Vol. 3, No. 2, July - September, 2015

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Quarterly Journal of The All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation Bi-lingual

“Serving the Health Care industry with world class innovative glass Products”

GLOBAL REACH At Nipro Glass, our widespread network of overseas sister concerns ensures availably of all types of glass (coefficient of expansion wise) in India to a well rounded pool of products which include tubing, vials, ampoules, cartridges and sterile syringes. Furthermore, since all of our sister concerns are under the Nipro umbrella our understanding of your requirement is perfect and the associated logistics can be achieved with no delays. Nipro Glass boasts of sister concerns in France, Germany, Belgium, United States of America, Indonesia, Japan, China and Russia.

A Customer Centric Approach Nipro India believes in forging long lasting and mutually beneficial relationships with our customers and clients. We are dedicated to the cause of making the pharmaceutical industry a better place and offer them a better environment and a better quality benchmark to work with. At Nipro India, we make it our business to align our team and train them to honour these aims and goals. In our relentless effort to forge new relationship through positive and continual innovation we have built a successful, sustainable bussiness while keeping all of our offerings customer centric!

Nipro tubing Nipro-NSV 51 (Borosilicate Clear Glass), Amulae (FR) and Millville (USA) Nipro-BSC 51 (Borosilicate Clear Glass) Nipro-BSA 60 (Borosilicate Amber Glass)

Nipro Glass (India) Pvt. Ltd. Sales Office: Plant Address: ‘I’ Wing, 3rd Floor, Tex Centre Plot No. 76, Mawana Road Off. Sake Vihar Road, Chandivali, Andheri (E) Village & Fitkary Mumbai - 400 072, India Meerut - 250 401, U.P., India Tel : +91 95949 75021 Tel : +91 121 2887068/81 [email protected] , [email protected] www.niproglassindia.com

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President SANJAY GANJOO Sr. Vice President ARUN KUMAR DUKKIPATI Vice President RAJ KUMAR MITTAL Hon. General Secretary BHARAT SOMANY Hon. Treasurer SANJAY AGARWAL Member Editorial Board A K Bandyopadhyay Quarterly Journal of THE ALL INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ FEDERATION Former Principal, Govt. College of Engineering & Ceramic Technology-GCECT, Kolkata Devendra Kumar Professor, Department of Ceramic, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Vol. 3, No.2 , July - September, 2015 K K Sharma President, NIGMA and Plant Head, HNG Neemrana, Rajasthan

Member Associations EASTERN INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (EIGMA) Contents c/o La Opala RG Ltd. Chitrakoot, 10th Floor, 230 A, A.J.C. Bose Road From President’s Desk 5 Kolkata - 700 020 President - Sushil Jhunjhunwala NORTHERN INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (NIGMA) Glass Industry Bats for Smart Cities and Clean India Campaign 7 c/o Hindustan National Glass & Industries Limited Post Office - Bahadurgarh, Jhajjar, Haryana-124 507 President - KK Sharma Glass – A Fascinated Material and Central Public Works 10 Vice President - Jimmy Tyagi Department (CPWD) Scenario in Mumbai Honorary General Secretary - NN Goyal Secretary & Treasurer - JB Bhardwaj About The All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation 17 SOUTH INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (SIGMA) c/o AGI Glasspac (An SBU of HSIL Ltd.) Glass Factory Road, Off. Motinagar New Members 18 PB No. 1930, Sanathnagar, PO Hyderabad -500 018 President - Sandip Somany UTTAR PRADESH GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ SYNDICATE (UPGMS) Membership of AIGMF 18 c/o General Traders A-10, Industrial Estate, Firozabad – 283203 (UP) President - Raj Kumar Mittal Solar Energy for the Smart City: A Brief Pathfinder 21 Vice President - Dharmendra Mohan Gupta Vice President - Santosh Agarwal Export Temples of India: Firozabad 26 Hony. Secretary - Sanjay Agarwal Treasurer - Deepak Gupta Jt. Secretary - Pramod Kumar Garg Antimony-free Solar Glass 31 WESTERN INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (WIGMA) c/o Pragati Glass Works (P) Ltd. 111, Damji Shamji Industrial Complex, 9, LBS Marg, Photovoltaic Effect and Solar Energy: A Brief Perspective – Part II 41 Kurla (W), Mumbai - 400 070 President - H R Bhandari Honorary Secretary - G K Sarda List of Advertisers 44

Quarterly Journal of Glass Industry, published & printed by Vinit Kapur on behalf of The All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation from European Standards for Measuring Furnace Particulate 45 812, New Delhi House, 27 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi – 110001 Emissions and printed at New United Process, A-26, Ph-II, Naraina Indl. Area, New Delhi-110028 Government of India Notification No. 47/2015- Customs 48 T:+91 11 2331 6507 F:+91 11 2335 0357 E: [email protected] (ADD on Imports of Float Glass of Thickness 2 to 12 mm) Editor MOHAN LALVANI Complimentary copy for Members/Government/NGOs and those Advertise in Kanch 51 connected with Glass Industry Others: Price (excluding bank charges): Personality Profile: Balkrishna Gupta 53 Indian Companies : ` 125 per copy Annual Subscription ` 450 Glass News 58 Foreign Companies : US$ 25 per copy Annual Subscription US$ 80 Using NNPB Forming Technology for Refillable Beer Bottles 62

www.glassworldwide.co.uk Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 3 4 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

