated to.the: President:f the Security Council in a letter of. the sae da from, the .Permanent Representative .o the, Uited Kingdoöt to the Ujnited:Nations.: 10:. As sinarized .in the letter to the President of the Security Council, the proposals were based on the following elements: 1. The* surrender of power.by the illegal régime and a return to legality. "2 .An orderly. and peaceful.transition toindependence in the course of 1978. 3. Yr eý å'.- ,- t4. . 3.: ree and impartial eletions on.the basis of universal adult suffrage. h.The. establishment by~the British Government of a transitional administration, with the: task of conducting the elections for an independent * " Government. "5. A united Nations presence, including a United Nations force, during the trans ition period. n. Ain inependence constitution providing for a democratically eleted Government, the abolition of.: discritnination, the prote.tion of individual I Iii. ixnfan, r Iight8:, and: th .e in dependence of the j ,udi ciary. d/ e ..use of ýsiuch ,terms as "republie", "constitution", .minister" etc., withouTt quotation marks: does not in any way imply recognition by the United Nations of the.::illegl r: eime:in :Southern Rhodesia.ý a, el O/ýfficial Reéords of .the,.General As sembly, Thirty-second Session, Su pplement No :. (A/32/23/Rev 1) .ol. chap. VII, annex, paras. 15-59, ibid,, Thirty-third Session ,. SupplementNo.23 :.A33/23/Pev.l), vol. II, chap. VII, änle x, prs >~6 -14~- "7- A development fund.:tÖ revive the economy.,of the. co . n . try . whi . 6h the Unit ed Kingdom and the Unjtedý:Stätes.! vjé14.. as. Pre I didåte d upon the implementation of the settlemett..asI.:aYhöle,!,,:Li,, As there was no full-agreement Oriýthese Point s. ,by: ål! the Parties., concerned it was hoped that the dif fétences could be ý settjéd åt ýan,ýäjlý..Pgtty. : ton tetence. in äÄ April 1978, 14r. Cyrus, R Vance , the-, United:: States Secretary Dr. David Owen, the:Unit . e 4:Iin , d , öm of-,State. and,ý. 9 Sécretary of. Staté. för Föjýéign and, co m I monw . e alt I h Affairs, visit.edAfrida: to holdlýcönSultåtions.:with.offjcjals.ýof the:påtriotic Frohtýý at Dar es Salääm,,,anä' w I t, h representätiVeSýof the Illegal,reg me åt - gäljsjbtiýy regarding t epossibl ity,,öfholding Sucha :conference. The Patrjötje Front-ýwa åý reported to have acceptedýthéý,.suggestion butthe illegal:regite, äftejr..:åý:perjoå of reflection, rejectedý:thé idea,-stating. that in its view, such aýcönference vould not serveäny,:uséfkiI.purpose._.-12. Subsequently, two. ftirther efförts wc I re maj t i legal ýrégime. to e. o persuadé,the '1 agree to an all-party,:,conference-, EarlyIn June 1918:1). 14r. Jýohný.dråham,::Dé uty Under-Secretary.:atý theljnited Kingdoå: Foreign ý and Cödiböhtiealth ý Offi. ceý and~~~~. Mr. Stevelå..1t6w,..thé..Utiited Ståtes..Ambassador to Zåäbia,,ý visited Böttkana, Mozambiqué:$ýý: Southerm Rhodeäia the United, Republic of T d consult vith,ýrepresentatives-of:,the: front-line Statés and the: . conce I rneå parties to the Southern:Rhöde .. s . i - an I p . roblem There: were. further: consultations :in_Äiigust Witli the same partiésý:5n'ýAfrica:. ::Theäe effortsalso.failéä,to åeCure the: ägreement of the illegal régime::t6.attefld an:allparty, öonfeýencéý... 13. During thi s . pe ri öa (s . ee.Yaras., 32-33 b elow), Ivlr.ýIan.Smith:,was still:I.böPing to split the Patriotjé,:,Fröntýh/,-by persuading Mr.'.JöshuaSkomo:ÄO.joiä thé.:illegal régime. His höw , Ver., and Mr. Nkomo subsequéntly, decidéd.,that the:, convening of an all-ýparty:con fere ne e wo I ul d not,: léad:AoA -t, rån , s fe r , Öf power ýto the Patriotic Front 14. Once it became clearthåt Mr.ý: Nkömo:WoUlå:ftot åttend.än,:åll- Pårtyý,conference, Mr. Stnith and his-colleague , s d, ur , ing:thei . I v I i , git:to I the United s t at e s . see paras. 49-53 below Y '.ägréeÅ tö.ýatten , d, an al . 1 - mPå . tt . Y, corif e . r 1, e . n . e I e vithout.:p . c-conditions in the hope of sécuririg: wider suppoxt främthe::UnitédSt I tesCofigteås and other groups. 15. As part of its efforts to find.:1 w.peaceful:,sölution, theUnited Kingdom initially developed a secönå,opt iön toÅbeSeptémber:1977.Änklo- American,,proposals and in October 1978 added a furt her . öpt I iöri Théseýopti o I n s . known-as op tio I n . s Ä, B and C, deal with the problem of the transfer of ý.powér tiiethitc-..rääorit-ý to the African majorit y. t -second YEýåýsuýýement f/ Official,ý.Records of theSééýirityý:ýcoläcil Ir y for July, Agiist- :ýånd.Septemberý1977 S/12393. E,/ Official Recotds of,ýtheGeneral Agsembl Thi t ~third. Session, SLiý eýnt N2- 23 (Ä/33/23/ReV.1) vol chap. YII paras., 31ý56. 6 der.the..joint léadership of hl The Patrio I t . b F . ront~vås fofted in.oc ober..197 un Mr. Joshua Nkomo of the.ZiäbabvéýAfrican PeoplelsUnion-(ZAPU) and.-ý, Mr- Robert Mugabe of I :th .. zimbabwe Africen National:. Union AZANU).:(see 321 11:11,1 e., below). 16. It will be: recalled ýthät undert.! he. September 1977 propoals (see paras. 9.1. above) therewould b resident comissioner who was "to administer the country, to organi.ze" and:conduct generai. elections ... and to take command, as Commander-inChief ,of alli armed forces in Rhodesiä, apart from the United Nations Zimbabwe Force"-. i/ Aecording to reports,, options.,A änd C suggest a governing council in tlie :transitional period whose maijor I funtons wouldbe to elaborate the constitution and .prepare., for elections within sixmonths 1:after:the: establishment of a transitional administration, The differnce bet that, in option. A, the resident commissionelr ouid simply be one of the members of. the council, while,"in. option -C. he would be chairman with a casting vote. 17.. .In a stateent before-the Fourt on 8 November 1978, J/ the representative ofKingdomstated that option and proposed a transitional period of six monoths starting with thetransferofpowerby illegal r gime and ending with elections and ."independence. 18. Under optin B, Zimbabwe could become independent within three months of the start of the transition , subject. to a: referendum. of all :the people in which they would be asked whether .tey. wished: to go .forward ::to :ilndependence on that basis r not. The.United Kingdom. representätive explained:,that, :under, option B, if a majority voted for independence.on.that basis, the .transitional constitution would renain temporarily in force until it.was superseded:, after a general election for a national assembly, by. the onst itution of an dent Zimb bwe On the other hand, if the majority of voters did not .support: the, proposal for independence on that basis, Southern Rhodesia wouldcontinUe itsdependent status.under.the transitional cönstitutiOn :until elections were held, no later than six months after the referendum. 19.. -Thus, the difference. between option B- on the one hand and options A and.C on the other is that in theýlatter two options, .elections would be held before independence and within six months of the establisliment of the transitional administration.. In:option B, there would be no elections before independence, which.would.be~gränted within three mtnths of the.estäblishment of the transi,'tional administration, instead. the people Of.the Territory would be consulted by means of a. referendum duriig the three months before independence. 20. llthree options are said to propose that the governing council established for the transitional periöd should have eight members, with four seats for the Patriotic .ron t (two for each *party in. the Front) and the other four seats for the illegal regime. (with one seat for each party). Also, all three options provide for the integration of the security forces of the illegal régime with the forces of the Patriotie Front but leave the procedures for doing. so to be decided at an allparty conference. iOfficial: Records~of the, Security Council, Thirty-second Year, Supplement for Juy, u tndSeptember 1977, docuent -/.23u93, enclosure, para. 11 (a). j/"OfficialRecords öf the:General Assembly, Thiry-third Session, Fourth Committee. 19,th.eeting, paras. 414l2. -16 - 21. Acc rding to the Unitedi Kingdom .Government kl the three options do not Cn te the basie principles laid doi%än .i the~ Septemberi 1977 7nglo -American, proposas :t hey are view'ed as a refinement of the .original: proposals intendedto ".encourge t:rå he ~ t .h . parties concerned to get together and..negotiate.. 22. on 1 November 19783. Mr. Edgar Tekereý tÄhe. Seretary-General of ZANUI (Mugåbe), speaking before the Fourth Committee as :pat. o the Patriotic Front delegation, said that the. Geneva. Conference of :976. hadä achieved .one. point-of agreement: electiOns b* före indepen dence. lin Zimbabwe, Thereföre, ZANU w sur prised that "the Anglo-Americans c:-." leärly i proposed in: option B thät. there .beöno. eleect ions. in. Zimbabwe...t .il. afer independene. I He added that ZANU was of the, o öpinion that the proposed fusion :f the. iliberätion forces was .weighted :in: favour of the illegal.' r..gime and ZANU would not accept suchl fusion.: 1/.: 23. He also said that the Patriot ic Front was :.not prepared to Ittenda conference without pre-cond > itions beca aus e:- we desire to lay. doitions *td have in fact long made s*uch. pre-conditions Wnowný,:the ýmost fundametäl-onesbeing that the entire Saligbliry régime mu st go and :the: enemy forces must:be .omple y tely dismantled'. 11/ 24-, On 1 November 1978, .Mr: Callistus. Ndl ovu, the representative of ZANU at the United Nations, speaking beforethe Fouth: Committee as part :f :the.: Patriotic.. Front delegation, reit erated the statementr- made:: by. Mri.' Jöshua Nkomo. in S eptember. 1978 ..that "he all-pärty:: cnferee" is dead and buried'., adding that his is our fin . . stnd. In" his view, the idea of the:conference had been kil.ed.by ..Western duplicity and the :.:cunning callousness of: Ian Smith .:.whom the West, has. eently sought to clothe: i o f espectabl Moreover, in the absence of a resolve by the ,United.Kingdom I:to, pro-v ide .decisive le .adership in a'nyý negot iations, the all-party conference Would :become ån .än...'all-foolo.. circ I .us,. and thus it v ö".ma ::ke very little sense to a:ttendl such, a, conference. tt 25. On 21 November 1978, the illegal .:regime :issued a statement.to the press, calling gc ain on theGovernments Of the:United States and the United .Kingdom :to rethink their policy o Rhodesia ndto abanIdön .the .veto they have for* so long accorded the Patriotic.Front"_ :. According to the ståtement. everybody whö was prepared to participatein:.peace would be'welcome to.itäke part... in free an fa elections" under::'the3 March Agreement. It denied .any ..responsibility for the failure of :'the .current ritish-American policy on Rhodesiå".. k/ The Times (London), 24 .October :1978.. 1/ For the full text o f th .e statementqsee Alc.h/33/L.3- See also Official Records of the Generäl Assembly,.Thirty.-thiråSession .Fourth ommittee, l2th meeting, paras. 3-10. m/ For the full I text of the -stateinent, see A/C.h/33/L.h. See alsö Official Records of the General Assembly 'hirt -third session Fourt Committee, l2th ieeting, paras. 15-2h. -17.- 26. On 23 November, Mr. ..James Callaghan, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stated in Parliament that he was sending Mr. Cledwyn Hughes, a senior Labour Party member of Parliament, as his personal emissary to southern Africa to find out from the interested parties whether a basis existed for calling an allparty conference on Southern Rhodesia in London early in 1979. Mrs.4 Margaret Thatcher, the leader of the Conservative Party, and Mr. David Steel, the :leader of the Liberal Party., are reported to have warmly commended the choice of Mr. Hughes. 27. In the same statement, Mr. Callaghan said that he was taking that initiative after :consultations with President Jimmy Carter of the United States and that Mr. Low, the .United States Ambassador to Zambia, would accompany ur. Hughes on the mission. Mr Callaghan added that he would be willing to preside at the conference whenever it was held. 28. The Prime Minister recalled hat in April 1978 the Patriotic Front had agreed to attend an all-party-conference but that the Salisbury parties to the internal settement..hadrefused an offer to participate in such a meeting. In October 1978, the Salisbury, part ies had stated 'that they were willing to attend an all-party conference without pre-conditions, but at that time the Patriotic Front "appeared to be unconvinced" that the. basis for a successful all-party conference existed. While.the United Kingdom and the United States had not set conditions for the attendance .of the parties at the, conference, they believed that a conference would most likely succeed if there was a. basic. framework; in consultation with all the parties, they had been trying to identify such a basic framework. 29. The Prime Minister added that the United Kingdom would begin such a conference by putting forward the Anglo-American proposals which had been worked out and refined in the light of manY consultations a conversations. If other proposals were put forward d ive e consent-of parties concerned while matching the principles.with which Iboth sides of the House of Commons had complied, .the United Kingdom would not adhere rigidly to the Anglo-American proposals. 30. On 29 November 1978, Mr. Hughes held a meeting with President Mwalimu Julius.. K., Nyrere-of the,: United, Republic of Tanzania at Dar es Salaamn. Thereafter, he proceeded to South Africa,. Zambia, Southern hodesia, Botswana, Mozambique end Nigeria. He consulted. with the interested .parties , including heads of State and leaders of the respective: factions of the. Zimbabwe .nationalist movement in each country., and with officials of the .i ilegal: rgime .: President Nyerere and Mr. ::Mugabe .are reported :ito: have: told .Mri Hughe s: that any conference had to be based on the Anglo-American proposals of September 1977.: President Kenneth Kaunda of iZambia is: said.to .have expressed .the view that the time was not ripe for an allparty conference. Mr. Nkomo was reported as saying that the idea of en all-party conference w . a .. a ..non-starter .. The illegal r4gime is said to have reiterated its position, that,.,it was prep Iared to attend the conference without any pre- conditions. In Nigeria Lieutenant-General Olusegun Obasanjo is reported to have described the idea of an all-party conference as.: "dead". Mr. Hughes returned to London on 14 December j andstbsequently submitted is report to Mr. Callaghan, which the Prime M4inister. accept .ed. The, followving .are the main conclusions of his report, which, was published. in January.1979: -18- (a) The parti.es are very far, 3part and:there is..at~pre.sent-no possibility of b:inlging them close enough.to.reach :anagreement. (b) The Governments of the United KingdoS. and the United States should rernain firinly committed to the search for a negotiated settlement. (c) IIeanwhile, the Anglo-American settlement :proposäls ofSeptember 1977 shoild remain available as the best bäsis "we can see at the presnt for an eientual settlemnent. (d) The overnments of the United Kingdorn and: United Statesshould continue consultations regarding:.any furither.steps which ihtibe taken t .improvethe :prospects for successful nego iat ionsand toý prepare to t.ae advantage o. ny Opprtunity which might occur in order.to promote, a peacefulsettlemnent. 31. Dr. Oven and Mr- Vanceheld: further discussions ,on the questionof Southern Rhodesia at Washington D.C. on 2 and 3 February 1979.I In a joint: statement- after the discussions, they expressed the: view that there appeared to .be no solution. or end tc) the war in sight- .: They c onsidered thät the: white referendum held on *30 January in the Territory*was*a futile gesture. In conclusion, .they reäffired their conmitmit ,to., creating- an independent black- ruled. Rhodesia through electiöns suverised by the United Nations, to be held followin :the., implementation of a cease-fire and the setting.up of a neutral, transitional administration. B. SM ith-ýNkomo I m.eetingý32. According to reports, Mr. .Smith and Mr. Nkomo met:secretly at Lusaka .in ~i:d-Augst.in the presence ofSBrigadier General Garba :of Niger ia and some senior officials of the Zanbian Government.. Mr., Smith is repörted to;have insistoedhat he attended the meeting with ýhe full: knowledge:of Bishop Abel Muzorewaä, President of the United Africän Natiönal:,Council (UAC), the Reverend Ndabäningi Sitholen/ and. Chief Jeremiah- Chirau, President of .the Zimbabwe United.People .s. Orgnization (ZUPO) (his colleägues on the: Executive. Council :established: in accördance with the ,Salisbury Agreemento:.f 3 March 1978)..After the: meetinr, rebörta suggested that ir. Smith had offered Mr. Nkomo the permanent chäirmanship. of the Executive Council if he returned to Southern:,Rhödesia.without..Mr.ilugabe but Mr,: . bkomo is reported to have refused to return Vithout.Mr. Mugabe. .r. Smith then offered to cOntinue negotiations betiyeen himseif and: Chief.Chirau on the one handanå :Mr." Nkomo :and lr. Mugabe on the other. He is reported to"have töld Mr- Nkmolthat:.h. eävs prepared to drop Bishop Muzorewa and the Reverend ýSithole if Mr.Nkomo could deliver PMr. -ugabe. 33. The Presidents of the front-line States:(Angoll Botbswana, Mozambique, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia ) i net at Lus aka from 2 to 3 September 1978. ni In May 1978, when the illegal rgime announced that it was lifting the ban iraposed in 1964 on ZAMUand: ZAPU,the" Reveren:d Sithole .changed the naäme of his organization, formerly the Äfrican National Council: of :Zimbabwe (Sithole), (ANC (Sithoe to : ZANU (Sithole).T::::Te leadership of-ZANU has, since I 97å4, been contested by mr- Mugabe aäd the Reverend.Sithole. -19- They are said to have discussed, among öther things,,, the report of the secret meeting between Mr. Smith anaAMr. Nom..ccording to President Nyerere, the frontline:States::6nhciuded .that. Mr. Småth' s intention eting Mr. Nkono was clearly ät try divi F nd.if possible to divide the front-line Sttes" .PresidentNyerere stated that he frn line States preferred talks on Southern Rhodesia-to be with the United Kingdom, as the colonial Power, and on the basis of' the Anglo-American proposals. C .Re ignation of Lord Carver 3h On 30 November, the United Kingdo Foreign Office announced the resignation of 1 Lord Cärver, who .hadbeen appointed by the United Kingdom to be the resident commissioner for Southern Rhodesiaunder thericanpro s 1 September 1977. The Foreign Office ,tated:thathe would not be replaced immediately and that another äppointrent would be made only after agreement had been reached., by allL parties..t..the Suthern Rhdesan problem. It was partly because of the pröposed powers.of the resident commissioner that both the Patriotic Front and the illegal r4gime were reluctant to accept: the. Anglo- American proposals, both sides being of the opinion.t thatthe Anglo-Ameriäcan pröposals had concentrated too much power in the resiadent cömmssioner. 0/ O/ For the powers of the resident commissioner, see OfficialRecords of the Security Council, ThirtysecöndYer ple nt...... for July-_ut and Septeb 19, document S/12393. -20- 3. STÄTUS-OFTITF1ý-IYTERITAWSETTLEIYPTIIIT ýEt will. be recalled that ýthe saljsbliry.:ÅgrCémeht of rch 197 w i b 3 Hå s 5 g e y r"'jshö].-) ýIuzörewa..OANC) 9: the Revérend: Sitholeý (ZAjýu (S -th 1 » - . '11 : 1 0 E, Chief, öhiraj.i (WPO) and lIr . Smith'>ý (thé.ý Rhodesia,.. Front).:, The Ägre t «ulý .ý '': emen was.intended,to.provide:, internal. settleniéät,ýto.ýtheý:Southern Rhodesiån.problernj as an altérnatiýre to the ÅýICIo4xierican::':pråpösalsýý,: Uridet:.the. Agteýer.ént i. a C7övernffient, ý knOWn ý as flje öövérnmentýý.*.was,ý,estäblishedlcompriýing an Exééutive Cöiincil. and pffiligtérial:,: ouncili:: :.The Executive-CounCil consists,.of the four.Ieaders of:th- . the,: 'Agreemént, and the P4inisterial.COuncil cönsistg of i 8 mö , räbe , r I s . 9:Afri cans . appointed by:ýthc African. leaders and 1ý 9 whites åppoin ted b* Y, Hr, Sinith .:::.ýhc-Atreement providea, interý alia,, that, the Territory iroiiid attäin 1'inde.pendence ::on :31:.Decémber after.elections. 315- Frömthe outåét, itýbecane.cléar that the neý-t .governmental strueturý, Ave tlio ,tjrica . n..,me , räbersý,,Very little.. real control. Atthe.same time, the African leaders gradually: becaine.. pitted against each otherin astruggle for poitér uh ile. Hr. Smith, ..mul , e , . uVté d:*to :ensure . continued. -vrhite. control even, after independen I ce, witht ho:: yesult that, the, diraftinfr, of the constitution and measuros.to redistribute land ]hd repeal the discriminatorylavswere all. delayed37. on, 16 ','lovenibeir, 1978Y föllowi g a, visit, by, th :fou leadersto, ',out h At ri 1,,herc they:::raeCPrirne Minister P. I-T. Botha, the so-éalled.transitional GOITernment annowiced:that. becatise. thé, draftinp of the constitution had notÄ):een curfjpletéd, the.ý.elections orig.,inally planned for Decenber (see para. 35.above) Yrolild: be poätpofiéd.töý20 April-1979,1 No new independence date irås setblit å nevtiine table:'xýäs éståblighed as follows: (a),the drafting of the constitution,-ýroulcl be coräpletéd::by:-22 Décémber,.1978,, (b) the draft constitutiön would be.subnitted.ön-:_-, 30: J I ah . u . å I ry,1979,: tö:a referendum in which only theYhite:électoraté,:6f93 000 1 To ul, d latti:,bijjåto,, .(c). the pr . eseht Parliament Youldbe. recalled on 6.:February, anddissolveå ýýon. 1 8 Tlarch (d) nominations för the :72 Åfrican and M white: seats. provided. iii.ýthe::Salisbl(.jL:iýý:Agreenient wouldbe conpletéd.by 23,Dle.irch,; and: (c.ý) the, ele etion sý týöuld: be held-on 20 April. 38. After a 10-hourý meeting o the officialsý. ofthe:.illegalýIreÅginojiý . e ärlier had warhod. of, dire consequénces ifelections YCýrri Tostporied, sald..tliåt,lie.,was satisfied 'with theý postponeinent cöyaé diý iýOdite. in: he 39. By the enä:.ýof the, YéAr, the now illegal régirne had. be c d. t eyes of the :1 , Zinlabyveans:., . ýha: had.been led tohöpelthätthe Internal set'tléi4é11t:WOUICI.,: lead to genuine. najority: rulé. ý,::Furtherý théýprömised cea I s e-»-ý fi , re 1. had :hot beenrealized. In fact, 1. a I s stated below,(see.paras. :102-ýý107) guerrilla warfä 'téintensified, en'gulfinethe entire Territoryp/ For details of the: Salisbury Agreeråentý,ý,sée, official ecojrdsl.öf.theýGeinejall ýu,sembly T . hi dSéssion, SUDD1~ht Djo. 2 3 (A/ 33/2 3/ Rev. 1 y vol.. irty-t ir CIýap. VI I annex . paras -21- A. Land distribution 4O. As stated in an earlier report of' the Special Committee, the Land Apportionment . Act of 1930, which was replaced by the Land Tenure Act of 1969, had p rovided the mech an ics for the a locat ion of land according to race. q/ roll.wing is establishment, the new i legal r ~gime anouced that it would repeal the Land Tenure Act. (By :the end of 1978 this had not yet been done.) .....On 10 August 1978. the illegal regime revealed that 4 nillion hectares of the land allocated .1 to.Europeans were .Vacant and under-used". It announced that it planed to resettle :the landwith quaifiedfarmers of any race, with preference .being_ given to, ex- servicemen ofall races1 it instructed the Rural Development :B.okard: to settle. t hei farms. on a: a .n ndi vidual title basis :4without creating uneconomic individual holdings . Accordin to the illegal rgi-e, the land resettlement program&e will cost 4.116 million. B. Racial discrimination b2. After the signing of the Salisbury Agreement, the illegal regime announced its.3 intention to repeal. all race laws, and reiterated that intention on 10 October, but it now appears that no action will be taken until the Parliament begins its session, in February. 1979. According to one report, although the illegal r6gime intends to abolish all statutory racial discrimination, it is preparing a system: that preserves the privileges . enjoyed by the country's .white, minority. The system under consideration would::: set .economic and cultural requirements which would ef'fctively limit access of the Territory's 6.5 million ac to housingeducation and the medical care now available to :263,000 whites. The :economic requirements are likely to favour the whites, whose average annual income is reported to be 11 times that of an average black. 44. Mr. Rowan Cronje, the white Co-Minister of Education, Health, Manpower and Social Affairs, is reported to have said that the new plans were designed to '~rtai th hih tanard towhih oth the white and the blacks have become accustomed", Although these new plans are said to be based on a three-tiered arrangement, in.essence the facilities formerly available only to whites would. admit only those Africans who could. .meet what are considered to be European standards. In the school and hospital systems, for example, one tier would have high :fees combined with certain requirements. African children whose parents are capable of paying the high fees would be required to prove that they meet certain academic or other requirements. The other two tiers would co prise schools and hospitals Providing services at low fees or free of charge. I / For details on the distribution of land nder the two Acts, see Official. Records ofthe General Assenbly, Thirtieth Session, Si4plement No. 23 Th/lOO 2J/Rev-.l), vol. II, chap, Ii, annex, paras.75-6. 45. On 30 iý.overnber, it was also anone hteuainadhath would be regulated by regional authori.ties COrnposed.6of embeirs:.elected:,by, ýlocal commnunities. Since there has traditionall.y. bee*n a separationo the: .:bl ack a nd w;hiýte: 6o.mities, this proposal is viewed as ýan attemlpt .to.preut aildsrxiaini edueatiofl and health arter .the: elee tlon . ± 20 Api 199sttesaetm i Was announced that hospital. feeés ý1iýh h 'ptåls nlWrsre 'r tsvudb raised on 1 January 1979 by a minimum. o0 33per: cent. In. some. ca>e!s, esfr care in private wards ýwould -be increased:fo R60 o~ 5.0prdy n 'e for ca.re in general ,,non-re.sident wa.rds fa n1.5 oýT 1.0 re iJanuary, those hopsitalýs w.ýold be ctalled .11open'. hoSP i t.aI s :avaIjEiae t yoe who cldpy Tenefes are :.ýbeyond- the ýpayn ýcapac.itY of moýst -Africans. 46. Similarly, although. white .re.sidentil aeaLs vauold.be apen-tofall races, laws to maintain "the present s!ýtandarýdSland.,ch I riicter','ýof::these ýneig- ýhbourhoods would be enaeted. Property owners c0Uld: still. refuise, to. seil: or. leaseý to anyone on racial grounds. 47. Africans in the Territory.ý ar e reported to be iapitdvt h n ne plans, holding the view.. that ecaeo6Imi.cý di s c riminaLtion ,woudl .ýhave.the same effeet as racial discrimiflation. Acco*rditig,.to r.epoirtS,,: only:about 15,0. 0 Aricans. in the Territory couid qualify fotr. the .privileges.reE!erVeådtor. those wiith 'hih. incomes, while every white person coUld met thase quali:fications..ýý 48. Those provisians whicth:woUld.be,:lninelded :in' thýe Eduýeation Act.* the Medical Services Act and the Hausin g.Standards IControl A kct:l: woil be e ntrenched, requirinrthe affirmative :vote of :78 meméberts: ofthe house af assemblyr to be a mend.edý see- also para. 74 below). C. Efrarts tosecure UnitedStatesslport. 49. On 4 October 1978, the Unit e d S1t ates4 .gr a nt ed ,viL.sas * to t .he .faur leaders of the illegal régine, (M-r. Smith, Biahop I uo rewa, :the. Beverend Sitbole ýand Chie:f Chirau> -who had been invited to vislt the Uiiited .states:.by, a ýgroup ar 27,1UnitedS.tates senators. MIr. Smith and the Reverend Sithole :ýarr ived ,:in :the :United States. on 7 Oetober and Bishap Muzorewa and. Chi .er chirau ar rived aon 13 Octolber. 50. Wile in the United States.,,the four le aders- met -with. co gresen journalists and groups of interested persons,wihtebetieatkighiras ~to the American people". They argued that guerrilla ýarf;gre :Continued in.S.ter Rhodesia "'only because it is. supportedý by the .British and he neias"adcle onl the United States to recognIi ze their internal settilefit (salliburY Agreement) of 3 Marc~h 1978. 51. On 9 Oetaber, Mr. Smith and the Beverend Sithole met with Dir. Vance, the United States Seeretary of State.,. and Mr. Peter:Jay, Aýmbassador of the United K ingdom to the United States. Accordi n[, ta a State.Department press reýlease, -23- p of t s-ni-t å T::me(' tresUrk tative: of the:United Stntes and :he:nit.ed i 1dth :l.i.:ie 1heverend ELthule that ý'the only A~ to avoi- a rr'Inr iiJ oidy dai--rý)ruscil wa in Rhodes-i.a ýwould be for all1 the parties to mee-t 17it1 cc &te nd 3Lr,ýe uponö a f Iair. and peaceful solio .:. Ur ig the fbir Irr-,d.rs to ttnri an 9- : arty:cönfeen: ,: the representatives of tni: two etr )wers diare:. " :s WC: hve previusly props ed: in the AngloöKeie . plan, the rid to in.kmen ..::e oul d litroh ani ipartial y, iadminis1ereå Itrri sition period leadin. to fir e ec ions a:: ease-fire, internationa :obsevionä and t' constition or "Rhodesia that would preserve the: ri ghts ofwieaei:0bakciies u we will support any solution agreed among the parties. " 52,, The four, leaders continued. to nieet withl, nrsse and other leading Ujnite.d Btates f'igures:* ýineluiding, Mr.: Benry. Iissin-'er, the _for! er Unite-d Staýtes see0,retar Iy of ýý Stat Ie. I n a m i.e eting ýwith :t ,h.e. SenaRte Foreijrn Relations Comimittee o.n 1nnoc :thattheyhad:h alw-ys accep,ted the ide9 of attending anpa-party.conference without pre-conditions, 53 a 0Oto th nte of Sgte invited the four leaders to :a: S econ eetng with senior officia i s::the State Departr:ent and of the lUnited ý,ingdom. At : the, eng, the-four leaders fort Iially ag-reed to attend an all- party :eönference and also agreed 'to a tentative agenda to discuss the t of a transitional administration; (b) the question of e"ectionså () the. composition of the national army, (d) the ceas-fire r, ad (e) the constitution of:, Zimbab :e. Reacting to the presence of the four leaders of the internal settlement in the United Statesthe Security oencil adopted resolution 437 (1978) on 10 October, in vhich it noted with regret and conern the decision to aliow: the leaders to *enter theaUnited .tates, adecision.whih it considered as being7 in contravention of :itresolution 253 (1968) of 2.9 0ay1968. The Security Council also expresse Sthehope that the united States would continue to exert its influence in order that geun a ir e t be chieved in Southern Rhodesia withot further deay. I a stateen aftesuthe vote, the United States rep..resnttive... p.. ine. tht he v:.isash d been isued. to :permit a continuation of.tbe discussions whcjýh the United States and others have pursued in a variety of locations with the :many parties involved in the tragedy of Rhodesiaý. r/ 55. In a statement to the press, the Pat riotic Front condemed the United States for itsaction. Speaking on behalf:,of th PI tcFrtr.uab sttdht *ePtroi Front, 1,1r f gbesati t it no ,longer ,accepted:.that the Uniite Id States had any role to play in the settlement of the Southern Rhodesian problem. According to the PatrioticF theUnte Sats hd tite~ owards the illeg7al rýgimre, The Patriotic Front frher.istated .that it regarded the tentative agenda proposed in WTas-hingý-ton, D.C. (see ,para.,:53..above) as pre-conditions. The prorosed agenda wns unacceptable to the:Patriotice Firont, whieh,:considerecd that it shouldl contain only one item, namely, the transfer of power from the illegal r ime to the majority of the pople. r/ Official Records Of the ecurity Council,Thirty-third Y:air, 2090t i -.eeting. -2>4- f.Draftonitin 56. on 2 January 1979,the illegal réginepublished Propo P sais tor :aN ew n;gtitution for Rhodesia. s" AccOrdinpg to the proposals, the name of'the Territory:would be Ziribabwe.: Rhodesia. There would be: a.president appOinted by an electral college consisting of the members o* the senate and:the house of assembly. The presidentwould:be the constitutional head of State, ting on the reco=endation of the execuive cunil: or, sore other person o t ..thoy. the } «::...... :.. * ...* ...... "* *... uor autnority .. 57. The legislature would eonsist ,of the president and*:parliament senate and a house of assembly.:The senate would consist. of 30 :senators, i Iwhom 10 would be blacks elected: by the 72 black members of the assembly; 10 would be whites electedby the:28 white :members of the assembly; and: 10would:be African chiefs electeclby the Council of Chiefs, 5. of whom would be from Mashonaländ and 5 from Mtabeleland. 58, The house of assembly would consist:oftO100embers as fOllovs; (a) Seventy-tvo.seats would be reserved.for blacks eleeted:by voters .on the common voters roll to represent T2 constituencies. For the first general election, hovever, those members would be eleeted on a "party-list". system and not .on a constitueney basis. The. existing provinces wouldåech be allocated seats, as follows: Manicaland.ý 10; Mashonaland Central, 5; Mashonaland East, 15; Mashonaland West, 6; MatabelelandNorth ,10; Matabeleland South,:5 . Midlands :11; and..ictoria 0. Mny registered: political nartywould be entitled to submit a list.of candidates for each province. If a party-received less than:10 per centöf the votes actuaLly east in any province in an election, it WoUld be excluded from-the allocation of seats för that province. (b) Tventy seats would be reserved for whites eleIted on.a preferential voting system by voters enrolled in the white constituencies. (c) Eight seats would be :reserved för hites elected by.the 92 members of the house of assembly from 16 cändidates nominated:by the 28.white members: of the outgoing Assembly. For the purposes: of.the first election, the 16 .andidates would be nominated by the 50 white members of the present assembly who are all Rhodesia Front members. 59. At the end of 10 years, or after the: second parliament whichever was the later, a commission would be established to review the question of retaining the 28 white seats, on which it would report to thelhous of assenibly. 60. All citizens 18 years of age or w beligible to register on the common voters roll. All whites 18 years of sge or over.would also be.eligible t register on the white voters roll, and would thus have two0votes .. 61. The president would appoint a prime minister whom, in his.discretion h, cOnsidered to be best a.ble to command the suppcrt. of the majority of the members of s/ Southern Rhodesia, Cmd. R.P. 2-1979, Salisbury. 1 -25- the house. of as sembly. :The president, acting on the ,advice of the prime minister, would. appoint: måinisters and deputy mi ni s te r who JOuld: Ihold office during .the .pleasure of .the president. A ministeIr r ,deputy minister who was not a .member of the senate or the: assembly could not hold offlce.as such for longer than four months, unless be became a member.of either house. The president, acting on the advice of.the prime, minister, would appoint ministers to the executive council. 