From President’s Desk

The venue for Annual General Meeting of the AIGMF was Paharpur Business Centre, LEED Platinum and BEE 5 star Building with an idea to introduce Green Buildings concept to its members and to also debate on use of glass in buildings as eco-friendly measure. Mr. Barun Aggarwal, Director, BreatheEasy, a division of Paharpur Business Centre (PBC) gave a presentation on Introduction on Green Buildings. He also spoke on use of glass application in buildings. The session on green buildings was organised in addition to the presentation on GST- Challenges for the Businesses by Mr. Kabir Bogra, Partner (Indirect Tax) Khaitan & Co., coinciding with AIGMF Executive Committee and Annual General Meeting. As CSR initiative, AIGMF gifted 100 glass water bottles specially manufactured by Hindustan National Glass and Industries to Paharpur Business Centre to further strengthen green building concept. Mr. Arun Kumar Dukkipati, Sr. Vice President, AIGMF congratulated PBC for adopting use of glass bottles in its Green Building Business Centre, which is a step forward towards clean environment. Mr. Dukkipati mentioned that use of glass bottles supplements Prime Ministers’ vision of Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Campaign) as waste from other packaging material are usually found in streets, drains, rivers, etc., with people having the tendency to litter anywhere and everywhere. On the other hand, Glass being 100% recyclable mostly reaches junk seller for recycling and adds to clean environment. Mr. Dukkipati concluded by saying that use of glass will make smart cities look more elegant, beautiful and eye-catching. Glass application will not only help buildings lit with natural and solar light but will also lead to huge monetary and energy savings for the economy. Presentations and select photographs of the event are available at http://www.aigmf.com/past- events.php As an Industry initiative and to link activities of the Federation with Indian Government vision of Smart Cities and Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Campaign), AIGMF would be participating in Indian Institute of Packaging’s 6th edition of International Packaging Exhibition ‘INDIAPACK 2015’ at Mumbai from Oct 8-11 and Indian Green Building Congress 2015 from Nov 19-21 at Gandhinagar, Gujarat. This Special issue carry articles on Smart/Solar Cities and Glass Packaging. Ideas and suggestions are invited at [email protected]

Sanjay Ganjoo President, AIGMF and COO, Asahi India Glass Ltd., Taloja (Maharashtra)

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 5 6 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com Glass Industry bats for Smart Cities and Clean India Campaign (Delhi, Sept 12, 2015)

The venue for Executive Committee and Annual General Meeting of the yy Use of flat glass in doors and AIGMF was Paharpur Business Centre, LEED Platinum and BEE 5 star Building. windows permits use of sun light The venue was purposely chosen to introduce Green Buildings concept to its and saves energy/power bills members and to also debate on use of glass in buildings as eco-friendly measure. yy Use of glass in partitions saves wood and checks felling of forests yy Use of glass and glass products in Buildings is quite popular, especially with glass turning from a fragile to a sturdy material i.e. toughened, noise or bullet resistant structure yy Use of Glass is generally maintenance-free for the lifetime of a building

As an Industry initiative, talk on Green Buildings was organised in collaboration with Paharpur Business Centre to brainstorm on Indian Govt., vision of smart/solar cities including Green Building concept that could be adopted for the betterment of society. Mr. Barun Aggarwal, Director, BreatheEasy*, a division of Paharpur Business Centre (PBC)* gave a presentation on Introduction on Green Buildings. Mr. Aggarwal spoke about BreatheEasyTM that helps individuals breathe pure air and The session on green buildings was organised in addition to the presentation on GST- Challenges for the Businesses by Mr. Kabir Bogra, Partner (Indirect Tax) Khaitan & Co., coinciding with AIGMF meetings. As CSR initiative, AIGMF gifted 100 glass water bottles specially manufactured by Hindustan National Glass and Industries to Paharpur Business Centre to further strengthen green building concept. helps companies implement solutions for improving Indoor Air Quality while The bottles carried a logo on Act India* reducing energy consumption. His presentation covered following on glass which aims at enabling people demand application in buildings: responsible and safe packaging.

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 7 forward towards building with an AAhEPI of 28 Wh/hr/sqm. clean environment. http://www.pbcnet.com. *BreatheEasyTM is a division of PBC focusing on creating Mr. Dukkipati awareness about air pollution and providing mentioned that innovative solution to combat air pollution use of glass bottles indoors and reduce energy for buildings. supplements Prime www.breatheeasy123.com Ministers’ vision of Swachh Bharat *ACT India: With an endeavor to provide solutions with ethical standards and Mr. Arun Kumar Dukkipati, Sr. Vice Mission (Clean India Campaign) as scientific acumen, Medwiz Healthcare President, AIGMF said that Glass waste from other packaging material Communications Pvt. Ltd**, the largest containers made from cullet or are usually found in streets, drains, healthcare communications agency along weight reduction technology saves rivers, etc., with people having the with Him Jagriti***, a not-for-profit energy. Every ton of glass recycled tendency to litter anywhere and independent organization has launched a saves 322 KwH of energy, 246 kg everywhere. On the other hand, movement called Act India. of CO2 and 1.2 tonnes of virgin raw Glass being 100% recyclable mostly This campaign has been curated keeping material. He also shared some of the reaches junk seller for recycling and in mind the trendsetting decision by main characteristics of glass: adds to clean environment. Health Ministry’s notification. This yy Glass is 100% recyclable - It does Mr. Dukkipati concluded by saying notification was released on Sept 29, not lead to generation of any solid that use of glass will make smart cities 2014, in lieu of recommendations by Drugs waste, thus saving land fill space. look more elegant, beautiful and eye- Technical Advisory Board prohibiting use This is a major advantage from catching. Glass application will not of Polyethylene Terephthalate or Plastic environment point of view in the only help buildings lit with natural and containers for primary packaging of drug present times, when municipalities solar light but will also lead to huge formulations used for pediatric, geriatric are finding it difficult to find space monetary and energy savings for the and in case of pregnant women and women to dump urban waste economy. reproductive age group. yy Glass is used for packaging of Presentations and select photographs **Medwiz Healthcare Communications: chemicals and solvents as it does of the event are available at http:// Medwiz is one of the leading fast paced not react with them www.aigmf.com/past-events.php Medical Communications agency, which is yy Glass ensures hermetic seal - known for its scientific acumen and integrity. *Paharpur Business Centre (PBC): PBC It provides air tight packaging http://www.medwizindia.com is a green MSME in the service industry for products thus providing offering 24x7 Luxury Furnished Space for ***Him Jagriti: HimJagriti is a small not- longer shelf life. It is the most Large and Small Offices, Conferences, for-profit independent organization with preferable product for vacuum Trainings, Interviews, Seminars, Product national and international aspirations. and carbonation Launches, etc. Built to DDA standards, it It focuses on broader health issues and yy Glass is transparent - The is the first building in India that is USGBC to provide healthcare to poor individuals customer is afforded the facility LEED Platinum EB Certified (under O & M in hilly areas of Uttarakhand, India. of visually examining the content category - 2010) and a BEE 5 star rated http://himjagriti.in from outside the pack yy Glass has best recycling performance - It is a cradle-to- cradle packaging - meaning it can be recycled infinitely to be re- made into new bottles or jars as good as those manufactured by using fresh raw materials Mr. Dukkipati congratulated PBC for adopting use of glass bottles in its Green Building Business Centre, which is a step

8 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

Saving Energy and Fuel

Lubisol Ltd., is offering significant savings of energy and fuel by efficient thermal insulation of glass furnace crowns. The Lubisol crown insulation design is based on the principle that the usual light silica bricks insulation is partly replaced by the Lubisol insulation, applied over the light silica bricks. It is followed by a layer of Lubisol Cover Coat on the top. The thickness and the total cost of the insu- lation remain almost the same, but the heat losses from the crown are reduced by about 800-1000 W/m². The amount of the saved fuel is around 1300-1500 m³/m²/year natural gas or 1200-1400 kg/m²/year heavy oil. The cost of the saved fuel is significant. The insulating material Lubisol 2-SL has a very low specific density of 0.3 kg/dm³, a high working temperature of 1400 °C and a very low thermal conductivity of 0.11 W/m.K at 500 °C. The cost for one cubic meter of this insulating material is lower in comparison with the cost of the light silica bricks, and in the same time it is about 3 times more efficient. The Lubisol crown insulation package is suitable for application on all types of glass furnaces producing any type of glasses, including float glass, container glass, tableware or technical glass. It is very suitable for insulation of silica crowns as well for AZS and alumina fused cast crowns. It has been applied in the last several years on more than 80 glass furnaces all over the world.

The efficient Lubisol insulation package brings significant energy and fuel savings without any additional material and labor costs. It is a very good technical solution and a better option for the glass industry.

For more information, Contact: M/s Lubisol Ltd. Mladost 1, bl. 27, et. 16, ap. 120, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.lubisol.com

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 9 GLASS – A Fascinated Material & Central Public Works Department (CPWD) Scenario in Mumbai Dr. K. M. Soni / Ms. Usha Batra Chief Engineer, Western Zone - I / Chief Architect, Western Region Central Public Works Department, Mumbai [email protected] / [email protected]

Glass is a fascinating material techniques and materials such as for many including architects and stainless steel, concrete, aluminium engineers. It is not only a material of and other materials, glass very aesthetics but of necessity. One likes successfully enhances appearance of to start day with glass and thus cannot buildings. Regardless of its general think life without glass. Suppose glass use in windows, façade or interior would have not been invented then partitions, glass also connects the we could not make our hairstyle space, improves the quality of space, and ladies could not have dressed transmits light, and special glass also so elegantly. Think if glass would not contributes to energy saving. have been there then we could not Government of India has already see outside from our house windows announced development of 100 or car windows. Think if glass would smart cities and thus use of glass is not have been invented how leaders going to be made on large scale, both could have vision outside from the for functional as well as aesthetic use. bullet proof or bullet resistance glass absorb light, all with great accuracy. of a car. Therefore glass has become a As per ASSOCHAM report of 2013, glass industry will touch business of Most architectural glass is partially necessity whether in a house, vehicle, 340 billion rupees by this year. Increase transparent with little reflectance and train or household articles. There is a in glass is said to be around 15% per absorbency. There are hundreds of special relationship between glass and annumn while in construction it is glass compositions as well as different buildings. Glass is a magical material around 12% per annumn. It provides coatings, colours, thicknesses, and which has many different properties direct employment to about 30 lakh laminates, all of which affect the way and uses, that offers an architect many people. So growth of glass is going light passes through it. Thus glass new possibilities and designs. to increase as increase in income nowadays is an integral part of many Glazing has become a favoured certainly will increase use of glass. facades and roofs. This material can feature in buildings today all over be easily shaped and installed, creating world and has numerous advantages Functions of Glass in this way the structures which are like reduced dead load of the buildings The transparency and translucency of gripping and dominating. apart from very obvious ‘beauty glass has historically given an aesthetic Today energy saving is one of the treatment’ that it gives to buildings. quality to architecture like no other most important challenges. The Use of glass also creates space, and material. It gives a building the ability heat loss through the glass surface brings the external environment, to change, to move, and to create on the façade or the roof has been the sky and outside greenery, into certain environments. The way in significantly reduced due to modern the spaces within the building. which light transmits through a piece glass production and processing Today it is difficult to conceive the of glass in building can be a powerful technologies. Then there is a concern contemporary architecture without design tool for the architects. Glass about the safety of the users and the glass. In combination with modern can reflect, bend, transmit, and structure itself. Glass must nowadays