62. Duringthe :first: fiv years or.. the: life of the first parliament, whichever was the. longer, the president V, actin g on the ädvice of the prime -minister, would be required to appoint ministers: from each political party:represented in .the.:house of assembly.by, five or.more members in proportion, to the:numberof seats it had.in the "sser.bly. Each minister appointed would be a member:öf the: executive :council. In recommending the appoirtment of.ministers from any.of thepollti cal parties, the prime minister.would be.required: to act: on the :advice. of the leader of that party. 63... The president: could: at äny time. decare .. state :of public emergency. Unless such a declaration was approved by. a resolution passed:by the house of assembly, it would cease to have effect at the expiration of: 14 days after the ,declaration or, if parliament was dissolved, within that period"of time, at the expiration of 30 days after the declaratiön.: If: so..approved, the ..state of emergency would continue in force for not .longer, than six months and could be renewed from time to time or.revoked by. resolution:of the assembly*. 6h4 Judicial authörity would , be:.vested in the :high. court, which would .consist of an: appellate division and a general division. lThe chief jusice and.other judges of the high court would be appointed by.the president.on the.advice :of the judicial service commission., There would bea senior puisne .judge .who, subject to the directions of. the chief Justice, .would.:be in: charge of the general.Idivision. A person could not be qualified: for appointment as a ä. judgeý unless:he. was ör had been a judge in a country in :which the common.lav was.Roman-Dutch:::änd English was an official language, or. unless h bad been qualified to practise as.:A a dvocate for nöt less.than 10 years in.Southern Rhodesia or. in. a country in which:the common lay was Roman-Dutch. and. English was.an official language*. 65::. :The Judicial .service:. commission would consist of the:.chief Justice, who would be chairman, the chairmanrof-:the public service commission nd one other.member appointed.by the.president on the advice öf the c.chief Justice. The :.hird member must be a person whö was or had. been a judge:of the high court or who was an advocate or attorney of not less. thän 10 years'. standing. 66l. The öa : be administeredlby: the courts wöUl be the lay in force in the Colony of the, Cape: of Good lope n :10 June: 891, as modified by subsequent legislat iön: h:aving:. the force .of ,lä in Sothern Rhodesia. Thus, laws not repealed in the Territory fteindependence would remain in force. :67. !The publicservicecommissionwould be: responsible for regulating and controlling.the organization .of the public serviceI and the prison service. The commission would consist of chairman .and. not less than two and not more than fourllother :members appointed.by the president,:. The chairman and at least one other member or (if there were more. than: tlree, members of the commission), at least -26- Should be 1,ersonstihå.ýhad,:held the:Pöst.ýof seer ry:- ö o r, ,....etary or iulclcýýsccr tý minis- ry ofthe, bli i t i V e ary in:: aý t le serv ce, or a ros~ in service of a.:grade e cl vålent ýs tå -that ýöf,- nder écré, for ýeriods which in.the: ag t amounted to åt: leåst Pi ý,1 Th n grega e ve.. ve ärs., idt,i-iii,-D cändidåtes:.Yör åppöintment to:. Yacant pöst,.iw..the. rvice the i sion ý-46UId: be: requir d t V6.préferenc t fil Se :Comm S e o o ö.t e I)eråeýii s the iiiosti 01 cien andsuitabl to, its Opinjen, wa t e t appo:Ln+räen Ylie police force would,. w . der the command.of. a.,cornyiiirsion . e . r of 11 Policéý:ý.yllo ýfoijj.d be ap-ý,Ointédl I YjY:,thé:présl:dehtori thé. reconmendation . ýof the judiciå!:ýåervick A person I .:,c .1 0 1 uld*.not,,be.ý.ýappointed.-commissionerýoP_ýpölice. unless Iie. had beld tlie rqnk Of Ss s n commissioner in: the.ýpöliceýforceý or. any nore.. senlor_ý_rank for periods-Iähicfi,ýän..aggrregate amounted to, at.least five yearj,....,*,,:_,::, TLe defence forces vöuldý:consist..oý an arny, an: al r force, n0, an)r othei~... brallel-i estabiislied...by la . 1«ý, Each ..branch would.have a commanderl jýeisPöiisiblý,.. d:,operation of his: branch i:. -aoh. coräffiandpr.w ild:b control, a nistra lön..an .. I..u 1.1.01. . e. et in g on thé re commen dat ion o f a: bo ard:. a pö i nté c! to appointed.ý.by. the, president, a p t!-je purp . s ~ e*,,:,' . ä I ich:woula, . c I ön . sist.of the retiring. commander örý.: if he.:.,ýras.not availå*blé: the: chairman of,, the defence :forcesý service comtnigsionl..::One, of, thé, othér.:11 ers, I a , n 'b -Y, th pr si(ýent who tra s a sécretåry:ýof:ä*ý:::. COMmånå å..a:Ähird, mem erappointeä:*b, Mllllstry:.:lrl the.. p-ublic sérVice. There wo ul d be provision forýthe pritneJrinister,:.if he dö . ns . ide . r ed it to be..necessary, to.a point a person recommended bY:,thel., h conmanders:.0 Äie army.and air forceÄo be coinnander, of combined, operätions.ý: "13. Botlf'theýPolice. service-c . ommi s si . oh. andAhe..:defence.,förces: sér.vice.. conmission would b . e unde i . Ähe chairmåfi. Ofthe. piiblie, servi6e: coTnInission: åiidl:eacli... w011 häré a- inémbérship ý I åt:lesåithan -two and notý:mörethaä: four..:öther:.ri.éinbers appointéd*,,byýthé'.president Of the, mernbers. appointeå by the ýPré8iåent, ýat leest 1,: two wo I iýI å h a . veý..t Ö,:, be p er sons~who.. had held the. rank:.of. aåsistant.,,comtåissic)her.5.ý.iii,. the case ör::the:.pollceservice and, théý rank of, coloné1 inÄhe åtmy. the dag ýs: selpvice or gro-up. 11 captaln: in.-the:, ai jr. force, éý, of Åhe, defence orcr corcinssion. or-anyý more,.lsenior. r nk,:for perioäs,ýwhich. iwAhe, agplrCråte,.ý.affiåtintél, tö at Ieaä.ý::fiv . e Thé:ýfuncti . ons,ýof' thoseý commis sions ijould.be- to~..6önsi.der-:..:.:-:.,,.-... dýcon rm., a.ny griewmces.S d,,defénce.. orcesý.to consider:.an ä bli 5:ý,, y, merabétý3.:.0f.,the..Pölice,, an f a 1:3 miss . ä Meåber: IIiith: möte thånAvo Years servic .5 tö mäke: xég for thé . ene 1. rål tjéfl-béing: 1.. d d administration Of. thé fo rees 8 in o., m äin t, ai n* tiieir effl:6lén*ey. tad. cont inue 'tolbe 71. Persöns::_nowýýciitliensýo£..'SöutherriRhoaesia.YO .. :- . , tö_be_ ublished), Zinbabwe-ýhode81 I a I ho at:.ýth(-:fixedýdaté.,( p n a i lön persöns.W possessed or 4eré ýé I titied:*to.,duål::cl izensilp.wotdd be åblé.ý,to retain such ý.dua! Týrhö. held a :foreign vodldl:not citizenship'::ör.:, their:ý rléht-thereto- ý A persö *:pass . pott of, Z i inb abw e ~ 0 -göjij éý:örShebéýdénied:a: be required.ýto'Surcrender lt,,,ýn r_ h RI-jodesia because f :it:. 712. Certain provision . ÖP:.the: draft coristltdtiollý sxlchý as., those. relating~to. tLä headof SAate, the..éxé.,cýtivél...thé ief-Iislature!b the:jiidiciäty5ý.tho,:.åéýviCe.,.. the declaration.of-righl-d årid, lic Commissions, and thé.ý.services andý förceis,, fjää ce, wåuid be spec i ally Li and, the ý trå . n I iti:onal: prövisiöns, aTpendrnerit:ýof tkje cå: åt* on ý7~ e.nti-erýched.,,:ý Theeffect. of thatýspecial entrenchment ý,,7ould be such that to amend ...thosé pro I vi i 6ns a receive the affirmative votes of at least ..78_ýtaembersýý Of thé.ý holise..of.ý assemblyý ilhe,,.amendnent of ary other prøvision of the cohstltution ýwbýUd require the afýtirmat-ive votes of tý,,o thirds of the tc>tål,.ýmeýjýbérship of.-the: ai3sémbly.. In addition, any bill to amend the .'..constituticn:.-voulå.réqdire: the: aff'lrmativeýýýrotes of two thirds of the total .,.membership:.of. the I sen ate .. but, if that could not be obtained, the bill mipht, after a period of .180, days >ý ýbeý ..seiitýt the president for his assent despite the sehateýto.åLpp:rovéý.i.tý.. ý3.,:,ý.Atý.thé.,end,:of,.10:years,ý or,.afýtéjýý the. second parliament, whichever was later, a ebåmiisý5i6h:ýwoiýlclýbéý::éståbli!shéd: to: r,ýk,ýiew the question~,of retaining the 28 white The. chairman.:of-the: cý)minissibný would,'.be the:ý,:chi(-,,f justice or a judge of the high, ýtourt ýýnbminated by. him and four othe;r:meitbers,:,: t-,ýo of whom would be elected ...by the 28.whiteýmembersof.the house:.ý5f,ýa8setibl,'y:and two appointed by the president. .If.ýthéý,Icommission re comméndéd ýthat,,.the,: white. ýýéatåý:,.should be abolished or reduced. to thisýt effett could beýýpasséd. 51 ýiém er.sý.,o :..the-assembly and no action sehate:vould beýýtequired. ý:If, the -kýh ité seats,.-were, . abolished or reduced, the ..,remainingý 72 black seats woUd iýoý'.lohgét be,ý:résetvéaý:,exclusively for blacks and the 20 méråbérs of the Senaté ý,ýýho: ývéjr,ýý not. ihiéfsý elected by all the ...memberý3,. of,ý.the.as!seZb13r.ýaiidýýribt ý3épeLrately. as described ir paraeraph 58 above. ..'74. ýIn åddiýion to. the:.. above the draft constitut ion provides for the special entrehehýnett o:rý soiteparts of: the Eléctoral Act thé'I.tducation Act, the Medical .Services.Act and the Housine Standards Control:Act dh: would. thus require for amendnient. ýthe approval of 78:Itémbi iý: Of the house 6 t as . . s (s mb y ec also para. 48 :,,abo.ve)- Turthérm6ré, the: draft constitution a, so: . pro . viåés ýthat any act woUd be subject to:ýéiittenchniént it if had:the effect Of-. 9. aýýof:parksýýmid wild li(a) ...Reducin the are fe la d or forest land by Lnore than 1:pet cent Of the extent of theýåý:iýéå;:théreo-P as at tlie fixed date; .(b)::,Atiending.the ýla,ýý ýating to the establishment or abolition oý.municipýalitiésli to r ral 'couýfte.il s i:ýr,,local boards, the fixing of the areas or-boundaries the-riýof>:..the..compositic5ii:thériý>of or the qi-ialifý,cations of voters at or candidatéýs, fbir. éléttibh to :5uéh.ý i (c).:.Reducitgthe Powers,..ýfunctio«ns and dutieý,ý of a municipality, town, rural CO unci-iý otý: local board. 75. The draft cOnStitution provides that lýnglish wouJd be the official language of .the country. A.niýinber of artieles in the press have pointed out that the proposed ons tit I iti . npre,.serve,,s It IhePowerofthewhitesinýas ~h.. he Territory after independence, ill muc :as a1m6,st,ýåLlior tlie::iåj .. ýýi ýý. . I -)nstit,4tion would be entrenchéd. Purt érimore ý:the: rot ed P Os. qua ificatlens for membership in the judiciary, police:,::ýdé,té Pu ic and pri,ýoii serN, nibe force. and:: bli -ice commissions are such that.:1101.African c6uld::ýquétiifý,.::at:.present. 77. Before the referendflor the draft constitution 14r. Smith and some.of hiS it.ite colleagues apaigne or its approvalý on the basis that:-its. :adoption: would lead to Ilrecognition from the free world, removal .f ~santions, ..an end. to.. the war and a return to normality.. n.. a broadcast on..the eve of the referendum,.. Mr. Smith referred to the: ýUnited.: States.. congressional: resölution wbich he said made it .'obligatory"' for thel.President..öf the:United States.to lift sanctions, . tantamoUnt to recognition if the internal settlement agreement were. implemented. (The congres sional: resolution . authorized. the: President to lift sanctions against the Territory on condition,,that .he..determine .that the illegal, régime. had made a genuine effort to..:reach a negotiated, settlement with the Patriotic:: Front and:.that free and fair electionsb.hadbeen.held,) t Mr. Smith also said that the Conservative Party~ in the. United Kingdom .ad committed themselves .to supporting us in what we are doing'. 78. The draft constitution was submitted to an all-white. referendum .on 30 January 1979., S .eventy per cent of the 93,000 white voters were:repörted to have participated: in the referendum of vhom 85 per cent approved the draft constituti0n, which is tö be put: before the present Parliament for.its endorsement. 79. The illegal regime is reportedto be of the view that the: United. States and the United Kingdom would support the internal settlement after the eleCtions of 20 April. AS:an indicatiön of its confidence, the illegal régime:has drawn up a five-year, $R 3,500 million:development plan, with the expectation of obtaining some of the development .funds through international :aid, including 'the :establisbed agencies of. the :United Nätions and the Internatio.al. Bank". Nevertheless, .. . Mr. Smith has: now qualified his previous statement that he would resign after the elections of. 20:April. His present position is that he will only.:resign if. the United Ståtes and the United Kingdom recognize the internål settlement, and if such recognition isI not granted, he will, stay in the next Government :and de.mänd the post of Minister of, Defence. .. 80. On 1 February 1979, an article in:The Ne.w: York Ties quoted .the: United States Department of State as having said that theý referendum failed 'to address the real issue of how .to:bring peace and a lasting political settlement. to the Territory. According.to :reports, some members. of the .Unit ed Sates Senate: have recommended thata:.änÄ impartial team of observers should be sent .to Southern Rhodesia during the time when the illegal tégire hold5sits.elections, at present scheduled for 20,April. E. Dissension within the African .Olitical parties 81. As a result of .the:widespread disilusionment with the :illegal rggime, UANC häfjo ay f:their supporters; The ...". and ZANU (Sithole) are..reported to .have lost manyto theIr s ti. T " I i e decision in October 1978 to- conscript Africans into the arsy ofthe illegal regim from January 1979 'has: further sharpened the dis satiSfäction of the African population. (Details :on this conseriptiOn ap.ear in vol.1, chap.:VI, annex 1, öf the present report.) t/ Information on this question a)ears in )aras- . 15(le below. -29-: 82 . In August 1978, a number of senior officials of UAXIC ritieized the leadership of the org .ani , ation for,:indecisiveness and lack of strategy to dral withthe::problem of the liberatio>n .of.,Zimbabwe.. AmÅiong the officiials were three inembers of the: Central Committee: mr.:: Byron: Have, :who häd remained an important rmember of UAIC. despite his:dismissalin April 1978.from his post as the Co-Minister of Justice Law and Order and Public Servi ce; the Beverend Arthur Kanodereka; and the Reverend Max:Chigwida. 83. At a meeting in Salisbury on 13 August, Bishop Huzoreýa is reported to have expelled nine members.:of UANC Central Committee who had publicly criticized him. Their expulslon. was.followed byl the resignation of a number of i embers. 84. -Rifts :have also been reported within ZANU.: In August 1978, Mr. S. Macharaga, a senior member of.the Central. .Committee, resigned.from the party. In September,: other. öfficials, .including Mr,. Daniel .Gurajena, H r. Alouyis Chinamora, Hr. John:äyanäro and Mrs. Petronella Nxahe, aåoresigned. 85. The struggle for .power by the AÅfrican, parties has led to ethnie polarization of the politics of. Zimbabwe. The ethni division, of the population of the Territory iscomplex. -Following :the early colnial: paättern which divided the Territory: intö: Mashonaland : and Matabelelandt, he practIice. has developed of diviåing:the.people: inta two major language groups, the Ndebeles and the Shonas. Recently . Chief Kayisa Ndiweni, :a, Ndebele. andc Deputy President.of ZUPO, re;i::e from ::the :MinisterialCouncil of e lgal::regime because his colleagues in the 1, cunC i . re fused to acept. 1ii ..is pröPo sa: that: 36 of the sats not reseed f whites. under the ::internal settlement Should be assi g ned to the Ndebeles and the other 36 to the Shonas. 86. After his resignation, Chief :diweni called on Mr. Nkomo, whom he charaterized:.as an.:Ndebele, to, return.:to.Sothern Rhodesia and lead the Ldebe.les under the: internlsettlement. Chief Ndiweni was supported in his action byabout200ide Ie chiefs,1who.alsoicaN.lle:s I.fortheCoueilh of:C : :.I e f to be split inta two councils, one for the Adebeles and the other for the Shonas. 87. Mr. i'lkomo rejected the request, stating that he was not a tribal leader but a national. one. ,.-The. Shona chiefs: o.: the Council of Chiefs also rejected the equet. of Chie .diweni .to ...split the Cuni, saying that they did not -ish "to invoive /themselves/ .in.- splitting the unity" which they thought would lead the people tö majori ty rule. 88. Chief Ndixweni has since, formed a new party, the United fNationa.l Federal Party., whose main g:oal is to: :ivide Zimbabwe inta two equal regions, one for the :,Hdebeies:. and, one for the- Shonas, which :woil then mere inta a federal State. Several other: parties: have recently been formeé which also support the con ept of an ethnically: divided Zimbäbwe, as :folöws : the United People's Association, f:rmed by Hr. Elijah Mb3o the Zimbabwe People' s Party , formed by . Kingdom .Sithole. who,, has s:since .Jöi ned Chief Ndiweni party: the , ashonaland Federal Party, whose leader .as not yet been identified; and the :- hodesian Democrtic Party, formed by Mr. Leonard:. .:.. . -30- F. Appearance of private armies and breakdown of law and order 89. A number of articles have reported that UANC, ZANU (Sithole) and ZUPO, with the connivance of Mr, Iam Smith :have created separate.piaeame.A h Separateprivate armiesi. At the annual conference of the African Farmers' Union of Rhodesia, for instance, one speaker is reported to have charged that "private political- armies of some members of the Executive Council /established by the Salisbury .Agreement! were intimidating people in rural areas". It was said that: the. private armies were demanding money, conducting searches and threatening and even killing people ifthey did not have a particular party's membership card. 90. Both UANC and ZANU (Sithole) are said to have admitted that acts of political terrorism are being perpetrated against civilians, although each group has accused the other of terrorism and intimidation, Bishop Muzorewa is on record as having said that "some groups /are/ almost a law unto themselves". 91. According to The. Guardia (Manchester) of.27 October 1978,1 both Bishop Muzorewa. and the Reverend . Sithole have been.: trying to create political militia to justify their respective claims toan army. Reports suggest that the core of these private armies is being trained outside Southern Rhodesia in both African and non-African countries, with large numbers of men being trained inside the Territory.,. This has. resulted in a competition between UANC and ZANU (Sithole) for training facilities in the-Territory. The illegal.regime: has given these private armies an official status as "auxiliaries" and allows them to operate in the Territory. 92. According to the same article, "the problem created by the private armies, which have been created with the somewhat uneasy connivance of the Special Branch, has been compounded by the appearance of politically partisan., auxiliaries . These are reported.to be guerrillas who have- deserted their units ito join one or another of the internal.black leaders. It. was stated in the article that.many of the auxiliaries were suspected of being black members of the Southern. Rhodesian security forces, but most were simply insurgents who for one reason or another had "opted out of an arduous struggle in.the bUSh".I b t I 93. The Guardian went on to state that such men were normally grouped into irregular units and grafted on to the private army units:of the, leader of their choice. The private armies of. Bishop Muzorewa and the Reverend Sithole fight each other and are alsosent: to fight agains the Zirmbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) of ZANUI (Mugabe) and the Zimbabwe People' s Revolutionary. Army (ZIPRA) of ZAPU. After reviewing the situation in Southern Rhodesia The Guardian o ncluded that "the Rhodesian conflict is moving in the direction of anarchy rather than a recognizable civil war 94. The Washington Post of 5 July, 1978 reported that the private armies .and the illegal r6gime's army operate with little control. from the .civilian authorities. Asa consequence, banditry is said tobe increasing and . "undisciplined teenagers claim to be guerrillas and act in their name while robbing st ores and missons Within the white-led army of the illegal .regime, indiscipline has been reported and some of its armed deserters have been terrorizing civilians while claiming loyalty to one of the factions of the Zimbabwe liberation movement. -31- 95. According to the same arti.le, the, illegal régime has also taken advantage of the increasing banditry, al .lowin .g .1ýi tå oi, ,m, soldiers and police to perpetrate aets f brut ality against. civilians an d.then drop ieaflet attemptinr to link these act.,to: one. of . the,..factions o... fthe". Zimbabwe . parties. At times, the soldiers of the illegal-r gime" do not even åttempt to disguilse their actions. On at least tir*ee separate occasions, jittery soldiers opened fire on African crowds or villagers indiserimint ely,. 96. It was also reported that in July,1978 ýagroup of young whites armed with pickax handles, cricket bats, iron.poies and. whips. attacked black students at the University of Rhodesia,. leaving two with heäd .and face wounds. No arrests were made. 97. ..,,1TWhite. farmers are-also. reported to: betaking advantage of the situation in the Territory, ereating their own:private: armies with the connivance of the armed forces, of the illegal*regime...1..1.'. 98.:.There,:have lso .been report s of assassinations, death lists and kidnappings involving, prominent individuals in:.the Territory . For example, the Reverend :Ianodereka:, Who:.häd been expel:led:.from UANC (see paras. an o was assassinated in December, and flr. Ariston:Chambati, the DJeputy Secret:bry- Genel of.ZAPUescaped from an ättempted kidnapping in January 1979. -32- 14. ARýED STRUGGLE 99. Since its establishment ir October 1976, ýthe ýPatriotic Front lias sout, through its co-ordinating committee, tocreate a.single executive and a single united fmilitary high: command. The need for :a.: united liberation army in- Zimbabve has also concerned the: African States neighbouring :Southern Rhodesia.. After. a.meeting between: representatives:of the frönt-line States in July 1977, President Nyerere of the United Republic of Tanzania.::is reported.:to have said, "Te are agreed th at in Zimbabwe we need one army, both: for waging the struggle for independence and for säfeguarding the national integrity and .Security. of an independent. Zimbabwe ... A multi-army system is not a :system Which anyöne should advocate." A00. At its eeting at -Dar es Salaam in January 1979 the. 0AU Corganizaticn of: African Unity! Co-ordinäting Committee för the Liberation of .Africa: :reiterated the necessity för total unity, beteen the t Otvö ý win gs of the. Patriotic: Front;. The.:.läék of unity has led ithe Patriotic Front to speak in some .cases with, two vöices. ..For example,. when, in..August 1978, Mr.Nkomo met with Mr. Smith (see paras.- 32-33 above), - Mr .Mugabe was::unaware of the meeting until after it had endedé. In. September 1978, when"b Mr..Nkomo.said that the iea f an :all- party conference: .was "dead and buried.'å .(see ..Jso para. 24 above), Mr, Tekere of ZANU. saidthat the. Patriotic Front:would attend.the proposed all-party conference. He is quoted as .having said that Mr. Nkomo could not !kill the. all- party conference unilaterally'. 101. According to The Financial Tifmes (London) of 13 September 1.978, .'the disagreement on the conference only thinly cloaks.the much deeper split over. M4r. Nkomo's secret..meeting with Mr., Smi.th. Mr..Tekere .is. also reported to ha.ve accused Mr. ilkomo of:failing to commit his forces sufficiently, to battle..- But ZAPU is said to have mäintained:. that, owing to.the effectiveness..of its, guerrillas. in the field, the.illegairégime had. beenprepared to surrender power when Mr.Nkomo and Mr. Smithmet in August 1978. TheFinancial Times concluded that:" the prospects for Patriotic Front unity are thus slight.., . 102. Despite the lack of total unity,_the guerrillas of the Patriotic Front have continued to intensify their..,imed strugglé.against the :illegal r5gime, which was forced to declare.martial lawthroughout the Territory. ::.NeVerthelessy the guerrillas have extended. their,. attacks -.to all. pärtsof.the Territory. inciuding Salisbury and other åurban areas ... In. July 1978, the" mood in Salisbury :was .reported to be somber and apprehensive. Restaurants, and night clubs, full three: months . earlier, were:empty[;: :civilian administration in the countryside had eroded;:African local councils in the.:.rural areas :had closed; many schools.had been forced to shut down; and tax collections had come to a: halt. Civilian traffic moved, in. .convoys escorted by security units; and night train services between cities hadbeen suspended. 103. On 12 December 1978, the largest oil depot in the Territory,.löcated 5 kilömetres from the centre of I Salisbury, was set on .fire. The illegal r:gin . acknowledged that guerrillas of the Patriotic Front had.set .the. fire. It also acknowledged the need to fly in more iil supplies from South Africa. -33- 1014. A few months earlier, inSepterber 1978, an Air Rhodesia Viscount aircraft wTas:shot down by the guerrillas of.the Pätriotic Front in the northern part of Suthern Rhodesia. The plane:was reported.to have had 56 people on board, 8 of hom, were åa.id to have su.r-vived the rash. Se reports said that originally 18 people had survived and thät 10 had subse.quently been killed. Hr. Nkoro denied that.any survivors had been.liled...... 05. According .to:reports, guerrilla aCtivities all over the Territory are drivinr white farmers from their :farms, threatening devastating effects on 1979 harvest and ýfood supplies. In September, it Was reportedthat :more than 200 farms had been vacated an-that, most farmers were delaying, planting until the last possible moment while they attempted to assess the likely course of events in 19.79. 106 February 1979, it wäs reported: that th guerrillas of the Patriotic Front had. brought: down-anAir Rhodesia Viscunt.aircraft with. 59 air passengers aboard All: the passengersý were reported to have been killed, Mr Nkomo is said to have admitted that his guerrillas : were responsible ifordte in suspected that General llalls, the Supreme Commander of the Phodesian Armed Forces, was.on board.. In:.fact, General Walls was .board an Air Rhodesia aircraft which took off 15. minutes later. 107. It :was: also. reported that in mi d February, Patrioti c Front guerrillas had attäckedå a major electric power station in Salisbury and the Salisbury international air port...: ...... : .. : .: 108.1 A.cording to.:some reports, the-ulitary 1 position of. the illegal r-ime has become untenable. The illegai rgime has:ý conceded that urban guerrilla.wrfare is spreading in:thei Territory.:: T meetthi.s s.ituätion ,the. illegal :rgieie not only decided to conscript.Africans into its.armed forces, but also, on 12 January 1979, announced that white males between the ages: of50 and 59 ye ars would be sbject- to call up for 42 days of military service a: ear. Their i iguari installations and homes in.urbän centres so as to release younger.men.for serice elsewhere in.the country. .. " 109. On 11 January :1979, Mr. -Smith, while speaking at lUmtali, appealed to whites to recognize the inevitability of majority rule. Fe said that there was no ay that his Governnent could winover the guerrilläs. 110. Reports alsö indicate that a number of European countries have begun to prepare: elaborate plans.to evacuate their natinals from.the Territory should it become necessary.. i :The countries:.involved:in such preparations are said to be disturbed not so much:bythe.:uccesses of the. g iar.u y pössibility of a civil war after the i.llegal rgime has collapsed because of the existence. of private armies and the lack of unity within the Patriotic Front. iii Accörding to a report of the British .Broadeasting Corporation (BBC), Fir. Smith hasrrived.t an agreement with the Government of South Africa to the effeet that, should.it.become necessary, South Africa WOuld accept refugees, presumably white refugees,. from the Territory . -34- 112. The Governments of the United I ..tý. ý.1..'ý. I .Kingdowand the Uni ed.:Stýýtes:ýhåVé. ålýpel!ýåk to all the leaders concerned to take Positiv.e..I.iitepsý.ý.t6::avoid*,.any ýesý . dalation ot I the violence.) and in particular, to avold.:lntllctlng:fuj,,;therlo . s s 0:ý: ýli te on: . the .ei.ý,ilian populetion of the country and the.néighbbii:riiiý,Stýýtes., 5. ORGANIZAT1011 OF AFRICAN UUTY AND THE GROUP OF NON ALIrýNlýDC6UlffRtES,. gnédý Colýhtý-i,8: have con inue 113. OAU and the Group of Non-Ali to.exjýreýýs.. e r.ý support for the people of.ýZimbabwe in:ýtheir struggle:ågainst:th -11 jý6pime . in the Territory. A. The Organization of..Af'riýcan Uni tý 114. At its thirtyýfirst,6tdl'nELrY.seséioh1>.héldat.Khartoum from :.7 to the Council of Ministers of OAU aýdoptea.reýsolution.CM/Reý54680:(MI) .(see:A/33/ýý55.,.. and Corr.l, whiich. it..intet ålia.strongly tejei6téd,..andý.c(ýftdemnedý:,ýthé,..,...... ' Salisbu" Agréérnent::,6f:3::March. 1578 and.the :rC-giffle set oriýý those ý tiýnns,: c alled. upon:, all GAU b ér.:,Ståtés ý.åii . d. thé-interriåtiohal:cormuhlty nIot..to.Igi.ver.ecIgnit,i,on.to tbe re<ý ult' 9:fro-m.ýthat A eement; eticouraged the.apprec I i . able.prosecution of the :amédýýstru I gle belngwaged by:.thePatrj6ticTront,:,:the sole::libetåtionresolved. t p<:>ssibleý.emérgency.and..other::requests movement (ýt'ý2,iråb.ý,bwé o grantS11 Put forwarå býýth*éý:.!Dåtti6tic .7 . ro ht,ýf6r the . intensif ication of :the armed, st,iIugIgi.emerabe StIaes,oincreaseItheirmaterialý:and:.finan.ci al.. a . id. called upon 0AU t t to:,the armed struggielýlýéirip wýýedý by:.the,ý PýLttibt iiý. Front;:, and. , c ålléd.. upon., all : ý0AU.ý m.e.l76 er States to suttoi-t'ýthé ýcr6nt-liné,ý,,ståtés,ý whichmere being. sýibj dbtédý I t<ý: repeateå acts of aZgression byIth.eIr adi . t - co . lon . iEilist,.r , 6g:ýe . s::in sbiithern.Africa. ..B.ý .:N él' d t 115. The Conference of ý,linisters:ýýforý.Foreign.-Affairs.bf..Nblý Al gned.Coun mecting at Belgrade from 25. to july, 1978 ýåd6 ted ýdé6latation. t e I rs t- t.~ thi. rty- f . rs reaf firmed -the,: åýRC isi:on of ::theý OM ý.C6une ilý of:, millist a. , il...s.ý. t t éct and: conýleM,.the ordinary sesslonheld a a om se pataø;ýý114 iý ove ...o..rej 30~called inteiýiål::!scýittléýhén t in, sou,ýhetýý6des la.;.:.: ý..The..,eontéténce..ý,doris3, dered r li téýnptýý:to the Salisbu-zýy Aýteémerit:,.toýbe aýs ent..Wa fi t. and t ead erOus-ét, consolidate racist rn**no . *r :LtYý:military... economiýC and.:ýý4Pdliticai. jpower and. give~. e political status to the: unrepresent . a I tive, ønd:ýopp o . tunirý,ticýele m . e I nts that were party to it" (s ec A/',3ý/2Cý6 , annex t, , paras lý9-114.). 116. In a communiqu& issued at New..ýyork.oii,:ýý November,,,the..,Group:.of Non-Aligned Countries stated that the non-al Ig éý(1 ý Véýftent :had ýLlýiays extended. support to the ~e :,of. ýliberåtiob..éVéý,ýýheiý,é,,.,and.ý,especially in Africa; and relterated its .ý:,,.1d6ndenmation:..of ýthé..,åttetipts,,,.by.. the... racist. re6gimes in Pretoria and Salisbury to týe.tiiaté edioni ist..rule,ýi pe n-sout ern Akfriea. It also demanded that a 1 States engage in:economic rad Y,,,aftdýot er relations which strengthen the .:re mes, ut irhý Afri f, o, he cac omplyvith the General Assembly and Seciirity ýCbiahéil, resolutions, whi ch ca . 11, fot l éin, I end tbý å u ch ti e I s and, in this respeet, An Stsuppor e deéision,:icýf',ý.ý6heý. ricaný, ý ates ..wh le h ýý haýVf* called for the application of ,ý.:,the,ý,-s<ýnétioils.,énvisåLgedý.in Chapter VII of theCharter of the United Nations to the 117,...:,The.,Group.,of:.!ýon-Alignedý.C6untries reaffirmed its support for a peaceful of the non-aligned doijntrie!ý :to. support, fi rMly ust..rýtruggi, e , o .ý..th I e peoples of Namibia and Zimbabwe tor..self-determination anå,4hdé endehce. 6. AGGRESSION AGAINST NEIGHBOUR.ING STATES ...118. The..armedý,forces ofýýthe:.,illegal régime of Southern Rhodesia have continued to el c immit åLets åggx'éssibn-ågainst the terri ories of Botswana, Mozambique and ý.ýý..Z£ýibia..::.ýTh.e..ý3é..attaýcký;.,håLvé,ihereased in scope and intý,nsity. 119. ri. fadt,,,, it ýis rep , rýý,.edý.thåýt s.ince.Itheý..éstab,,lishment of the illegal transitional :Gb-,ýéitirnérit, I. in. ý:ý.APtiiý ýýl 9ý8 5 the re gi . e.. I s, . £d I rdes have invaded 140za m~bique. ýteveral.,.time: I ý.,:.sttiking - a . ýs . .. åéétý: . as 2 ý01: kiloffletres into the country. The bombihgs::,have. been: di:re(ýtedý at. the.:pr I bvlnces.ot.,,ý4anica,ý.':Tete., Sofala and Gaza. Addording, to.: te potts the. illegal regime,, s Canbérta:: a'r raft. have bornbed Dondo in the. éýýst, Teté.: ihý.thé north ýåiid Gaz*a: in the w St: - ofý ...:::,Ioza ique - According to the Goveninýeiit.,,6t,'M6zýýbiqlle,,,ýtéve:ýål::.péo]ple have been k' illedýor wounded in all of thes . e .. attacks.å-: 1-jozåzhbiquan:ýf6tde:ý., have. rý-sponded' -vi gorously to the attacks, ahd:on::ohé OcCasi bfi.ýshot.:,d6wiý.:tw o 6 f , t . hé I att. acklng.jet- bombe .1 r s v/ The illegal .t6, gijt,ý.ýagåiýn Attacked the territo I y..ý. of Mozambique iihýý:fiiicl-February 1979. 120..On 19;..Octoberý1978, the ýfore es, of.theillegal regime invaded Zambia, atta;dkihg,.Ziiiibåb,ýýéab ré.fugeé,camps,ýanå-school's..."...closé., ý.ýts,,20,kilometi-es from lett.r.ý,dåtéd..,5,.:Noveinb,ér,.,..19,7,.8t .,theý,.Perýfiýýii,ýnt,ý.lýeptesentative of Zambiåýýto théýUiýitécl ,ýåti e. P ons in ormed th .., resi.dent of the., ecurity Council that theýý illegal regime- s,. ait...'fdrce: had lased jetý,.:bbbi-6ers and helieopter ý,unships while air' ý ft .1 - b..... 11.... ý:tbur other. jétý.railltaiwSr..: i eta , :'.,or lted the Lusaka area and took complete control bfý.ýZý3ýbian:.åLir:,spaceý,fýr:,,.the,::,dýlråt:'oh:o:ý.:t e attack". The Permanent Representative .said:théýt,ý:337ýpeople:.baýd:,béeri:kllléd.in:,.the.ýattadk on the Chikumbi Refugee Camp, Which at.:the ltý i m . e.6 If:..thIe.attack.haýdý: Iý."900.. ýn . o n"19 o . m Ibat,ý(nt refuýý,ees. Fcllowing an åttae*k.:ofi.the Ltihsemfýýa I :G . irlsl:Camp same day, more than half of the 1,60,0 réfugée. resided at the camp had been reported missing, injured or u/ A/33/355-S/12914, annex. For the printed text see Official Records of the ýs )ýecut:ttt ýiTýýiijýty,~third Year,__Siýý, to-ýeýý,.jlovember and ...... December 1978.ý v/ .ee. . ýeilso Official Rec6rds of the Securitv Council Thirtv-third Year, plement for- Od er ....November and Decembe 1978, '2ccuý--crt S/12964, rrnex; Pnd ýbid. .. Thirtv-i ourth Ye,,,, r, S 'Pletý-ýnt for J --36- jead. iHe added tihat 'apart from the :members Of'.the-security. forces, at. least halfdozen Zaribiafl civilia s ... we re inurdered ::by the Southern I.hode sian: rebelsl.: v/ Th illegal régime also attacked the ritory of'Zambia in-mid-FebrUar 1979. 21 The illegal régime has also dropped leaflets in Botswana in attem to ±: T. g '.n...... m. tö persuade Zimbabwe refugees :to return to the Terri toy. Accrding ,to :reo rts, these 'leaflets have had no effect. Botswana .regards such: acts .as a violation: öf its territorial integrity. 122. :r, Smith, BishOP .UzorejTa and the Beverend Sithole are reported. to: aive expressed their- support: for.the incursions into Mözmbique and Zambia and to 11,-,,e pledged that the attaiks would continue.and would.be intehsified. 7. ECONOMIC CONDTIPTIO.S : ". General 123. Despite the information .blackout impo sed by the .illegal:rgime during the past year, there have been growing indictions.that the Territory's.economyhas been seriously weakened. 1-24. In the Economic Survey of Rhodesia published in July" 978 , illegal r6gime aciowledged.thatthere had beena deficit in the balance of payments and negative economic growth :during:1977. The available data (see table 3 below) show:that manufaeturing production deClined, the construetion industry remäined deprsse . :and agricutural production was at: a.lower level than in the previous year. The.mining. industry was affeeted by depressed prices on world markets although the total value of* production inereased. 125. As a result, there was a decline :in :employmenit figures: the: number..of Africäns employed dropped:.from 919,000 in1976 to 901,000 in 1977; the numberof Europeans er.rloyed dropped. Crom 12000 1ö.to 117,000 in the.same period. :The drop..in .the nUmber C:f: Europeans -eployed.was.pärtilly .a result Of the high.level of: emigration from, the itory in 19t6 (see table 2 äbove). B. Balance of paymen ts and the 1ross domestic product 126: In 1977, the Territory experienced an over-all deficit of' $R:h2 million on the ..a.utal and current accounts of the balance:of paymenis The illegal.regim" expline.d that this was: theresult of a net outflw of .$: 22 mi.Ilion on. the capital aöCCout and a negative .balance of-$R:151 million on invisible transactions, offset by :aredit balance of .$R 131 million:on the merchandise account.(see: table .4 below). wiIbid. Thi.rty-third Year," Su plemen" for October, November and December 1978, document.S/12921. -37,- According to the illegal regime, the depressed prices of many exports and a tightening of sanctions on certain commodities had reduced the inflow of foreipgn currency. Further, .{because of guerrilla: warfare, which had forced a curtailment oi transport services, the faciIities available for export were limited, As a result, according .tothe Economic.Survey, 'some low priority exports could not be moved; and in other casesnthe full potentialof the more valuable exports could niot be exploitedft. . That situation had: led to some stockpiling. 127. In 1977, the total value of exports was 2.5 per cent lover than in 1976 with a decline in volume of 6.3 per cent. Although imports increased by 1.1 per cent in valu, they declined by 8.1 per cent in volume. According to the illegal.. r4gime, -imports included security items which consumed foreign exchange that would otherwise have been allocated to other imported needs. In short the. Territory eXperienced adverse terms of trade to the extent of 5.5 per cent,....128. In an- attempt to redress the balance-of-payments situation in the second half of 1977, reductions were made in!. foreign :exchange allocations to importers. Also, in: :Jthe::e laste the.parity ofrhodesian dollar was adjusted downward by 3 per cent against the South African rand and by 6 per cent against..other currencies. 129. According to the illegal, regime, the gross domestic product at market prices rose by. 2,5Per cent and fell in real terms by 6.9. per cent during 1977, the third successive year in which there has beennegative growth. The 1977 decline in rea terms was by. far the 'highest of the: three, years (1.6 per cent in 1975 and .1.5per : centl in 1976) In the :1977 :.Economic Srvey, the 1976 decline i. was reported to. be .3 pe et.I a n be adjusted. In 1977, the biggest losses werenindconstruction industry (9.1 percent) and in distribution, hotels and restaurants (6.1per cent). Lesser decreases were reported in the manufacturing, mining and agricultural industries. C. Prospects for the eco::n omy130. According to the illegal r'gime, the depressed conditions of the Territory's economy vrere caused by the continuing international and domestic recession, stricter enforcement of sanctions. and the security situation. Although it maintains that the domestic economy will: improve at the same time as the international economy, theS Bcnomic urve concludes that "events so far in 19'78 suggest that there is little chance of improvement over 1977". 131. The Economic Survey anticipates that the volume of mining production in the Territory will be lower in 1978 than 1977, although the total value will be higher. This possibilityis based on the higher prices for gold and opper, in particular. In August.1978, the value of mineral Production was a record *E 220 .a . nTh total vle of i'..ra:l Prdl.ctioz b1t.e.en Janu ..ry and August 1978 was UB 162.3 million, compared with $R 157.0 million for the same period in 1977. Thus, the Vale of fmining productiön. for 1978:is e4étedÖto amount to bout $R 250 iillion. The diversified nature .-of the mining outputI mai.n ly asbestos, chrome, coal. copper , gold and nickel1. :::is expected to enable the mining industrY to make a substantial contribution to the econom. and: foreign eXchange earniflgs 132. The Economic:Survy Concedes, .however, thatas long as guerrilla:warfare, continues, the sales of the mineräl output could. be hampered by the disruptiön of the transportation .system. Thus t.:the. illegal,, rgime. does .not:have any..hopes that the depressed conåitiöns in its. economy, can be alleviated in. 1978, a situation:.::. which could lead :to rurther s::shortages o uf .. foreign ex.hane d in , hamper the manufacturing seotor. 133. According to the Economic Survey, the illegal regime has:decided to. continue to assist the steel industry and hopes that. with an improvement in the .South. African economxy, the manufaturing:sectOr::may ýreceive :some assistanceå Nevertheless., unemployment is expeeted to. inerease.. 134. To alleviate the situation, the illegal régime:decided.to "börrov" from its taxpayers in 1978 and part of .1979 through a.. levy: of 12 5 per c ent on the base tax of those who. pay::more :than.$Ri100. The .levy carries ä :.5 per :cent.,taX-free interest rate.:and::would be repaid in three years. with interest. It.is :expected that, through this levy, $B: 29 million could.be raisedfr :defence . 135. The Territory has a 1978/79 :budget. of $R, 937.3 million :and expects a record deficit of $R 262.8 million. 136, During 1978, the illegal: rgime successfully negotiated a loan of $US 15 million over threeyears in Eurocurrency. The loan :is :tö have a spread of i per cent below interbank rates, :,.unusuai on.: the: normal financial marketI..:n such a situation, the loan '!wo,ö.uld: expe't, to:have &.a sprýe.ad of :1 per cent: above :interbank rates. The illegal regime has: refused to reveal the. names of the banks involved. 137. In addition, the illegal régime,:has announced the::receipt of £100 million in foreign loans for the 1978/79 fiscal year.. No details are available.. 138. In the Econoýmic Surve, the ill egal: régime ,ackno,0,wledges that :as long as the security situation in the Territory ...remains uns . ettl: andsandtions continue to be vigorously applied, the growth of the economy in 1979 wili suff er from these constraints. -39- -:t 90- l4 * ;4 S & (Ný -H 0 O4 \ OONC-1 -1 1,0 CT, C:-,4O - -tkC --4 (v 4 \0ý c , tON M 8. SANCTIONS .AGAINST SOUTHERN RHODESIA 139.. he xestion of the violation of sanotions hascontinfued to engägetho LLtttention «j f. i General kisSeml)ly.änd the Security Cunc:il, a ýs i a of- the Speial Cxitto. By paragraph 5,() öf resolution 33/38-:B::f 13 cebr 1978, the! General Assembly called .on a1l1Governments ,thic i thius far, had not clone s :,to take.stringent enforcement measures to,. ensure stri"t c.ompliance ly all individuals, associations.and bodies corporate under their. jurisdiction with the sanctions imposed bythe Security..Council: and, to prohibit: any: form of collaboration by them with the illegal .rege. By paragrapi 11 of the same resolution the Assembly requested. the, peciåalCommittee to follow the implementation of that resolution., I0. As., is well nown, there have been numerous, instances.of violations and possible violations of sanctions against Southern Rhodesia..The present paper concentrates on the Report on the Supply of Petröleum and Petroleum PrOduets.to Rhodesia,, x/ conmwonly known as the Bingham report on oil saneti.ons;...the finniijý3i and military support. the illegal régime, receives;. the opening of the. Zanhian border with Southern Rhodesia; action bythe Unilted. States and the: UnitSed Kingdom on sanctions against Southern Rhodesia, and. action on sanctions by United Nations bodies.. A. Bingbam reort ' Up to thetime of the unilateräl deciaratiön"of independence by Southern Rhodesia in: November 1965, the total consunptiön of petroleum o t h Territory is said tO have averaged: about.416,O00 metric: tons.:a- year..At that time, petroleum products for:both.Southern Rhodesia and Zambia were tranmworted through Pozambique at Beirä, from where.. they were pu.mpedto the Central African Petroleum Refineries (CAPREF) in Southern Rhodesia at .Umtali. 12. Soon. after the promulgation: of the declaration, tie. United Kingdom issued the 1965 Sanetions Order, which, required all.United.Kingdom companies to apply sanctions.:against Southern Rhodesia. This-move-had been a.ticipated by both the Governxment.of Sout her -n Rhode siä and the oil:. companies. Thus, .tý is bel.ieved that even before the.declaration, either the Government of Southern Rhodesia (pserhap wýithll the. co-operation .of some . oi ompanie s ) .began to intercept :.petroleun supplies intended for- Zambia, or some oi :companies deliberately fai.ed.to consigo to Zambia.supplies meant for that country. 14ý. It ,.s the. diversion of supplies which :led Zambia to charge that Southern Rhodesa and some-l cccanies ( 4cons,irc t deprie-, i, ci f cii, b i a- 's x" T.: H Bingham and u. . Gray (London. Foreign and Commonwealth,ý Office September 1978). -4 2- cl.ims are suppöted . bY, .a study,, ,publis hed in 1976, _/ Which implicates companles in the conspiracyý,inciuding .the Shell Petroleum Company Ltd.I, and the British Petroleum . Company Ltd. :(BP)ý,ý both :incörporated. in ý the United : Kingdom.å å Finally, in 1977, the Government ofthe. United Kingdom appointed pir. Thomas Bingham,' : noted British barrister, and Mr. S. M. Gray, a ieading British chartered accountant , to carry out an linquiry into th e matter. 144. in September. i97 . ýthe report on the Supply, of petroleum and petroleum products to théeillega reg ime was presented to the United Kingdom Secretary of _State for: Poreign and COmmonwealth Affairs. The Security Council Committee established: in pursuance öf resolution 253 (1968) concerning the questiön of Southern Rhodesiahas since published the conclusions and observations contained. inthe repöort..z/,::The Bingham report, concludes, inter alia, that a number of companies. including Shell: BP and Total South Africa (Pty.), Ltd. continued to supply Southern Rhodesiä with petroleum products through South Africa even after the decision bythe Security Council to impose comprehensive mandatory sanctions . against the 1Territory inw 1968 (resolution 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968). In fact, oil received in, the Territory rose from 168,000 metric tons in 1968 to 305,000 metric tonsin 197h.: The report also notes that the conspiracy against Zambia :may have existed even before the unilateral declaration of independence. 145. The report. states thät the United Kingdom Embassy. in South Africa was informed that o for Southern Rhodesia was being channelled through variöus intermediaries from companies supplying South Africa. Around May 1966.; when:the scale: f. the supply to Southern Rhodesia became knoim, the United. Kingdom Government became very much concerned about cutting it off. During 1967, a number of schemes were explored and diplomatic moves made to that end. The... United Kingdom Government came to believe that, without the co- operation of South Afriåaaýääd Portugal and in the absence.of' restrictions on crude oil shipments by t Tole .tal -Compagnie frangaise des pétroles tö the lozambique refinery of :the Sociedade acional de Refinag.,o de Petr6leos, SARL (SONAREP)ý, the supply to Southern Rhodesia could not be stopped altogether without placing an embargo .on shipmentsý. toSIuth, Africa and Mozambique. The attention of the Unite' Kingdom Government was then concentrated on reaching a position whereby it could truly be sa ,i thatý British cöompanies were not.engaged in supplying Southern Rhodesia. and that ~no British oil.was: reaching Southern Rhodesia.. Towards the end-of:1967, the United lKingdom :Govern.ment began to suspect that customers in Lourenqo .Iarques (now calleiPdläauto), to whom Shell Ho9ambique Iwas delivering goodsý free.by rail, were consigning the goods. to Southern Rhodesia. Y/ The Oil Cns1iräy ( New . :York, Center I for :Social, Action of the United,. Church of Christ (CSA)).77 See also Official Records of.the General Assembly, Thirt.y-åcönd sessionS (A/32/23/Rev 1), vol. .II. chap. VII1 annexy, paras:. 92..( 98.. :.: -:...... «i ... i ...... -third Year , SUi-o lemernt z/ OfficialRecords of the Security Councl Thirt,-th Year. u e for October.5 ilovember and December 1978, document Sc .4-3- )46 ..tccö in, to the. Bingham report: some time in Februar1963 S hel .o.t frical in, åä arrangemtwh Toa Iout,:Africa wherelby orders bzi eiced free.. by ": 1 ý. o Loujrehno r.,arques on :behalf of customers su.speted of re.eiinpgto S .. ..tflher . ýc'esia ,iould. be. filled instedd by Total South Africa fro, is a ,t9 i1Stal:s t n i iIozämbique.. , exchance, the South African companies o h Consolidat-.d PetroleUm Company, Ltd. a/ would.supply euiväl.nt Iuantities of uroduets .t Total South Africa at a convenient point, or points, in South Africa. The details..of the exchange arrangement were communicated to the United Ringdo. Governme' in the: trse .of the folowiihg, year. The United 1Kingödom Governnent considered it. t:.be thee est arrangement possible in :.thIe circumstances but realized thät iti would.,not prevent or reduce the. quantity,. of ol: reaching Scuther Rhode sia. li;7. The exchange arrangement was implemented and operated for a neriod, during wich orders. placed with Shell South Africa by Parry Leon and Hayhoe and., after i969, with Freight: Services,.' Ltd. (both cOmpanies:based in South Africa) were physically met .with product s suppli ed and hand.ed by, Totäali. South Africa at Louren o :Marques against an equivalent, supply. elsewhere. This arrangsment was superseded by another under which products supplied by the .:ýSouth Africar narketing companies of the: Conslidated Petroleum.Comnany were handled through the Total. Söuth Africa installation at Lourengqo iMarques ,for la f ee and then delivered. by Total to Freight Services. This arrangement with: Total referred to in the press.as the 'swapH arrangement. .ceased towards the end of 1971, Orders. were :then placed by Freight :Services with Shell South:Africa, filled from products supplied by, the Consolidat ed South African .marketing companies and delivered by Shell :ivoambique .toI Loureno.ärques. ii4: In itS observations on the Bingham report, The Guardian (anchester), like many newspapers in the United Kingdom, concluded that 'the British firns .BP and Shell 1broåke the Rhodesb ä sanctions .and guaranteed the supply of o1 to th:e illegal Smith régime with the. full knoiledge and consent of successlive British Governmehtä . .... 149. In November 1978,, the Bingham report was debated in the United Kingdom House of Commons. Dr. Owen töld :the Iélouse that there had been no cover-up and there would be none., H-e informed the fouse that it was for the Director of' Public :Prosecutions to decide whether there had been a.breach of sanctions legislation (see also para. 159 belo.), .:ary::in February 1979 the House decided to.set up a joint committee of :both houses to be. knwn as the i Comm i ::sion on.Ci. Sanctions, *to.consider, following there.orti inquiry> the *part played. .by those concern ed in the development and application of the olic,: .oil sanction s against Rhiodesia:. 150.lIt will be recalled that, according to the CSA.. study (see ara. 143 abtove), certain United States: oil co mpnies including the :obil Cor-oratio, the Caltex Petr , ol e um . ,Corporation. and Texa .ö: .in. were also .aeged involved in the oil: aa/ile onsliatd etroleuým Company asthe maknagýin- company of Sh1,ell and BP.in the tri-gular area between Cyprus, south Africa.and w hat was.hen .nown as Ceylon. -i44- colýsý,iracy to sir)ply,..petr(ýléUrýý.åLndý:,pétroleum ptodtýcts t0 soUtherhý,Rh6deý,iaL.::iýi violatiol-, of Utiitedý.ýiations:.ýsarie ions.,ý..ý.ý.In..December 1978. .,it,..Tdas,, report 1 view of tlle Bi . ha I m - . r I e p , o r éd'that in cone-LUSions o ng t. the,ýUnitedýStatesýhad.reopeneý jrvesticatiOlýS, 01-1 tiýe. r.ole,,, played,:by .those 6ý5mpatiies ý.in the:ý ilý iracy. full publie report'ý ý,,oulýi b(ý> issued '."wherj thé.,investiýåti hs.ýåL ýti-Diýort for t he 151. Accordiiig to reports in, 1578. the, il i egal regime received, a. seeret:-loan £150 million, from-non reportedly, to. sustair, the ý,lýteåýstiry,,u I till.ý',1ý... April i979.:ýand to.ý.eii,tbié,ý,théý.illegal:,regime..topay f6rý,.thé,lý4r: iýhichý:is said to be, costinýýåbout,,£6509000ýýz,:,.day.: ..During the. same:year, as I :reportéd.éarlie. t,,(,séeý para. illegalý régime also recelved.aloan of.."'US,15:mill Eurocurreneý.::. The: loan: is to ýhave a spread of Lper. cent belowinterbank- rates whicýt is utiýýsiial..on a n o I rraal,ý f 1, in , an c i . aL-,marke tý: The.ý illegai:régimeýhaýs refusé(!::ý: to diselose tlle 11affles of the. banks, involved.,,ý, 152. it ýias.aiso.ýb,,ý,énrépbrted thdt.the army.of.the illégalregimeýýhasreceived su-t)stantial quantities, ýof ,new equipment including helicoptér,s.,,,.ýAccorclinýý,,-L6 reports, 11: Uiiitecl:StatéS,-diýý!ýigned Be1l:.:205..helicopter8.:have,. . béiýriýýstiUgg12ýd.. into Southern Rhodesia. ..2he..UnitedStates. Department of. State åndý.thtiý..:.United, States l)e-ýartmeiit of 'Coi . bffi I e rce, inýtLýttiýatédl:these,:reports and,.are:.saidý.to.haive,,,ýc . oncluded. t.ýat the I helicopters ý..apl)aréntlýý..ýwere..sent,,fromIsraél','..,:.,.ThEý,.Depå-rtment, I of.,ý State announced:thåt tlieý.bepartmerit of ý,ýomme rce ý had :given . Is>raelý permission. to-sel! ýthe helieopters:. toý,.,an:unname United.Statescompany.with 6pératioii!ý:.iný.c)ingapore,,,ý.. The Depaýtme nt.::of 8tate c oý . i I c I iudéd,.hbwever .:,thýat th ere w<,ý s no ý. éV i de ne e. 6t...indicaýtioin that Istaelý,.haýs,.permitteci.tlié transferý.df..thése,aireraftl:in:violatioii..OýCýýl(Uhiteýdý: States regýu ations' ccor ing.ý. reports thé.:helicbpters, ave a.rea y een. cýýuipped ýor roll . it ary.u se by.ýthe åtMed foirtébý of ..thé,illeýal.ýté ime. 153. heports al 1. soln dic a t ;e . t . . hat b I o I th.-Ith e Depa irtffient of State and,: the.:, DepartMent of Coýrýuerc.e are..investigating,:,allegýýtibiýs th,ý- it,,20,Ce&,ýnå;.:F.T.-ý37.Býre(ýonriaissance ur*d i F ce,:u ared:.,ln .planes anufýý tý* iný tan nder,:.United States. liceýnce,. ave:a so-appe Sout'nern:Rhådesla. Th'::nedémber 19,78, The Iiýternýgtional...Institutiý for~Strategle t ý,tudies reported. that tlie .:numbér-of- Ftenehw-désigried,ýAloiýlétte..hélicxýp ers:.in : he .ýands of the illegal régirneý,ýhacl ihýcreå;8ed from,.16ýiný1976..t6ý. 66:.*itý 1978..-:It-:has also been reported th a t S . o uth Africa .ýis a pri ncipal.purchaser..of':ýuch helieoý,)ter5. 154. 'n Deceniber ý.978, a United.States federaýl coýirtýbråéred.United Airlines- to bm:,soutlýern iýlýodesia,.i.n..violdLtinn Pay YUS 5 0 ()r in penalties for,, rai rig Pilots fr a of sanctions aGýý,ir-ist that,:ý,cbuntry.. The,.airlitié.ýwa!ý, training the, pi:Lotý,: t. ýDénýriý for Affr,---týýLir, bb/' a sýÅ-b sidiary of Air..,.'Rhodesia. bb,' For inj'ormation;on Affretair.,,: see.Offic ialý Recotd8..of thiý:Géneral -b -nýLy n, 1,jo-ý-ý23A/-ý6-23/Rev.l) Asse ly, '1ý,ic 11ýiar). VIII, paras.. 207-209.ý .-45- 55 Ac ording to:the:magazine Southern: Africa, t.1 illeý:al régime is relyiý1,, ry- forcesto,.,sllpport.its rmy in the struggle ý,ýith .1 mor e more on m erc e na a Patriotic Front ý,ý,,iierrillasý. the-magazine reported that tiýe 1, wii.iý e, I m . er ce - nar . y fo:rbés:.haýt :inere , as ed. ",.fr býå ".;i OM. .v.o:.years aCo to perhaps as many ýLS:: 5 ý O00i comingý måinlyýfrom various Wester n c I o I u , ntries, despite national law,.ý ilda!Ciný.,. it: illégal:,td,:,técjr I ui t ...m - erceriarié!ý,ý.:,:rot ýýservice in ý-ýouthern Rhodesia, t, býý.-thé, Urýitedý States and the United [,,ingdorq .ýon sanctions againstSouthern.Rhodesia 156. Since the signing 6f. theSalisbury.. Agreemeiýt:.ý6ný.. 3 March 1978 (see para 35 abové) a. number . of.,grbupb::aiýýl,ý tcffiinént ýinclividuals in the United States and the Unitý,dý.ýCingdora,:'have been engaged, in:- éffor.ts to håve the sanctions lifted a,ý.rainst Southern Rhodesia.,: 157ý. . In. July 1978 a group of,,Urýited..StatessL:ýnators sponsored e. visit to the United-Ståtes ýbY.Bishot:,!ýiuzotéýý: t6ýýdampåign for. -the I if ting, of ti-ieý sanctions. ýýDu2ýing month, ý7heh the Uiýitéd:.ý,Stdtés...Congýýess,ý,debated the question of .s oh8 ý,,atternptýg.:wer.é ma e, espéciall ili.ý.:thé,.ýsenåLte., aneti Y. toý,havýe the United States suspend the, S<ýLhdti(ýtýýuhtýil it could.be-deténnined ýThetheiý.:',.the illegal régime had inti-odii,ýe, maj 't ule at.the . end. jori yý.r of 1978ý In fact, attempts were madeý esolutions and amendments, to bringý:about.accept,ýnce "dý::recogni ion of.t}ýeýý8alisbiýr3r:AgrL t. At the end .of.ýthe débaté,..the Senate wi i he doýheiýtreiý .:6f:ýthé:: 9 ce, ouséý:6fRe)--ýresentatives, ýadcPtéc1ýýaý,resolutionýbyý,a vote:of..159 to 366, 'týy.:.,which:.it:,dedidý-- å..to.ýýcontinue sanctions å ai ins ýthe Ter it T I i r ory. heý.ýteso ution. 'Léft.*tcý.:the President the dedision.: on.: tlie..:liftingýlof thé:.ýaticti()ns.."based- on whether he felt týiat the illegal 'ré*gimé'ýhåd: made.:.attempts tonegotiate with.th 1ý Påtti . atic Front ýýin wod faitli'.',ý:f6r, :a !ýéttlemeht tb..th p' blem and h e ro w ether free and fair .eledtibns:ýhad.been ýh I e 1 1 (1ý in. the T . e t iýitory 158. ýýin ,Gctobér,, :all tour,ý le adérs of the illegal r6rime visited the United States in . ån. att étnpt to put ad ross thein:point of view and convince the United States ,Government: to lift sanctions (se e paras. 49-55 above). 11.59. In:the United Kingdom, Prime..IvJinister James Callaglýan,, responding, to calls in .1 the House. o f,ý.ed . ii . mo n I s I .ýf b.rl. I the United,ý.Kiiýgdom to lift ssanctions a,,ninst the thåt' ..sanctions were imposed on Southern Rh6déj' : ýds e lt a n ions. ec18 ia a r su of: ýU itecl:ýlýåt4 d lon an :wouid::be lifted in the same the.debaté.:,oh the Binýham re I p ort in the:ý Ho '1,Tovember 19(,ý (see :ýatå4:ý.149..laý, o I ve . t he - Hou , se ývdtéd:,.to extend: sanc'tioný..'ae,,ýiinst the Territory for åii6tiýer year. it w , I , 1 .ý:.:be. rléc , a lled I t h I at, ljýiaélý..:Brit'iýh.:legiýslation, tl,,ý-, sýp-r,1icatiý,n .0 i,-ýn6tibris againstýý:5Outherri Rhodesia:ýmust:..be reViewed ever year and can only, be exteýiý£ec,:,: or aiiotherýý:ýedr by ai-, a(ýt ýof Parlianent. .ý,Witiý..thé,ý,élect:iOnS scheduled under the internal agreement due to take place on 120 April: ýýfurtiýer,:efforts: made to re-,rýeal the sanetions in both the United State.-:.and...the,,Uniteå kirigdom. nresent IJI-iitc(ý 2 ta - C, s admin i s rät i n, had ý m clé. clear:that as.a matter tije Covern,,,,,-nt wouldýýnot: åénd: åjjýöfficial téä :. tö M obäerve the e ection3. årý rcsponse-toýreDeåted invitations by:the,ý' 11 11 1.ý :a re-im :insarch:, ()11ýtion VuG intröåuced-iiutheSénate:Fo éigh Pelåti re- r ons Conmitteel:tö )f privateý nitecý.lotates:cit izens s ve the el w' to.ob er ectionsýand to:report on whether.. they- had, been fairlyConducted.: The resolution was LscaIKMItIV aM-,)rövedýby, the:Corräitteé,.ý and ädopted:by thé,'.Senåte byý a voteýot- 66 to 27, finder the ýternis: 6:t: the resöl-ution the United Ståt I esýC I . ongress wo ;IjtlýOriZ,,-- the S-ýý,eal= oý the flouse of Representatives and the Senate President ryn telý,ý, t0 a-Opoint tvo leåders who would in turn béléct:ftomý25,tö,,50.ötl e enbers. frorrj ýpriva e organizations-to obs et-ve, the elections. , ýTheý "ejjjte V MI1.1,1 -brövideý .',,175 000,:for:expenses. On 3 ýAiDril hovever The 11ew Yårk Time . t ýIIýit the ý Föreirm Äf fairs. Sulåcoi-nmitteé, of the Housé, of Retresentatives votec! a ainst the.resolut ion.. 162. in ýarcli ý.prime.. Hi , nister. Callaghan was.reportedýtoýhave ståted in the 17ý)use öf Commons thatý.the:Unitéd.JcingdorP Covernrtient.h-d decided ndVto:äénd a tear tiý-- electioný1:.0fý theý illegal. rime. YTovev r e onservative Party is av-c I dec .1 ided. tö, send such å téara 63 resolutio gý of 8 Tfårelý.'1979,,thé <,ýécurity.Couhiýil: declared:any: ciectiur Iheld: unåer:- theý.:aiispices ofýthe illef-ral.rgrimp andý thfNxesults theireof: r)iAll, t:n so e nitioný Tmuldbenccétd cnd voj,- ...2- .d claréd:,that no recog ed either by:.thél: miteýý, ions ö . r by any riember. Ståte to any rýpresentätiVeS or.:to any, ortfan:. by that proceså. ý: It urrýed %all States to réfralný from sendingobservers. tc? those elections and: tö tåke:,åppröpriateý action to .,disdouraae organizations-ånd- :, institutii)ns uithin their respective. areas åfjuriääletion from ýdoin10- Durin-,, the vote on the resoliitiön,,.theidnited,Kintdoiý.,,.the Unitedståtes and 1'rance abý:tained, not,ý, jend.ý , å . Cöne tö ýIouthern ý,hocJesia to ýo-bser'ýé 'thé, e ec ion theyý t å, tedoliiti on vhich e4reýtjriscribcd ýthe functi I ni I g .1 ö I f,,theirýlegislative bodies or Åhe rightsof dec ide:t b i étions. -,ýny of tkieir citizens who ini ght o-o serve,,. e-e e iý, 07-)erär.ý7 Ä the-Zambian bo rder with: Southern Bhode sia Ä -anentRépreséntative.of te 5. ctobérý197 cc he Pern 5 T n n o t e v e rlo ýj 1 - d ä d, h et G 1 that it, håd.."decided ,_gritip, t--) the Unite-d .ýntlofis infoýrmedt e-Secr ary- enera t fö ttanspor. a io ts -gith j,,.,irýcdiatc effect, to use the s6uthern rou e r., t* nöfl-i g00 S '11.,e statf- ,ýrent sai tki,-Åt '-his ý,7oulå mean th I e_ 11 o I p . e ning or the border. with, Southern 'in. f th Uril e -)desia sjhie'n been elosed i fuýýthétåhbe,:o e.'hc n January- 1973):, i'ationsý J,eci- ion to mandatötysandti ainst Rhodesia ty-thir Year,ýSuT)p ement cc -clhu of..the Tbit - dý-c -ln- C1ýý. 2-1Aocumcnt. x-i4 ä. December, J6 to Zambia, its aiinualýréquire-,ý.,ients for fértilizers i,,ere about 2d0.. 60dý rqetrie tons,,of,:,whiéh .manufactured locall,,r. ltý ciaired..týiåt,ý. :,ports-in b ththe Uiýite,-ý'-Replý,blic of T,ýrizaria and ljýo7,ambipý-ie ýh . i .. hr,- 1.11f or1its, gc ds,.: Iinýýtransit, .,.could no low er handle r th Mbi . h, d As a result, .,.expéditibýi,ý1-ytheý v6lumé o e:, a a !:,oo 5., Dassinr throufý,h them. c 2 th Pýfricaý:. ýccordir,ýý Zambia bad beén:'. (ýoinPelled to finýl,ý,alt rýnat.ive ports- in cýOlý epor s the.fir!stýtrain.arriveýl i a through louthern Pliodesia on ý:11ý Oct6be:rý ce-rryln(t ri i e seeds., Za as: stated:. that~ althoiigh it has the border :i67,1 mbia. 11 S6tithern rliodLýsiåý, itýlýill:c6iýtinue.ý,tosup ort the peo-ple of 'irpbal-ýý,e in their libération,,8tr uýg, gie.ý it.:vill be-reealled.that.,byparagraph,15 of its re-solution 253 (196A), the IJ ' ed ,ýTatioriýý the United .,ecu-rity..Ccýuncii.ieql-ýestér-l: States ýMembers. of-the nit Nations ý, the. speciali zed aý,encit-s ånd.:oti-ýer iýtie-rnåtional,. drganizations in the ýUriite2id liations system.to, extend,,assýi-itýAncL:ýý:to of priority -,ýith view to e p .1 eeonor-dc::.pr o ems a I s i . ýýh lping. itýsolve. sueh-s ecial t Tray be confronteý fron. the. carryinr, ou th -ýecurity Council related i.arising. t of...,the,ý édi*sions.Iof. . e <-.ýtoý.<ýanr- tidns:årý,,ainst:Southern Rhodesia. is::request has been repeate,ý in rany Se curityý.Coiýhdiland General Asseiý.qbly.rcý 1 bliý, i o il s ýEý Åý2tion in ýl978:on sanctions ýýoutýý-ern ýýIýod-esie UnitedITations. orr..,ans. 169. :.As: reporte earl et. see. para. Seeurity Council by its 5 above) theý ,..r I es I olutio I n 437.,,:.(1978) ndteýl,ý7ith,.tegtet...åLnel.ýebncern...the.decision of the Unýted .State8.:toý all()ýw entry, iýýtb tlic,ý United ý States. ý6fý.theý:le<--ýdere of the illeýyal r6ýri!-e aFý.. - a violation of sanctions:aF,,,ainst-Southér . TIIl 6 de . ýs ia .:P y 1, its resolutý,on 4L5 (1197"?) ,.the Seýýitity..co-(.ý eil , t 1' t (l .in er a la:,.ý.riLques e "cTrnittee establishéd,:,in pursuance. of resolutioh,253:ý(1968),.concérninf. the question of Sbýitheiý.n:..-Rliodes to iý,,eet.,lrw.ec'Liateýy to.: ýonsi d en méastitýý&, fei, strený-t3leniýiý- an,,ý widenine: til é. 5 anctidtisý al,,, a i . nsýt S0-dthýýri,, Plloýlesia and to subnit its pro-rosals not later than 2-3 ýl.ýýår6h 1579 170.: Cil.ý2ý:ý.,ý-larch, Seeurity:ý. i t t >-ý dd/ C Ur i t c s e ý,ýthe, co. t the ..uni aterI1 repeal bf.:sanctions,::by an ýlt -1-lie, Council StåtesOf their. ýob i a ion to lp, con 1- ýyith its decJý--,ions in dý2 cordane e tjel 25 ý f: tlle rhårtér of liýýiteýl, ýTo.tions. 171.-The ý-ýeel3icity. Cblnrittee infcqrc,-' tle Coiineil t!iat it ýontiniýe deliberations, ýimone,.:6their c>ýý the iters possiblareås: of ý,tiýet)ýtýléninýý and t i c -L,- i l- od s i -a týid ThirtV-,f Febi-,,ýarv "areh ý'"7" S/13191, -ýa (a)applic atiöOflofthe sanctions against Southern .ho<.esiat :i! .i...... «. .. ..* .. " : - .,.noo es a o the full ,xtent pf ticle 1 of the Charter: (b).irline comanies maintainiex n oin1s ith Southern T.Uodesi. (c) travel to and fromSöuthern Rhodesia; (d) inforrnati0n or other representatol nal offices of the illegal reie abroa, (e)transfer of personal and/Or corporate funds :to: and fr0m Southern höesia; (f)8mercenaries serving with the armed: forces of the. ille gal reg I (g) extension of ations. to South Africa (h> sports activities concerning Southern Rhodesia., (.i) supfDly of military equipment to Southern Rhodesia (:j) supplyof oil änd.Oi products" to Southern Rhodesia' (k) non- recognition :of the- illeégal elections and their resuits and (1) foreign companies operating in Southern"Rhodesia. 172. on 13 December 15978, the ,:Gene ral Assemib ly, ado .pted:. r >esoöluItion, 33/ 38,E on Southern Rhodesia and resolution 33/hö on::forein :economic and :other interests that hinder the decolonization process. 173, In both resolutions, the General Assembly expressed its convicti6n .that the scope of the sanctions.adopted aerainst the .illeal. rgime.in"Southern Rhodesia should be expanded to cover ll. tle measures contenplated :n Articie . of.the Charter anå calleå upon the Security Council. to consider adopting appropriate measures to that end. 17h It also strongly condemnedthe racist rninority régime of South Africa which, in violation of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and in open contravention of.its specific: obligations under Article 25 of the Charter . continuet to coll.aborate with the, illegal racist Söinorityrégire in Southern . Rhodesia, and called upon ,the Security Council to impose economic sanctions against South Africa, including an oiul embargo and.the: withdrawal of investments from that country. 175. By resolution 1978/73 of 4 Aup ust 1978, the Economic and social Council urgeå all transnational corporations to comply, strictly: with:the relevant UnitedNatlons: resolutions by terminating all.further investments in southern Africa and:by.ending their collaboration.ith:the racistminority.régimes. I also called on all GOvernrents :-rhi:ch ha not yat done sa to take. measures in respect, to their nationals and transnational:. corporations of their nationality. who, own or operate enterprises in southern Africa in order to put an :endto .such:,activities.. 176. According to reports, in August 197&,a document was submitted to the.United 1Nations Sub Comnmission on Prevention of. Discrimination and. Protection of IMinorilties stating that 593 Wlestern firms had been violating United Wations sanctions against Southern Rhodesia.- OfP .these firms håh were said to- be based in.the United Kingdom and 92 in the United States.:" The document also!ists.firms.that are said to be registered in Austria, Canada, France, the Njetherlands and Switzerland. :-40- CHAPTER IX* NAMIBIA A. Consideration by the Special Commttee 1. The Special Committee considered :the question of Namibia at its l139th to l145th meetings, between: 23 and, 27 April 1979 during its session held at Belgrade. 2. in.its consideration of the.item, the Special Committee took into account the : provisions of the .relevant General: Assembly :resölutions, including in particular resolution 33/182A :of 21 December 1978 On the.situation in Namibia resulting from the illegal occupation of the Territory:by, South.. Africa .and resolution 33/44 of 13 December 1978 on the implementation of the Deciaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. By:paragraph 12 of resolution 33/44, the General::Assembly requested the Special Conittee !!to Icontinue to seek suitable means för the immediate End:full implementation of:General Assembly resolution 151h(XV) in. all Territories which :have:not yetå ttained independence and, in particular: .. to formulate: specific proposäls for: the eimination of the remaining manifestations of colonialism and:to report thereon to the General Assembly at:its thirty-fourth session".: The Special Committee also:.pai due attention to the relevant resolutions Of the Security :Council concerning Namibia and to the reports and decisions tof he United'Nations council for Namibiä 3. During its consideration of the item, the Special Committee had before it a working.paper prepared by the Secretariat (see annex to the present chapter) containing information on :developments concerning-the Territory. 1. Participation of thenational liberation movement -. In conformity with the provisions ýof the relevant General Assembly resolutions and in accordance with estäablished practice, the Special Committee, in consultation with the Organization of African.Unity (OAU), invited thenätional liberation movement of Namibiaý, the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPo), to participate in ýan observer capacity in its"6 ci de rät .ion of1 ö the::item. In response to the invitation, a representative of SWAPO pai Ipated in the relevant proceedings of the Committee (see para.