10 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com conform to the high standards Glass is said to be brittle and thus was and preferred in many places. regarding safety of the users and not considered a strong material. Steel was little heavy and having passers-by thus should be resistant But today strength has become black complexion. Then came a to shocks and abrupt temperature the property of glass. One can material of light weight having fair changes, and in case they are damaged have desired strength according to complexion and then glass married or shattered, they should not break one’s requirement and glass can be to this material i.e. aluminium. in. New types of glasses keep the risk manufactured in desired thicknesses Beauty is that aluminium is still used of injury to a minimum. and even in laminations and also with for framework with or without ACP When selecting the type and use of sandwiching with other materials (Aluminium Composite Panels). glass in a project, one looks for an like plastics and polycarbonate Next glass became independent and optimal balance between aesthetics sheets. With even hammering or thus frameless glass came and is now and function. With wide variety of firing with bullet, special glasses can used in doors and partitions. When architectural glass commercially sustain the damages. Today bullet multi-storeyed construction started available coupled with the versatility proof or bullet resistant glass has with the necessity in cold regions, and creativity, one can have the design become a need of bullet proof walls glass became a very useful material exciting and challenging. and vehicles. for structural glazing or glass curtain walls. For aesthetics, point fixed Another property of glass is reflection glazing or frameless glazing is now Properties of Glass and refraction. Reflection property being adopted. Glass has many properties which is used in the mirrors so also in other materials do not possess. reflecting light from its surface. Since In the regions like Mumbai i.e. in These include aesthetics, and light is reflected, heat can also be coastal areas, corrosion is a problem. functional both. Glossy surface of all reflected from its surface. Refraction Structural glazed facade protects materials, be tiles, marble, granite or property is used in utilising solar light. exposed columns and beams from wood is compared with glass. That With the properties of refraction, direct environmental attack and thus is why many architects and engineers transmittance, and then colour, glass has been very useful. In BKC area are fascinated to use it. Glass has can have many combinations with particularly, it has been used in a large such a well smooth surface which desired colours. way due to aesthetics. one can’t get from other materials. Glass is also now ready to resist Thus glass is available for every use Use of glass provides beauty to the fire. Now even new generation fire in buildings; be aesthetic, functional buildings. resistance glass is available which requirements or fire resistance Glass has the unique property of acts as a barrier to radiant as well as though special usage glasses are costly transparency. Think when glass was conducted heat transfer. at present. not there, one could not use glass in Thus glass has many useful properties a window so one had to open the Types of Glass and thus has multi functional window to see through the window. Architectural glass comes in four properties. Glass came as a boon to the nature different strength categories as; lovers when they found its property Glass in Buildings annealed glass, float glass, heat of transparency and brought beauty strengthened glass and fully tempered Glass has now become an integrated inside the buildings as one could see glass. Then there are specialised part of the buildings though its through it. If you have building right glasses with different properties journey might not have been very opposite to sea, you can enjoy its according to the requirements of easy. Glass always needed someone beauty without even opening the their functions. Main types of glasses to marry with as it was not earlier window. are given in the followings; feasible to fix glass without suitable One always does not need material. First glass married to Annealed glass transparency and opaqueness wood and was fixed in windows, Annealed glass is the basic flat glass becomes the functional requirement. ventilators and doors. Then came of the float process and tends to Glass is the material which can also be mild steel and steel sections with break into large, jagged shards. It is manufactured with opaque as well as glass became an ideal couple. This the basic material used to produce translucent properties. combination is even used today more advanced products through

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 11 further processing such as laminating, by tensile stresses in the body of and earthquakes. It is used in schools, toughening, coating, etc. It is used in the glass. Such stresses cause the hospitals, hotels and office buildings double-glazed windows. glass to crumble into small granular in glazing, and wherever there are chunks during breaking instead of sound control requirements. Float glass splintering. As a result of its safety It is a sheet of glass made by floating and strength, toughened glass is used Coated glass molten glass on a bed of molten in a variety of applications, including Surface coatings are applied to glass to metal, typically tin, lead and various cars, building facades, glass sliding modify its appearance to give advanced low melting alloys to get uniform doors and partitions, shower doors, characteristics and functions such as thickness and very flat surfaces. Float architectural glass doors and tables, low maintenance, scratch resistance, glass is used in windows and as a base refrigerator trays, mobile screen corrosion resistance, special material for safety glass, reflective protectors, as a component of bullet reflection/transmission/absorption glass and self cleaning glass among proof glass, diving masks etc. properties, etc. Coatings are usually others. Float glass can be made in applied by controlled exposure of the SPECIALIZED GLASSES thickness between 1.5 to 20 mm. glass surface to vapours. The coating TO ENHANCE THEIR PERFORMANCE process is applied while the glass is Heat strengthened glass still in the float line and still warm, Heat strengthened glass is a semi Laminated glass producing what is known as “hard- tempered glass and retains the normal Laminated glass is made of two coated” glass. Alternatively, in the properties of ordinary float glass. It is or more layers of glass with one off-line or vacuum coating process, similar to tempered glass except that or more inter layers of polymeric the vapour is applied to the cold glass the cooling is done at a much slower material bonded between the glass surface in a vacuum vessel. pace and is about twice as strong as layers, produced using either heat Insulated glass annealed glass of the same physical and pressure to sandwich a thin properties of size and thickness. layer of Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB), or Insulated glass, often called double Heat strengthening adds strength to Polyurethane (PU) or Ethyl polymer. glazing, is a combination of two or the glass while limiting the change The glass panes can be basic float glass more panes of glass spaced apart with in its breakage characteristics. This or tempered or heat strengthened a spacer bar and hermetically sealed glass is difficult to break compared panel. The lamination process with a primary and secondary sealant to ordinary annealed glass but unlike comprises glass pre-processing i.e. to form a single unit with one or toughened safety glass it breaks cutting and grinding, washing and more air spaces in between. Insulted typically edge to edge and fragments. drying, lamination, de-airing/edge glass units improve the thermal Heat-strengthened glass is used in sealing and unloading. It provides performance, thus significantly vertical vision spandrel areas and for durability, high-performance and reducing heating and air-conditioning laminated sloped glazing and in places multi-functional benefits and at the costs. By combining low - e coatings, where high optical quality is required. same time preserves the aesthetic tinted glasses, reflective coatings, silk appearance of glass. Even if the screened patterns, laminated glass Toughened or Tempered glass glass breaks, the glass fragments products and more, a wide variety Toughened glass is made from will adhere to the plastic interlayer, of insulating glass configurations annealed glass treated with a thermal minimizing the risk of injury and are available to satisfy a wide range tempering process. In the process, property damage. It also has security of performance and aesthetic a sheet of annealed glass is heated properties as the laminated glass requirements. Insulating glass units are beyond its annealing point and its can resist the intrusion because it is used in a wide range of applications surfaces are then rapidly cooled while virtually impossible to cut through including commercial/residential fixed the inner portion of the glass remains the thick PVB layers even if the glass and operable windows, and curtain hotter. The different cooling rates gets broken. It is also excellent barrier walls. between the surface and the inside of to noise. It also helps in providing Reflective glass the glass produces different physical protection from injury and property properties, resulting in compressive damage during glass breaking due to Reflective glass is an ordinary float stresses in the surface balanced natural disasters such as hurricanes glass with a metallic coating that cuts

12 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com off solar heat. This special metallic an impact resistance similar to that of whose surfaces display a regular coating also provides a one-way normal glass, but in case of breakage, pattern. The most common method mirror effect, preventing visibility the mesh retains the pieces of glass. for producing patterned glass is to from the outside and thus preserving This product is traditionally accepted pass heated glass, usually just after its privacy. Besides the basic functionality as a low-cost fire resistant glass. It exit from the furnace between rollers of sun control, it also contributes to is manufactured primarily as a fire whose surfaces contain the negative architectural aesthetics and even retardant, with wire mesh inlaid in the relief of the desired patterns. energy conservation. It can also be glass to prevent it from shattering and Patterned glass is mostly used in easily cut, heat strengthened or breaking out under stress or when interior decoration and architecture, toughened. exposed to high temperatures. With typically for functional reasons, the window intact, the glass keeps the where light but not transparency is Tinted glass fire at bay, protecting those on the desired. Tinted glass refers to any glass that has other side from the harmful effects of been treated with a material such as a smoke and flame. However, the mesh Photochromic glass film or coating, which reduces its ability may prevent the fire from penetrating Photochromic coatings incorporate to transmit light. Glass can be tinted but by itself it could prove dangerous, organic photochromic dyes to with various types of coating, which being made of fine, sharp wires which produce self shading glass. Originally block and/or reflect different amounts can hurt. developed for sunglasses, these and types of light, according to the coatings are self-adjusting to needs and preferences. Body tinted Mirrored glass ambient light and reduce visible light glass is produced when colourants and In mirrored glass, a metal coating transmission through the glass. They iron are introduced during the glass is applied to one side of the glass, provide a more evenly distributed manufacturing process. generally made of silver, aluminium, illumination of interior space in gold or chrome. For simple mirrored terms of time regardless of exterior Tinted glass is intended for as single glass, a fully reflective metal coating variations and they are typically used or double glazing for a basic level of is applied and then sealed with a to provide shading. solar control, and even in furniture, protective layer. To produce one-way interior design, partitions etc. It is mirrors, a much thinner metal coating Electrochromic glass also the base glass for many high is used, with no additional sealing performance comfort glasses. Electrochromic glass as shown or otherwise opaque layer. Apart Doubly glazed tinted glass reduces in Fig. 2 (a) and (b) is produced from functional use, it is also used solar heat gain, saves energy, and with the multi-development of architecturally to make a very small gives a striking visual effect, creates electronics and glass techniques. It space appear very large and for special attractive interiors and gives a feeling is an energy-saving component for effects in interiors. of spaciousness. buildings and can change colour on command. It works by passing low- GLASSES WITH SPECIAL Wired glass EFFECTS voltage electrical charges across a Wired glass is a type of glass into microscopically-thin coating on the which a wire mesh is embedded Patterned glass glass surface, activating an electro- during production. Wired glass has Patterned glass (Fig. 1) is a flat glass chromic layer which changes colour