* 7 below): 2. General debate 5 it its 11l36th" meeting, onApril, by adopting the eighty-second report of the Working Group (A/AC.IOg/L.l29. the Special Committee decided to take up the qUestion:of ,amibia during its meeeings at Belgräde, tohold a general debate covering the :questions of. Southern Rhodesia and Namibia and, at the conciusion of the: debate, to adopt a:decigsion covering bOthitems. . * Previouely issued under the symbol A/34/23/Add.2. -50- 6. AccordinBly, at:..i,.ts. 1139th to-1145thl.méetings :.be pr . 1 1 t he sreciai comnit.te.eý.ýéonsi ered- the question.-6f ýHarqibi aýwith the ýi ýoarticipýition tative of SI-1 of the represen APO.:and hecollclusioh.6fýthéýgeneral-debaté adopted a on .ýthe Dée6l6nitåtion of Zimbabwe and Il amiblåýý (sééý, beloi-7). ts*,in,tege n.er.aldebate. -ýtejýe :made b-ythe ireý éseiitåtiVeý; otý: Ethiopia, Ihdbnes.laý.:arýd:.Bulgariýi.<ýt.ýtheý1!4oth.nleeting:(AIAC.109/PV.1140)4ýChi lelffi*. .ýlie...United:,5epubl16.. 6f.ý:TeýnzaniN, .*Irýcli,:.1,ý Tunisia and Fiji, at the.1141st meeting..ýý:::. 109/PV.114!).- ýAýisttålia the Unionof:Sovjét 3,bciåli!ýtýRePublics ý.the:Ivory .,m, a..8ierra ýe6n,ý::.lýt we the:.1142nd meetinýý(A/AC 109/PV 1142) ..S .theý:Syrian:Arab:.Repub icý_ ineL,:,..Cuba,åndAf.-ýhanistan,-ýt the, 1143 d. meeting .(ÅIAC.i:109/pv 1,143);:.and.Trlnidad andTobago Czecholosvåkia the Congo.atid at theý !14.4tfi.meetin,&. (A/AC,109/Pv01144). ..An:add*tional st i atement waEý ,la t representative of thé:Syrian:A ab Republi at the 1145t ýdýý:byý . he r le h:méetjng. WAC 109/Pv 1145 .7. Aaron: Shihepo the.repres*ent at ive of SUAP0 made ýa.statement atýthe .1145th ýneétiiýgý:.(A/AC.109/ PV*1145)0 .8. Statementsýlrélatiiig.t6:the item:wére also, made by.the representatives.:of:the. ..Spécial COMMitteeagai - nst . Apartheid the. United. Nations Council.for Namibia: and the.::. ý:ýe cut, iveý.se . retary of OAU to the United Nations at -the. 1139th. meetin representative of the Oftice.of.the United blationsý: High gé s.: (UNHCR) ýit.the meetin,&:. (Al r, log/ :1140)-,:thé re- p : r I e . sentative: ý)f:.théý tJnited,,Nåticirý5,,1ýdueationýLl Scientlficand.:Cultural--'' 1:o, r , g . a li. zåt idri:.:(t1TESc*o),:dt:thé:ý-1144thýtneeting (A/Adøl09/PV*1144).ý.ýýýnd the .. r e p , re I se ntéLtive..of tiýe.,OAU:.Coý-oi-ciiniLtinf, Committéeforý.the Liberation 6fýAttica.,iýt the .1145th me I etiný:.(AIAC*log/pvøli45) (see also vol. <ýhapeý. Ill, 1 0 1 f the..ý:preser , tý, B, Deciåion oöf the ýSteåia1 Committee 12. The relev*ant se tions of the Final Document on.the Decolonization of Zinbabwe and Naäibia (A/AC 109/578 adopted by the Special Committee at its 1145th meeting, on. 27 April, to which reference is made in naragraph 10 above, are repröducedI below: (i) The: Spec~al .Comitee, in the context of the programm.e of work alpproved by: the General Assembly.in.its resölutiön 33/h4 of 13 December 1978, accepted with appreciation the invitation Iof theGovernment of.Yugoslavia in that regard and hd Series of plenry .meet ings :at ::Belgrde from 23t 27 April 1979 to c6nisider% he questions of Southr h å1d ibia in view of the continued.illegal occupation of and donination over these Territories racist:. rgimes of :Salisbury and Pretoria, a.S ituat ion which the Security Council has determined as constituting a threat.to international peace and security*~~ (2) At its opening meeting th Specii. Committee .hear d an important and inspiring messagefrom .r. Josip: Broz Tito, the: President ofYugoslavia, in whichhe declared that the eradication of:colonialisnis . not :only a matter for the conscience of mänkind but is:also a prerequisite for .the relaxation of tension in the world, for the strengthening of relatins ofI equaity a.ong countries and for .thesåfeguarding:of.peace in the world,". President Tito went on to state that "Yugoslavia has -always considered that full respect for the princ iple s, Of."Sovere ignty, independence and equalityofall peopes :and, countries cannot be ht r the lake of any ". .b ýlrite .... ru i t -ue t oh. interest, no matter whose . President Tito also stressedthat ..ver since.the creation of the non-aligned mOvement in:Belgråde in 1961, the liquidation of colonialism has been one- of its most important . objéctive.å The President -,declared tnatithe Ylåh: rIa gi or emoment was rigt for the United Naionå s .to express its .slidarity and to rovide effe tive assistance o thepeoples o Africa and to take decisive measures to is ines and an.ly effective sanctions against them,. 1/ (3) Th e. S pe cial IC ommi tt ee ..also.heard. words of wei come and a key.-note address delivered by Mr.:Josip Vrhove, th-e Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Yuoslavia.(h aving, considered the questions of-Southiern Rhodesia anid Nýamibia within the context of the Declaration on the Granting of Indeendence to Colonial Cöuntries.and Peoples, contained-in General Asembly resolution 15i4.(XV) of 14 December 1960, and having iea-rd the statements b t rrentte of peci Committee. against, Aparthe .id: and thie: United DNation Council for Ilainibia, by the :Exeutive seretary of. the [rganization :of :efri Unity to the United Nations,~~~~~~ byterpe:ttv fteUie Kingdon: Of Great Britain and Northern .Ireland, as the adinnistering Poner concerned and by the representatives of Ageriaand Angola, as weil as by the jrrsentatives of the 1/:.A/AC.109/PV,1I.38.: pý1t1-_jotic Front of:.:.Zimbalýwe an*dý.the.,,South 1,ý rica PeoT-lets.Orý I lani . z I a . t jon COPÉ1littééý..calls:.the..attýlntion n t t' 't t erna i~ý,l.communi the extrenielV ý,erlOus :situation prévailinc,,,iný,those Tý,rritories* as rL result of' t1ýe contintling,:mýanoeuvres ýby:,the . ille!-ýl racist ur I an reJ,, mé. of S li sbø the Occupyiný. . E. ti. kr y d'b reg ' 1ý ime,of ýou i rica.tó per-petuhte theirýille,7al:domi atión Of thesé.ý.. erri oriés,:.ýn PoSe pu T)et: ré,,,rimes on., the peoplés of :,Zimbabwe. P.n,1 1'Janibi-i. LI-le of '33a1 -is uryand the racist~reginie óf..South,,,Africa. ý,rave resT)ónsibilitv-.ýfor thý-:creation óf a situation which s .hat y ,,reatens .in ei cýnal pe.-ýce, and security,ý ih southern Africa, This: has ýbéew.ý: ý,abý.utýý,byý the*ir oersis-tent denial to.,the Afrieåh I Peoples, of ýeiýritories-.ýrh chýýhé illegally Occu-pyýof they most batic humanrights, ineludinýý:, iéý,ini),-lienable, :rielit, to.genuineýself-det rmination,.freedow-, el. enc e 'h, tl 11thless resort to Violence and repression . t .. t . e . n ' r, t :tO stille-the, Fenuint2 aspirations.of those. peoples, their,,repe at -ed. ac s,, C1 : CV"r ý,s I sio . n aý åLinst neighbo-iiring. States and their.ladamant r I e I fusal to. 01 Tý; J. it i :thé*ý, rýésolutions and decisions of:.the.Sécurity Council.' .,'aced. with this' rapidly deterioratiný,,, situa ion, -the Speci:a! Committée E.o n ly . calls for,ýinternational solidarity with,,and.sup-øortýfor,.ýthe of Ziý'ý.babýle:, and. I\Tanibitý. and their.authentic.national liberation movéments ecoýrn zed:.byýthr,. Orf.ýanitation of Africgn Unity and.bytheUnitedNatións atriotid ront ofý n 01 .the: P Zimbabwe a d the S ith ýlést Africa Peo-nlels. Orýýafil a lon in ieir:.jus t, strugglet achiéve genuine self-detérininationý:... re ' - a. o I ,ý ' an . d:, i 1 ftd . enéndenc I e. The Committee% urgres. all, States s p e r- i a 1 ized a-encies: an nstitutions associated -rrith the United Nations,ý as..well as ýnon-governmental: on-,anizations,:toýrender all, possible assistance tothe T) e op J e --, of Zimbabý,ýe and !Tåndbia and. theirnational liberatión movementsý, in their ýtrue,ýýle to bring, an.end.to colonialism,,.racism, racial discriminati I n ýýnd -ýnýirthéid, (7) Thlý ý-,necial Corimitt*ee strong, y. con emns thé illegal. réfrime of S aý. i s bury..: andý. the' racist ýré'gi-ne: of. South. Af rica fortheir ýýahton I and. increas ing,, résort., to'' vio'lenceand :intimidation ngainst the Africanýpeonles. under.their do I mi .. n I at I ioni and . fór,t . heir cy . nical defian ce: f the United*111atiónsin its.eftortý to ýýring- abóut the génuin . e I and, col"IDléte decol.onization of.,Scuthern,,Rh I des s i a..-.. ýýnd 1Jami ia The- SpecialCommittee:rea settleffient.in these:Ter it iés ff rmS that:any e,ýn be. accéDtedý by the_ýint I rnatiónaL community.only if. it-is.based, Ion. genuine inåeY)ýýndence:.'anýlvit . h,ýthe, full Darticipation, of the .,people., of , the.,Territory. 'libetation:mOvenInéfit' in aUtlientlc:na ,,as.:tepréented by. its" -.- - I."," . -.1.1:"ý-... ' --. - . a eople andý ir! accordance with:. CCýnf t tý ti Tenuine.aspir.tiónsof thé,ýp evant resolutions ýof::the' Uditéd: ITat ion S* -53- ( : o y, the Srecial: Committee calls upon the entire internationl, communitycaätegricaly :to: reject and denounce all, manoeuvres by the illegal r ofaliburyran the "oCc in.regirne of South Africa to impose :o- all d i ter a etteme ts imed.att givingthe:ir illegal r'gimesi a : sebiance of legitiriacy. I n thfliS connexio n_ the6 C.ommrittee folrmally deelnresýý thät the so-called eletio Ins held by: the ill(egal .regime in Southern :.:Rhodesi. fronI: 17:: 7 to 21 pri 1979 and th, results :,ther.euf are nuli and void and caija,ý "on all states t: withhold any recognition, whatSoevcr from any :all renresentatives li::nstal.led or, organs established as A reSult oj-f the ,btus elections. :The ýCowiittee li ewiseresolutely denounc es allefotbin unårtaken at present, by the South African occupying regime To legalize its Ow Turnhle pupet:: erients. in. Naibia as :a ne :Serious step towards irnnosing .a puppet ré*gime in Nariibia andas an extreme affront to the: U.Jnited N1:atirons, (1o) The .Special ýCommiittee, dr:aws. attention to the f act tha the struggle fonr liberation, insouthern Africa has now entered its ost critical and decisive :phase. It: accordingly urges: all States, ::as: wel as international and. non- gove:rnment al organ i z a tio I ns, 'to c n c ert their efforts in order to bri::: ab out eary an just settlemens in Souten Rhdesia and Iný:ibia based on majo rity. rule, and, in conf ormit y wit the principles laid dn b y th e United . NationsInd :to sten::up allýroundi suppoIrt and:.assistance to the national liberation movements - the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe and the South jest: Africa People, s. Orr nizat ion - in their noble struggle to achieve these goals: (11,) The situation in Zimbabwe and Namibia has been exacerbated by the continuing, extensive. oli~ical, military, and economic links of certain Western andother.countries. with the racist. rgime of South Africa. The f,:.ilure. so farby the Security Council to adopt effeetive measures under Ch:pter VII:. of :the Ch rter. of the United i aainst the ::outh Afric-:n regime is a major factor in South Africa's continued defiance of United ations decisions, oni Zimb. ab ie and " NaT.må,ibia, Accordin .1v, the Spcil ommnittee appeals!ýto all memb er. of the ecurity:. ouncil and in particular: t:he Western o:tries whi ch, are. permanent, member s ýof the .Council tofcLtt h moiino ef.etive measures- under Chiapter VII of th e Chart er. (12) The Special.Committee denounces tle latest ttempts by the -cup-y, regime of Pretoriaý to ..procl'airn a unilatera eiaainofidpndnei Ilanibia .and :reiterates its.denand that t.he rgime unconditionaily acceptan scrupUlousiy implfement th:United Nations plan on:NJaibia, as endorsed by thle security Cou_n~ i s res ut j. n . '19,nt78)of29 )September 1978: (19) DeSrite: the nost ctive intentii e ied endavo.rsby the United i:tion. bodies.concerned tö put an end to the ile c bloodshed and tyranny m-os ed on.t e Namibia.n peopl: bythe. Sout Af ican racist reåime, the situatiorl in mibia cont inues to orsenj rapidly .due primarily to the intran is:ence.: sinister manoeuvres. and :delaing t:atics of the racist min:orit r it is now more than ever iperative, therefore, that e United ations reassert , its. ýresponsibility in thé mktterandtaIzeurgentst' 'p's to brin,ýý about, falthf'uTýlandlýunqualified:,cOMPliance byýthe minority:régime, ,vith the decisiýý,wý, o' ýthe, Urýj d- 11ýjations.ýin..order':to..enable:.the peopléýof Namý ja uneler tlie le,,4dershiPý,6fýthe South1,1estAfrica:Péople"s Organizatic:n . toý ib ýý exereise tliej.r inalienablé::rightýtOSelf-determination:and independ'-'- ýé:.: ýrithout further delay.:ý n (20.) Accordiný,,ly, the Spécia,1,Committee: (a) Nardbia is the:direct,ý o of theýU 't . d re,ýp nsibility ni Eý"ýtions ýÅntil, i fýmdeterriinationand national independence are, aeln erritory:andforthis purpose;. (b) Reiterates:,thatlýalvis:Bay is anintegral..partot:Nar-libial.in...... ,,.. ,,ICCOrdqnce.vith linitedAlations.resolutions$. in particularGeneral A s s emb resolut ion:, S'_ý/ 2 Óf I.May 1978::andSecurity Council resolution:,432,ý (1978),ý of., 'Tilly 19.7,8 :ånd:ýt I hatany decision by:South Afrieato annex Walvis Bay i s ther-f ore': illegal andvoid-, (c) Reaffirms the. inalienable -right, of the, e 1 e ófSamibia, to p OP self-determination>: freedom, and, national independence in a.united Dlamibia ineluding,,ýJalvis, Bayý:, in: accordance:with, the Charter fth Uflited Na ånd as ]réc:ópni7eciinGeneral Asseribly resolutions.:1514:(kv) :14 Decémber 1960 and 2 145XXI),:,27,:Oetoberý1966asIwel11as,.insubsequent,resoluti ons. o f th Éý, Assembly.:relåtingý.ýt& Nariibiaý andthe legitimacy ofthei rstruggle byall_ý megns: :at: h d o al <ýLgain t the:,illegalý oceu ation- oftheirTerritory,,by,A ý-'ýtrongly ýconderf18 SouthAfrica's ý,ótýtinuedillégal..,obeupationof its,,brutal':jýéprý~ssióncf,,the Nwnibian people. and its persistent violý,,ticýn of,:. 't h ' eir " human, right s,,, as -wéll , as , it s, eff ort s todestroythe unitY and err o al integ.rityofýNamibia.(21) Further, the SI-ecia (a) ýýCnd( nns ý,he I so-ca11ledeleIctioInshIe. id, b3r S th:Africa: in 1ý ' amibiå f tc, ýý Dece.lýer, l978, in def iance of..Security Coune il:,re sól-ut i ons 385 (1'97ý ý) nf 30 j,ýnuar 97ý 8) o f,, 13,14 overnb er 1978;__:, (b) D(ýelqre-, thwe electionsnull.and.voldand.of.no'con5equenceto,,the ,ý't,ýiinment c,ý ý,en Ine indepéndence.by, I ibia;.\c) Cý,Jý-is uTý,ý,n all,,Statesnot,,toýaýccordany recognitiowwhatSoeVer:,,ýo, r o an a:rýýs it oý,:thóse cqn' rfý,prý.-ent,ýtýve ristål ed,ó : tg ýestablished ås u eleý2tions' n,ý,r t<-) cQ- operate~with.any :puppet, ' regime whichthé, illégaL:South s I e upe I wth I e Ilamibian :,PéóPle: in. disregård o£ "ýf the. ýbove-mentioned.8ecurity Council resolutions. -55- (22) The I:Spec ial Commritteeý st.ro Ingly .condemlsth.eilel Sot1fia adriiýnistrat ion for: its. massiv reres. ofte nol fYeii n hi nationa lierato 0 oe t the South WSt Äfr icaPol' raia n ith the* int ention- of,, establishirig, ýamon . te hns naroneeo intimhidåtion aind:terror fo the purynose o0 imnosirfr, unnteiaiinpol a ,political 1.arraniTenent, i-ied, at-subVerifc th trtra I Yt,1r.ty and unitv of Hlandbin. andtern)etuating, a rut hles po jyo ail e~eain (2)The S-pecial Committee renaffi r ns.ta the o nly pltclslto o 14am ib ia mustbe on based, on the termlination. ofejtArc's lea occupation and the w-ithdraial, of, it ä arvied: forcésado hefe n unfettered exercise, by all the Våaribian, neoplce, of- their rih to self- determinatiofl and independence withiin a ntd sii, nccrac with GeneralAssembly resolution 1514 (XV)»: To this end, the Commi--jttee reaffirms the need to hold free eélectioniS under. ýtie .e,,-r,,:,:on na- control of thie United Nations in the wholeof Hamibia a.si:onepoica enty i. accordance with Security council resolution38 196. urhrmr, n negotiation sleading to the indenyendence of~aii ust b5e entee into by the South African ré'giie_- withthe-South WestAfrica Peopls Ocizton s the on ly a ut hent ic re-Presentative of the INaib.iaån noludrtea le of the United, Dations. Suchneg ot iat ion s ..mus be for 1h 3E 1r t~ of decidinr' the nodlities of the traisf erý of -nower to the1 epl f -ziba In this regard, the, Conrrittee:, (a) Dead htSouth Africa r el1easef- all:Jaba oii~ r oes ineluding all those imrrisoned ordet ained in :connexion .with nofnc ~er the.so-called.internal security laýs, wuhe ther, äuck rmbinzhveh~ c h ar ged .or ,t ri ed or are-being hield Äithout;. chmý rg- rhte i afia South. Africa; (b). teixr.rndsl t ot fiae~r ht1 ii~scretyi e.xil forn ~,lti rer-on ~a eturn to hi onr ihu iko ret dIetentinu, intimidatic:niuniorn rl~ fi Y (c Reaffirms. that the national liber at in n,-? eto ~nb.i h South West Af rica: Peopl ,e'.s Organiiiza.tionh, is 1 the1 sol e, l aujthti reresentative of, the -aibn bep&adanast l brSa to rant allý necesrary surnrt ýncå asc o hto~naaini t stugle toachiieve inceedneadntoa nt nafe :ha (1)The Special Committe stnlycdeu iout "Ic fi- it -ii ry build-un in Nam.ibia, its, reuit~n n riigo uiin ~rtia armies, its ilalUse of tanibiantritr o ctsoa7rx1n git theindpenentAfrican:coun.irties and th e c<ý1- jn rto o~il eoa f Naiin ro6MÄtheý northern !)or der of th1 e Trn rv ,rr rii an ~rs, In tesme :Con ne.x ion, the pcalCmite :dnn h oninu mltr colla,-bortion betweén. South Af ric,, andý c'tijInenmdohrSaeI exDresses:its: grave: concern: at, thIc r contine collnberat. ý i1,c in tc n er f ield, The Committee eosdr ttan labrtin f etnanohr St ate SWith, South Africa i the1 ltr ila e. si h eeomn -56- of nucleýir Ceiscc>l-lzýtitutes at ion (Df,ý -)riate lecuritk,- Council. rý.,ssolUtion in-nosi.ll,' a mi lit-ýrye'bar. i t aF-ýains ýeuth Afriea --ýnd t intý-tna 16nalý,-ýjeaceýýåhaýýsecuri y and ealls fcr tlitý, Oil ýýf all. collab(ýrRtibn with tLe 1-p,ýi),ie in (25) 'l'lýe Gtron,,ý1,y con -den, ri th :A f S. ou rica. and those -1-ions wiliel.ý: rit i e t and I ndtbr the nnd other co nu I 6ý.éxploit. p u hur,,aiý ard ýi,,itural re,cýýirces bf'ýthe Terr.itbry:ý...in.disjýeý,eitdbf th(ýý:,11ý,gi I t. i ým ' a t- e~ intýetés-Ls of tlýe 11-,ýýnibi,ýn ý)eor)léý:.,qnd dei,iands, tlý'],t such ýýxý dease, It demands thýl-,lt tlýose.Ståýtes trane. t i orýalý a lons. c til -L n a corpor t' on o,ýerate in under.:t11,,-,:illégaladninistratidn.of South Afri' i c a c o, '7ith .11 iýprtinet,ýt resol.utions-of:,tilý,,TJnited.ýDT,-iýtions. 'by withd . r I a-ýTi . niý, all investr11entýj from ýiýTa-ýqibiai and.'gehetall b ý:ari érii to illef,,ýLl So-iitlý,Aftican (29) i ca s inereas ilýý resort. to . f orce, in order to 4 its d,_-iinn.tionof the Territory,,ýitsýýfla,-tarit::rý.,fusýil:,,to conPly- llrith u .;,t _ e6. .ý. I . I P 11 the terms cf 'ec ri v. un(ýil- resolution .385 (1976) and its re Lat d a s 6 aý,-ression aý-ýiirist nei,«,hbouringAfrieýiin.ý,>taýte§ 'the,ýSTýec lai cýriýmitteé. rer-,o,-L- iends tliýit tlýip beéurity:ýCouncil.ýurgentlycon . ve I n e. tdý,consldér. t , alýiný ý,ý-ý-ctive nieasures, týi,. Charter, -øåjý.ticularly,.thý.ý im ositioriof c h ec nomic..sane ions, ýneluding a trade.ýenba*rro, an ýo-i1 embarggo :and. a completé, arns:..embarCO -ý7iýt-h a vieý7 to spcurin'- tlieýspéétyý, compl-ý:ýLniýe.ýof the south Afriý_',an,,reglii(ý tlýi t h of tl,c(27) The attachesý natticulliý iiýi-nortance, to the reconveniý,ýýý...,. of the thirtv-third sess on b ýin otdertb (ýbtý id f.the General Assemblv s er.. ,the questi-)n, ýthe im-Dlicatioiis..of. South Afri s cýbtýtiliue(ý' of re solutinns :ofthe General Assernbly ånd the cýecurit-ý Coiineilý (28) The Sneeial c i tt eé .:exýprý.. s s es it s determination,. o ..ýýor. in e co-orie-ration Council ýf LAND.V4D PEOPTE K nown: as Soifth West a e. s alo formerly,, Afr i c ng, the. South :At] ant i c &cam-i hctWeen the-seventeenth.and:ý,twent',ý7_nibth.pi.,rallels :of-south latitudeý It is bound on the,.norti.,lyýAng(1,ýý..and..Zarftbja, c)rl:.thýý eas t,, by Mtswana and 0 ý.the and::. sout b S ut], Aftica.,ý :An elongatedýpiecc of, land, in the, northeas"ý Cýýrn the., Éast ,Capri.vi ., constitýites a corridor-some 4 25 kj.I.ómétré< lo h C, and ,rý kijometres wide which. runs, east as f at, as the, juneture of. Zambia: and ,jýtjýern RhCýdesi o£ ýami ia is , approxiin, c in 1 'b' at -ly824ýj6square_kilomtc, c -dding 2 square kil6metiýes.) the siý cif the.Territory's,: only., deep-;TB. pop a ion i974, South, Af rica otficially. estiniates, tlie Nam il I I whomý75.ý,,*000-were classified,,a*s..non-whiter, ind 99,000,asýwhitésý~ýa/ý:*,ý d' ation inerea.ý..,e of, 326,ooo since .1960,: o.r, ,,jese c:,tiinates,:, in jeated a, poTnil, ,,,h.ýteG ae--o I n . tedfor ón1 . y125 536ý 7,8 T) e r cent.. .f f pulation, arc. cons:idered: by.:several thenorl~whiteýp S, 3-g-ures, or. o sources t,.), b I i-ind . ere I stimatés, The I of f! ciý,,, o f the Unite-d Nations,,Commissi(-,Mer fOr... i11=jbja es t i mir ýted.:,thåit 'the Territoýý,,,r's t,ý)tn,1 Tjopillation was aroind,1,2.,million ,n !)ý6 an-" l-5,:Million-in 1978. C Land. distribution., outh -A rican,. iovernment.began, fýragmentilng,ýtýc.,Territory al o I b g' t b[ whichýrecomTýiénded theýcreation ý,Le 1I'ne.s set 1ýé'ýOdendaal, CorrinissiOn .,,)c)uth Afr, ah: whiteSnd n on -wh i t e occiýp, -i.on:, similar-to ic" theýýGeneýýgil, :Asserrib.ly,,ý:IhirtV-third:Session!ý,' c h ap . v I i I ann ex para, 23 (A/3,3/23 /Re'v.l nIsslon, iry. the ,,nql ti ý5ý . summar ' y of é recomn-.end see:Official (t1-te 03én claal C!omm S on.. utli: Wést Africýýh .,Af fair anne No.' U Anneyes e ener chaT et, seq, 1) (A/ 5F,()0 1 bantustIrI se .I n I accordance with the Odendaal Plan, ..43 per cent of the totl area of Namibia, inciuding the best agricultural-land and most known Imineral d.eposits. was reserved for white settlement, and 10 discontinuous homelands, comprising.a total.of.40 per centof the least arable and least developed:land, were dE märcated for occupation.by non-whites on a tribal basis. The Plan also envisagd that thie remaining 17 per cen of the Territöry, ineluding the:diämond areas on the south -west coast, would be returned t. direct . South African cntrol. As far a s known, this recommendation was..never implermented. 6. As shown in tableý 1below, the demarcated homelands ranged in area from i55,h0.:hectares (Tswanoiand> to 5.9 million :hectares (Hereroland). Except for Basterland, however, which was planned töbe :Situated within the white area, the homelands.would be largely uninhabitable owing.toaridity. The differences in area were.thus of little significance. Even:in Basterland, considered to be the best homeland., the population density would be-much.greater than in. the hite area. Under the Odendaal Plan, the 19,000 :ehoboth:,.Basters would have only iA million heetares. whereas the 20,000 white farmers would have about 39 million heetares. 7.,A.s repörted previously,,: d/ between 1968 and :1976. under the provisions of the Development of Self-Government for Native..Nations Act,, 1968, South Africa:.fficially ereated 3 of the:10 homelands proposed: f or amibia and gäve them the status of: so-called self-governing nations under the nmes:. f Ovao,:äv aango and Caprivi. It subsequently took steps towards creating Namialand, Basterland and Damaraland .by the est ablishment of limitedý self-government machinery. 2.EF0oRTS .TO iMPLEAEIjT THE PROPOSAL FOR A PEACEFUL SETTLIET 8. During 1978, there were continuing efforts to implement Security Council resolution 385 (1976) of 30 January 1976, which, amiong other things, declared that it:was imperative, that free elections under:United Nations supervision and control be held for tte whole of Namibia, as a political entity. These efforts were direeted in.large. measure:.towards persuading South:Africa to.cö-operate in.the holding of Territ ory-wide elections under United Nations supervision and ontrol, in -cordäce. with conditiöns ;proposed by the:. five: Western members of the Security Council (Canäda, France, tihe Federal 1:epublic of Germany., the United of Great Britain. and ..orthern Ireland and the United States l The: use of .official. South African titles or such,1 terr:s as ..ethnic grou: (baSed. on South.African .vclassifications), "homeland", "bantustan", "hömeland 90 ernent", etc., without q.uotation. marks does not in any way imply reconition by the Unite. tTations .of: the -.:: us:QUO. d/ iOfficial"ecorfs.f the General Assembly ..Thirty.third Session. Supr.>lern io. 3 . 3/2 ol. :II,.: .chap. VITT, annex, paras. 8-15. -60. Table 1 (1974 (est'i Area ofAiúriel-ý,,L,are Q6 4 P 000 ý5ý900000 200 000 :37. ý000 21.2()ý0.l 009ýcQ, 000 1, 200 OOC 2,11,14.oo nnr[ velders 000 90 r) TS n s -5 000 155 3 755.ý 400 To t. al- 2 jolillces: PoT)ula t --tìj :Ilè t:Africa 'S 1 P:ý e ttý o , . rirý,, íoný: dat*a:ý Prom. the: Soil Department ý)f Forc,,gn A- airà '!075).A . ciata on homeland a, r e asýý.from the report- c f tì-,e -.,dendaa.l C(-)irtmi-Ision (see pà,rc;is:.::3.w.Týábove) 9. It will.be rcealled. that the Western proposal for a peacef ul settle n ..nt ýe provided Por the establishment ofa cease-fire. .n the Territory; the phased withdrawal of all butl 1,500, South.African troops who would be confined to bases at Grootfontein, Osäivello or böth and ithdrawn after the certification of the eleetiön; the return of all Namibin.. refugeesand .Namibians detained or otherise outside the Territärlr inciuding nersonnei of the.outh rest. AfricaPeöple. . 0rgani{ation (SAP0) , in order. that the, might iarticipate freely in the Politieal process; .the irelese. of .allNanibian:political prisoners held by South Africaand :the .installation in the Territory of ..Unrited.Nätions Transition Assistane Group (UITAG) headed by a Special, Representativeof the. Secretary-General to monitor both .sides and. to ensure free: and fair.elections.to-. a by 31.December 1978. During the transitioa., period until the: installation of an independent Government, the Speciäl Representative. would work with an Administrator-General appointedby South Äfrica to ensure the orderly transition to. iindependene the..arrangement, however, woud in no. way constitute recognitior of the. legality of the South African presenee in and administration of J alibj.a Primary responsibility for maintaining law ..and orer.lduring the. transitiona per would rest with the South African poliee monitored by theSpeCial Representative, who wöuld also have to satisfy himself at eachstage as tO the fairness and appropriateness of .all measures affecting the .political process at all Jlevels of administration.before such measures took effeet. 10. The proposal van arc "mted by the.Covernr.ent.of Sou7h .frioi on 3 %u :!. I and. by SIP.PO on 12 July. /l 11" Developmentsup.to.Juiy..1978 are containjed in the previous report of th e Special Committee. g! Developments:.frm July onwards are sumarized below. A. Secretary-GeneralV s recoinendations for-therimplementation of the settlement proposal l. 0n 27 July. 1978, 'the .Security Council adopted resolution 431 1978), by which it tookö note of the. Western proposa for a os ttle Äe and requested the Sedreetary-Geheral.to appoint.a :ä.special irepresentative for .ai"ibi.A and su..mit at the earliest datea report ýcontäiniýng his recomiendations for the implementation o the propsa1 i n. . a e o - ee w i th Securit. Cocil e sui 365 (75). 13. :Immeiat ely foliowing the dec i sion of the - Security Council, the Secretar General appoinrtedc .1Ir. P'iatti Alitisaari, th Uited tosCmisoe for Naibia, as his Special. Representative for ]1 ibi. e/ official ecords of the Security Cui iitrY r Supplement for .April, May and June 1976, doeument S/12636. f/ Official. Record" of the General Assemb1y, ir-t.ird Sevssion, Supplement o.23 (A 7Ro .hap Vio .nnex, paras. 88-)0 and 96. .~,./.a.i ,:annex i4, The. Special Rerepresentative, accompanieåby a staff of.United Nations officials and- military advisers., visited IaMiiblä. :from: 6 to 22August to carry out a survey of all aatters relating to the:implementation of Security Council resolution 4.31 (1978 ) ,: ". .... *. .. * . 1,5. Uiile in the Territory, the Special Representative held nieetings with the Adrnnistrator-General, South Afrieanmilitary and police comnanders and local athoritiJes, representatives of political-parties, churches, the .business community lnd individuals. and travelled extensively wi-thin, the Territor to fiailiarize himseif with local conditions. The principa ISubjecls discussed duri g the course of these: meetings were the, repèal of: all renaining discri.d, dnatory lgilatäion arrangements for the: release of .political prisoners .and detainees establishment of a ceasefire; Ithe: electoral process; the composition and work f the Constitunt e~~Cmbly andäa time-table for.the accomplishment of the:above stags. Ie :,,iitary aspe .cts ofý th e United ,Iatio ns Piree, nce were also dýiscus sed I 16. On the basis of this survey, on 29 Pugust:the.Seoretary-General submitted a report to the Security Council lJicontaining his recommendations for the implementation .fif the proposal. for a settlement. 2,. In his report, the Seeretary-General noted.that implementation of the proposal wou.d _ require the establishment of UTAG. consistinr of both militarv 2r.ý Iila:In Components under the over-all. direction of.the Special Representative. 13 The mnilitary component -would, inter alia, monitor the cessation of, hos.tile acts by all parties and wIwould be commanded in the field by a commander.: appointed b'y theC Secretary-General, withi the consent, of the: Security Council, It. would, com.frise contingents provided by member countries upon:request of the SecretaryGeneral and ..:selected by the Secretary-General.in consultation with the I-ecurty Council and the parties ä,concerned, bearing,,hin ,dthe:accepted prin ciple.of equitable geographica representation. To enable the military :component to fUlfilits responsibilities, the Secretary-General proposed that it should comprise seven: infantry battalions, totalling approximately 5,00men, plus 200 mnitors, and in addition, cmand, communications, engineer, logistic and air support :leents{ totain gi approximately* 2,300. 19. As regards the civilian comáponent, the Seeretary-General recommended that it Consisoof: (a ) 360-membe civil police force, whose duties would inelude taking measures against any intimidation or interference w ith the electoral process from whtrq-uarter andi accompanying- the existing. pol1.ie: ..f ,orces , when, appropriate, in tedischar:e of their uties ; and (b) a non-poicelent whichtwould assist the Special Representative in supervlsin and contro11ig:.all.aspeets of::thee electoral p 1roess and ensuring the absence of intimidaIto. : The .on-police coimponent .:would require, a pa preliminýry estirmnte, 300 professinal. officers, as.we'l asthe necessary supportjin staff, until the cessation of thostilities had been achieved. iThereafter, about 1,000 professional and 200 field service and renern' servi e staff would be requiredduringtheelectoräl campaig and ballotir',. hO.fficial Recor o.f, the securityCouncil Thirty-third Ycar, 2:lrlent for July. Au, ust and September 1978, document S.1282.. -63- 111ýiie Seeretary-General:nötéä thåtý:foiý.:,,.UIHAG.,t,,ö.::carry out Jts tasks ef.f ec Lively ltý, Must have: the pjjl-ý,ýupport and backinp.ý.of the Security Council,ý, ie ful i on of-all parties concerned, 1,,irtie,lýlail it, t, o . er te- iýith rati i 1 0 tile aets; and it must be r:egarä:to the: comprehensive, ýcessation:of. a 1 h s able:, i edý United N. a 6 is perati toý. operate, ýas a com)1n ti ýr- o on of 1,,,,hich the Ynilit,,,rj COIRPO 1 1 1, ei I it w011341.ýdönqtitute 4 n integrated e ff i ý7 i s.s ri 0 t f rMation vrithin the ý,-id ér Asregaräs the tiffie-table, thoSecretary-Genernil transitional: period. beginon the-- da-te 1,1i ä r . éPOrt Was approved by the ýIC,- curity CåunciL. sä,,äe.ýtinje-tablé. that. had: prövideå -91 December 1978 as the date är, indepehdehce (see above) ppropýriate date for elections vould be set äpproxifflåtely äeveii Inonths from.thé.date:Of äpproval of his report by the Council. T I é,,Secretary-Genéral furthérnoted. that he would appoint rlajbr-Géfieral Hannes :Philipp, åä,,combåhdetý,6f,,the, mi itary component. Imr.qedi,,).tely f öllowihg, Security Council action the. Special Feprese I ntative, accompanied by the CÖämander. .. and thelneeessary,, staff, wöuld ptodéed irimediately to flamibia, B. Reactions to:the.Secretary-Generpl's report Letter d4ted,6 Seotei I nber 1978 fromthe Vjirjisýcr of Foreiý,,n Affairs of South Africa ýaddressed to the Secretary-Generalýl/ One:weekýafter. , t . he,ýpuýlicatiön.ýof the Secretary-General's report, South ::Åfr i eå ibdicated that, it was di- s tioi le with.thé,ý. in the report dealing with::the.ý bi te. of theýråilitary.ý,cämponeät of IJTAG, the-:siie of the United Dlations Policeý continéeht,..the. date fär.elections --ýnd the question of consultation with tite Adiýirtistrator--ýGénc-rål, 23.- In a. letter. to,.,.the.ýSécretarýi,-Gener.al clated 6 September, ý1r. R. F. Botha, plinister...of. F.öteigä. Af f airs. or. I South Africa, said, that-South Africa had only agreed töl-r I å uce t p)Q:Tnen, ýecåuse of the:,argument, of the five 5ý- lestern meåbers, auring:1 the negotiatiOns -preceding the formulation of the settlement proposal that.ýý-under-coåditjöns df ComprehensiVe., peaceý.there :wöuld be no justification for larr >e- umbers äif-troopsý. Söuthl.Af h å 'ven to understand that a rica, a -never-been:gi United,:!,latlOns:..ýý mi 1 itary ý)eace-k 1. -f eeping: orce~ ö the nature envisaged in the SecretåryýGenérålls:.repörtwås béing.conte I ýiatýåýa . n d . f . it had, the neý7otiations ljöuld::: i.ýnevér 1a, e::göt- :o.Pf th e groutiC, rurthermore ýalthough it had been assured 11 bYý.the..five.Uestérn méåb tý h ers:, XP Icitly, atÅ ey had é i provided for the SecretarGeneraj::ý to.:Consult Y those concernödviti, the implementation of the settlement plån, I .,incl, ud ing:the:'Adiåinjstr . ätör I -Gener I al, re .1 ti 'ii t ary com-ponent of had, béen e P t d hö on ron e .:.wit ut,ý.any consultation", with 7,500 United Nations military: pé rsonnel Plus3 0 pälicernen . South Africa continlied to holT.,the-view that:ý1f,:,peace ver(ý> eätä< I blis I e(1 there would be no need for larý7e number , s . Yhited Nations-tronps whereas- i f peace vrere not established, it would ,,reibåir, of thC 1 ý.Otlth African ý,eý,iirit,y forces to ensure safety and d u oC ment 2j'' Furthermore, qouth..'A.-rt,iiýaý,.beýforé reducinf.YI:itsýIttoopsýý.required as a Irerequisite, an urteqiiivoCa!,.ýýlný3wer. frorn.SWAPO.:,",.ý.to .-ýhetlýerý it I ...had.,ýaccepted the lý th Dim s c sa ,ettlement proposal and ý.7 e er: it had.:bo ittéd:ýit elf. to. the eG t*o of all forms of violeiýce. 25. 1,jr. Botha said that there..wér e:,:othér aspéi2ts.%bt.: thé::.,>éCret . ry- Genéral's .report ý,ýhicb the .:ýitl , c 11ý . ding.ý,the proposý-'d time-table.ø.ý.: ý6uth,:Afr.icahdd.idade.it,.cl.éar...throýýgh6ýitý,thý- .ýnegoýtiations er o e:uecuri with the five ý'legterti memb ý,:ý fý:th 't Y. Counc i 1-that ý ý31 Dedember 1978:muýt stand as the ý4ate:::for..inýl,ýpendencé... ýIf t héréfOte' to mýke.' iiýl e to achieve iý.idepehdénice,.:,by:ý31:Dééémber. . the titýé-table hýýd:tb.,bé,téléýt6Ped, that was entirely the fault..()f.*SWAPO,)::,vhieh hcýid éinployed:aelayih :,tå . t ;)6. South Africa also objectecl..to.:ttie:,.provigioh::fora,ýuhitý,d.ITatiohs Police contingent, ýýrliich wýLs:.ýnot..ptovided: for. iiý:ýthé:,Wésterb..prop,ý5sýtlý the contrary, lAr :Sotha, said.ý.the prOpbý3ý11:.,clearly stated that ýthe . respofisibility for maintainin9':law I ý,:arid order dtiring tbe:tra I n . sit iona, . period must.lrést:Ipriýaarily witýi the (ýxist ing . . p . oi. i I c I e 1. fore e s ..This provisiori -ý7as therefore. cblliýletély uiiacceiý)table to ',ýý,oiith Afticý.ý. 27. In conelusion, 1,Ir. Botha.saidl.that:on.25 April:ý.1978.ýhis. Government h,,ýý-1 accepted the ",ýestern j)roposalýliný.its ýfinalý:and defirýitilýe. form . a , nå, w I a s.. prepared to go along with that decisiori.ýbut. not to go.:dlorig.withý.iriccinsistent interpretation. Letter dated 8 ýeptember 1978 from:SWAPO:addr . esséd.to the Secretary- General 28. In its letter ýof.,.8::Septeinbérý .81,ýAPO.acceptedthe SecrétarY-Génera s report on the uriderstanding:,:that.!ýpéýirie.:are.as 6f: 'coh<ýétn.ýrould.be:ý,bvétcome...,,: rhése areas involved the registratiow ofý voters '.the . size of. the. United..11,1 ions..police contingent and the p I w e I rs of the,: ,-,pecl<ýl Rep*rese*tative. 29. In the letter, ýtir.. Saui. 1,)ujoraa., Presid ent,ýof..SWAPO,, notinF that thé,.SeéretaryGenereI's report liad.'.been.ý.silerit mthat:-quesilon, baid.,.,th . åt the :ýé,is,tration e ý.99-104 .,be ow eý,ný., ,ýcc.orripa procedure utilized b S I o I uth :A rlca:(sé håa' ýb nied by intimidat:i'iý arid:.ý.:hatassmentýýahýl was: theréýoi-e:unacce-pt<ýible, ýýt6 SMAP0 therefore insisted týlýat'' the::, qiý:(ýst,ý.(>n. bé..lookeýlý at, afreshý,. preferably. on:the: of a new registration.of- voteis t o'. be uridértakéh beginniný:,, o he transitional period. 30. !Ir. 1,Tujonqa stre-ssc,,,,ý the SWAP0 vie,,.Y that, owing toýthe need, to create a not adequa-te ýto Climate of eonfidt-,nc-_ in the Territory ý360 police officers:ýwere: monitor and acconýp-,ýriy thé.ýexir£.,.. anditig:0 ial~Representa ive o the: Sec ýrY-iener Sýq.kPO that if at any tliý,ý,ýopec not satisfied witýi any a .. iýt,loii or measure: taken by the Administrator-General, that action or measure not be ef f ected.. 31. Finally, lý,Ir. 1.Ju,,ýoma th(ý:readineesý.oý.ýSqAPO.t6 sign,a cease-fire "<)lltlý ý.Af ic th dlthat the a,ýreerý.erit, provided r a, ame einý1:: PrOPOSe Ibidý , -65- agreeen ....be uthentcated by .the .ecretary-General. Uith those understandings. SAPÖ :pied ed .ts ful-operatiorforspedyaction by the Security Council. 32. South Africa. imm-edicitely rejeeted the ÖWAPO ýprops,1 that both parties sina ce-lrSE-fire a greemeåt. Innsaeeton h September, the Foreign MIinister said tJat SWAO. must. simply. ýacéeý-it the .estern proposl .which South Africa had accepted on 25 April and state clearly that it 1would end its violence". Two letters, dated :20 :S,,eptemi-bc.ri 1(1~fo Sot Africa addressed to the Seoretnry-General 33. On 20 September,-South Africa inforhed the :ecret.ary-General that it had decided t. proceed wi i eletions in the 1.erritory before 31 Decenber kl 314., Thi s ,'ecision,.was, communýiciiatedi to, thie Lecretary-Geiieral in a press statemrent iss ued" by 'r.. J. Vors er,:, howas .: rie Ministerat that. time. In the statement, Mr. Vorster said: that in, its .administrati , on: , f:: the Territ ory South Africa.s policy had alwayS: been :tha.t the .inihabitantcS of the Territory should themselves freely decide. :on their political ! future". He: recalleå:. thät the dispute with the :United:.fations bad: centred: aröund the issues of: a, unitary State; universal adult suffrae; the removal.of diserimination based on race; the holding of .ree and fair elections the urgency of achieVing independence; the right of all "South West Africans . t. return to. prt.icipate in the political process; and the release of political prisonersl hieréver held., South Africa had committed itself to impleenting those points. hac,:taken steps towards those qoals and had accepted the Western proposal,. 3). It-was therefore a. cause of great concern and disappointment: to the South African tovernment that despite whatbad beenachieved and the clear wishes of the people o South West Africa for ..arly. independence, it was now caught. up in arguments fr removed from ,the ma in t qu es tions:of p:rin:iple. As not i letter of 6Septembr from the: Föreign: Mi nister to .the Se etary-Gener:l (see paras:: 22-27 abovef) -thosearruthe t fattht t General: s::report. deviated : subs taially froim the. settleient proposal. Regrettably, theeffrtsofthe Foreign Miniterand -he ive Western membersofteScry Counrcil .toý overconie ,those: differenices.,bad not: suee ede d. Accordingl-,y. South Africa had ::. decid. to:giveý the: peole o:.:f. the ..Territory the opportunity to elect their own:.representatives: on: the -basis: f:iversa adult": suffrage:in countryi:e i e lections to .:estab i sh unequi vo abIy '.wh o h as the rirrht to speak for the people of South. W .est Africa. . The. e:lections would be held: in December, and the elected body would havetree . 1ti ns: :a) :t draw ur a coinstituti:on;, (b) to proceed witih the implemetatioi ofth ,Wsern,,proposall; anld (c) to accept the Seeretary-G"eneral's report. it ol also be...free to express ritself on numerous other topies. 36. Alscjo on 20 Setebr South Africa sent 3 letter to) the Secretary-General enco:sing an excrp of a ommuncati on frothe. South African Goverrnment to the five 'Western Iebr fteScrt oni.1 t was stated in the excernt :.kl: Ii . , doc ulment,.12 : ne .. 1/Ibi/.i l, d:ocuLrn e n1:S/1285h.: -66- that the est,-iblistiment of fite.ýwas a.prex'éqtlislýe forýýthé ýirirýlerýieýr i t, pý tio . n .o f tle ý,.ýestern ý,roposal, and.ýl. :was:Su-ges e thýitý:'.ånýu tidettaking. 'byý. Sý,7Apo. ýtfiat:.:ýåt iould cease:, all 8ý-.rlike,åýcts ýELnd operations ýétc., ... ulå be.: ýýiven time it W0 welcGlqed if impiemeuted'!. di. g.,to the state.ment t :within. 48. hours ýbf.,:thé deliv,ý-ýrY Of a ý,ýritten:,:.d.éclar,,2(tioný.by,ýsviApo..that. ýit ..,uiýdertcýok. t6 I stop ýriolence,, ýaii c,ý,iwiiýiiiders.ýaiýdý.other:, armeld person,ný",1..w Agreement had also been reached that the Splcial Representative would consult the ,Administrato)r-General with respect to the composition and size of the inilitary component of UNTAG before the: Secretary-General took any decisions on those matters. Therefore, on the 'basis of their discussions, the South African Government and the foreign ministers believed it would be prropriat.e for the Special Representative to r*esume his discussions with the Administrator-G ener, aimed ätwoki out the: Iodalities of the proposed election under United Nations supervision, ýand to f ia da:te. The foreign ministtýrs intended to recocmrrnend to the Secretary-General that he instruct his Special Representative to proceed to Windhoek as soon as possible. 52. The South African Government said that the December elections had to be viewed as an internal process to elect leaders and that South Africa wo-ud thereafter use its best e:ffortsto persuade those leaders to achieve internationa recognion... The fie foreign ministers said that they saw no way of reconciling such elections with the proposal they had put forward and which the Security Councii had endorsed. MY such untilateral measure would be regarded as n-u and voöid.::.::.:! 53. -In addition, both the South African Government r/ and the five foreign ministers s issued separate. statements clarifying their iewson certain points. South Africa"said it was necessary that a firm election date be fixe.d and adhered to irr.espcctive :of whether there was a cýessation of hostilities and a reduction of South African troops. The five foreign ministers said that no party could be alloIwcd ..unilaterally,.to delay. the Iholding of eleptions supervised- by the-- United Nations. If.the agreed date appeared to be in, jopardy because of intimidation: or violence, or. fr:any other reason, the Secretary-General would bring the matter beforIethe SecurityCouncil where the Governments of the Western Powers would support, the nec essary action. They also undertook to maintain observers at Winähoek during the transitional period, and to do everything possible to ensure the iplementation of the proposals leading to elections on the agreed date. 54. On behalf of the Namibian people, SWAPO rejected the comuniqu. issued by the Western foreign ministers and the South African Governmncnt . In ,a, telegram dated. 23 ,Otober addressed to the Serket ary-Ge ne r l t/ Nuoma sai tht th. communiqué did not ensure thý implementation of the report of the SecretaryGeneral, adopted by Seceurity Counci in its resolution 435 (1978), and provided no basis for the Special:.::Représentative. to rturn to Namibia, SWAPO therefore demanded that the SecurityCouncil invoke naindatÄory sanetions agjainst So)uth Africa to compel it to acc pt iplkmtntation of Security Council resolution 435 (1976) 55. The joint statement w-as rugarded sptclyby niany observers, -n.rticie ii The GurrdiaL (Manchester) cvý 20 eoeot htteolysi cieeit r/ Ibid., document s/12900, annex.I. . sJIbid. , d.ouiunt S/.2<90?1 annex. t/ Ibid., , docine.:t S/l1:)l,:. anncx. -7 - ,e0 er::./ :indep.er..ence to TMamibia on 31 December. Oterie the oint:statent å railej to Cjqrif,,r 1,y aeas of South Äfricas true -,)1jer:tonards jiamibia, inc1Ud1ne thet ro. it envisae f.or. th- elect e ody.: FUrAtiemor. it co, n e flOc COX~tl1~on Southi 3:rica7s part thlat Uniedi 1aios.supervised letos ol out i . insistence on a fi.e.. dte.foree tio ns . .s t prospect thit. havii, obtd :ned r ,-ree:eint :On* Unitedtoý sui -i n o " . eletion. it ni7h!it '.rovol-. host ilities to lsf'r : its ' rco " in . : : e r:i t o r y e v e n d u rin t le v o ti u j.it s to p L .Frtheraction by the Security Council 5(- On 31 October 1978, the Security Council. met to consider the nuestion of Naiiibia iii light of South Africa sdefiänce of Security Coun il resolution 435 (1978). After a nber of eet tings, the Security- Cun il. adopted resolution 439 (1978) of I-3 November 197. in: hich it called:uPOn South Africa to canccl the e.ections, d.razdcd that South Africa co-opermtewith:."the:Security Council and thu Sccret-uy-Gjneral in the inple..ent in of Council resolution.is 35 (1976), o413 (1978) and i435 (1978), and warndSo6uth Africa tat .ts .ailur . to do so :.uld compel the Security Council to :It forhWith t iitI opriate 'ctions under the tUnited Nations Chrtcr, inciudin , g .Chpter VII The Seurity Council called on the Sceretary-Geiieral to rcyport:on the progreiss of the implernentation of the resolution by 25 November. D. South Africa and-the inplementation. of Securityv Council, resolution: 435, (1978) Hietings between the Secretary-General and South African reresentativcos 57. Inmediately ifte-r the adoption of Security Council resolution 439 (19ý783) the Secretary-Beneral emphasized to South Africa.the reed for. its Foreign Minister tlo hold discussions with hixn prior -to 25ö NvemIber. A 1s .t 1h Ie South African Foreign iiinister could not be in New York before 26 NoVember, the: Secretry-Genera held discussions with Mr~. Brand G. Fourie, South African Secretary for Foreign Affairs~ on 23 an(- 214 November ndc with Forig 11inister Bothn from 27 Novemiber. 53. In a subsequent report to the S eurity Council , u/ the Secretaäry-Goen ra:". saLi1 that he had drawn the Foreign Seretgryl s attention to those paarpsof resolution 439 (1978) calling on th ot fia ernxnent imme-dintelyý to cancel the elections it planned to hold in Nnibia in December and:ibad, ýttempted to elicit South AfricL 's views on that issu e.as :well as .to. seek its co-operation in tl-e implementation of Security Council decisions on the question of Nmba The .S"c:retary-General had also asked: the Foreign Secretary for a cilarfication of his 'Gövernment's position on several idditiona- 11i ts willinns to co-operatc with the Security Council and the Seeretary-.....n ....ral in the u/ b , docuinent /12.938. -71- impleidentation oý Cdýineil. r es I oltitýi.on5:ý385,::ý(:i976). 431 (19-(8) --lnd 435 (-l97'ý) iýbiq as at 1 January 19'rq. (c (b) the:::ýcommencemen of UNTA ýactivities.i. åLýft: I .10. n ål. date fbr.ý.- the..vatýi.ous st,ý-ýc-es Projected in the é.ýannexed. to for: a settlerlent (see -ove) 9 ab (d) the estab!1shýentýý.ofý,aý PrOvl sio n . etl: d ate for. elections.. aprýroxinatc-ly seven mcnti-is frol I :the..,cormiénc,(-,mént of (e) cotitir.mation that South Africals coý,t(,ern o v %r ..t hé:. ýoiii t ed 11 Nations civ 1 .1 . p o ii e c 1. oi ip o n ent ha d been removed bythe '-'ecrctaryGeni:ýjaýlls.ýcXplaiiý,tory,:st.ate-ment, st,e.,.pýara.. 41 and ff above), --ietiol, of the. f irýal..,textý oýr.:.dn: acreement, n the,ý Ujýýited lý U..i 1,:t nn5- rested. withthe..South .African Government which wasn..." a hu.. , to see a settlement. The Prime Minister: was quoted.as saying that .:eThe dec:ision Will. be Ou's in consultation with them,'. . Impemeta ti of ecuri ty.Council ..r esol:uti:on. .3 (1:978 )i. ..i.- :.ii .L!: iii. 62. On :22 .Dec:ember, thie :Souti African:.Foreign"Minister: införmed.,the SecretaryLGeneral that his Government, having concluded: its: Cnsultations with .the. leaders of South West Africa who; had expressed their support for an int ernationally aeceptable settlement (see paras. lL4-150 belw). had decided to cö- oöperate 'in the implementatiý-.n of Security Counc il resolution 435 (1978). w/.. In.view :of :that decision, South. Africa.hoped that the Secretary-General would send his.SpeciaI: Representative to South Africa.and .SouthWest Afric.. as soon as possible, to complete consultations on.,outstanding issues inciuding the size, :coposition. a"nd location of UNTAG as.:.t was. imperative that: consultations .be concluded :in January 1979. 63. TheForei.g Minister also listed five points which he said .followed"frOm his Goerment's decision to co-operate (ýa) South Africa.. would not reduce its troop strength in the Territory until there was a.comprehensive cessation of violence"and hostilities; (b),1 a :date :for the .elect.ions would. be::determfined.in cnutto between the Special Representative and the Administratör-General ör! the understanding:that .:the :.elections would take place:not later.than 30 September 1979 (e) outstarding:questlons on-which there should be further:consultations, such"as the size and coImposition of the:ilitary component of:UNTAG, should be resolved * satisfactorilY with: the Administrator-General, special :reference .being made: tö: paragraph 12 of the. settlement proposal with a, view.-to monitoring SWAPO bases :in neighbouring States :(:d). te. maint enance of law and order would :remain the primary responsibility of the. :existing police forces; .:and (e) the Administrator-General would exercise legisl t:ive:: and administrative authority until: independen ce. 6h. In a secorid ietter ,:"the Foreign Min ister put forward the views of the leaders of South West Af7ical".x . 1': He säid that, thöse leaders bad focused attention on : number of other serious matters related to United Nations .recognition.of SWAPO as the sole and authentic representätive of the inhabitantsof Souöth:West Africa. .hose matters included0the i d other assistance which SWAPOÖ receive: from the United.Nations; the encouragement,:which SWAPO received from.the. United,:. Nations to .persis . t o t iiie s. against the e.:people: lf Sou h Wt e.st e f T Afr-ica/Namia", and.the fact that some countries made bäses: .available to: SWAPO "for the perp)etration:of::violence".: The leaders furthéer ..requested that (a: theUnited Nätions should maintain strict impartiality toWärds. all political parties in the Territory;. (bY all: pa.äIrties partic ipat ing in1 the: elect ionsý .should renounce violence (c)a political prisöners-an- detainees. shöuidbe released on a reciprocal basis; and.: (,d) the.IUnited Nations. shu e ..derake, to.triat t assoiation with:SWO:in:the :event: tha:: SWAPO does not: cease ahd.Idesist :from wi Ibid., document S/12983,, ann ex I. x/ Ibid., annex XI.T _73- icu I 7ut umr * thec , .t-urotv K-umncii wvs as-kod to expreys its final. a, i w renarding the iMpi Yrf~t1 N! ;t In of Kvcn.ri tQ Council resolution 435 (1078)onor 1or ar, January1q79 ." n5. On 10 December, in, anothor 1t L r to t[ie Sr crcary ; oeneral, the Foreign lini ter hithat 111ATLd been .invOlved in a tomb explosion in Swakopmund that same da- andwarned that if WAPO JPrhsted with 'its brutal acts of intimidation" it would represent a rejectkion tie 5ettluont proposal "i the clearest possible 6o. On 1 January 1979, the Secretary-General informed South Africa that, on the bSi of a number of. understaniin;s. he intended to request his Special Repr- esentatve to. visit South Afria .and.amibia .during the week of 8 January to completwe consultations on the deployment.of I TAG. z/ The understandings related to theceae-ire th dte or letior~and the emplement of TJNTAG and the relationship between his Spe Representative Ad the Administrator-General. 67t Among .other things theIVecretery-General said that the parties had informed him separately of their willindness to undertake and scrupulously observe a ceasefire and that., accordinglyhe.would propose a procedure for its commencement at an appropriate-time Healsocons d that elections.should take place no later than "30September. 1979.and that the emplacement of UNTAG Should therefore begin before the eId..ofFebruary 1979. ConsultatiAons betweenthe parties concerned, potential contributing Governments and .the ecurity: Counci. relating.to the composition of the militarycomponent..would take place at headquarters. 68. The Secretary-General said that the relationship between the Special iepresentative..and. the Administrtr..General had been determined in the settlement proposal, which had.to be regarded in its totalitywas an important element of the proposAa bordering Namibia had assured him of their co-operation, A9. On 4 January, the South African Foreign Minister informed the Secretary- General that his Special Representative would be welcome to proceed to South Africa and South Iest Africa at the earliest opportunity. aa/ 70, The Special Representative subsequently visited South Africa and Namibia from 13 to 2 January. He also visited the frOnt;-line.States from 28 January to 10 February and Nigerin from 11.to 12 February and had consultations at Luanda with Mr. Nujoma of SWAPO on 9 and 10 February. 71. On 11 February, SWAPO issued a statement in which it noted that South Africa had put forward the following three new pre-conditions regarding the implementation of the settlement proposal. (a).SWAP0 forces should be confined to bases outside Namibia in neighbouring countries, and monitored there: (b) Naibians returning from /: I.bi. document 3/1298, annex 1. z/.iIbi., ,.Thirty-fourt] Year, :SuI ement for January, February and March 1919, d ocument 5/3002...... " aa!"Iil. d,; dociurent 5/1t3005i ann :, exil -hould be confined, foraný indefinite ýperiod isocaedreception:: .entres;, *anå (e) South Afriä.:cas.redut.ion. of.:ts:troops in:Namibia .would.beconditional...,.. on South Africa's öwn:concept of: the 'peaceful nature". of the returnees, and South Afrca's own defin ition of "SWAPO's 'scrupulous. respect of. the. cease- fire" SUAPO . reit eed t110 e co,)nditions,.::stating that they would substantially alter the United Nations plan. 72 SubsequeltlYI on i ...Feb...uar y, the. South African Foreign. Minister Isent ýa:. letrto the~ .Secretåry-GeIneral:. bb! drawing, attention to an attack on a South' .rican i.itarY base ,at Nkongö the previous day: (see: para. 177 .below). Mr.i Botha: ebä .hr ged that.in..attemptin g to. reopen negotiations on a .non-negotiable ,'settlement,.:. plan ., .SWÄPÖ object.was.:clearly to prevent the implementation of the plan...IHe. säaid ithat .the !attack: had been motivated by. the .same: considerations and blamed the.ý :i. United:. Nations for :having. recognized. SWAPO. as the sole representative.of the 6Naibian peo ...ple. He urged the Secretary-General to decide on a cease-Tire date and suggested.ithat the .delay had been due to ý'SWAPO's unwillingness to abide by the terms and spirit of .the settlement plan". In the-light of the armed attack, the Föreign inister .sked.the Secretary-General to explain how he expectedthe . . settlement proposal* to !be implemented. 73. In his !reply to: the: South .African Foreign Minister dated17 February,. cc! the~ Secretary-General, said that:he fully recognized the importance of securing an atmosphere o:f peace and securityin Namibia to implement Security Council res.olutlöih35 (1918) and recalled that he. had stated in his letter: of : January 1979 (see paras. 66-68 above) that "a comprehensive cessation of all hostile acts' was a prereq.Uisite. .However, his Special Representative häd. införmed him.:that although:the parties had affirmed their acceptance:of the proposal for a settlement, they had di fferent int erpretations o f number f. important points. s Efforts.to clarify those issues.were continuing inasmuchas 'i. UAG could not be established and enter into operation until those issues:had been clarified. 74. In . 1etter dated.20:TebruarY the South African ForeignMinister urged the Secretary-General to start the mechanism for the implementationof:the proposal. so . that elections'could :be held not:later than 30 September 1979. d/ He said.that,. in the view öf the .South Afridcan Government, there were no outstanding issues t.o prevent:the commenceent f.: the impleIentation of the settlement plan, since the question of the size of. UNTAG, the role of the United Nations in regard. to the police and-, the principle of consultation had already been resolved. Further, South Africa foresaw no. impediment to the resolution of the questions öf the status agreement anjd:the. composition of UNTAG.. Report of the Seretary-General. 75. On 26 February, the Secretay.Gen era i:ssued his report: cöcerning the ibb, Ibid. doc>eunt SI130 aneX. c :Ibid., idoocumenrt S/13098. daöbddcumffen t S!13105,. annex. -75- ...imiilementation,of SecuxityCouncil.Iresolutions,ý,43.5 (1978) and 439 (1978), éé/ in whichý hé, öutlinedhisý::,views on low, the. öutstanding issucs should be resolved. f kamibiån Return o s To ýassist thé. peacéful, return of Nam.ibilans the Of f ice of the United Nations ý.H . i gh: Commissionér.ý.forýRefugees ONHCR):äadý.mååéprovi.sions...fur the establishment of, entryýpo I nts.:and f acilities Reception centres wpuld ýprövJde transit facilitres~för r,étutriitg:N.amibi,ätg, who, ýwantedthem: and would be operated closesupervision.of-UNHCR:tö:.ensuré that all returning Namibians would be f ree to Lyeate, whére:*theýy.wished...:,ýFut.thei,, the return of SWAPO personnel should take place without _årms~o*~Öthermilitary equipment. Should any personnel to return bearin(_,ý, arms I r ö I therýý.milit ä I r . y equipieh , t, such items would be ýpla . o éd.under United:N . t . ions - cö , nt ro . b Restriction tö bas e ..717. :,Coincidental:Yith,.a cessatiöw.öf,,allhostile acts,, the South African Defence Forces'.ý(SADF) årtned, forces ýrould.be,regtfidtéd tå base and would subsequently be withdrawn in phases "..outliried,iii..the.proposal,.ý(see:..para. 9 above). Any SWAFO forces.,inNamibia:ýati:thic time otr tlie,,'cease- Pire,ý.Åfould be restricted to base atý desiýåated:, locations inside.:.thé:ý Ter . itory,1 spe I ciPied by the Special Représentative-aftérnecessary:,ýcons et ati o With:the comnencement of the ceasefireý alLSWAP0 Porceslin neighbourin rie 0 g count s w xxldý be restricted to base in thösecountriej.,ý:::Ålthough the- Propöåal..åade no specific prov . iision for UNTAG to bases: I r n-heighbouring. countries , th, e ..1SécrétarY-General, attached specialýimportance-to théil.repeatéd agsurances he.had.xeceived:,IYrom neighbouring statet to: théýýeffectthåt they,ýýwould:. ensure to the.. best: of :,Itheir.. abilities that prwrisions,ý,öp ýthe..' s et I tlement r, I ý I r . e. 1 1. aåhe red töý,, as:,ýpr.ovi,åéd:,.lný paragraph 12 of ..thé.:pt.dposål:4 ý'. jn.ý:oräérto,ý, fatilitatel, that cooperatiön>::.,thä :Secrétary-General had sought. the::,ägreement ofthe, Goveräffients dpý Angola, Botsvana and Zambia for the ..éåtablishäeht of UNTAG ýoffices in eircountries. (e) irei ärrangements 78. ..-The SeeretaryýGénetäl ýýinténdedÄo send identical letters to South Africa and .,p posing~aspeci ic.:,hour and,ý.date-for-the conmencement of the cease-fire andýxécj-äestink:ýbothparties tö in färm h im in writing 10 days before the proposed .date, ofýthéir :agréement.to abäde by its:termg. (d) the:military e25_oent .7,9.,,,...Thé,:!.gectetaty-GeneralýýhäLd Communicated:::tö:the parties a list of possible .troop-cöllttibutiri n t e. 4 gcouhtries tih'i åh ý i. h d.lrcumstaiices, he considered could best ,äeet:tlie.. requjrémehts:ýof Sef ore thé:commencement of the United Nations ..öperätioný,>:ýhe..woul.d..submit theý. r d 't' the militarPI. OP.0 s co.mposiion of y component to the Security Council, taking into. account. the: views 0±f the parýt.jiCs, ij.~ in to. balance essential factors such aS: the principl: qitahle øeozr p1ii; 1 represenltatiön, the owilingness:of the troop- cöntribIutin. counti rie, ;ä rartiCi d, in the ca OflogiSts, the cpacitY to perform the req.uired. :taskS (e) Agreement on the:status of.UNTAG 80...Agrceement bd-been reached with the South African tht Of ,hc provisjonlS of a dra.ft aer(-,eriet: onthe tauso UNTAG' wh.icPhbad, be en first p.resented to South frica in August 1978.:. AS stated in .the Se.retä-Gencr : reprt .f 29 August (see.paras. 16.-21.: aboVe), UNTAG and: its personnel had toý hav,allthelretevant pri.vileges and itrunities provided for by the Conventiorion the Privilegesand Imunities of the United Nations, ff/ as well ås those especil.y required for eoperation. bl", n conciusion, the Secretary--eneral.noted that: the.inited Nations hadt respoäibiity.of.assessing .he- implementation of::the various military, provisions of the s.ettlement proposal:, while ýthe Special erresentative was to be satisfied about the variouS provisions regarding the creation of conditions: for and conduc,. of elections. There was no basis, for unilateral determinations or for uni l.aterai actionfs by any party..: :Should the implementation of .the .proposal: be j eopäidized as a resu',t of the failure öf any party-to carry out: its provisions:, the SecretaryGeneral wdo:ld. bring the matter immeiately to the: attentioi, of the Security Council. 82. The Seeretary-General also noted that if the:co-operation of the prtiec was fortheoming, he intended tO designate 15 March:1979 as the date for the emplacement of UNTAG and the entry :in t force.of the. e fire. He would transmit the letter on the ceas5e-fire accordingly 83. The text of the cease-fire letter to be sent by theGSeeretary-General to both the South African Government and SWAPO was contained in the annex to the, report. g/ The letter requested thatthe parties inform. the Secretary-General no later than ::5 March 1979 that-they had accepted: the terms of the cease-fire and that. they had taken all the necessary measures .to cease.allluarlike act a.n opIeratio inlc.ding. tactical möves: cross-border movements and: all acts of violence and intimidatiön. 811, on L6 February, the South African Prime Minister told theHouse of AssemblY that, on the basis of certain communications and advance copies of the SeeretarY-Generals report a serious situation bad: arisen in connexion with the impiementätion of the settlement because of £,serious deviations relating, i:jter.. aa, to the provision for the .monitöring . of. WAIPO:bases. In the circumstances , the South African Government had- decided .to consult the constituent AssemblVof South West Africa as soon: as possible. f f/ General Assembly resolution 22 A (1), 99/ Official Records of the Security-Council, Thirty-foUrth Year" sUc.lemnt forJanuary February nd Marh 79,docuent/13120 annex .77- 85. On2 March 1979, the,.Acting President, of the United Nations Council for Namibia condemned in the ."strongest .possible terms", the statementof the Prime .-Minister as formally recognizing :the: organ created as a result of' the December elections which had been held in defiance of Security Council resolution 439 (98.hh/ 86. On 1 March 1979, the South African Prime Minister and Foreign Minister addressed a speciaI closed .session of the Constituent Assembly. According to reports, Prime Minister Botha said following the meeting that he had given the Constituent .Assembly: an. objective assessment of the LSecretary-General's report and wasawaiting its re sponse. 87. Subsequently,, on 3 March, the ambassadors of the Federal Republic of Germany, the.,United. Kingdom and. the United:.States visited Windhoek. The ambassadors refused an invitation. to meet with the. Constituent Assembly which is not recognized by their: Governments.,- but :agreed to: hold talks with leaders of political parties, incluiding . the Democratic Turnhalle Alance (DTA) and the Narnibia Niational Front (NNF). 88. On 5 March, the South African Foreign Minister communicated his Government's views on the Secretairy-Genieral's report, as well as those of the Constituent Assembly, to t he Secretary-General. ii! 8 . nhis,.letter, the, Foreign Minister said that, consistent with his Government' po icy. that. the: peop le of the Terri tory had to decide their own future, it had .di scussed the. Secretary-General fs- report wiIt Ih .,the political parties in the Territory. He.said that the leaders of the Territory, as represented in the Constituent As sembly, as lwell as N1.F and SWAPO-d (Democratic) Jj/ had all expressed objections to the provision envisaging the establishment of SWAPO bases inside~~~~~~~ th ertr.Acoyo h oin adOpted by the Constituent Assembly was enclosed with the letter. kk/ 90. Recalling his letter to the Secretary-General of 20 February (see para. 74 aboe),whih stated. that-in the view of the South African Government there were no outstanding issies t0 prevent the implementation of the settlement, the Foreign Minister said that: South Africa was ready to agree to a cease-fire, to begin 15 March, on the understanding that the settlement proposal accepted by his Government in it inal and definitive form was not changed, meaning that, (a) SWAPO armed personnel would be restricted to. existing bases and Monitored by hh/ Ibid., document S/13136, annex. ii/ Ibid., document S/1,3143, annex, enclosure I. Jl/I See 'Official Records of the General _Ass embly L Thirty-third S ession, Supplement No. 23 (A/33/23/Rev.l)., vol. II, chap. VIII, annex, paras. 13-134. kk/ Official Records of the Security Council Thirty-fourth Year, Supplement or. January. Februar. and. March 1*979 document S/13114- annex, enclosure I. ýWTAG- (b) SWAPO would..håýVé..fio,:rig o.ýcrea e.. as jý:be:,designated,,bases:in SóUtý,1 West Africa (e.):ýýa, ýcomprehensive cessation: of:ý allýýhos tile,ýacts,ýwas a. prerequisite to the iMP1 eméntatión. of. Secutity. , Counci1 rés*01ýuti* n:'43 (.1 u 51 9.7*8) '(d) eleetions SuPerv CL:,b :the: nited ffiitions:ýsho ld,ý-be h 30 September 1979,, and. é):.political::detainees in ýneighbouring:,e oun ries.'shýould be allowed to return to. So,(xth.Me ' st A:r tie ' a :andý:tO.participa I t e in theý e iectión ,process gl. The fol lowing day 6. March ý:,Prime: . mi nis t. e r. Bo tha, announced ýin- :Parliament ýthat South Africa:had:Iaunche limit e dý strike-. -a ain st: 5JAPO:bases .,in 0 :because of a new:situatidn.ý.-that had. arisen,,:since': the., Secré*tarýý_Genéral Is reporý-, Vas issued. A cordifig...to,.,reportsý5.the Étrikés hadýbeen..launched.:at-da an a ýContinued throughout the.:dayý. 92. In his statement i c h:.was commun i cated tó, the. Secretary-General.ý in ' a letter..,, ýdated 6 ý4arch, 1979 11/. Ptimýe Minister Botha also eriticized thé.."'. pr6vi, s ion ' s o f e::, .:Sécretary- Genérýil:sýý.:rePort:ý,déýLlingý,ý7iththe,,restrietion-ofl.sWApo tróOtý~to:.^ba*es'. Namibia 0ý SWAPO bases in.neighbour at É vhich, he. charged constituted drastid départures. f roni thé settlement lan tilat-weré-,.lý. intended.: to meei::ý'SWA!90 I s claiins,-without publicit ý.being..:given:.tó '. them Mr.ý,.' Botha. in ý'arti*c:Ular « sed.the', Western Powers ofviolatintl, ces given to: South Africa regarding . t . hei . rý interpretationofý- thoseý.provisións..and:of ýco . n spi ' ring. to urn the cease- ire arrangementsý in favour of SWAPO 93. Referring to the:Yorei I g n 1 ýM inis ter's l e I tt e I r, to 11 ' e, S. ec r . et. ' r . y- ener I i..of the previous day (see par . as. :88-90 above)ý...thePrine.14inister s I i - d-that: the- reply:, did not slam doors 11 a . n dýt I h . at.sóuthý.Africaý stood.,by:,the-:settlement*.proposal:.ýihich.*it...'' had accepted,*oný ý5:Atril.:l97.8 8óu*th:Afri,ýåL was.,a18o.boundý:ý,hoýrévétS:,byý.:1 ý..ýUndertakin g ' t6:1 the - peop!.elóIf S . oi . ith West.:Africa,.that..iýý~would .. n ot allow, .. al Foreigwý inis et-s politieal solution.. 0*-be:..:.forcedýýupow-thetn -As* noted,.in,,thelet-ter, the Constituent Assembly "as.,well,,a8:.SWAPO-D and NNF.,. wére..: Opposed to the establishment of SWAPó bases in týé:: ýÉertitdry. 94. Stressing thatý ýóuth Afrida remained: Committed to.the principle:ýthat the ....Prime inister Botha people of South:ýMéýst.ýAfrica.shouldýdetertilne.ýtheir:.own fliit.ttré:,: S ou: :,uhde . r .'reiterated the:appeal made in ýhis report that all..,parties should refrain froyli .a I etiohsýyhich d' a settlement. Ée als<ý.inforined Prime Minist(..r pcthý that 11 1 d 'th efforts aimed at bringine, about a peaceful solution to ié,-wou-1 continUe wi thé qdestion of Namibia. Position of SWA.PO wid the frQt-it-liie, Statý-ý, 96, On 3 at-id,ý4: Maréh, 14r.. Nujóma Preý3ident cf SWAf-(), ttý-ndc-d a< s,, m Mee i t ting of the frontýline-iD aes, field,.at..Luanda,,Aýrine Ilffilch thc c.ý(=,ýý-tary- GFripral's .report )was, årtiong ýthe:ýquestions'.' discussed.::, Accord-infý ta the ý inal S, the. cónunufliýated to the . ecre ary-Genetal on 5 nn/ thc:front,lineStaýtes andý.S1,7APOheld.,the.:Position-that: (a) 2,1APý-)'s ;ýtrr,,ied forces inside, Namibia woiýld:ýbé . o ' fi. f-ed tb..base . I andýýlaoni.tored by thc. United !"ations, d (b) thatý,,..:in.ýaccordånee ýrith the Uhitéd Natiónsý,.plan, there wouid Le nQ monitor-iný, óf SWAPO . fore es outside*Namibia:.ýý.::.The,,,suinnlit and SWA110 reaffir,ný-d, omm itment to en :suré s ' dru . pulouslyýthe obsétvance o," the cýase-fire. Further,ýtAlks~scheduled Oft 12.ýlareb, the forei;,ýri:ninipter-ý cýf t-ýý fýve ',Ieqteýrn Securityý Couhei1 invitédý.all c óncérnéd narti!ns ie, .ýf rontýline:,Stptes and a: ,,t t i ' n t', i. ty. al'.