Figure 1: Patterned glass Figure 2 (a) & (b): Electro chromic glass

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 13 from clear to dark. The electric photo catalytic decomposition. Self coating which cannot be damaged current can be activated manually cleaning glass cleans itself in two or removed by cleaning or scrubbing or by sensors which react to light stages, the first stage called photo- etc. It is used in curtain walls, intensity. It changes light transmission catalysis is the action of light on the shower installations, glass doors and properties in response to voltage and surface of the glass to basically chomp partitions. away or eat the dirt on the surface thus controls the amount of light and Etched glass heat passing through. Its applications and second known as hydrophilicity. Etching refers to the technique of include in the offices, meeting This basically ensures that any water creating art on the surface of glass by rooms, hotels, villas, bathroom that falls on the surface forms sheets applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive doors and windows, shower rooms, and washes away dirt uniformly. substances. Etched glass (Fig. 3) can be kitchen cabinets, glass curtain walls, Photovoltaic glass found in a wide variety of decorative technical resident conservatories Photovoltaic glass is a special glass with contexts, including glass doors and commercial buildings, as well as integrated solar cells embedded and windows, furniture, and serving automobile skylights, exhibition halls, between two glass panes with resin dishes etc. There are three ways to hospitals, etc. filled between them that convert create etched glass as; sand blasting, Frosted glass solar energy into electricity. Though acid-etching or chemical etching. different types of photovoltaic vary in Frosted glass is produced by sand One way to do imprinting images their structure, they generally include blasting or acid etching of clear sheet on glass is by sandblasting (Fig. 4). a cell or multiple cells as the core of glass to have the effect of translucent Sandblasting allows for greater the photovoltaic panel, a glass cover to stop clear visibility of other side. variation through the use of placed over the photovoltaic cell to Its applications include privacy while different degrees of coarseness in protect it from the elements while admitting light. sand giving the finished product a allowing sunlight to pass through to rich textured appearance. Patterns the cell, an additional plastic anti- Smart glass and designs can be created using a reflective sheet often used to enhance Smart glass is the glass whose mask. Dividers, doors and shower the effect of the glass cover and anti- light transmission properties are surrounds are some of the most reflective coating of the cell to block altered when voltage, light or popular architectural uses of reflection, a panel backing (typically heat is applied. Generally, smart sandblasted glass though can be plastic) and frame holding all the glass changes wavelength of light used in numerous interior design pieces together and protecting it from from translucent to transparent or applications. damage during installation. block all. Some smart technologies GLASSES FOR SPECIFIC USE include electro chromic, photo Ceramic printed glass chromic, thermo chromic, In such a glass, ceramic frit is applied Bent glass suspended particle, micro blind and to the glass through a fine mesh screen polymer dispersed liquid crystal It is a normal glass curved by a special with glass enamel before the glass is devices also. Critical aspects of process and is an alternative to the tempered or heat strengthened. On smart glass include savings in conservative rectangular design of tempering or heat strengthening, material costs, installation costs, buildings available in a wide range the glass enamel fuses into the glass electricity costs and durability, as of sizes, allowing the creation of surface and becomes a permanent well as functional features such as the speed of control, possibilities for dimming, and the degree of transparency.

Self cleaning glass Self cleaning glass is a specific type of glass with a nano coating of titanium dioxide surface which keeps itself free of dirt and grime through Figure 3: Etched glass 3: Etched Figure Figure 4: Sand blasted glass 4: Sand Figure

14 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com unique and unconventional shapes. possibilities. Architects use glass PSUs, States etc. Bent glass enhances aesthetics of block walls, partitions and window CPWD has used glass in windows, architectural structures. Bent glass combined for the delicate beauty doors, partitions, interiors and murals, offers significant advantages over and light transmission of glass taking structural glazing and in special normal glass as the thickness of the advantage of the strength of glass applications like solar panels, bullet glass can be significantly reduced blocks. resistance structures etc. In Mumbai, and reduces the overall weight of the following buildings have been Use of Glass in CPWD the structure. recently completed in which glass CPWD undertakes construction Typical applications for bent laminated has been used based on functional works of central government glass include railing systems, elevator requirements only; ministries and departments, central and revolving door enclosures, i. Distance education bldg. (DEB), public sector undertakings, and central skylights and overhead glazing, and MGAHV, Wardha (Fig. 5) autonomous institutions. CPWD interior partitions. Architectural ii. Computer science centre (CSC), undertakes works from the concept to applications include domes, VNIT, Nagpur (Fig. 6) completion stage and thus use of glass aquariums, revolving doors etc. iii. Residential quarters for Income is very important for CPWD. Though Tax department (IT) at BKC, normal use of glass in windows has Fire resistance glass Mumbai (Fig. 7) become necessity, glass has been used In the event of fire, fire resistant The buildings which have been in many other applications by CPWD. glass stops the inflow of oxygen by completed based on aesthetic and In BKC area, CPWD has constructed de-fuelling the fire and thus stops many important buildings like SEBI the spread of flame. It can also building, IDBI building, PNB building, stop spreading of smoke and hot Canara Bank building, Regional toxic gases, can reduce radiant & Passport Office building and Regional conducted heat transmission and Training Institute of CAG. Some of the protect life and guards against buildings are in progress like offices of property loss. Three major goals of Central Bureau of Investigation, and fire resistance glass are life safety, Income tax department. property protection and to continue the required operations. It is used Selection Criterion of 5: DEB MGAHV Figure for fire separation in escape ways, Glass corridors, refuge areas, vertical Selection criterion of use of glass in separation areas like lift lobby, CPWD depends upon; stairwells, atriums, curtain walls etc. i. Functional Bullet resistant glass ii. Aesthetics Special types of bullet and blast iii. Client requirements as per the resistant glass is available that does usage of buildings in the vicinity not shatter, but rather absorbs the

projectile energy, thus protecting Main emphasis of use of glass Figure 6: CSC, VNIT the inhabitants of the structure. in CPWD is given on functional It is basically made by layering a requirements though other two polycarbonate material between factors are also considered on pieces of ordinary glass in a process case to case basis. CPWD along called lamination. with CCPS has also brought out a publication named “Guidelines on Glass blocks Use of Glass in Buildings – Human Glass blocks are extraordinarily Safety” which has been mandated in versatile and available in many the department vide OM No. 129/ aesthetically pleasing sizes and styles SE(TAS) 2007/212 dated 04.08.2009 offering virtually limitless design and 18 State Govt. departments, IT qtrs, 7: Resdl. Figure