ý, tI-re,,i-h jý 1 ý,j ,,at,,the,,Unitedl.Nations PeTý,rese ativeý aný c o I n Frent, 1:theýA ti for the,,netention of ýý'rincinleý "Present..in.71eýT,ýVor), theý talks: were, in r e. s s 3. ILLEGAL OCCUPATION OF THE l'ERKTORY BY 30U1H AFýt?ICA 98. Durine South.Africaýý.-whil.e p-a-rticýipating i n. nec..,,c)týati,--ns on in intýernationally.lacceptable..,settlefflént:, continuedý,to defy the "latins ýtaking steps ý: towards- I an I. in - ternåý,:setti eme ' n I t. Act1 S é .... 1,11 '' - 1.11.111 1. i.ng throuf,h itý AIrriiniýýtratornera South:,Africa.unilateral.ly-r gistéred ot e v ýýrs:,for.ýelec-tions, prom.-u1ý-ated legi I låtio I n - p .. r o v and fjý ally, idin for, the :&s 03In :a letter dated 8 December 1978 addrssed to the President of the United Nations Council for.Narmibia, Mr. Justin :Ellis, ,crtory-Gencral of the Christian Centre in:Näåmibia, detailed charges :of harässment carried out by the South Africa. authorities / r s sad that throughout vamboland and Kavangoland people had told ::im that: they ad registered becaus. - fe ar; it was iecessary to carry a registrationcard: ony one'.s persons at all times to avoid harassmnent by SADF and police units. in addition, manpeole ad egiSered in the belief that they were going toe participate inelections suporvised by the United Nations. In the urban andtwhite farming areas, here bad been :indiations that employers. in both the private and public sectrs: bad played a crucil role in getting people to ,register. 104, -,r. Elis badbeen expelierj fo th prTerritYr7 at the end of by order of the Administrator-.7.eneral. 105. On 20 September, the Administrator-Genertal issued a proelamation (Constituent Assembly and Election Proclamation No. AG,63,i978) providing for the establishment of a constituent ass .eblv and setting out procedures for the registration: of pol.itical parties and. for vting. (aä) Establishment of a ccstituent assebly 106. The proclamation provided:for :the establishment of n 50-member constituent assenbly, the members of w-hich were. to, be nominated by the political parties participating in.the: e.lections in proportion ýto the number o'f votes each received. Any. registered: voter 2.1: years of.age or older could quaify for nomination, .provided that he was not, of unsound mind. 1 The Prca atio. empower d th . inter to draw un and adopt a constitution for the Terr-i torywith a view.to its becoming a independent Sovereign State on the date of the coming into operation of such a sn.titution.. The assenbArT was :also. to-be eäTPowYered to- subm yit to the Admini stratorGeneral, requests, recomnendätions or Proposals:as to: any cours::e of :acion -.t desir.ed tobe followed or any steps. i:t wished to 1 be taken with a view to the attainment of independence:by the Territory as a sovereign State. The Adinisirator-Generäl ,ou ld, not be, obliged, howe ver, to acc ede to a: : struch reuest recommendation, proposal or advice submitted o iven by the sembly. 108. Elections were subeuntyshedu led for 4to 9, December 19)78. oo/ A/3/ Ih2.59 ; or.the pF r~ited :text, see Official Records of the Security Council, SuPi.ement for OCtobe3 51ember and:Deeember1978. -82- (b) ýegistratýon cýf log. The Pr(ýclaratict-I provided that any -politi cal org a ard z ti on,.wishing t(ý in the 1,1 -lyn 3" ý I ý1 ý I r ]F,: tý) 11 :+Iýe ' ý'- .I officer pric,,r tO a 91'ven,dateý..* thename abbréviatiýon.. Of its Ol-ani--ation. Thejý:ýChlef, eléetoral o tf i er wouldý b empowere ýýto: -vie applications and to dkýterm'ine. whethe.r,..they:ýwéreýýwýceptable. ó.r. failed to comp y ,ýiIth the provisions Ofý the,ýProclamation. 110, The deadline for the.ý, r "iýs trý a . tiofi f,* p, é, o a. ties WasýSubsequently:.ýet at that.:ýdc.tte. fi I p grou p . s ha cl agree.d. t t' 25 ý)ctober- BY. o-par icipate---DTkSýAKTLIE, t he Herstigte.:_Naýýi.onale.:Parteiý (HI4P,)ý5 :ýthe: Chriýtian. Demdejýýtic-,, PartY' (-CDF) .. and the Rehc)kýoth I 1bération'ý:Frofit, (sééý..parås-. l19-129 below yoý refus(ýýd: ýoparýicipate....I. in the electións Imles conditions "ý,iere met,:.including ýesýeejall the ýdthdrawal,ý, y t' r ' oop - s . om., am'b' ýTT",'ýand SWAPO«-D. ann uhcéd- ýhAt th of South A. fr, N i. i a,. 0 ey Woul.e participate only in el ee.tions,ý-supérvised:.by I the Un ited Na i o ri s (C) votingý próóédures,. The --'roclamation: provided,,that. po*lling would-..be,,condueted, by,: s . ecretýý:ballot uýon presentatioh:ýof ýa:ýregigtration cardý, Polling, boothsý:'véré to:.bé,ýét ýup.' throughout th . e Terr . i t ory-and. could be moni I toréd.by agents, oý.ý tý e ' xe . g i s e I teTparties The ballot itSelf. ' ý,WO UIT,dontain.:theýnamés-of,:the.*registétedýparties å I s w e li . a . s their initials and symbål:ý,,:in:o rder to:ýprovide.easyýidéntification by those:.:ýýjo were unable to:.réad either English :er:.Afrikaans.~ý* 112. Each registered party, Would be. e nýitl. e dto: appóint e 1, ection a. . gent.. s for, each n p ,ent for..each district as well as o e olling::ÉýF óllii)g station ý1, liiný, intý in 113. According to reports,,there ,iould ý.be-aý:total.,of-:1, 1, po Territory, ine- tion: xýreaux: an a ludin, mobilé. units .,O-1ý whieli lo4 f iXed, e ec -b possible 22 mobileý:.,Units woula ýbe:,situated,.ift óý,ýeýfiibólahd:..:.,Thtolaghbut,,thé...nc)rthern..,:11:1 areas, there would beý i65: so-uth. Afriean offidi lý, in :helping capaci y irieluding more týýlan, 5ýj M.agistrates..who-vould, eicel ion C)Pf iciåLIS 114. As regards tlie co-untin I di at e d th at ýt total 'l-50: P:, 0 ::Vo es reports .:Ln iDcoudinF a t d f the, ýóizting r c Afrien-ns , C(ý,lourý-,,ds-and...:wIýItf.,s.ýb dý, ýeený appoin e or 0 ess. Nrthermore, e,ý-,<-,h party, appoin-ý:::five.ýrepresen a ives supervise thý- couxitýing.*: t g' t ime Queýtions rai5ed, dbout thé, yall..dity bf n ballots "'ýOuId be re I et . i Ié I d.:ýt o arfetenceboård.,-consisting.:o£ a j udge :ýp I esident, a senior adfocate and a hjef m a p., i c, t rat e PartiCiration in the eleeticýnýý >istereý~(:DTA ý.nd AXTU 115- Only two of 11-he five partiesý I wI-i121, Ieg -,,,rere considered to be serious, polýtien1 ""-'r)nt:ý I nders ý,ýne týiree I o ti. ier ' pa . rtie,ý being splInter groups Without -33 H.Because of the absence of SWAPO, as weil as SW.PO-D and NMNF, it was widely considered that the I internal elections could-not be.meaningful or reflet the will f) he people but wöuld lmerely. serve t inst l DTA in power. An artiie in The:ý1, .inancial Times .(:London): of. 4 .Decemberý 1978: prediting a DTA vitory, noted that in: the: absenice :of .three significant. groups _(SWAPO, INNF and SWTAPO-D) , however s.r "upulousl the" election.s might .be oiv l tey ould nco sD..saril- be cje~si one ..ied teste "f opinion and were itnot for the underlyin importance of events, might b- soxnthinrC o)f n. farce. 117. in an articie in, The Economist of 28 October 1978 it was stated that howeirer ~phcny!T the ýeléctinns. !-iht. be. Thpyv uoulA vive ý',YP.A n -'tatus ~bhielh 7Outf ll'fricp 0oi rots best to enhance,.. ,,ven i_.:- ect iom-~suiervised by the U.ni.ted Jatiois Ter0 7mbseouenti,, eltine chrcsofDT v)intiTP l ,ul have heÄ-n 1iflroved. 11 B3 Yet another articie notedÅ that if ý:the' dernands of DTA on the United Nations were exclrbitant, and consequently:refused, DTA '.:u1::claim that it had had no lernätve but ö torejec.t su pervised elections, set up its own Governinent and proced o independence. (a) DTA 119. DTAi:, an alliance between the tribal representatives who attended the Turnhalle Conrference pp/ and,:the .all,-white Republican aPärty formed by 1r. Dirk Mudge in 1977j, was the.only pol itical group participating in the e1ect'ons to- tr.: to appea: to white...and: non-white alike aånd was ý.reported to have South African support. The Presidentof :the llianre is Pastor Kornelius: Ndjoba, Chief Minister of Ovamboland its Ch.i...rman and principle spokesman isr. .ud.e. 120. In its platform, DTA support I the :. establishse-lt of a strong central. Government with responsibility fo6r all major gove .rninental funotions. Representationin.the.central Government.: however., wouldbe o .thni lines "to safeguard minority rights:t.:In addition, there would be second-tier authorities based on the present: system of ethn.c groups... In the urban areas , no distinction would be marde between bl:ac'::kand..white municipalities. Instead, joint municipalities would be established.:comprisingý representatives of all the ethinic groups concerned andanyonewöuldbeabletoehoosewherehe.ishedtoresid.: : : p/ At the Turnhalle Conference, the representatives of the East Caprivians, Kavangosý, Ovambos and Rehoboth:Baters- for wýhom so-called homeland Governments ha alread been establis hed4-, comprised memétbersof those Governments. The representatives of..the Bushmen, .Danaras.. .Hereros, Namas, Tswanas and Kaokovelders whoha..no..e...g..e.n.ent. instit.tions., ...coprie. traditianal tribal leaders except when. ch. eader .refuSed to . par icipate. For exampi e, the representatives of the D ra. ere from a aplis only recognized by South Africa after :the :Damara Tribal Exec .uti .ve C omrmittee and the Damara Advisory CounMci hacl refused to.' pýarticipate, 121. As regards elections uperviseby the..Uni.tedNati*ons, the position.of DTA. as at December 1978> was that-altho.ugh:it would keep the doo6 . p for negotiatins with the.: Western Powers, it.did:Inot accept the oSecretary-Generas plan especially the:provision:for å 7.>500-man United Nations military group.. According to .ne: report DTA had: made it elear that it would demand that.the United Natlons ~retrCt itS:support for SWAPO and: adopt an "even-handed posture. before it would agree to: elections supervised by the United Nations, It..woui].d also demand that Angola and Zämbia close SWAPO bases intheir territories, and that the .military component. of.UNTAG be . neu tra'. Another report.indicated. that DTA Wou1d&1so ask for:United Nations observers on the Angolan side:: of the.: border. 122. According to, available, information,.prior to the elections the DTA prograre ha d gainedihe sUpport of S inoity Of urban whites, tribal leaders and the non-white middle. class, .particularly. in the southern and central regions. The orgai a been 1ess su cssful- however, in "attracting widespread supprt in the. northern areas, which traditionally were strongly pro-SWAPO. (b) AKTUR 123, AKTUR, hec-aded, by M.lr.. Abraham, du Plessis, .comprises the National Party and two Coloured and Baster. splinter, groups. 124. In its platform, AKTUR advocated adoption of the original"Turnhlle:. draft constitution :qq/ :which: in. effeet :provides for a:.öonfederation of ethnic mini- States under ä weak: central Government. in which whites would have .veto power. The '. coalition was said to. ave the support ofa majority of.Afrikaners,.and :wäs Considered'to be the:only real cornpetition.to DTA.'' 1 P, headed by Mr. Sarel Becker. is. .an all-white party. Which dra ws its :support from the ultra-right amofng the .whites. It has no seats in .the present all-white Legislative .Asembly of the Territory. .126. HP rejeets a 1). t he: Turnhal lé drIaft const itut lön, as being too liberal . . (b) one man:, öne vote: .elections ; and .(c) the United Nations role. In.a statement in Oatober1978- Mr. Becker said thatýSN1P would be an anchoring faetor.in the DecemberI, eiections. because the :oher parties were going overboard for black support. IIP. supports .theAfrikaners traditional pölicy: of racial separatio n .. (d) CDP 127. CD?, a Coloure,d party, led by Mrt. BenPillaY.,: claims tostand: for the 4rotection of in*ividual rights. q/ ''ee Official,"ö A2 ordsv of.. the General AsseIbly, Tiyexpa ssion, SufPplement 3o. 23 (A/,32/23>/Rev,.l),!vol. JI chap. i,'V, annex , paras.. 99- m109. -85- 128. In a. statement prior to the electionS, Mr. Pillay said that neither he nor his co-executive:members were. politically ambitious,5 and that if they won a few seat:s in the Constituent.Assembly.,they would be..happy to offer some of those to other parties under certain,:conditions. He also said.that CDP was 1'ot satisfied with the :handling of the '1eýctions:, in vhichý hey. ad agreed to participate only because there was no öther: possibility of förming an opposition. DTA electoral canai n and the n(-Iia ...... L...... [ . ] : < Y 129. The ehoboth Liberation Front is a< Baster splinter group which broke away from the anti-South African Rehoboth Volkspartei .to join the Turnhalle Conference. IIs leaders in 1975 :were Messrs . Hans: Diergaardt.: and D. A. B. Isaak. e cent inomai n. its pro .gramn1nm or, léadership..isnot available. (f) DTA electoralacampign :an. :th media 130.- DTA attemptedto gain popular support.by conducting an elaborate and expensive campaign: (financed partly by South A.frica and by gaining control over the Namibian. press. . 131. In viewof:thesize of the electorate, the DTA campaign was described as One of the most expe nsive .in: the world... . A coråing to, a repört in The Times (London) of .13: OcÖtober .1978, as at :that date. DTA had already s pent over £2.5 million, most of .hich had:been received :from sources in-theFederal Republic of Germany and South, Africa.. ..Other ,.sources comented. tlhatý for. an organization waging a battle it cöuld. not lose, DTA,"häd-fought remarkably hard t reported that DTA bad . network of 36ö ofices, h25 field-workers., 21armed guards, 132 vehicles, 10 mobile television, units :and. a '."pop." band. It had also staged about 500 rallies at .which freefoodwas provided, a d .thusands of posters and pamphlets, as:well:as free [T-shirts, shawls for., wmen and .un visors, all decoräted with the party emblem of a two-fingered peace sign. 132. During the DTA campaign. reportS indicated that there was little political eontent. The Financial Times (London) éomented.that the contest between DTA and AKTIRhad.degenerated.into ...langing. match: between their white leaders, with lit tle >.s e rio,(us .,c ons.ideration given to the f.:uture.:of the population, and that the whoe eeriseha ben ompli.cated by:, th mhsison race and tribalisn. To emphasize tribal differences, D f as bad, among other things, travelied with a number.öf interpreters :to lränslatecmpaign speeches into six differeni tribal 1anguages. 133. It was also charged that.the Administrator-General had shown partiality to DTA. One such charge.was.made by AKTUR, whichon 16 November protested to Prime Minister.Botha that .the AdministrarGeneral bad surröunded himself with DTA advisers"andwas coveringup: :DTAintimidation oft Africans in the northern areas. Another allegation came from the editor of the Band Daily Mail (Johannesburg) who säid in an articie that A, the Adinistrator.-General and the South African Government appear , to ha'.e forlmedthemselves into an axis and that he could no longer regarid.the .Administ erator- eneral as.an imjpartial figure. -86- 134. In the northern areas, which arelltraditionally SWÄp0.stronghöids,.the oTA campaign was also well organized In East Caprivi, where twofthel. most important tribal leaders were.both on the DTA executive ommittee, a. DTA aeahof the 31 wärds and meetings were arranged in a. the kraals., iSF assisted in the provision of essential Services, as it had 10T8. S3outh Afric;an W.i rres:ed:. large numbers of SWAPO Ieaders and rank- andfile,.menber Ic .rsumabiy to .stifle SWAPO's opposition to the holding of internal electi ns: ad flålu mi popular .support for SWAPO in the: event that elections supervised:y t ( -t . ins. were Meld hpersecution of SWAPO by the POlice has. been. it . -, i .s I.:fled !ýincrthwpironulgation by.the :Administrator- General of new security: rej.nulations under w1 \hich nuerous. rrest hav. een ma.de. ecurity measures, 154.The principil SeCurity regulations promulgated :by the Administrator- General dming 1978:werti the Provisions for the Detention of Persons in Order to Prevent Poliical Violece and Intimidaion of 8 Aprl.:The regulations, which are similar in effet to t Terrorism Act 1967strator-General to order the indefinite detention of any .perzon or persons if he is satisfied that the peacefulond orderly:contitutional development.of South:West Africa is threatened by:.:violence or intämidation. As under the: notorious Terrorism Act, ose arreste haveno reourse to a f bt t regulations provide that detainees my:be visited by:doctors 'at.intervas ofnot :more than three dayand by. a magistrate every two weeks. Further, magistrates: may: convey:. compläiots toth dmnitatrGeneral andý detainees may:also.fmake written, representations tö a review committee. :..The r eco mmendati of he revie cmmittee are seeret, however, and arIre 'neither: binding on the Administrator-General nor subject to scrutiny by the courts. Justifying the:harsh new security:. measures , the Administrator-Generl. said that although the Terrorismi Act. could have been invoked, he. felt that the :Teritory should have: itsown ::.laws. 1554.: Subsequently, on 13 Juié. the Administrator-General promulgated. further measures prohibiting .an y vehicuilär traffic iIn Ovamboland durinf night-time hours. According l to on e repo rt the bon, wh- ich con st it ut e s a S t towards reimposiion of the state:,of,:emiergency thýat was ýin eff ect in (Vamboland fromc 1972 to 97 a considered necessary to prevent .SWAPO guerrillas from transporting ar%mition to the south:.. Arr ests of hatinalists 1561.,Arests of SwAPö leaders and rank-and-f ile :members w,:ere stepped up in the spring of.1i978.henit was still considered possible that elections supervised by the: United.SNations :mi ght be,:held -bef h e n of 1978 Tring.April. alone, sonie 32- SWAPO ýmembers:, inclu.,ding1 lo SAPO leaders, were. detained, some under the Terrorism Act and otherS:under the new securityregulations described above, bringing the total number of SWAPO members then held in :detentionl to about 100. Alhugh the Adinitrator-GeneralI claimned thatÄthe a.rrests 1,ere not aled at any owi party, as far s is known, only SWAPO members were detained by the police. SWAPO chargId that the arres s ete inf.t.motivated by Sout Africa s not to allow : VTAPO ..to arry outan electoral ampaign. 157. A fewe eks ae e of arrests, two ore members of the SWAPO executiveYand tw of the Na.tieona- Uity Demnoratic Organisation (.tIDO) were. arreste(3. -90- 2,( october, 23outhý.African, authorities announeedthat. åýll::14 members 1-,,ýId under the nev securitY:,:measures.ýhad:beéný,r . e ease inbi A, ~E 1O722~iith f r coolfo tok. urti rmsu~res to irsivove iTsmibians n ~niii t yet"irn~ ~tpw~io Vmors (urin- täv ycar indlcater that CADE <1 t, 0 l V 2 )fll0tt,'11j10rt1 rritorysepinin in11970 thyltst ~' 11 A (ll''~Jl~'1vwr.i~1th z Itharn and central pyrts of the Pensafi.rIo . avil 0uA vi' ntJ :-tW e r rat Lana! trea tor the first ISM, L n Vf r 7 l li ~1 i !I pvr a etn a- ppuintr'2 1 t Hrakjor-11 rinl..lpj etni iS felfrC th fricm i] t r-y os obt slrtui. s m'1sLby om tsrveri an G. :sve by 166 rDorinp I 07 Sout .l ätta b i n aor Ap-inst nei-h1y urini Epa i, y~ UInforiati11 ontedneetinit he lattäck tigain stOAn-,-Ulo,- jw 6-10 trok place in fSY 1971 , is ootintd i tVp'-vi no ' prtel Io rr l a Coirntto rr Asecond atc ål1végdl1yoinpretäliation f6rråaäuc'teoåurlW'AF(O rolf r-lst South African trocos 1107.~~~~~~jot Afi a ufnu( i msluoAt~ ver -l&vås Po in3 atsdfianno 01 exiro As'rblyreslui' S/ .Dof m ut'rrn'.'r1077 skh decirreÉl that th, an.riexå:tkonåofaWåll saåypbyeöuthiAlrica vcw ol a] oi and tmat Ulvis öl, bOJ rulnf1)T7~ bc coromyofwalvis Lvty, incliudi'-thC' 51fet vector, cor6iitin'ueý:d.to ndéteioirate. Thålfiåhirv setor htåtereofor contributel abot Accordin~to on orlticbo publiåhed in fentclEr )9 yAo France P-resser, SIA1v B ay was fast becomnö ante iai YsrtgOi-t-tol ndeover 11 rer cent artile scried he oodu to ncetainy oer tho otus tOofol-ris Pay, the crisis ~ametoxsystm a th Cap Prvine. I ~~cemcr 1)0 lekoth Africa took measurCs according t p o e n tme scl e stas in Sou t åt Atys 169 huinu107, SuthAfrca lsotok EteTs to reinkorco ins miitary position in WivisBoywhic cOtL 00700te 0Rojko miOitar-' blle and as en iM ortant f.orwsrd stäkillt' potfor Southtfriegn nvluts eployc aljor the UaIrii ian TI-, )ct el) t1.-was rc-.ý port ed. th..jý,t, th- 2 t a n ...... c, , ou b Afri c, , !Javy Wýfac i lit i es : at Waý1visý Ba 'which,:. accó ct i n U, kcýy to S.e Jape' e -Ad ýira 1: .,etober, Vic, r!, t li c, 1ý'ap vasý repc ýw,-ýrned that, tjýeý t ]-i -ciu A. rican.. li c-;': p o i, f i - i a t- c- vely cl. e f n d I?? r, ],GR. NAý ON A Li 1,1 BERATI 0DT ,Y was iscerned ru2..ý,gle f na, iona in the st or ým4,,ed::b :SMAPOw,, ý-As. reportcd in the We s t ern ýj,,iress thiý- re..appeared..,tb: jt mýýre seriousý,Clas1 s' i.nýfolv C) -c- an c i e ti a r g e r, i Afri ,in side,_ý.risinf-,,:Acath.ý,t on the..Soutl c -,c chan,-ing,,naturcý~ol, né t a, c ti c" s of S"ý,PO whén fcróes:,.laý2ýclie a,.:tiýró t,,morta-r. and artillery barra Te ag,-ýinst thel.,,I:. Afri canl:. t Katima Mulilo.in East, C rivi. T1ýe at ta c k 'vas ary.:b,,tsÉ-, , ap ý,ýscribéd:as,,,the mostý.serious,,MTAPOassault,,againstSouth Africa since the b. ninjr7 of:the 11 eratiow strugg e 1966. and resultedý~in,,thedeathýor ,ýo, th Af s Idi 3,: the.. seriows wound.ing of he s 1,T -d--r s e,9 r r r C all 0 e rs an( itýhad beenreport e d, that SADFhad. already lost 26.mCýn during the year.., 17 Katima- 1\ýýulilo wa, s folloi,ýed by.. aýbombing tion 1JY.,Iýc,ýýth c an force s aýailist the. Zambian town of S.esheke along. the 'Janibiin:border. airs of Zambi Soi hAftic a I ný fo jý F or e- i f, ýýC.Cordingto.. ie..4-inis,ér n -Af it troI ý-cissed:::into ýZambia-.in 122:ýtroop~carriers . an d shot indiserimýnately--at ý'e.ý+=yiný, rower -b port buildinÉs ýThese,..op rations :.liné., sc uildings and:, ai 24 iýst resulted in tl ath ýof ý1- am 0 ug de ivil, serious injur*y:,to:, ý~,jt!"ýers a. n C, ub c t,ýnt i al: Tm,ýr Iýr c ame. ýa, i d..ý at usak.aý,that S-oýÅh A rican aircra- wet' 'n 011 2F' Auý:'uýýt Ir, Nuj offia, L ft Zýambia a. -Cision to ho enewed, '-ý'wuth-Afric ld..int . e r . nal, elections. r itýý milýlary r GeneralýGeldenhuys3*the::.number o e,,, ccorcinr.: o:,,ajo nc- idcnt 8since..Aýst196)'SýU:- Uth :October w as on e, o thc- hif'. t p - s avinf,,:_clasýýed...with,:,,SVAPO.:forces. 13,ýItimes, three Rionth, -ican sol( iei-,, it'- -id put, outý, ri j,(ýtic) 2 Af r' cl.es.., ý5 Af soldiers: hac.l.'be-n n1y.ý ý:;-Sou 1 ric, h ýýlaimedý t i at. Lýuring 1,ý7. ý GWAý-u alsý, attackc-d, various. installat ar ari ib x)land, alý r(ý<-:ýd bri gé:, nea Keetm, oop a. apili between,,1inaho A11,0~aj.so,ý.felledý Po and-te. eg,,r po, es aI4b0ah týýnotec-1 ýthat; -the bridåe, explosicýns ý.ýihi:r -rred i:n. aý nc repor "t ar wýtit,: ýýrea.,,.ýyere. eL:..ps c o og ca.l,,bi,ó'Vr 0 ýýA.'>Uth :Africa.n at ÉýMrPt tc,..k iJ1 frcm '. t . h - whit,ý ý,ioptjl ti 197Y, e "orev of Zi0 VAPO fiýhvers armed with heavy mortar--nmg ahtnnkýd a 5,ith Afripku militar- base at Nkinro k--ý nLur the Av5,in truýr, -- --" RAW -wrý V ýtv325 qhere wur- kQ revcrtý or SISIG cacupitie2. South African Aurcus icknuv5cdrýd ýLut ýbuy hýl ýeun th- gtaek had ;wLn c2rriud out ArMF a Lemvy ram, 17ý, AuksLqaenzly. MADV rel2rtýu tha.b, on 5 Febræry, SWAn had bcmbarded 3. miiiLarly baliýat Ilundu in OvaDbo!aLd, aboit 10 kilometres frcn the Anpola icrder, 179SýCn V ýMå,bhýýSduL AlSie8n miJitarg uuurces saiR thaý Gýv«n KADF members ha,,1 bålp ý,i dn å"P-§ýl bý,' C, r2us .Ikecopnbninuédil not spQcifV the date cr 1,je atic).-, of ki diiåypj 5 :,L?:".XPLCITAl.JO' $A ihT CdNT¶70L OF :«c0oor:Ic I 0R-IPI ..... 1oil.to...... iciibecl.n.,.... f.0 Gen irvestiCnt:- S tr Ccoo. iic fae:tors I.ch "s.low world.pri se .o å ,ise "tI in the c ris i S ib :the f is hifl re:.se or... T heG deiprr *' c :i o n fl : UWT_-s a f½st ini h e:. abss e ofi fl::0 (. W m inirig::an!d iflv.usti rial.:iv stets ,::k.,i±in er,,oiertyv alues and:( a. :.virtual helt: ir ne" ::.trstiof6ii d.,.ecording toa rvoort "ii Th ifacalhll(otV$ .fi onpr... 50 ,-ew. hou:ses: lere built :iih the Teiri torv dourna th.e: v, . . ca sales rerein " io; - " "... .ar tri r"-ses ,re. one. ourth o uth . ican lev... . s an..., " irt..... th o rii : . invste:: in the pr iva:te scstot. as. a 'tixe retr'd )laånt being t. L th é'..outh f.,r ican fi: of .. i - . *and at.an...tiIra i ss o c . 500 r)o0 tt /: ..fret sr', rto0aj a: . tl e rrs;tissiøl t' ,Ought-e1on;:, .ol..itical r t hC:<:h"i tornover ara0l' sorce firr:s o f :their :rl.. i st ff a nd ' tr ice . o f ite ivil servts retUtflIfl~~ - ontu 'fIc 01. esrit. the ~~.rrdessed st t) o e te coo , o o..erv..rs coLi. triat in rvie :r -t c.in r. a id ,,, E-,,..tioer. resfrCe it Te r t s .t. .r -.rasp t t s:...n cli.itirn 1lV ascetta'le setti.-ment, ane )rorisin' -ccorig to a reort:-) r "i .TheTims (Londo n) cif.lnten'ben 1.. for instance., :arifces the :rosr .t .o ,. in ta cý,ý Y, .... n "r; f: cie riocenø with an ensobring rotenti..l f'o reveloprietrec i c . år 0dditi to :is nenal ''ea ]k ther, an, .ossi iiti <5 for . vIsty ezxanded ,arricult irtl satr a n d:: s shiit inru.-ys i .i ,' cobutila s, .ifisart .ontnibtiøiis t:he rÈQsS. s s Stic _.odne - I n er ort it was notedtat omfn.r to rt.adil- insreOs in ,oia.onia;,,c ..rning. the Territor. . ,i re favC" ..r anc c:trqei .l., ... i 1975 _:!/ A : acfl...... Sett ment. co therfere. u.nleask- avve n-o fonr-in inves tent t 3eading to an oven jarer balane citrwOsIniu wihi a. n:e4at ivoi sh31ort ti and hs sii orsoo 182.~ ~ ~ .ý Tt'1c"ontthwhto 1dnao sotr hsad, roiictb neg(at iveý r...r...... n.n " . t. dy p" tlished b, the university o P * . 0ertr1i~~ cn.slded hatWirjhoeK''a te1 rost, enn i rban aros 7ut nfiae~ ui ktAr~ o Aficn on s Cexon. T1eraot oe»ta b7.9 r .e i, i ri s012. C e:i ) : :'iC ...... _n ev .n n l:Ot lI ,:hfI1n s ot r i t e l i' ' e co tri.butor to the= cross .d om estic .urodu et.. Lhe i ii rOmrCe of' ulverfl:eltt rehUe> en61 ntetrnia sourlce.:fet exorts-i..a m er n-enerator ef orci X, ÷xharire.ýIrnin½ s a cise reits (sec tt' es el ) .... t., 184h. iIh ineresse i tåle price of ére .iiamex>ds duri 1 ao ruduetien tror, t.e .ssi.- uranii ne (S., riras. 1t1 :9 :belei) it.i exncte that the D roreortion enin"ralS to totale n errts nil i anet fe" years, Of) he revenues ellected in i).,.ni t t t Abi or 1 7/7 ( . ..79. mi llion) thiCse adMrive .. tre r ' r r co ånr n es a c2o ulnted fo abo ut B 75. milion, er ateut t ent. a count comnanies, to the non esident sharcholdors . t ny. undistr.ittt' trotits tx.andr custons and excise duties the total r r n int estimated to raf e. from 50 to " .e... 1O. ..he eeletatcn. et .'anibi. s diemend resourcs: ;is tcar.ied:ont efclesively by Consoiidate1 Diseond'i nes et, -outh *e ..fria. L Table. 2: lam ib ia estirates ofreveniA,,,:receivedon eh- Sout West Africa äcdo unt~ i974 (thöusarvd. rand): Iteni~ 1.. 5/36- 19.76/77 Ta nincolne Dijarnond mines Other -mines comanes(other than ining). Dmndexport duty DiamoniDid profits tax Transfer duties2 staqmp duities7/fees, ?roDspecting and. claim lice-ncés LÄ)an reCCoVeries ...... Inte res t iontributiInni I conex ,ion with Bant u adninistration Rental fronl,ý state p,- roperty Fine /fr feiture Total inland reveýnue Cstwoms and exciseý Nanii share 3f cUSto)ms pool South "est AfiaTerritoria i evenLetFund oT Wt iac Coprtn Ltd '465 140: 91.7 434 .7 30 16 7* : .-330 27.-900 P22 5 301 120 331 21684 91 815 35 700 5: 30 -2 210'. 1)00 69). 193 22 866 182 180 7 067 130 993 37 660 451: 285371 2380,600017'713T1i16o0 7 9 Souce IRCe 'urry heflijelIndustry of llrnibiaå Perspectives o Indepnuec Cr- rinwlt creLondon)7 -99- 19 77/78 L, Lble 3 apil, b ia- - e. Imat co 0 .ýk:-"Conomic se(--tors to t"ne £ros domesticý I Å 1,960"1977 _prý)que n11 lión:. nn aii . i . e: .: ýe r ýent 1.9.70. 1977 Per:ýcent Valý_1ý-" Per ýent br ry,, sector Agrictý1.ture ý:ý.fórestry. minilit"Z: sýecóndary. sector Conýtrtýet1011, 2iectricit y gås, '.Tertiary:. sector,.: C011mmiýrýjial,..trade FIn ance.ý ahd ýi I i I isliraicc eeagovenýnent Tot gros s domestic.. produet ý69 01.-1.-1.11.81 8ý. 4 5 4 2: .14-ig, 13. 0. 5 ý175ýý8 4(ýýý-ý 60 7 .5 4 ,L4 P, .2 6 ý.7. 45.51 30 .9 30 1 Sóurces -a 'S 't d 4urr. ýci e Rocer c, U0uth: Wes t . rica. Sur . vey t t- ri P. F, 0 ýlý.ýDepartmen ýof Fore*ign Af fa i 9 19.70....data:.-.from.:111.:ýH. Thomas Ti Ecotýordy uthýW,,s-t Afriýýå::cCaT)e:<ýown, ý:(inimed):;.,and.19771ý ýa stiti am romý the. Inýs 't(ý'- fór N ibiaýý Towards Jlanpover ror.. ýýrdbiåý( us 14 4 7 .0 12 7 -9 --lM- bector 16o.o 6o. c 15 C cý 7 32,2 7 5 2 T a b l e . 4...... : :~~ "" ...... : ...... ": "...... a ...... "...td ...... "-...... Nýaribia:- estimate exprts 166-17 i" [: .[:i.."." ] "i .:i):.[ : (miilion r .and ) . *.. i i ...... *Comodi tyu. .:...' ...... 1966 l970 1973 - 1977 Agri cultuýral products - -32.6 49. 0 98-0 130,0 Karakul... pe*ts 159 25,0 50,0 65.0 Livestockproducits 16.6" 24.0 48.0 65.0 Fish:ryp:ýduct 8.9 56.0 80.. 650 Cane IfSh '. 16.o 25.0 2. : ish-me4 222,.428.0 40.0 35"0 1the r52.5 .50 15.0 15.0 Mineral:produes 127.8 130.0 190,0 460.0 Damonds . 85.0 70.0 100.0 .250.0 Ur:nium - - 70.01 Bs t e 'rcoppejr 19.2 25.0 40070.0) RefinedIlead 12.3 4.8 zinc,.,and, other :(cadmium, lithium, . mangan:ese, silver, tin vanadium) ...3 17.0 22.0 25.0 Total exports 20. 3. 6.551.0, .xportýýs as .percrit.å e: of gross .. domesti .produCt 670 62.0 62.0 58.0 Sources, as cited by Roger riurray, op._cit.: 1966 data from SouthWest Africa *Surve, 1967ý,:o. "cit.::.1970 and 1973 data from W. H. Thomas, op. cit.; and 1977 data from Towards Mantower Development for Wamibia, Op. cit.. -101- (1X1;\XYEh X~ UTo n th e iaICo rr A. Consideratio byteSeia onittee TIe SGuecia1 Cermi te ns(rd 'i tn ,' i,. Uin o7WsenShr tiul I tu cnidrto o, nj st~ i.1 d.pa eoi rte t-a tn i. c)ot 't2~? rovi u onuetreJ cvort U eral AssseLy5 rsolut 1)l feuigi aticuar. resoluicn 33/31 .ind c, ft 13j cc c.~ i-T e th-e qet.nG T~ir Gahara and r e s0ol.i io n 3 3/bb4 f: the. seme d3at ern t heipe ntin D: eelaration on th,ý Granting- Ofý In're nrce to Coloia ieunries an Pooi Lppr:gah12 at' re*solt ion J3, the u.s s-i rcutedC the Se ca Cuittee "to conýtinuo to, se ek cui t a !-, cnzc5 rUc i,, mediaýte aAfl iapec.rt aticnb et ;n e ra1 Assk-niblvr recallu-tion 151). (-V),i l ( rtr Which have net yet attained independenýe, a d ~ rn rti.cuiar, ofom1t 'pcf' roro sals f or the eliminat ion b t h eciig aifetton CO1oia1'~Lnandto repott, th,-reon, to. thýe Genel Aseal a iuthrtfi:buxth, sec ion,ý. 3. 1, Jurng: its cOn s ider atic)n of, theý i t en th-e -S eil Comte1a eoei a ,ýorkung :paPner prepared by. the Secre-taiiÅ (se mnnex to th,; L-r 2ent chaper cona n inomain eýn develor,,aents coneerning thýe I'erritory. b~At its ll6lst Tieeting,, en 10 AugusteSeiJCmite rne ens for: a hearingý to a deeaion oif tr år.nt Ioua p a':a L i e r.ac icýnde ui l, Hanýra, y eGo(rnePLISRO At th iaemeigCr idi bal (Pet OIAI),mde å, stati"Ment, dAAC-lO9/P.V. 161).. W-ith the :Commttees consent tn ernaie et ,.auritania. mae a s,-,at eme n that cocnneco :(A/ACJO9/ .161):. Sttmnuýrr isømd yterpeen aives etth Uniited R eptbi etanzaniaý,, Cuba, the c inAa eulcadIa D~Decision of th-e Spcal Comnittee 5.~ At tsllltm tig nl'ugt197Q '1e~n. taeetb th-e Chair-man "(A/Ac.loý9/PV.ii16f) ýanid having. noted,:thie agreement.:conciud .ed at Alpie,' o 5 Augus 197 etwe the ;overhmeht. or. mauritanja: and theFeneP0IA.I1S/a wel asthedecsio adpte bytheAssm'by-of Heads of .State and Government of' the Orani7aino'ArcnUiy(A)a is ,sixteenth ordin&ry,,sessilon, held a Món-oVia,,,from .17 to' 20I:JuJ., (se A/.34/18.3 I Iencio6sure, decision AR.r/el1 (XVI) theSpcia Cmxntte dcied itout objection,:to givýe conirt io to the item *Pr.eviously, issued as, part of' A/3L/23)/Add~3 1/ ee /3>/h7-S1353,annex T, For the prinited te-xt, see Official Records Secrit Conci____ -ourtya Y uppzlement for July, August and September 1979., aits1ý net, SS s ub jeet .to ariy di"reetives WhC~thn Gcneralksenl 'm h i thaýt. conn e, io n at I -s t ib J n t session ., Iri ender tie filtt eldatln oPte ite by th eori G [ h cpah Cof2tC 'hrtise døcided li S~~POM~r to transrit th-e relevant ouetair diety to ULIe APssemtiv.ý -103- Work ínf.r 12repared-by the:,.., ecreta*riat ý CG)ilTlE1%,MS CI en, e n, 11 ',Bac k*",rou ri (s Consá..cleratìoù ýby..the. Organìzé3,:tion ýof :Pifrican..Onity: consideration by, tllé. Gene* As scrábl. political- devel.oT.rnent i t airy.: i t ual í oìl sltuatíon ýP* 4 D under, the. s--rffiólý-A/ACWIN/L 1331- TE+:>EP ,. AARA . w...eastern éahara: i..tte on t1w åtlntie., cost, of: north ,Test Af rica. oppo£s{{:it: :imCanary[« Islands hot Unded. On.:thc north and north[+-east by"Morocco and Algeria and L deast by Mauritani it has total arxa.of about 266000 square kitses and.its seåboard me:asurcys .1.062 kilOnetres, Itsland frontiers exteid for atotal l>ncth,. ef 2,I kilt.: tttls. the front, ir with ilauritafif; being 1) 570 kilom.fetres -wnn7 1 L tht. ri I'h Porocco and Algeria. 75 k.lometres- The lerritory consist; of tw:i ret lons, ua guiel 1tra1 and .io de Oro wiCh form an interral 'part, Of the g reat Sa rran Desert, 2. The elimatx.e..of western d:ahara is very dry itfh enornI0ns. differenees betueein neturnal:and.dl urnal temyeratures There is very little cultivation, except lr se low-Wing areas in the south which, are watered by occasional rainfall. a r - :: . a*..L ;i ...... ' 3. The physieal-charaýeteristies of this desert region have .de-termined the traditional :way of life of th.e indirenous inhatitants who ax'e for the.most part nomadi and pastoral *moving continnously- over extensive areas whieh transcend international frontiers. Since i68., however, following th, e drought which ,s *t '..r .f the *o u a ý *h*as affected the whole, 'Saharan region a substantial part of the population has settied:in and around: the urban and trading centres. ". "Th:e' prin iltribesin the Territory are the Erguibat Ait Lahsen. and Ulad Delim ho.are 'to Le found also, in .lauriianla Iorocco and Algeriai.. 2. BA .G:.U.D. twill Le recalled that on 1 .:overmber 1975 the Governments o Spain, ,oroecoand:iaulanin agreed upon a.Declaration of Principles, also knor1wn as the Srespeci to. the Territory of estern Sahara. .I the Decaration, Spain transferred its powers to a temporary administration,:coruprising the, Spanish Governor-General: at that time and two deputy governors, one nominated by .Morocco and the other.by M ritanla. In s that agreement Spain terminated its presence:inthe .Territobry .on 26Februar-y .1976. .-: . ..i.". :::] 64 On:i4:Aprl 1976, iorocco and aurltania signed -an agreenent whereb, the -fron+'tier betwen .f-auritan ia and". ':orocco was defined by, the straiht:ine iinkin *.the point::of interSetio. etth ith parallel north and tiei 3th meridian west With..:the frontiuS defined the nurthern p»art of Western Sahara was.integrat«d int:oroccan t errfitory ;andthe solthå port into lH 'iuritanidn territry: The al...... f...... he.cu it . ni.... Thirti th Y ar, Surlle'eIt for : c;tober, ?ovemb - and December 197, document s/11880, annex 311.. -105- .,Alf erian,,Govermmænt which b5:td,ý.0t-rýised .ýhéý. accý_ýsed the "pPnis',, ob ipations ýt-ri iý::iespect to the decoýon l- - izaticn t1ýe, ...erritor P I d ýover the:,TerriAnry to Morciec-c, and ',auritani,-i, ri l j)ýÉa.r,z1,aLi1,)erar2i5 Rý d,Or,,(Fr nt.7 ne-Frente l"><- on. je I Hýý r a J e 'LISA.KO, c re d, thu,, Ia haran: peopl e. (jý, s i Ci-ered ý'the a-ý,eement conclý_ýded pain, J orýDcco and. cauri ar n il! an u vcir ýýn be:t,ý ý:,cm ý3 t jia,. -as dasýýnactofag and.lýanditkyz ~ånd:.reaf firm(ýT.the. ina J.ena.ble ri. C t' th- ',ýih-ýran pe-Ople to self..determination.ý,and, The S ah ara ti Ara, b Democrati.,c., Republic :-proel cn 27 Fe-br,-,ary 15,76, h[ýs re b tedl,ýý. boen,.recc.. geri-a, J n- ýu n, -,r,nized jy.,.ý_,0ý,.ýountries. A1 a P-e n i --- u ri Cipc, Verde Coný- c of DeÉýoeratic thé."Derdobratic. People.':s:ýRepublL Eqw-Itorial,,Gl,,ilnea..,,EEtlilopia., nuineaw-Bissau,-,..,1adag, as c at, _Panama Tone and Principc, cf T ýý=zani-ýý and viet1.Nan IýAT 3 T C,' T 101ý..1 Hiý, OPGJUHlý," J,' -L ig, t ýe fifteenth,:ordin ry,ýs s ion, oý.tiýe Assenýj1 c, Fleadýý c,' State anýý ie,ý rganizatiý-_ýnof:A.fri caIn nity.* .;overnrient, of t] 0 ýT OAUJ h el (1., at ~ KI i ar -L wýý, r c, n .18.to22.JulY.1978ýthe etdopted.re11só.luti..on, G /Resgý,:.,(W) (see A/331235 5 annex. II) in ýrhichý itýý decided. to.: set..up. an. adý hot:. committee of at -least fivéýheads Df.state. m enbersý of~.0.W,,. dnýer..the the President of .:.theýSudan theChairnian.of,,.theOAU:s.e's.s.'ionýat,that.:tirfi. e . ýh . task of the 'commi ee:,. as e ined,ý.i ýth n. e r, solution .: vas,:,,tol, stucýy.... all...theýýdata .:in the Western ý.Sahara:,,dispute ý,1 ncluding . theý,: éxercise 6f...the ýPeóple~ls.:ý I iglitý to:.se1f-deternination, i? prepatation.ýý for. an e:ýftraordinaý s, 't:meet'- t the issue. >ummi ing:.. o:,, iscuss 0 t ob e r s. indicatedý th joroc -o an cýf:ýthe:ýAdýho Comr,,ni ce in: an e,, fort t c, s,22,1 uc, tj-ýe cýfi ý,ýestern Sahara. étté ec i r I 78ý dåre, s s --d tc the ccr,-2tary--T,:ýneral >_theý:Pérmane i..ve of Sudýan: tó 'he 'Lýri'ted ',ýitic,ns ýtra. risnii'tý1,edýar,esS.age,Ifromth ie tteein In-- stated Chairrian.,of,,tý _:Adhoc:Comi,ýil ýC -iittee mr o d,, nitiate,:,i.ts::1v7 lý)7"ý at T.zli,.ý=,,.'ýý.iéý.,siý-IP ,f.ýýý:- ýi.,iéýý,,ori,ýiitýeeýý,,,ouiciý.rOTYýT.)ri.ýjeý::i:jý, G f 1; id an., a Y -,res' fi t f t Tnýted of ..r 0 U s 1ý,aoré.,ýý !."'res i c ent f .,w, '_ _ 1 .11 ...... I J ýp, t _t,ý ,4 .. ' . I I teliph(,ýuét ÉCigny, 1' Y1 n r.. Fel i.x: I -c, r- -,,as t, r(ý s i d'ent Theý United .,,:,Pe..ý)ubli.e of-Tanzanin sý,Yseq,,ýently vitýýdrew from, the Ad hoc C4,ýMýdtt, e I e oilowinÉ.: lts recognitionýý ó*f tý -ýýararý År,-Lb Demmýratýc Pepublie in No'Vernber: 19V., -106- 1e.. the"U h et e r e sdthe ho-r..,e .t .... Stas Lembetrs of t.United a,1ttn; .uld refrain from takirg n asti lii.e.ly to Laer. the ork of tbe commit;tee er to"deL> arrival at a fa.i and e elot t :ro Lie.poble i\/3 /j6' 13 jn1 ovme t li'c Prnt ODLITSKdl strony protEte> this rcaneilst st at ing, that.the reSpSifilitiE . of the United Nations.in matte rs of decolonization were ..independen t from those et AU The Frente PO ISARIO so laimed that the :omposition, etthe Ad ioe committee Would be unbaianced as long asA gola: or .Zambige .was neiluded: nated 27 No:vember a ddresed to. the President. of tie Sudan: (A/33/397:, annex). r U:.uari Boumediene, then President of Algeria. stated. ". .inter"alla, that consideration of the question o Western Sahara by the. United Nations was stri 'ty in conformity wit h the resolution of the Ehartoum Summit (se e.Ipara":9 above) Whicl expressly stated in raragraph 7 that the United .lations remained seized.ofthe decolonization problem oft Western Sahara President Boumediee::i deplored." tie .fact that the OU- seeretariat had expressed the hope that 'the United atioi s would avoid considering the" question ef Western Sa.hara.thishe stated, wias contrary not only to:the provisions ef CAU and United "ation:s resolutions. it also. to tite new spirit Algeria. was fostering in order to en sure -progress: throughdiaogue and to the efforts.erfalt aimed at.a political. solution :;:Of~ ~ ~ ~ ~~;i.,i ...... -.. ...ff rt .... o...... * . . of the cri sis. 15. 0n 2.December, iYiia c ommuniqué issued by the Ad bec Coó mttee following its two-day:ieeting. at Khnartoum, it was announced thiat a su.b-comittee comrri sng the President0s of: igeria and Hall had been formed. with a mandate to visit the regio , accompanied:by the Admiis trative Secretary-General et CAU, and to contaet alt the parties coneerned.n iuding i'the sharan reople in order to undertake necessary measures for restoring peace and security. The coanunique appealed: to all narties to :adhere to an irmnediate cease -fire to enable the sub- committee to aecomiish it s duties.ý: 1. On30.Apil 1979) the sub=-committee visited Algeria, ,auritania and ,,orocco aýid me.t it ire resen taives e the. Frente POLISARIO at Algiers. A f.ll.meeting o)f theé; Ad h1o Cemte was..hel onc 23 'Jumc, 1979. 21.26 june,.. the Comitteeise a com1-imuniue: sta ing that it had adopted :certain recommendatioi e theion :SUb-eommttee onecerning.:th eexercis1 e. of. the right o. se. ::: trfln ion6m by dthe "i people.ot, WsternSharaadthem~~.: .: : :odaiie. of .its eXercise. Thei uld: e submiAtted sto he s sembly of Ieads et Sate"and Governiment at. it s * ýl, . . .. "f Il , f ' « ."' . . sixteenth erdinary se, ion to be held at. :ovia fiom. 17 to 20 July. The Ad~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ho omte etrtdisa elt l n t o conc er nx iteyt o: bs:rve-: a, efreu CAt hadhr t - NSIDE UHA1TI OR Y 2,~ cÆ1PPRAL. TSlL 17.By tsresluton33/1 <> 13Deesl~'1q76 ajed n v0 oe to1 3. c.,jj 1L.cs Jh ~~m s;mby n la r.eaffirmed its (,colLmitp(ienjt to the -.rIM ..D i , SCeI et erminat ion, ofj beoT1)C, en 1 ccidnc vith the Dcaaino ie. Grat.nt ing, öf'. eednc oC1n~i ortis n epe reaf firmjed'ý the lealerVte teocc Weo Wct-. ~. th CaL',! Frcrttý I 'L L5AF1 < so1ircesmir~o ri ~ vti~.'s oc'n:s V s.~ tin t thø ro in:i were Itfiwr w, bi ~~O .v rx'inyc rtu ini:adle oer ~;e!~1dPIl fnI)Utober *Chen i i k nh II iitI e a r th c réi t<, a rts ' RI 0 Jer r i t e to hk.v pn cr e. in r jttj Sóobeé at c)m~ Mai o ur ce s indicated that these contaots had béen s1, Yn4?eerLe fiilo si the rente POLISSAPIO repótedly~ 34. On aS danuary, the forces of the Frente POLISARIO attacked Tan-Tan. Subsedflly,.on 8 .arch, in.::a speech to the Chamber of. eputies, 1i.inp Hassan... anflOnced that since the .sia"t ion in. southern t1otoCco was "daily goin. from bad to wors h h decideci to set p a: Nationl Security Council consisting of representatives: Of alil. the. organized roliticalparties and to entrust it with ti task Gfdefinie n a policy amed at safeguarding oroco' s national territory. and. State seurity- n. response to the Kin"'v spccch, th . Chamber of. beputies unanimously t dom , dec, that -he .orocean array exerciso purit" and take retalJatory measres every time that .roccan y.era tii;a i ri c, h ýLco'a soil F e PUIýAR Id and til nt ý-tt nte e kåUritani;ýýný.(Jovernmý, its ri S news.repor e a cor( was.,si.p n, u-1 d i i t .31ed, by, MxI med-,'S vi.' ýé- Rýl, c - esid.ent of,*,ýtLe Military Comm. ee cý,f..ýýational: Sd1vaticn c,, 11r.ýSachir MÓ*StaýaSayed Deputy &,eretary",2enera-I of e ri t e 39 On .:7. ugu s t, i n, ca:, c ý rnmim i qué:: i s u d-,ýý f-, NouakcýhcA.,ý-j, thký, 1,cýjrýja.rlent C i t the. Militaryý Cormitteeý of. Natic,,ný,al Sa vation-of- 44aiiritania, eridoýed ,1-je aCCOrd aýnd dec ared its grat ca on, atý theý happy, :end,ý:ofthe effo ts Maw i tahi a, for. More thån a year a*iýnihC, just and de:finiýtil.1ý-of the- Western, Saha:ýa. confliet,''. 40. ýYnle pernlanent,,Coirait . tee . cl e ' seribCýd theýaccord eunformil'Lý? "i"-I 'to the. aspirations. and. interests of tI I Ma:urita i n It lead o consolidation :ýýnd rein.t'oreement: of the p---aýýe hých i L it aý - ý candst tes )f the ý4å,glweb." moroeco on,.its part ý.isý rewrted to, have declared the agre ýjment ,2 ,vdid and ha-,ý vowed to cont, - inue.to hold I on to its ý.:zone -:-is d .Prio to the sig ning. of the. Algiers aý--Cord- orI- 5. August .in g: Has -an ..deelarifig, th,-at Maurita;nia. had ."ne, r i f,7ýh t: I to - vit I hdraw.ýý. ýfrom ý,hé &ýhara: ::f urth8r, aetion by.Moroeco.ýif a 1,4aixitanlan wi.thdraw-ý1ý 'venýe -t Decisioll of.: OAU 4ý., At Its sixte-enth ordinary session c- i (I at f t Assenbly::of Heads,.of.State and.Government, Pýdo-otéd.:a dedision on Western Sahara (ARG/reýe 1114 GrvT).. (sée 3, it:ýýdecSled t'ýe fcl,ownc,: The preparatio o, a prol's(ýr ý---týý'ýoSphere for throuýýh :a-,, génétal and e se th, 2.- The, exer i é f Ilt c s 0 e.. we s tern ý,5ahara.. ...g nera. ..a I'ree,:reftýrendum whibh i2hoose: one, ft hé t ing.op ions,, -:.Tcýtal.. independefle e, or (b):, Maintenanee .0 f' t h e s ta t The convenin ýoý.: -f ýý'11 the:reptesentati f W ve o esteýý: tie of le presený The:,establishmeni- of of Sýx t :a-specia the or,aniza ion-of Afýýican Un 't éd.: å f I y Compos LiIeria, ...,.....the zSUdawand, theý. Unýted, :ýeý)iiblic*:.:oil Tanzariýi aý to ý;å k, and, to-s, er Iseý:the . rgan-lza, i 0 t 0ý a re e en iuný witjj t,,,e the:United::Nations: on:ýthe':-blsisi::c)f: ne.:1.erson ..,Conhi tiee sliall-Iýeý chalrea.ý by Liberia, the C ul, r e,,,, t, A ,ý-112- ill: u[TARY: .S ITUAT 101-1 ar médý, lash(-ý s 'ha- ýhrough th(- p.ri.(--)(] ýnder reviewý JLSAR tO I n in e d thatý it ýa 4L1 .1 d intensified its, 1-j ý)ý3it' itin, thé f ramiýýTw0rk r) f the Slou ri Bo d' -nfý In itc, variO-us, iiMimiquesi repc)rted,,Ltt,-I,cký>: nMoroccawpositions Asatef, '311-EýAiziran"Bu-cra<1«l, Cabn BojadorEl. A a i ý'In El Fax si. a Éj ý,arad,ý, unia'-Ifa-usa, J De i r in, Lebt.,.dria, Talha,: Léfflseyed,... réij,,a Semýýi a, Tifaxiti-anýý, ý,estern.Saharae. d. jul,, --a Terr Éemalg, n A S, 0 Åbattýi Lebouirate micl-,Draa.ý..,S .,ra,and 2 ,in,soiÅhern Vi c) r c r-0 I s ni ces denied- the, capture sayiný:ý tha.tthe, Frente POLISARIO. haJ (ý)111 Ledýý"light damage '',,on. t1ýý.e televisien/radio tra-nsmitterlocati,ýd 5 1j9-ch, tlie.,Moroce-ln.Hinisterof State, for, Inforrnatýicnýannbunced. thatcountry'ý, £orces had takén, thp, off.nsive.,and attacked the.:P6sition :Of.,th e. - t - e PO . LISA.B16: at ý,'ýiguiy. an 1 d I Panitb Al Lb e in W<ýýstern IS' 6h a t a, ..des tro y in I g their Fiýen POS-L ns and in. ictinr ieavy. casua i<ý,sý S-,Lsequently, on, ay,,:the..forces,ýof.the Frente POLIS.APTO claimed. thc ,ala in th<,, sý d:.libé ati on 29 Apri of the tówn,óf.kf!F -eto -efYstýied y, orocco rically.denied.by..Moroccan-. ýS, Iýara occup b Dl This, claim.was at e go In early Jméý, folldýin6ý ih. attack-by the-,,forcegý of ýthe Frente. PO LISART01. tlne village!ý. of: Tarf aya wid Assa, in Morocco , King Hassån is said to have aýithorized Moróccan. armed forces to pursue the attackerstoýtheir home bases even i f i éntailéd, crossinr-,, theý bordersýof neighbouring countries., izi in a. me -s sa an. 6 f, OAU, (A/34/ ann 48, -1n ýeaddressed-to. thé.. Chairm, 3M e t'1ýe ý-resident of Algeriaý called. attention to-th e. grave dangrers.,threateniný, ýthe M1a6h-réb regioniýasý a result of ióroedo.'s:cLa.im to the, right of hot pursuit -,,Th,,5 Frésident-reaf h 'dation could. shake hig..country s.co v ons f irrned .t, at. no. in imi and ent f the sovereign stated :i s firm, determination to oppose any,,infrinF 0 ty. and,ý-territorlal integrity,:.()f Alp,éria. Thc,.. móroccan authoritie8 he continued, w.')uld be hel-d,, I 're . sp ' onsible for the inevitable ec>nseý,I-iýénees ofviolation-of.,..., ýd fairs ofý Al e i r eiterat ed..,thi s ýeriaýs frontiers. The:,Ministerfdr.VoreignýAf g r, al pýsiticn in .a,1mIe d,It '-i-. 197ý), addressedtóýthp.Sf> ne 1 (A/3L/3L-1 , annex) 49, In letter dated:132týne,-1979ý.,add ssied tolthe Presi en Security. Council, e/ t he,ýrýetmahent Bej,)rese I nt a I t i ve- .ofýMo.re)r- c I O.t o . tjýe, Utii+ed.Natiohs.,stateý11.that: durinp,,.,theý:night o -3w, klav/l June 11)79 ýa eblilmn 0 f, Moroccan:Boyal: Armed ;ýor eý had bee ithin Moroccan:,territory4 k i bel é n Tåný1ran nndýTarfayaý n-attac ec w e ýU. futther att Larbi 31ýl-Orýari- the:,directorý of.. PóSÉUCPPA: I - - 1* :,,.. sai that kilometrés ý óf.ý 55- 6. conveyor belt destroyed by he Prehte:..POL18ÅR10ýým*uld have:t6:ý,be replace6..:.ý~Ihý:ý: addition, 2 of the 10 control to their soPhisticated eleýetrical.machinery.ýand.17.ý01-rer:pylons had-ýbeeh, de . stý r o . yed. 56. In 1975, the last year of normal..:-roduictionýbyýDu::,Cr" thé,,óut-put phospbate Was an est imaté ýd 3.7.... r . ni lli on . . e tri c.*tóns in theý f irst.: f - wéeks . of 1976, 894 -,080 metric ý.tons, were proffliced.before damage., to.ý.the electri caj:,ý, system brought mining to a'halt* 57. The treatment plantat the.:pótt, of-1,1 Aaiuný hadýý å i b ti remaine in pera ion...since 1o76, although on a rediieéd,:.Schédille4 ..,-!t, p roducéd- .182..880..ffiétric:.tohý,:'of..dry phosphate in 1976 end...203 ,200. ýiet. r I i '. t, o: n s. i n., i 9 79 l:( 2.. 8 ý mi li i on met ti C: to ns~ýin,,. 1n75). As a consequence,:.). ýexports ýwhich totalled:.ý.6:,nilliowffietrié,..tons.o ryphosphate in 1575,ýý fell.,to,ý,281,14ý2.. metricýtórw- in.l976 arid,.25,4óó:, netric.,,...tons- in. 1077. There, 1S..no,ý,ihfor-mation.ýConcerdng.theý,source o the..phosphatés: prócessed.. by the treatment plant.ý,.s.i.nceý19.76..,,..,,: mnebull Iozersave'beé 58. Since the.reopening:.ofthe. ttempting,ýto..remove the phosphaté.,stockýllé ýýichnowexceeds..50m00,.métricý,.tons.ý~:.Dai y.convoys Of 30 trucks., esebrtéd.by:ýheavily,ýarmed squadronsýof armmýred, d h li ters, . v I e.: 11 101 tons.ad thesame.amoun rerao 6.metric:, ay prevlous y móvéd, by theý.conveyor n, minu esi powe e and:::ý. belt i :25ýý i t E 1-Ordari has estimated.that onceýý,the. rý lit ion e.mine, coU Xport.:re inedýýphósph . e:St an conveyór,:.belt..ate::.Iýack:.,in:operat« th* d f* at t e y., en. annual: raté. of ýS ýto 4:1 ini ion. metric.. óns :,,approximat ' 1 lopetý.é t:Of.:tótal iiorld trade* in tÉ1sýtunera :B.. 59. Fi.-ures to..'the. press::by,:the,4ýoroccanS;ýýiona1.Fisheries, Office show that the potentlål.:annual:ýsardine..:catch.aion . g ' the,' ýco ' ast.ý,fróm:Iftiý.,to~~El.Aaiuti.: is 4o6,4o6.,Métrid,ý:tons:. .. the:.Office- :estimEýted thÉtý,an:ýådditiohai:, 1*00,,000: m*etric..tons, could bei c"ýlit.*annuallyý: alofle, the ýCoast soxith óf.rl.,kaiun:tó Cabo-ýBojador... cý 60. In the..area of oil ex-ploratión, the Ph . i. llips Pettolew I n COMPany and the British: Pétroleumý dompany ::Ltd. hav ' e ' :been.:s,Yrýýhted., s everal off permi,t s, be 'veén Coverin óóó. s quaré*::kilomé-tre s off ýthé..coast::óf. ..,I s n,,ISahara alun and ýabo:Bojador- ýý115- CHAPTER: XI* EAST TIMOR A. Consideration by the Special Committee I. The Special Committee considered the question of East Timor at its i6ist meeting, :on. 16 Aupust 1979. 2. In, its c:onsideration of the item,:the Special Committee took into account the provisionsof the relevant General Assembly resolutions, inciludinrr in particular:resolution 33/39.: of 13 .D ecember. 1978 on the question of East Timor and resolution 33/hho:Of."the.same date :.on :: the.Im-plementation of the Declaration on the Granting -of: Independence to Colonfia Countries..and Peoples. :By paragraph 12 of resolut ion 33/h4 , the Asserbly Y,.reöuested the: Special Committee "to continue to seek .suitable means for the: immediate and f.iull imlementation of General Assembly resolution 151h(XV) in: all Territories which have not yet attained independence and i n p, Irticlr: .. .Ia to formuiate ::.specific proposals for the eli nination of the r aining manifestations of colonialismanå.d to report thereon to the General Assembly at. its thirty-fourth session. 3. During its conisideration of the item, the Special Comittee had before it a working paper .prepared by the Secretariat (see annex to the p)resent charter) containing in formation on developmnents: concerning, the Territory. 4. At " its. i161slt meeting, the . Special1 CCnmittee granted a.request for a hearinp t o Tr. oque Rodrigues, Frente ;evölucionåria de.Timor Lest :Independente SIFRILIN). The representative of::Indonesia made a:statement in that connexion (A/AC.109/PV..I61.A":.:the same meeting, 'Mr.::Rodrigues made a, statement (AAC.09/PV I l)....:: Statements 1were also made: by the representatives of' Portugal and.Idonesia (AIAC.io9/pv.:1i61-). B3. Decision: of the Seial Committee 5.1- At its ll6lst meeting, on 16 August 1979, on the proposal of the Chairman (A/AC:109/PV.1161), :the:Speciaäl Committee: d ecided, ,ithout ob3jection, to give consideration .:to theitematitsnextseson subject to any directives which the General.Assembly might give.i.nthat;..connexion at its thirty-fourth session and in order to facilitäte considerat ion :of the item by the Fourth Conmittee, to authorize _its :Rapporteur to transmit, the relevant documentation direetly to the Assembly. * Previously issued as part of. A/34/23/Add.3. Mörking ~ t.M ta: 1* thé. Sågretärlåt General . . . Constitutional status anå mrý,. n i strätior i international develöPMnts,. Political develogåentä,:, 0. Kilitary, activitten. å o. ZconoMic and: *ocial ýýcohålt!Ön 6 4 2 3 -,14 3ö j6 37 41 Previously issucd:underý:theý.$yfflholA/AC.109^9113284 EASTýýTIMOR 1. GENERAL 1. The, island ..of ti is.. 10cated ýat:,,the * .:.tip bf.ý1 the, chain hd.sý.forming the Republic of Indónesia. It. lies between atitia 17 'S and 10, ý21.1 Sýý: 0 ongitudes-123..ý, 251S and W0-19.'Eý :ýý:The:,wester-w part: o t e Islah6.ý(known P &s -Timor arat). ls:Part of . indonesla. The::area. un er:, ortuguese a. m nIstration ý.ýtót61s*. U,19*25..square.* kiloffietres,:.compris*iný*:ýthei:."stem:ýpart, of the-island, the i** f ck- usse.ý b -dt .ene ave.o c Am eno,ý.thé:ýi* 1.ýhd,::of:.Atauro o. theý-n t ern:.coas and the ...... i-h bit island e ex i. ed. of Jado:Off. ýth treme-.eas érn ip, 2. Aceording. to the:.ý1410: census, theý,ý.total, population of..the Territory was .6 1 o' s 4 1 bl.. compa red ý.with...517 4,079,:.i*>: 1 960 The...lat e s-It i I nformation:* On distribution - o e. pop d ation. by ck.: f th 1 .:éthbic. 6, As reported previougly, ýek du ti ng the sédönd lå 1t, ~ o I f 1415 a.Ckvill vår". er. upted in the Territory. on 28 Noveffiberý'1975, the.trente Revolutl - J, onar åý.:de:Tilnor Leste Independente (FRETILIN) o which was reportéä,ý,ý.tdSe:Än:.ýc I htrol:,6f. :m , s . t öf:ýthéý Terri.OrY, deciared the independence of Eaät:Ti d h imor,::an t e:ý.éstabijohniéht.:,6f:,the 'Demnerltic Republic of East:::Timör"4 Ort:30 i4ovéfÄbée.,ý1975 tö k, alition.. of.: pro-It)donesian parties alsö ýio<ý.laime& tWindependence of the Territory.ýäridits integration with Indonesia. The coalltion eörht>tised:,,the..Aåå<>ciaýaib:P6pu I la I t DemOefåtica de Timor (APODETI) , the ýPnlåoýZemocraätic&Yimörénée AU I T)ý :the:Xlibur Oan Timor Aswain (KOTA) and the Partido Tråbalhiätä.ýý 7. on 7 December 1975, the.admiftistering:ýPower. informed theS il that Indoný,,ian naval, air andllland:::forldes::had,.launchedý:an ýofféhsive t I i inst East Timor. d/ On..17..Déceffiber.ý the, pro-, naoné Patt es declåredýthé:establi h t of OProvisional. Government. öf.:ýEåst Ti I mor a t:, Di ii theýTerrit r 09 t i.,.: 30 December, Ataåro:i:Island#.ý..tovhich.,the Portndegéý ådminigtråtioW:ofý tfiéý Irerritory P ed:ýby:,Indönesiåns. bad withdrawn in Auqust,ý..wasoceupitå by..troo s said 'to E4 I 8. During the first half.:of::119760-tbt.,oro-lndöhéåiah part- d Ily:.ý Increased y# e.ect ons::organiz :.by their control: of the urban:areas..öt:tfie Tétrltoiy.: . ýtn Må 1 1 e . d the "Provisional ýGöVernmeht," took plaCe Ah.:ý.thé areas. under:Its, controL:to elect a "Re 10. .- JW.a::,téle§r am ý. tr answi t :t ý h a - Generalon..6:August 106.by the ted. , o-t e,:-Secret ry -:.In onesiab Mission. i e/*Mr.:,:Reis::Åraåjo, signing as,:., Forrner C le,.:ýExecutive of the GöVerntn ent ö If, gås t . T ini . ör informed I :tfie:Seö . r I et a t . y . -lsé n eral that "as of 17. JU i y- 10 7 6: ýa i 1.:ý ma ttelr S: pé r t å i n i ng the ý. Te t r i tö ry, iof .:.:Ea t tý Timo r h a ve come u nde r the: jur I i sdi C I ti . >n I oUthe. Govénment:of. the Republic:of Indontsiaft. PortugaLlas:., ftevet,, rélintjulgýed,, its autbority, as administering Power of the Tertitoi d:tfie: önit &Sat lons has. neither. reco< ized: t e . uthor i ty of the ...ORégibnåll, P6PUlar,ý:Asseråbly"- nörý-endorsed itsýdecisiön. ::Néverthtless, on President :of:lndö esiaý w V, ý p 0 n promulgated.Lä t ýriding for the Äntegratio n.:öf E*åst,:,Timor-into.ýthé Republic ofýJndonesiä. :änä.:,.thé:ý,..establishment of .ý..Eåät: Timor..ýas the twenty- seventh.ptovince:otthat 'cöuntry.:ý.ýThcýIndonesiån .:.Governtneht,appbintéd.Mt. ýRéiå.Araåjo,,.:Governorj:,and:Mt.ýý,:Löpesý,da.,Cruz",, Vice-Governör. 12. .,ýýSpeakijhg in~the-,géinerål.,débaté, of:the thirty-w irsC.,session. of the.,General Assémbly#I:theý.répresentative of Indonesia.said that.the:ýparamount interests of the inhabitants of East, . T i rno r: . had. been . translåted, by thé- rritory into their,,ýdeclaration: to integraté.ýiith.theý.Rel>ublic:öf,:ýlhdöneäiå,,.,éxpt,éssed in a manner,öf..their ~..choosing:andin.Conformity. With thei t: traål tIona institutions. .:, Consequently#,ý,the pe;opleý of.Sast Timor ýý.ha I & i exerc i se&,their right to self-ýdetérminåtiön in accordan . c I e witKthé- I rovisiöns- of the.-,chartér . :Of.the United Nations:ýändl of: Ge . neral Assembly,:resolutions.1514,::(XV).:Of 14ý,.b -6 of 1960..... They,:hådbécomeIndependenu:throuqh integration with Republicof.Indonesiåýon,:17,July 1976.. f Yollowin4_the Mopt i ön ö Ä re .. 1 o . i u 1, t ion 31/53 ýby~th é:ýGene tal Assembly on 1. Décernberý.ý,1976,.::ýho téptésentative,',of,:ý.IndoneSiå,:.St I atéd he ,regretted,. that the ,.Assembly..had. adopted aýý.résolutionon East Tiinof,::ön the:.sträýngthof: t idiculöus claimt:andiabsutd.åcdusations":ýmade byýsome- countriöå ýwh t :too i :n t 0 Lä, tiVes:håd o hing to dowith::,theÄnterettsof:thepeoplé og Eaät.Ti S' irst session r.- ince.:ý,.the,..thitty fi öUthe GeneralýAssembly#..lndonesia håsý:maintåihed:.the positlön:.that the peopie of Bast.ýTiroor,.have..alréady,..exeeciåed..théir:, ri§httol self- determination. tndonesia ,17...July,.1976,p,. whatever.:hasý: happéned ý'.in Såst:, Timor has become an Internal, åffair.'öf..Ihdones I ia.-ýThuå,. A hdo . nesia:ý.6o0 Id h* discussion on £att T'mor..iii.,änyiinterhationål.ýföttimy*,.includirig: the: ti ' d 144ý:ýý. lnýAprii..19771: P6rtugäl:,infårffie&the: United N t< a iöng:.thåc.- the effeetive exercise,öf ý,Pårtuquese sovereignty: over.theý:Te . r rito r - y I h . aä.ceased in August 1975 ýowlng to..certain violent ificidents. SA ich h å a .ý-takenplace in the Territory, öff i cialRec e ýse urity Council. Thirf-v-fjrs.t.,Year, S2gpjement f 3elf- determiinatioii... Portugal,: pledged its: readiness..to w0ork cöOnstructively with all interested parties to find å .a way off ensuring that the people of East Timor achieved their fundamental aspirations. Iil 19. Ouring the same debate,, Indonesia claimed that the decolonization process in East Timor had been conciude on 17 July. 1976: when the decision of the peopie of East:TimortEo6 become in d ep end .enhIt ..thr ough int egra .tion with Indonesia had been formally: accepted by :indonesia, I/ 20. On. 13: Decembe r .19,78,,,the,.General. Assembly .adopted resolution 33/39 by which, among other thi ngs, it reaffir.medý the inalienable r i:ght of the people of East Timor to öself-determination and, independence and the ..legitimacy f:. their struggle to achieve that .right. The .Assembly :also reaffirmed .:its resolut i.ons 3485 Centre (CIDAC) and the, Portu. al-East Timor.:Friendship ASSOCiati P6rtu9 'de se.ý~ - anizat ions -U wag: reported that the Frént. ,,On-governmental,:,org .. . 1. 1 . I.. --- :I - e..ýde.,:Libertaqao, ique FRELIMO) thé..Mov øentef.*Popula t Libert 28. Acverding tothe information availableiYRETTLIN remalns the only poljtjtýal movestentý inside.: East . Timor ö pos i ng tfieýýunilåteräl integration -4 the Territory withIndonesia.: ý.ý1 w. Decémbe r :10 78 W.was,:ireportcdÄhatMr. Nir-olau Lobato, the hresiåcht:':. . of. FR . ET I LIN. :had:.:bée . killed.: in. combåt. aga , n st-Yndo;ýrsian troops. Accoråingto aý repo t t. s I s ued . in Åpril.ý: I 1 519.. Mr.9, A I n 1 tå 11 n .. i . 61 bu . ärte Carvarinu, the rnay.also have*:.bcénÄU.ledýýinYcbruary 1979. if Mr.-ýarvarino w I er I elkilled#~then the current leadérä of 69TILIN inside the Tcrritory.:ýoéuld ýpröbäbly-béý-méåsrs. Hamis andýVicefite Rcis. :::29ý...:, ln..june,,1978. the PbKt*ij4t]ése pKess:reported th- establishment of the r i i.a . 11 --- , - I -i 0 1 1 an qaoRev olucionär4a para:.a ýLibertäqåo d :.rJmor (ORLT) in Portug31. ORLT ýs åäid to: advoýca te t é:ihdépén ence:.o Ähé-Térrit:ý)ty, hut there is no information on itä,piåttorffi..opnd activ it i e , 5. 5. MIýUTA7-,,? ACTUITIES by mid-,1978,.following.,séveral ffiý.jor offensives a gainst FRETILIN 34. Accordifl9 to a report on ýthe- situaltion-in kast timor#~ prepared :in April 1979ý for the Foreign Aff airs Group.:, of f:the. Australian Parliament .0/ FRETILIN.was cönfined to mountainous areas in the.:south-western sector: of the Territory and to one or two sectors in the centre and-the east. :Some: of the more skilled military leaders.of FRETILIN were,ý said to.have :been: either kiiled or captured.. After Mr. LobatO'.. djeath, several groups Of :RETILIN"soldiers were reported as-having surrendered. 35. As at May 1979, other sources estimated.the number of Indonesian, troops in East Timor as ranging from 45,000to 000000, and claimed that continuing aerial bombilg was.being carried out by Indonesia. Also in May 1979, at a press conference in Luanda, a:.FRETILIN:spokesman said that the.guerrillä struggle would con tinue and reaffirmed FRETILIN's Clii: to. control about 85 per cent:of the Territory. 36. In a message to:the Internätional. Seminar on East Timor (see para. 23.above), an Australian .:journalist reported that, despite the. setbacks Suffered by FRETILIN, its forces::con#inued .to,:::fight:.throughout: the Territory. In the .central northern and parts of the central southern regions, FRETILIN forces were fighting in smaller units. than previously. Some liberated areas under FRETILIN control were impenetr.able to Indonesian-troops. ..On certain roads, particularly around Diii, Indonesian .forcescould only pass -in convoys. A different view was conveyedto.the :seminarby MrKenFry,yan .Australian M.P., who was, reported to have said that, despite continued .resistance and the casualties being inflicted .on the Indonesians, FRETILIN resistance appeared to be -on, a reduced scale. 6. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL I.NDITIONS...... i Deve lopment an 37. No new information: isävailable on the implemen tåt ion of a three-year... :.". development plan initiate4din"September 1976 in the .area of East .Timor under.. Indonesian control. : Implementation of the plan had been envisaged in three stages: rehabi.l:itation:: (September. 1976 toMarch 1977D; consolidation (April. 1977., to March 1978); andstabilization (1978/79)... 38. In April: 1979, 1the Indonesiän press reported that ä Central Supervisory Team for the Development .of East Timor had been set up under the Ministryof State . Reform in jakar to theTerr.itory in stages similar to that envisaged in the previously announced plan. .At the first, stage of rehäbilitation-and consolidation, all .damaged infrastructure facilities. including roads-and bridgesr as well as the agricultural infrastructure,. would be repaired. Villagers who . o/ Parliament..of Australia. Nöt e onb the :Current Situation i atTmr .the Parliamentar y .Library, 6. April 1979.p/ Officiali: Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-third Session,Suppleent. No. 23 (A/33/23/Rev.):, v. II, chap. X, annex, paras. 38-40. -125- returned to theirhogné:Irc* . n . byintroled:by FRETILIN would recelive special care. The second stage was designed tohe h the Territory overtake arrears with other Ifdo>nesian, provinces". :ýAccording :to the same source, a total of Rp.. 12 .2 ibillion : (approxima tely.SUS; i21.;4,::.million) had been allocated for development Projets in .East Timo r:. d I . i ng 191 7 9 B. Social conditlons 39. .:Following the vstof a group..of diplom öats to Dili in September 1978 (see para.-: 17 ýabove), one, uniden tifi ....in ed ämbassador was reported to have said that there was a..hurnanitarian.problem of majo :proport ions in East fluor and, in the longer term, the problem of promoting :economici development.in a place where not even a :basic ifnfrastructure: existed. . journa is wh o accompanied the group reported on their visit-to. Remexicoa village south of Dili, where:125,000 people displaced from.their omes: by the:war. we-e be:ing ::resettled. According I to his report, the diploma tscme away: soshoked :by: the :conditions.of the refugees that they immedia:telycontacte .:the local :authorities to explore the possibilities for providing foreign:.humanit:arian assistance. 40. Ar recent report i n .the. Indonesian press estimated that some 200,000 people : t*h rougfhou:.t t e rri r > y bd .. to e ttled. However, since December 1975 when .:,the International:,. Committee: of:: the Red, Cross ITCRC)h bad to leave the Territory, föilowing the Indonesianinvasion the Indonesian,authorities have not allowed ICR to:return:and have ref£used assistance:::from other inte n. t:iönl organizations. ..41..... In, November :1.8, the Permanent Mission of indonesiä to the United Nations announced in a &pressý release -that 30 officials of: the Department of Internal Affairs..of: Indonia 'äwould, bsettEatTmrohepetatemporary shortage *f . : n : i :. ..: .! ::. - .. of personnei: in : ithe :provincia administration.A.:noter press release fom the Permanent :Misslon of :ilndonesia dated 8:June i979 repor ed that, :car.-y this year, 18:teachers, bad cof" me Ifrm Indonesia to tea h I the children enrolled in the 400 :elementary. scho .ols in. nthe, Te rritory:: :. . iAccording to the Governor of East fiuor, another:::300:teachers.wöuld be needed to implement the Indonesian programme of :education: in East :Timor:. ,: .. .: ...... -.. :: -126- CHAPTERýýXII* GIBRALTAR_ýý A* :Considerationby.. he. SÉéCiý1 Condittee. al Committeeý. con s 1 1 ' dere . d th, e .ýýquesti . on of Gibraltar . St meeting, on 16 August,'Mgø,:. 2. In its cons*ideration,..óf.:.theitem:,:týe,ýpécial.ýoinmitteé.toýDk.inýo.accóunt the Provisions:.ot.the.x.elevant,.Geheral Assembly.resolutions.and decisions, incluýin-g: in: PjÉý . tt i . . C '.Uar, 'de . c . ision. .33/408 óf .13 December 1978, on the question . of, an resolution 33/ o imp emen at e Gibraltar ... d 4 W. f theSamé date on thé Deciaratión:...óný: the Ifidependende to Colonial-Countries and.Peóplésý~~ resó u ion Assembly requested:,thé:SpeciaLCommittée By par,ýgraph..12.:of t- 33/445-the-, ýIto continue ýto: seek: suitable, means. for the. immediate.and fullý.implementation:of Generaiý- : 'As, sembijý r I e . solution.1:i514ý(w) in all,:Territories which: have not. Yet att un ' ed.:independence. and,) in particular:, formulrte specific ptoposals,:.Éot.ý:.. the elim . inåtionýý, of.l.the:I ýtemaining. mazdf estations. of colonialism, and to, report:, tberebn.. to the General..Assembly:, at-its, thirty-fourth sessi<)n".; -3, During:i nsideration. of, the. item, the, SpéCial ýommittee had be ore i a-ý. ýworking,.paper. prepared by thé Secretariat.,(see.annex I.to present ehapter) . C0nta devel 't The.Co ittee.: 1)ning lnforma ion.ýon opmen s.con ernilig:thé.Terri ory. 1.1.ýýo,haIdýbef.oIr - e iý . a letter- I at ed 10. August 1 1 979 fromthe Permanent Representative:Spain:,:to.:,,thé. United Nations ;ýýdåressed: to theSedretary-Generalý(seeýannex II to the present.chapter). oi T)mit Ó*n of the. Special c ee- . 4. At its 1161st :méeti I ón.16 August.19791,.onthe.pr . op osalof ýthe ...Chairman.:(A/AC.A0/ÉV.:1161.)ý1,ý:,thie gpecial Committee:*decided,. without Objection,.:,,to:cOttinue...... , C,- o n . the :it . e I m, ' at. it.. s :-nex I t. I . ses I s . ion subject toanydirectives.whiéhý the Géiléiå!-,:ýkssembiy,.m-igbt give, in,..,that. to nnexion .,at , its, tbirty-fourth., session and, in, . o 1, rder:to fac ilitat e-consideration:of:.the. itemby.,theFourth,..Committeé,.tó::.ýý. authorize ý.its S :to . t *t the. relevant doc~ntatión. direetly to the apporteur.,.. ransmi Assembly.. Previously issued as part of.: A1.ý4/2ý/Add* 3» :ANNEX11* Working paper prepared by-the- Secretariat CONTENTS General.. . *...... :. ...:...... : ...... political.,developme nts,...... *...... Action by the General' .Assembly...... Economi. conditin ...... * ...... * . . . . Social and educaonal coni ons...... Paragraphs 4 -.23 24 25 - 34 35 - 41 SPrev1ously: issued under the symbol A/AC O9/L,1316. -128- .GIBRALTAR:,al 1. -GENE i. Gibraltar. is...ýa..narrow . p . eni - s-I.ý1. a ''. sit . ated. at. 36 north::Iatiýudeýý and::: 5 0 211 west,:,longitlideýý.e)dending*::southwtrd from: the soluthýwest .. coast . of. Spain to. wliieh it ééted:. 'b 'ý-thidýÅs:4ý-:.ýýTheýSpanish::portof. Algeciras::1i kiloretr.es a8 ros s ý-l y:.:tó:ýthe- týést , ýAfricýý. is. 3,2?.k.lloirý_ýtrfs ýadro,ý th j, t to thé - . oUth an . d..th . e. M . e . ditertanean..sela:.ls:ý on:.the, east:. Gibraltar bas a.total -area. of 5.8,Sqtiare: kilo*metrés 2. The. last:. population: Census 6f:Sibraltarwas taken in 1974. The ófficial. census figures.,:.togetherý.withýý.theofficial.estimates at theýend:of follows'. .1974.. .ýcensus)ý..,. (esýýites) ,Gibraltarians 56::- 19$424..l. Oth er. Brit i sh i33 15 3 39 Allens 870 lý6 Total.,.. 5136211.ý 11 29,278 lýnd e -th Glbr -alt Stl.t t a Regis r. . e arian,. a us. Or inance ,erme Gibraltarlans established A Gibt . E ýltar ' an i > s detinedas a:,person~ýfposé,name., Is, d i t ýRegis er.. ther.: birth-i . Gib altar béfore 30 June 1ý or. gi timate ýe d . eseent :ýfr*omý,apetsóri.so 'bo . rn is.,a..princip ýqua i leallolýfor~ý.....,,.." re gistrati*oh 10 iS :tadefo .. ýthe registration..óf.personsý.jfieetilng..otýer ing clo s ~ e, rei ' a . t ións 'th G Ib quali f ieations, maltil y , tho: . se. establis .. ,vi Lr. 2. POLITIM DE VELOPIMTS A. Cotst itul ion 11 wi Tedall 4, The 1969 Constitution remains,:.i effect:. b[~ e preamble to the (-',ibraltar* Const . 3. t. utio n órder.:.óf.:1969.. statés that_. Gibral ar. is papé I ,ha . s d from ubi lisbed:.... al..The information - contained in::,thi*s,: beýewderive P,. S tary- eneral by,:,the.. reports:and from information trans-itte&,ý o the.. écre. te an er ýýGóverninent. ót..,theunitedýlKing orwý. :.Greaýt:,.Bti, aln.. ern Un I ite bé 1978 før':. thé e'. 73 e: of :thé Chartélý o f':.the d.:Nationrý On~11. Otto r. ýrear endindýlý: Dec',iýýber. b/: Forý detailsý.