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 15 clients requirements based on ii. Income Tax department office buildings constructed in close vicinity building at BKC, Mumbai (Fig. 15) include; CONCLUDING REMARKS i. SEBI building at BKC, Mumbai The contemporary architecture (Fig. 8) is particularly interested in glass, ii. IDBI building at BKC, Mumbai and it is being more extensively (Fig. 9) applied in architecture as a result iii. Canara Bank building at BKC, of improvement in its production Mumbai (Fig. 10) technology. iv. PNB building at BKC, Mumbai Accordingly, there is large number (Fig. 11) of glasses in use today, depending v. Regional Training Institute building on their properties, and application for CAG at BKC, Mumbai (Fig. 12) potential. vi. Regional Passport Building at BKC, For the effective use of glass, it should Mumbai (Fig. 13) Fig. 14: Proposed CBI Building be used judiciously as per climatic The buildings which are under conditions and orientation of the construction include; buildings, considering its functional i. CBI office building at BKC, requirements, comfort conditions, Mumbai (Fig. 14) indoor air quality, energy efficiency, Fig. 15: Proposed IT Office Building Fig. 15: Proposed

fire and human, safety requirements Fig. 9: IDBI Building, Mumbai Fig. 9: IDBI Building, Fig. 8: SEBI Building, Mumbai Fig. 8: SEBI Building, and cost considerations.

REFERENCES 1. Soni, K M and Batra, Usha (2015). CPWD Scenario on glass use in Mumbai. Presentation in the conference “Use of Glass in Buildings – Facades of the Future” during GLASSPEX INDIA 2015, Mumbai http://www.aigmf.com/ past-events.php Fig. 11: PNB Building, Mumbai Fig. 11: PNB Building, Fig. 10: Canara Bank Building, Mumbai 2. CCPS Guidelines on Use of Glass in Buildings - Human Safety 3. http://aigmf.com/CPWD%20%20 Scenario%20on%20%20use%20 of%20Glass%20in%20Mumbai.pdf 4. http://www.glassforeurope.com/en/ products/main-types-of-glass.php 5. http://www.glazette.com/index.php 6. PTI report on Glass industry to touch Rs 340 billion by 2015 by ASSOCHAM, Nov 26, 2013 Fig. 12: RTI Building, Mumbai Mumbai Fig. 12: RTI Building, Fig. 13: RPO Building, Mumbai Fig. 13: RPO Building,

16 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

About The All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation

The All India Glass Manufacturers' Federation was founded in 1944. The Federation is made up of five Regional Associations viz. Eastern India Glass Manufacturers' Association (EIGMA)-Kolkata Northern India Glass Manufacturers' Association (NIGMA)-Haryana South India Glass Manufacturers' Association (SIGMA)-Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh Glass Manufacturers' Syndicate (UPGMS)-Firozabad and Western India Glass Manufacturers' Association (WIGMA)-Mumbai The Federation was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1 of 1956) as a Limited Company on 15-6- 1970. The main aims & objects of the Federation are:-  To encourage, promote and develop the manufacture of glass articles of all kinds and to safeguard and protect the interests of glass industry and glassware business in India.  To form a common link amongst Glass Manufacturers' in India and thus develop a spirit of mutual help and cooperation with one another.  To promote the study and research in Glass Technology.  To consider all matters relating to the manufacture and marketing of glass articles in India and the question of export and import thereof.  To devise ways and means for securing necessary supply of raw materials required for the manufacture of glass articles at comparatively lower prices and thus to decrease the cost of production and increase the national wealth.  To collect necessary information and data and propagate it for the benefit of Glass Industry and trade in India.  To make representations whenever necessary to the Union Government or any unit of the Union of India for the removal of difficulties that might hamper the trade of glass articles or for grant of special facilities for the Glass Industry.  To draw Government or public attention to the difficulties in the way of Glass Industry and to solve other problems confronting it and to solicit their help and support through concerted action.  To organise a united front on behalf of all glass manufacturers and thus strive to gain all those advantages which may not be possible through individual effort. All those engaged in the manufacture of glass and glass articles are enrolled as Ordinary Members of the AIGMF and those associated with the Glass Industry are enrolled as Affiliate Members of the Federation. Almost all glass manufacturers including many in the small scale sector are ‘Ordinary’ members of the Federation. Articles of Association of the AIGMF were amended in September 1992 to enroll foreign companies as Affiliate Members of the Federation ■

AIGMF Secretariat

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 17 Welcomes New Members S. No. Company Name and Address Products 1 Mr. Kunal Mittal Geeta Glass Works Emply Glass Bottles and other Glassware Near Industrial Estate, Firozabad – 283 203 U.P. Tel : +91 9897599707 Email : [email protected] 2 Mr. Syad Junaid Mukarram Crown Glass Industries Glass & Glassware, Flasks etc. Karbala Road, Firozabad – 283 203 (U.P.) Tel : +91 9837380888 Email : [email protected] 3 Mr. Pramod Kumar Garg / Mr. Vivek Garg Jagdamba Glass Works Glass & Glassware, Flasks, Head Light-Covers etc. Near Industrial Estate, Firozabad – 283 203 (U.P.) Tel : +91 9837050690 Email : [email protected]