ýeléý:1.0 I fficiai.:ýRécords óf A W tv-trO'" vol. III,,..C apfXI.,:annexý,:pa Sessiotl,,S2ý21.eriént No::ý ýý3 (A!7623/Rev,.i) i part of Her. Majesty's.dominionsn nd Her Majesty'sGovernment have given assurances to":the people:of Gibraltarthat Gibraltar .will remain part of Her Majesty's dcninions unless: and uIntil an . act f .Parliament otherwise provides, and furthermore tha Hr Mjety' Gvermetvill ee enter, int o. arrangemaents under Wh ich the people. of Gibraltar would .pass. under the sovereignty of another State against their freely and dmocraticly expreSed wishes". 5 T'Lhe 1969 : Constitution provi des for a s I ingle House of Assembly consisting of 15 elected members together.with a. Speaker the fAttorney General:.and. the Financial and Development Secretary aS exý offiCitomembers. Elections for the Höuse of Assembly .are held every four years. 6.:,ý Executive authority is vested in the Governor, who is:responsible for defence, external .ffairs, internal security andeall matters not expressly defined as being of.domestic concern. Th7. TeCouncil of Ministers consists of a Chief Minister appointed by the Governor from among the eleeted members.. of theHouse of:Assembly"as- the person who,, in his judgement, is most likely o. command the greatest:measure of confidence among the.Assembly',s elected members. " Not less than:,four-and no more than eight other ministers appointed.by the Governor,:acting in åconsultation with the Chief Minister, from among the elected:members.-of the Assembly. The Council is collectively responsible to the House of Assembly in. respect to any matter for :Which a.minister-is responsible. 8." The Gibraltar. Council consists of the:Deputy Governor, the.Deputy Fortress Commander, the :Attorney I General and the:Financial and"Development .Secretary, together with the* Chief Ministerand äsuch fo öt ther minis ters as may for the time being be delegated in thät.b-ehalf..by. .the.Governor acting after consultation with the Chief: Minister". The Gibraltar Council .is :the main body :.normally .consuled bythe Governor in :the formulation f. policy andthe exercise of powers conferred.on"him:by the Constitution... The.. of åC ...... for .. ...Supreme Court, a Judge öfthe Court of the:First Instance and.a Stipendiary Magistrate,"for. the Magistrates' Court.::i In the aäbsence of' the, Stipenidiary.Magistratée, his place is usually t ken by one of the local citizens whO have been appointed justices.:f. the:peace..::The Constitution proVides-for a. Court of'.Appeal:.:for Gibraltar as an intermediate. court between : the. Gibraltar: Supreme Court and the :Judicil .Commttee of the Privy.Council.... The..Chief:Justice, the President of"the Cout.of Appeal and the Justices of appeal are.:appoint.ed. by the Governor on th.e. instruct.ions of the Crown, given: through the:United.Kingdom. Secretary o State for Föreign:nd Commonwealth.:Af äfars, :and are removable from.office.only .fr.inabiity:to: discharge: their:office or.for misbehaviour ,Iand then only on the adv'ice of the Judicial. Committee of: Her Maivy Cu: .:_.. .::ouncil. 10. The Public Service Commissio n, mpose o five members including the chairman, advises the .Governor on åppoint ments and on the removal and discipline of public officerå. -130- li,. Appointments. to the..hiéherý:offices,: ate:Made.by, the.United:Iingýom Seeretary of tate for.."Foreign.and Commob-ýý.éeýlth,.:Åffzýits- .:ý.''..The:prinéipalý.executive.offiiýe-rs rý.re the Deputy:,: I Governo-ý: -ýe 'týttor I ney den I e rål. the Yi ahcial: n nd Devé1opniént. t th ýDi C-tór of Medidal ecretEýrýj tÉe inistrtLtive ecre ary e re and Healtlý.::, Services.5ýthe-Dir ct.ór.,:.ýo:f,ýP.ublieýý,Worksýlý:.ý.theý.Diréetor.óf.Edueation, the.Ptinci ål. Audiýtor, ýthe:, Director.ýót::.Labour. and:ý.,,SóCiii Séetititys. the.Comissioner ofPolieé apIainofthep smd-thé, CitýýSle I c trical. Enginé the B. Discussion5 ofi:ýthe.:futute of.theTetritory levelo"Prpents-f rom. 196ý: to lý76 12. Theý,Urýiit:ed,.Kingdomhas.maintaineå,that.thé.Treaty of litreéht:, (17iý) grabted: sovere I i . gnty:Ovérý,Gibraltar,:.to,..the:United:Kingdom in.,peipetuity. Since.1963ý-:.,. Spaih:,:h*cas intens I i.:.r . ied,.its.'campåigný fóirl..thé jreturn,,of.,Gibraltar..which, it, maintains is an.:.intýegral,:part,,bf'its territory..ý 13. In.19-1.-0 oving.,th ion: of. a Consensus by the Spelcial. Committee, which:..af fiiýteå:that . the provi sions,. of the Declaratión.*On the Granting.of:: ... Indepéhýende..,..to..Colonial:Countries,.afid.:Peóý>lesýýcontained ir! General,,Asse . mbly ýei5olution l514 i4 Décémbeirý:196o,.wéré fully applicable.to.ýthe.ýTerritory:., Of:Gibraltar tobegin open negotiations-vith:. the::,*United.K1hgdomýon theýquestion of Gibraltar. *..Several, inconclusiveýmeetingsý,: vere. held of. the two, comtries ýln 1966..,:.. in. 1967, talks vere:brokew,:off:by:.theý,Uhited.Kingdóiý,.asýa::result of Spanish restrictions g, er., Spanis air space. British: aircratt.:rlyin ov h 14..:,, On.:13.june:.19ý71,ý:,the:UrutedÆingå6tý.announceý dée-ided:Itol.. hold, a referendum.:iw,ýMichthepeople':o f Gibraltar would. be invitedtóýåetidé whiÉýther the:y:,ýråilted top"s detSpaniishý .' sovereignty. or to.retain links vith thé un unitéd,.Kingdom.ýý ýOn.,10,Se . ptember.ý1967.9- the..people.of.Gibraltar.ýYoted,by.a largé,,ý: ma 'tain dto maintain its lócal jóri y to, re ..lin s-with,ýthe.ýUnited.Kingdom,, an ins i I t I ýit I i 0 n I s. the:: Uhited Xi I gdom:retaining.iýsresponsibilitie S.:Ias.. adi te i Pover. In 1968 a: nev., constitution: ýras: drafted.which., came into., inis r n effeet ów30..MaY 1969' (sééý ar".:ý 4ý-ll,:abové). 15. OnS'Juneý1969...,Spain..d osedý..its- rontier,,with:.Gibraltar.lp and on.: 25, ýJune suspe I d I ed:. ferý.13érvice.bet-ýýeewýAl&cita I s: a I nd:, Gibraltajr On, 1: October. Spain cut tele I phone - a nåýtelegraph i ' i ' hks. between:Gibraltar, and.the mainland>.ýwhich vere-. not re-estiibli:ýhedý ýihtil:ýD embe 1977... 16. Since':1971, theré,have :'be I en:.formaalý, ahdinformal djscussions betveen... pain,,...... and the United Kingdo nýý. oh: the:,ýfuti . ir . e .. st at, usý, of the: Tértitótyýý 81 -t. t).(Å/580b/Rev.i c/ Ibid., 11ineteenth:ý.:Session::.Annexes. annex lio. par chap, X, para. 209... 131- Dev.elopmeits since onbr17 I . n .e!o Pme :,19nce..Nove 7ad i ;March 1.78, meetings on the question of Gibraltar were held.t."s«bo*ut(7, in r asbou1r 1nd Paris between: Dr:. David e thn United Kingdo Secretry ofStt o orpign. änd Co . 1 *ýronwealth-Af.f irs,,_ YPIr.Nrcln Or-jp cure Spa , i nister för :ExternalAffairs.:: Si Josh ua A. .san, t1.1 Cif minister of Gibraltar:, and, Mr. :Maurice .Xiberras, the ý,leader olf theOpoiin ...particip ate d in-, the meetings as members of the. ited Kingdom, .deie gation. 18- . At the: P.aris: metni a edo 5Mrh 1978:to setÄUP. three working par les: to study issues such as i p roving teecom unicat ions and maritime"links i.between. Spain and Gibraltar and. the päyent of social security beneI.fits to . ..Spanish. ,workers who had. lost their jobs: in the. Territoliy,.. hien: the. frontier was closed in 1969..:! 19. The firs meeti.ng o ..te j0int:AnglSpanish: working parties took place from 17 to 18 Juy .1978 at the Foreign and.Commonwealth, Office in London, Th1-e United Kingdom delegat ion was led. by Mr. : Ewen Fergusson Assistat ta UnerSecretry at ..the. Freign:and CormonwealthOffice, ad änd included senior:.Gibraltarian officials. . iThe Spanish delegatiön was led by Mr Antonio Elias, Director: Géer:l for .E uropean Affair : at i t e l.iM n istry :of. Externa Af fairs. B::Reports indicated that the *meetings.: had: been :exploratory : n a ture: that the talks had been constructive and. that.each.,sde hadagreed: to study the views presented by the other side. 20. he. sen .meeting :of :the: wrkig prt ies tooký pla ce from lh to.6 Dcember: .1978 a.Madrid, and.it:was in icäteå.:that:::t.e.prlprovement of' telephone inksbetween Gibraar. and .Spain :had been discussed. .Spain was ..'.report ed. still to: be studying pro: s als cncerni a i nks -beteen en:the two countries ..Some"prgress was:reported :on":the. questio o he:aröuný owed to the Spni:sh: Government. whichh :been paying:: pensions ..to Spanish : wörkers who lost theirj .bs .in. 1969 as aresult öf the border closure .and on pssible. compensation by the. United: Kingdom. 21. A futher.meeting between. Dr. :en and MIIr. Oreja Aguirre was to have taken .place in early. 1979..:_ Th t:meeting was not held, however, and there are, at :present., no indications Ias to.whether or .when it would take place. c. Formation of a new political party 22. .On:3:. July: 1978, Mr. Xiberras, the leader of the Opposition, launched the Democratic :Party fof British Gib;raltar, with the aio. ..(..a.). .Maintain*ing the Territory of Gibraltar and its people as British subjects,: i,n .. accördance with their wishes, and as insepårable entities; :(b) seeking the eocratic development of the political, social, economiec and ýcultujral. identity.:of Ithe pepl o fGbatr -l32- (c) F-,=suing the constitutional advancemieý11t. OÉI:ýthé, p eOPle of Gibraltar,ýýiný, such manner as may be determinéd:.trom time to, ti b th ...... Ime,.. y:, e party (d) 'Seekiný, and maintaining*å general: level. of -a effici ...prosperityý, nd:, ency, in Gibraltar equivalent. tc...the li viirig standards in :.the:ý United. K (e) -)eeking. incréas*ing :ret6knition: of 'Gibralt and:- 't ar. i sý 0 r, :people- atidý. f ý.thei jegitimate riglits and aspi rati-ons ýby. . European institutions and. téoples...1.11- lý..ý.. 23. Gibr,,93t.F4r has Lwo-kAlitýr politicalý,parties- the dibrajtar about,. Party, and Associati:ón...forý,the...Advancement.of Civil:ýRiýhtsý:,1e6.byýsi Jo hua Gibraltajý:, némocratic ilovement:,, led: 'bYMr *:.Joseph Boss"0 3. ýACTION . BY. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ..0 13.Decéin er.ý,1.978 j4. By its decision.SS/4 8 the General Assemblynotedýý talks had been. held:ý,between,:,thé.:.Goverhmérits, of Stain.:and: the urdted Kingdom:,on.... t he question of - Gibraltar it.." als o . n I oted.t ha ýt joint..working. I arties had be . e n I established.ýto:-.stuýýa::number,,6f fieldsýandagreement.had.been-reathedýto, discuss: the future cvóll.ýtion..ó ý,relations,,betvreen,.Spaiwand.the.,United Kingdom. 'th. 'regaýrd:,to Gibraltar.:ý Theý:-Assembly..Igged both, Governments. to make possible without delav:: thé of, the negotiations envisaged in the consensus approvedýby-.. the en*eralý:Asýembl :ýóh::14:Decemberý1973,,,d/ with-theobject:.J6f.reaching.a lasting.ýýsolUtiýýný::.tóýý,tlý-,.problem.ýof.ý..Gib:taltarýl:.iiý.thelight..óf,.,thé .,relevant r esolutioniý*~*of 11 the Assem-bly:Iandý inthe- spirit-of the-Charter ... of, the- :United. Nations,. 4. 1.: ý..:2CONOMIC CONDITIONSeneral 25. Gibraltar has no agriculture o I r .. o ther hatural . re so I i I w I e . s, production- is. f :s1jýall.ihdustrial..ióoncerns ge iný..the i limitedtoý,a::num erýo botUing*:ýof,ýbeer..and..mineralývater.s.,ý,tobacco. ånd,.tofféé prócessitgý,and.meat:ý: canning: t' T sm.ý:: relported in:1975.to bé o e ýóf main y.ý or oca c I ohsump ion. ouri the fastestýgrowing:.ýindustr I ies::i n.:thé..Territoryý,ý shoved.:,,a.ý,sharp:.decline.in.theý: ng*t ill. byý'27 I t. 1976 andý. a ensui wQ..years,,..;ýi.tÉ...tdurist arriva s,. a in .in,. ,,further 1,ý..O.:ý.,perý cent in 1.9 7. B.ý. :Vhe Port,, 26. In ar-i(ýiitiun to :itsý.Tuhóýi h: k t d: a:: port. of call, føt o asýý:a.bun eringý.por an stores and water, Gibr . a itar j..,ý wé-1 I, known . as a., port. Of. tall..for:..:cruise,.ships. -23. d/ Ibid., :(Algoýo . p Twent;ý-eigýÅh Session, Sýie 30 Cergo traffic is .generally cönfined to:importsä.or the consumption of the inhabitants. Gibraltar: is frequently used as a port of refuge, particularly during the wintermonths, and the port has : repUtation for prompt and efficient medical service.:.... 27. :::Theservides provided :by the port include the following : commercial anchorage, an "Admiralty Harbour,, a: passenger wharf, a small . craft. anchorage; a yacht marina,; repair: and. döckyard facilities: and: tug serVices.. :.The :estäblished use of the port for varied, incidental .purposes is owedi :in part., to : its strategic position as one of the main.cross-roads of world shipping routes: the Strait of Gibraltar isla main.. artery for sea traffic between the Mediterranean and Black :Sea area, the Americas, Europe., Africa, India, the lar East and Australia... 28., The introduction of containerization by the :shipping. companies which serve Gibraltar and the inadequacy of the existing cquay: areas to discharge:.the. -containers efficiently led to a proposal to extend the land area of. the: port under. the 1975-1978. Development .Programe (see paras.:',29-32 1b-elow). According to the ad inistering Power, a decision was in. the process .of being taken to determine the. methodiof best implementing the proposal. C". PPli .finance 29... The 1915-1978 Developmåent, Progaim evolvdfloigtlacnutdi London in December 1974, by Mrs :. Judith Hart, 9thenUnited Kingdom Minister of State ,fr Overseas Development. P numberof developmtt projects were identified as.:being suitable in principle for support. Most Of :their :estimated tötal cost of £7.66 million e. (see para. 30 below):would be.made available in grant:form from.the adminiistering Power. This pledge-was, a. continuation of the United Kingdom policy of .,'support and sustain", put.into effedt: when.::the.I bor:der. with Spain was closed in 1969. The majority of government.capital investment is financed, through development aid. 3.The funds vete allocate.d: as follows: rea: Amount (pounds sterling) Housing deelopment 4,354,000 Education. ..1,878,000 Amenities and töurism 270,000 Public utilities 200,000 Port: development and others6 d e ime te:::,62,000 e/, Te. loce. currehcy,,is the.pound sterling. -13 . 31. The actual tOtal am0uht.., f IýPttOveda94in-t,+,,hc-ledge vasý £1.3 miilion, of which.ýthe-GoVerment..of GibrEatatý Spent £4 ý 4: tiilliot, during, 19Y5-1g47d le ing 8L suln.ofý12.gý.milliori:eatried fórýtexd fot.- disbuýseinent d-c-tring tj,-- 1978-1981. Development:ý:Progr~ .ý.:, ý. Expénditure undet..thé.Devej* nt Pro was PStimatéaýý Ltý.:gý I :ým1 . 11 i . ofiý for- 1 9 7t/78ý. opme gra=e, and::. £T,. 1. Milliort. fór: 1978179. ótfitiåý1. reports :Lndicate,::.that the::Priitéd,.ýKingdOm.Govermenthas agreed.to,providé e :..pe r lo Id pr ri for th*. 1978:to March 1981ý Allocatjo ý14,0 raillio. ns:bY.,thé:Uhited Kingdom tc thejmprovement ýand Devel6pmeht 1ý d fór the Years 1974/75- ,,lý76177: is: sliown in table ý1.-bé10v T"I Gibraltýýr t:,, Tjnited Kingdóýý' ållodations to the: jýýkrovelfflént and Development F=d, 1974175-197b/77 .(p I ound . s. sterii, ng Ite 1976/77:: 2 89ý 48o Developm,ént::ai:d::: funds ý405,924::'ýý1of::debenture, 500 ý000 Cont ributió11ý,ýróm - the conso*lidated: F . u ' d 2461000.11....1.111-1...I:.:'.ý 230 M 01 Bepayment0't>10.a>ns> 1.1>093 1 93 0 Land sales 170 Miscellaneous 3$890.'.11.'....,... .1...... 1M8ý463ý-l:, 1MM.58.32. In 1976177, re-ýérlU, wh, 1chý h" moreý. tban dóubleasince.i97 75 £18.4 Milli 1 g - e - st, imeýte - s I by, £6 ,7: itillion.ý ýý:The. largest:ýitems revenue . were incorji . e* ý,tax . es r éi i . dbý . ýsement toms (see teýble 2.belov).....ToteX.,ý ...... e EýY.Penditureý:,amounted.to..119.*3-.mi ion.ý comprisingý117,8 Millionýin,ý.recurr ývthich. is,, f ihancedthrough', EýxPerk itureý: in.capi al..expenditute,. and: 1 7 Mil onýýi gest it ditureý the :ýýprovement and:. beVel t..F'n ý:'The lar em$ .ý>Ocial and winicipal services -ý135- Table 2~ Gibraltar:, reveriue :and expenditure, 1974/75-1976/77 (po*unds s tèrling): Itema 19.7. /7.5ý 1975/76 1976/77 A.Rvenue:ý incomeý tax. 5 51314828 Reimbuntements 3 3035 935 Custonis .2151051 236382786759 A..0ten ormunicipa ..seviet. 2 2005 023 flipleris205 881 2 435 86911326 Fees, Of court or Office, p"yents: ofspei services :ard reimbursement in aid, 7152670 7914498 9614910 .áents,,of' goverrinent property. 433 101 6281736 01 Mýiácellaneous::receipts: 422: 5149,..ý 613 1007265 Post1 offiCea telegraph 262145 103861 0 Licences, excise and interna) revenýMIe notý other-vise ,ýclassif*ed 2 ý195:0951408375657 Interest.250146 23 0 373390 Lottery.... 208 25 :2114 720 229 846 Port harbour 'andwharfP dues, 88 07 1> .019ý 193 062 Repe.yment of loans ...533 11 792 Tota1 790210 118714 8440371 -136- Table 2 (continued) 19714/75 1975/76 . .1976/7 . , . ,e, . . .e Social services Municipal services public works Administration Justice, law and order Miscellaneous Pensions public debt charges Contribution to improvement:of development fund Total 954 325 324 077 504 748 428 795 295. 491 485: 060 180 656. 11:8W6428 8v8: 1487 728 313. 555, 910 569 510 13 014 345 675 .061: 8 92. oo. 306 4662 :5145 230 000 191 461 628: 33. The per capita nationa income-at :.current prices ffor 1973/74 to O1975/76 i:s " shown in table 3 below. abe 3T/4_j 1 Gibraltar: national incm e cai. /93/4 1 /6 (pound's ster ing) .Per capita Gross domestic product Gross national product Net national product 1973/74 705 864 783 1974/75: 4871 1975/76 968 1,213 -137- Item .D. Internationaltrade 34. In- 19*77, . there aýÆeficit.4:orýt251.7 million: in:,the balance of visib.Le trade ýin:119176. and £16.3 million in 1975. illitkiný...inVitibløsý,ýint,6:acdount.,ýit vasestimated.thjat:..thýh 1977 trade baUnce vould "sholW a. i3urplus,ófý.bétv,"n £2 0 tiillión. mil ion an 36. Irable.ý k,: Gibraltar:ý (pounds 5 er ing Exports 1474 088X4 10,484ýi352 27,1 027 401.: 10,215ý9.448 .5 '91 3ý 41 r2, 865 391ý600,000 13,900.000 1§76,1. -9 +27 +22 0 4.* -SOCIAL AIND:MUCATIONAL CONDITIONS 'A Labour 35. Settlement of:.the 1977 and lýt6.:révieWS of wa s and salaries in 1978 entLbled,: the real.:, standard: 't 1, iv:Ing . lhcýst::.households to. I t'se. Duti g 1977, itfl4tiofiý:in, Gibraltar--ýamountéd,.to.14.8 ýperýýcent. .:.....iný:thé:.Yéar ending. 31..Decekbeiý 1977,:.oveir«åéll tetail tri ' "S v I er . e 1 sa id tó.have r I isen by 15 per cent. More,ý thah: 60... per: cent of the working,,PoPulatión-is, employed..in the public .ýsedtótw ýý:Thdustriål-e 16 ht'-isconcentrated, maihly in thé:.niaval dockyard and in .thé.:b ilding:and,,associat d i dustr' m:ýsources indicate u, e 'n i-es: Or tici al:ý:-Uni t édýKihgdó 11.1 that:between:.1978ýsbd1981. the.:De'velopmentýýYro tei providie additional émplo ntl., 'thl.up- ø, extra, -b ¥oming::avaiUbleý in hé construction industry. ,During..the: yearunder review,$: there...vas.: no.ý.perceptive: itcreas e in unemployment, with il u V ét ile,:ýUné4loyment. B* "Public health 379 Thel: g I o ve r =e ri t.»spite 1 serv '. i con . 8 ' ipt of the following: (a) St. Bernard's ,Ros *tal withý18Wbedsýavå11"le:ýfórýý p1- -the:ýresident community and vlsitors; -138- import, I sý,sind: é#orts, 1974-1977 ,1») Kinr, (eorge V psychiatrie uniit, with.leCconazrodation.for, 63 patienta;':and (c) the ~ i~U1 if iidton Vfor 10 patients. 38, t.current and capital expenditure on public heaith for.the years..1975/76-1. 1976/77 is set out in table 5 be1ow. Table 5 Gibraltar: public heaith expenditurec17/6-967 AMTEX J Letter dated 10.-.83MýÅät- 191.9ý ftom-the Permanent Ruresentativcý.of.Spain toýý,thei..United Nations -',..'.',ý-:::..addressed,:toý:the-Se-cretaný=General The Sécrétariät.redently..prepared and. circulåted aýworking paper on Gibralter ,ý.ý.(ÅIAC:109/L*1316,ýöfl:9':ýJtily.ýý.19.19)ýýýå/" :,:ýtýh». uj ich co d: give: riscýtoerronéousý 11 ...I I. I .... . - 1...1 :' : - I f .....in.tetpretations lýecause,ot.,.týe:.omigsions:.åtd:..ýincoinplete,in oritåtlön - khich it o t ains, Acting:-on..4hstruc ons 6orä: MY Governlåent, I wish to draw your attention to .:.the ýýfollöwingý Påcts.. -ý:Par graphý:!' ý:of Gibraltar as -a gl.ves, the.:,t.Ptal.ý.aréa 5.8 square kilometres. Thigý areåýý inciudes.:not.-ö i th* R k." ar itself but also the portion ofýthe:isth . äuä.ý. that was néver -eded.: ty. Spain 2ä,: P . aragraph:.V, . r . e Ite . rs to.. . and,, . Cj. . o . tes ý1ýfroä.thé-preamble to the Gibrsltar töhstitution*.':. Order: öf.ý:196 1):ýý,whiöhýýIädpréviously. appea:ýecl,.in the document ~rérerréd:Ito: in ý Y66týýnot 6 (b).19.'Offi I e 1. iålýýRecojrd th. S s Ö..:. e- eneral Assenbly, -Tltýéäty-ýfourthý Sessioný. Sup 23:,(A/76?3/Révl). vol. XT .plemeht:No4ý1 I-II....chap. annex ., paras . 7-23ö- -Part-of.ý theý ýpreantble:, tö:,thé::ldiýbýýlý e ar, Onstittition Order ..4s quoted*. butno.., met T, on.. is :må e -,of. thé, fåct:ý:thåtý'thisýýpréamble,: Which vas ý.p gate an -Ord a ti er n ::council . s . s ö ptom gåted::,at::* ne when the United: Nat . ons Iad::alreådy.,decjåed. to få. al , I , th 1 Princip es governing thé.decolonization.. op Gibra tak hÄxténå: fr0 iäM-t1 consensus of 16..ý.loåtobér:.:.1964.,:,b/ to re*söl*iitioný.ý24-25..(:AX!týl.)...6t:.,.. 8; th i s ...... ,Cglild:ýelvé:: rise. to*ý, an erronepus.:-impression.b f y ý: åilih9 to. emphåsize sufficientl thé_factýthåtllthe preamb th y- le::, oý e Cons itution Order is clearly at:: ývari.ance- with.. theý principies* la! d doxý T äti y the United ns. 30 With regard 0,ýparagr 13 , i t should b e recalled the bilateral negoti åtions- våre. brökený. o ff : in: 1967 b au ec se t h e ýd: ni. e Kingdorn proclaimed -r the. isthäusvhi: : h å* ..s.o.ve. eignty:over:,ý. cfiý: a ýnevý'r.b äée, prompting the sp- e . een ce anis ý,:,0overnnientý:. to abolish :the*ý ttansiti: tå ..... b cility pursuant to the Treaty of Vtrecht::*(:...vjt out-öpewjen y kin - d 11. 1. 1 . i 1. - cö=.riica. ion of an with the neighbouring country,.") 4. The.rétär.éndum mentioned in paragraph 141, which was held by the United Kih.gdon on 10 September!, vyas the s-ubject, upon being announced, of Previously issued under the syrnbol A/AC.109/588. s.e::,ýahriex.il:.:,:.tåý-ý.thé:ý.présent: chapter. b[ Öffici ecords of::the-.Céneral Asserklys Twenty"ninth S sion, An anneý-10par nexes, (A/5ÖQO/Rev.i) , cha X, para. 209 an earlicrý.Aecision,.ý..-...resolution_ýAJAC$109/266 of,] -se t p ernber. 1967., 6/ in whidhi, t,,-le Speciålý.Conmitteeýäéclaredthåt.,.the-höld.ing of the refejýendurn,i,ýotild contråäidtý:tlieý prövisiöris:ý of ':resölutioh_2231 (MI) of.. Decenber 1966.. :Thé, h,ýDlclln,-:.o ýt, e, r.e eren un elsorepudiated:by resölution,12353~(MI),_ I of ~ ~ Deceuber. 1967. 5. In., addition, resolution,:242cY, (MII)~requested. the Unit d e Kinrjdomý as thé. administering: 156wer "to, ý.t t the ý Coloni al, sit ermina e., uåtion in.. G ibral tar, no iater thm: 1:,ý.Octobér. 1969 adding that "the continuation-of the coloni al situationý in.Cibraltar. iä:.incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter.of,!_th.e,ý.UnitedNations. and.,of..Genera . Assemblyresolution 15141 xVYF rý. The meeting,:ý.whichl:was to:håve taken-placebétween.,Dr. Oven.and. lir. Oreja Agu e i rara,:,21) was notýheldb irr ý:-n!,:1979.( ecauseýof.thé forth leneral e lections,ý, in,.th e tt;o, count ries, and the chanr,e-of..Government.in London SDain continties tö ýapproach. the, matter..in acompletely constrUctivespiri and in:ý!accordancewith-the.nandate of the United.Mationsý,whose miostrecent e ms en I s I I u . s 1. (ý33/403)_ý,wäs adöp . ted on 13. Decembet .1978ý i t h as , been . arýrééd. wi th týe new::Föreign.Secretary. that the next meeting should take, place, late in September:.in, ITew:,.York,., 7. Paragraphs. 22ý.and 23 of theý.Aocument also call. for, clarification sin in add I i.tion to. . the,:, minority.parti es ,referred to> thereare other political. ~ tendencies an&:,currents of: opinion. which: favour better understanlingvith IS p a i nä,:.: Ättention shouldý:be. drawn toAhe statement made in Gibraltar.-~ in L_;eptember:1975-by: MP,_ Hättersley the United~Kängdom Plinister of Ståte to.. t-.'*le éfråcvýthåt:official- British opinion did,.not favour. aunion of .Gibraltar_,~ i e ing, e.Unit c! Ki ýdom this s tåtenent iný effeet: disavöwed thepolitieal...1 ra , sf:, D arty which~isextensively dealt.with in paragraph 22> 111. of the working paper4 I shouid be prateful if.you 11lould ýiake the: appropriate cörrectiom5 in:the Jtccvment in question and citletdåte,this conmunicatiön.as å General. Assernbly .,5oc-u-Tterit. Sirn: e d), Jåimeý PI!IIES o/ Ibid. Twerit-v-second Session addendumtö är.enda iten 2 3 670ý_)/Rev.i) chap. X,,.ýpara,:,215,i . CHAPTER XIII* A., Con 'der by,the,ýSpecial Committee si atióh 1. The..S-ýý,e*ciýLl,:,ý.Có-nýnittée::,:conÉýidéred.,,the.:question of P.runei at its 1161st rýetýtil-lp .on 16..:Aiýpust 1979.241 consider" ion, .,.Of .thtý..itéin,,:,thé,,:.Spedial Conmittee took into account the .:provis loh-sý:,of televantresolutions.~ýof-the...Genera1:.:AÉýsembly, including in -part-ici-llar :..ré.solutión 33/44-ó:t-j3ýDécéinber:1978ýýon.thé imýlementation:ýoý' th D larý3t ion on the::Grantin g . o ý-i- nn oIn0 aInIdý,r ndepe te-to-Col i<ýal..C iintrieýý. eop es. : :By of this,:re:5oLdtion.ý thé.,ý Assembly ýrecj*este d:the ýS 't* er -I i pelcial.ýý.ý1 C1m1 tee5::iiit "I "to c6ntinue,. tóý:1 seeký:.suitable:Meýins ý. for: the: irunédiåýte.:anåý fUl: .. initlerientati'm, Of General Assembly xesolution: 1514. (,XV) óf. .111 T 't - .-erri, ories: ilhich:.havé-not y,ý independence. and. in: parti:Cular.:ý týD. formu iate::spe(ý-,ltic.propoc,.ýls for ý:the.:élimination.oýrtheý:ýtémaining-meýnifestations orýýJýóIoniýiism:ýand- tó te---ort ..thetebntothe.:.,GenerzýLAsser..blyý,ýýt its 'thirty--four.th::,sýe . s 1 s 1 ion Thé Sp c i al Committee-also.took:.intoýýaccount. General::ÅýSettýiv: decisionýý 33ý4i2 Of 13...Decemberý1978:..doricerniný.-the-Territory its.considerationý.of-:the.ltemtheý..Special Committee had before it a yorking,:paper, prepared by the ' Sedretarlat... (.see ýannex to the..present c..apter) containing:.informatiow.on deve o entsýconcerning t}ýe Territóry, B. Decision-of the: Special Committee 4*ýý At, its, 1161st. jneeting, on 16.ýgust 1979 fe lowing.ýa st,ýtemerit by tlc, .,C.h irman. (A/AC.109/ 1,V*1161)., the.:special Comirlittee.decided', without objecticýý-,, to giveý cohÉ;ideration to ý.the item:.:.ýt jtý.1n I ext sesslonýý.. subjéet -to any: directiv,_ý~, whiých:.theý,iGenéral:,ýAssembly mi. ht s t irty-fow,-t-ýi E- give . n:, at connexi.on,ý,atý lt 's e ss ion cý in d,*,:in,.,orde r. to* ý:faci' i itate. consideration of thé -item.-1ýy the- Foý,iý Cdminitte e to.:ýith I ri ze. t. S:: appor eurý o transmit. the relevRnt doeunentaton .dir . éc tly to ..,.-the Ass embly. P reviously issued..as..partýýof A/34123/Add-3. Workingpqper prepared.b the Secretàtíat C00T!,UMTS: Pai ra-ph s Gener31 *,.o cnnstìti-itior-Lal -and..nolitical develo-pr.nents:: Econoriic conditions Previou,,y issued under the ý,SymbolýA/AC*j09jL*1251* .BRU-ý,TEI GFVERJýL i.. ýBriinei i s sýttiated. on the:ý,northerný coast, of. thé I sland of ,Borneo,:ýahd com-nri Seý tvo enclaviýýs.in:north--weast.ý:ýSajmwak, Eastý 1,4a1wrsia. coveting.ýan:,,area .of ýRbout res It. 't i ýBand.at SeriS :5 5,7 6 5,:: 4u t. t s capi a is Population.was*, estimated,ýat 1904i00!> alfflost.ýOhe-:thitd.:o i ch is. o, r ign éxttac - tion Th e . Dat ti t :British. c óirnunity iSýSaid ::,t e. x' a e o:, riurib er ý11:11000. .19,7J.- o oi7i g..the. arriva ol uara, o. a siip...dýaiý:rying viý et nam . e I s I e-reIfugIees,whIich was,subseøuIent.I v, p.1- led.1.30 ými 1 ' e s - ou -t td., ý.S ea,ý t 11 he -Brunei en announce a it 5ýó ld:.nótýallow.thbs léa-vingý.. ie o:.:en ýovétht,ý t d th t, u e.. t ter its Territór ýOtherwiseSrunei wi ýliY# sffiall,pdpiý a ion:,wóýýlTbe:facedý ith enorm01ýS. proýbi ems CODTSTITUTIO1TAL-AND.TOLITICAL. DnVELOPMEATS.ý:ý... :34,ý:. As ýrevi . óusly reported...b/.ýund I e I r. an, I agree . me . nt signed ýi I ý:l9 . 59 .:and.:amended in G vétninent..cýf..the.tJrnited K Yteat, B ý'N th e o ingdoin of:.C ri n-an ortherný. re1ý-n,ý onýinués to beý responsible. or runéi sext i tf airs.:ý Th:é United: Xing erna don-, a.c s ltativte. r le 'n def nc in th I e, 11 e . v e . nt. o f thé . t hr I at o:ý an externaLýattack -b:ý: a::.third. Power óh the ..t ý'Th erri ory e-Uhited . ihgdorn.:-is 'represehted by: al High Cómmission*ier -ýýhó s e appointment. 1Sý:Subject..to.the agreenent of thé. Sultan. ý4 iý:: SUD*ren e. execiltive authorit i s. ýýe ted-in th S Y.. s a..sana1.ýBolkiah, whd s e assent i s ý, required:fór all billsý-:,P.a..s sedIby.thé:'.Leýisiat1 .1v'eCóU'ncIi Ir, the .ýe:kéri:ýise,,.of. hi s .. a uthority.,, tlle...slilta n is assistId b)ý...t.he.Mentr.i b.es.a: iet f. ini s er,, buncil.ý cl e t the Pti4r o : linis an the Colancil f ý1 ters.. ýTh ýLegisla'tive C6..ncil of. 20 ým 6 . mbers 10.., ex. I off ...... icio. ý.nominat*ý~zi,,.:may ma-~le peace td er :;Ét d, crnment..of the:ýSt t n gooc -ov a eý subject toýthe aýý_sent ý:ófýthe 8ultan Th t s': judicial., t sis s o e. e ritory " t f 1,1. sYs el',, c 0 Il, a:: ig ourt. a Court and Islamic co . u r ' ts ...... ri .,:,éach ch.:,,is,ýad inistered L-, a ..disttict officer. adv . i.sed by.ý.a..distr . i d . t... co . u I n c . il m I o s . t 0 who .s.eI..mIe.inbers ýare e ..aremunicipal-aiithorities.in.Bandan e.i. eGawan,ý . kua a relait, Seri, ýýnd Tutonpl.':.. n ió in his:. ntal pap.er..Sas-.ý.eew.:derived from publislied eneral:AsséinblV,,ký.. hirt Session, Su,'-ý-plýýrient 2ý3::" (ý!33/23/Rev.1), XV :,.: 6. Following. negotiations between the SUiltan of Brunei and Lord Goronwy Roberts, then United Kingdom Minister of.State :.for Foreign. and Connea 0Affairs, the United Kingdom and the Sultanate of Brunei initialled. a new Treaty of Friendship.* and Co-operation at London. on. 28 September 1978 by which Brunei will assume f1,l responSibility as a sovereign independent State at the end of 1983. The signing of the:treaty, took place in Brunei.on 7:January 1979. The Sultan and Lord Goronwy Roberts .also initialled, three 'accompanying notes concerning the aintenance in Brunei:of a:battalion (800) o.f Ghurka. troops in the service öf.the State of Brunei until :.September 1983; United Kingdom aid for the ereation of a diplomatie service for the future i.inependent State; and relations between the Judiciary and the State. 7. The agreement reportedly: represented a compr-mise. between the Sultans wish not to assumeresponsibilities for defence and foreign affairs and the United Kingdom Government,'s desireto .transfer all. responsibilities. Impetus to the London discussion was given by the support.for the inderendence of Brunei as wel as its adnission into the Associatiön. of South East-Asian Nations (ASEAN)eXpressed by the Heads of the Governments of Tlalaysia and Indonesia. 8. Early in 1979, the Foreign Minister of Maaysia paid.a isit BrUnei. He declared at that time that his country was lcoking forward to ä ne. era of good relations with Brunei. The visit was considered as an"histori gesture of goodwil following the signing of the Treaty between the United Kingdm. and IBrunei. 9. The treaty wasý..debated in February 1979 in the House. of Lords of .the.British Parlianent. In response to questions put ýto him.by his peers, Lord Goronwy Robert s said that the Brunei Governvent should consider-extending Brunei .:citizenshipto British-protecteå persons residing in the Territory after 1983. :...ealso stated that, the UnitedKingdom would continue tomake.available, within the limits of resources, loan service personnel both in the.defence ändcivilfields. Announcing that the independence agreement had been warmly weicomedby the Pacific and ASEAN countries, Lord Goronwy Roberts. saäid :.thatthe United Kingdom would aso assist Brunei to buiid uplits diplomätic service. 3. ECONOM()YIC CONDITTOD72 10. Bruneirs e-conomny depe'-nds' almnostý enltirely on i.ts rich petroleum firesourcesý,.. whiech account for over .95 per c ent by value :of. all exports. Other e conomic: activities inciude rubber cuitivation, subsistence agriculture, forestry ýand. f ishing. Oil.O was discove-red1 in the 1920s and has bpený produced by. Bri.noi ,Shel whichI is coý-owned by-.the :Governraent::and foyal Dbutch Shell: Current .productioný tots abouýt 230,1000 baäIr .r .els -a A y making brun .ei t he second: lrest, producerý in SouthlEast Asiaafte-.Ir I ndone sia0. ä ln .:1977, re-venue: from.o. anmounted to MUS,902.,million. Benefits dIerIiveId Iby the citiu i ude. mdal care, pens...s.,. ..c lzt.ärSrune i. .Oihc dT rOe., me/. ! i (~i .:b iieå,ro ý:. 'a"s: lin. .e. -a and eduati n thruh niversity level;usd d o lýiOolie aodest tridity and sbsidized loansfor hoses, auto obi.lehs cad.eveiouselold.eutipient.,s"Tiere -14 5.- ýis no . s I ys , em 11 o f person income tax in tfiéý,. Tertitory- Together with gas from ýýass6diated.ýfields,:,öil.ý.provlaeé Btunei, witt, a . n.annual incorne of about Pus 3,4oo .ýýfor,:éäéh,indiViduai. 12 eý:oil-pro u off shore fields, the most ý.Three.quarters:of-,th d cedcomes from... äistånt drilling.:tåking place:åbout,.56.kiýlometre,ä.,..,fiýota..ý.land. The oil operation involv e s f å t g I äs:ý p1 årits in which, as oné. of i,,thé..ijörld s :Ärgest ique le na Ura.L, Ännoun ced.lby. 11 th e Sultan trunei f s, par , t 11 icip It Iion:. has Incr . e 1, a .1 s e . dý from.a 10 per cent AnvestmeniY to:, on I e I -third making iVa . i :,e I quai. partner:,. of: néli a , ndý: Di I itsubishi of Japan. Brunei has- alsä.: äcquire an, riterest..,.in..c6ldgas :.-,Tr , a . åing,;å:aellvery company that. ýh I as s . e . v I e I n :Iiqueried natura . 1 ... gäsý t , änkers::p 1 1 1 yin I g b.eItIweIen1,1Igru'nei an I d Japan. Préviousiyl,:.Coldgat týas:å,,fnéd:entirelyý,byýShell.-.åildi:Dit.su låhi. 13..ý..,.The.Yevenu.e, in.1976.,,was,,,estimated åt..$US, 595.millioný 90 per cent of which hic m11 lön. wäs:.surplusý- It is reported that ame from:.öil:ýand gaäiý: . o . f :V. - h WS w .the:State,'.hol*däý:roi- eign:.réäérves:. ta li weil ov ý5US 1.5 binlion, two thirds epor e ylnýpoun ä:s er ing of which: is t t dl t 11 ,14 buring theý last atiön Brune , i sý o ilý- r .. e 8 . du , rces-,håve allö,ýýed the country to ýdevelop it s,. infrastructureý.. as well ås ý.to,:,ekpånd soc lally.. ý- The:Térritory has i ý afid: a -. ý 11... t I jl.,-1.- II--.,--" .åöquiredg:.:among:othér'...thingt',.-åný.alr lne:ý ,riew: airpor ;.a..newseaport and téveraL hundréd.Äilométtes.ýof. new.roads;Äwext e I nsiv . ely I :,eq .1 u . ipped.:rädio and televisioný.,gtäti:i2kn;,a comp*, re ensive electrical..power:ýsystem,: an a complete water seweråge.:system.föt allý,the..00u:htry,.s:.tåwns,ý,åiid:.ihostý:6f*,,,itt,:,,.-ýillages. Revenue from oil has:: åisö:ý f inan I ed manyýnews . c ho I ols Itý w , ö museums an( a...new mosque. i ..also..helpsto finance.the årmy.: doUbtifig,:both.military,and civilian workers the ý Royal Btunei ý Malay:. Re . imentý ptobably: ernpjoys..some::10. per cent of all .ådtilt.:Brunei,.bialay,,målesa.ý:. (Thé:.Bruäéi,Öövernmentýý!s- Ult éo mploy about half The.limit,ýhowever,:of:the number of menýto be drawn from thé,,löcåL.communlty.Äå 3MO.- According:tö-the.local. prcss, for,Ähis reason it Vöuld bé',diffituit:.töýréPlåééýthé:ilhtirkå bätt ii e a lon whi: ii i s to be maintained by thé:UnitedýKingdom,:until:1983.::