Membership of the Federation Members of the Federation are classified into two categories; manufacturers of primary glass articles are enrolled as Ordinary Members of the Federation and suppliers to glass industry viz., suppliers of machinery, raw materials, consultants and others connected with glass industry are enrolled as Affiliate Members. Foreign Companies supplying machinery etc., to glass industry are also enrolled as Affiliate Members. membership forms can be downloaded from http://www.aigmf.com/membership.php Members of the Federation are enrolled on the recommendation of Zonal Associations viz.: yy Eastern India Glass Manufacturers' Association (EIGMA) yy Northern India Glass Manufacturers' Association (NIGMA) yy South India Glass Manufacturers' Association (SIGMA) yy Uttar Pradesh Glass Manufacturers' Syndicate (UPGMS) yy Western India Glass Manufacturers' Association (WIGMA)

Admission Fee / Annual Subscription Ordinary Members: -- Admission fee ` 5000/- -- Annual subscription: Single Unit: ` 25,000 + Service Tax as applicable -- More than one Unit: ` 1,00,000 + Service Tax as applicable Affiliate Members: -- Admission fee ` 5000/- -- Annual subscription: ` 10,000 + Service Tax as applicable -- Applicants for enrollment for a period of five years may pay a consolidated amount of ` 45,000 (including admission fee) + Service Tax as applicable Affiliate Members from countries other than India: -- Admission fee US $ 200 -- Annual subscription: US $ 400 + Service Tax as applicable -- Applicants for enrollment for a period of five years may pay a consolidated amount of US $ 1500 (including admission fee) + Service Tax as applicable ■

18 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 WE ARE GLASS PEOPLE www.aigmf.com

HEYE SPEEDLINE IS-MACHINES

HIGH SPEED AT HIGH QUALITY FOR MANY YEARS TO COME

High safety and high usability to protect staff and equipment Clear interfaces for fast installation and exchange of parts Clean design to fulfil HACCP requirements Flexibility through modular design Same core – same variables

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.heye-international.com 19

RZ_HEY_HiP_Speedline_A4_KANCH.indd 1 15.09.14 10:05 20 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com Solar Energy for the Smart City: A Brief Pathfinder Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Bandyopadhyay Technology Consultant & Ex-Principal Govt. College of Engg. & Ceramic Technology West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata [email protected]

Abstract:

In the recent past, there has been a surge in the activity of building construction, particularly in the conclave or block mode and some even giving shape to a sort of mini-city with almost all types of amenities and certain facilities that are needed in modern day living. However, with voluminous activities in this field, there is now a ‘specific demand’ forSmart ‘ Cities’ with a considerable portion of business activities that further requires more energy than that need for modern housing alone. Ultimately, the core issue is “energy”, more particularly “clean” or “renewable” energy. This is the subject matter of this article, where a brief review is given on solar power industry that must be considered for building ‘Smart Cities’.

INTRODUCTION of suitable type of ‘construction Taiwan), (c) sewage system (like in S. As a primary concern to AIGMF materials’ or components. This was Korea), (d) safety and security system and other relevant organizations also compounded by the lack of with smart cameras and sensors, (e) or people, glass is a very important business interest by the well-known use of normal ‘float’ glass as doors material for the ‘building construction group of industries, who did not and windows [3] as well as photo- industry’ for many decades in India. even venture into this field. Since reflective glasses as in E-Glass [4] and Some articles have also been written that period of time, there has been a different types of “facades” consistent in Kanch, as in Ref. [1,2], during the sea-change in the mindset of various with the quality and safety norms for last few years on this issue. Many industrial groups, obviously with a modern buildings [5], (f) distribution years ago, say 25 to 30 years ago, lot of ‘investment’ into this sphere of system of residential apartments or people used to do construction of activity. Only, in 2013-14, the Govt. of commercial offices, (g) employment residential or commercial buildings – India has been seriously talking about generation and recruitment system, mostly in isolation in discrete plots of large parcels of land in a new area to etc.; the last one being very land in and around large or medium be able to construct ‘smart cities’. important as the number and quality sized cities in India. Although, In the language of the modern day of employment will primarily drive there were few who constructed a information technology (IT), ‘smart the “performance” of a ‘smart city’. bunch of buildings together (called cities immediately mean a lot of clean For example, it is observed in many ‘building complex’), depending on industry providing jobs and residential new office/housing complexes, the the availability of a suitable size complexes that conform to the basic employees from IT and related fields of land. However, in those years, norms of IT in terms of automation of openly eating in shanty shops/eateries mostly this type of activity was badly various systems or functions of a city. where no consideration is given to basic organized or very much unregulated For example: (a) transport system hygiene and sanitation. While these with scant regard to environmental (like in Singapore or similar cities), issues are taken into consideration, issues. Also, there was a shortage (b) waste disposal system (like in the “energy” remains the main focus

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 21 area, as described recently in several ‘energy producing community’ that every country pointing at Sunny days articles in Kanch and elsewhere [6-8]. will gauge the incremental effect and for solar power. For example, the In the present article, mainly its ‘growth impact’ further. Already changes in solar panel technology solar power will be discussed as a in the lead as the fastest-growing are making solar power installations ‘pathfinder’ for making a significant clean and renewable energy source easier, quicker, and cheaper. That’s impression or rather contribution in America, solar power is growing why we see how solar power has towards creating smaller modern to account for 29% of new American grown and changed in recent years. cities with a possibility of enlarging electricity, trailing just behind natural In 2006, a solar panel installation was them to a larger dimension – not only gas at 46%. Surely, this should give occurring every 80 minutes. Now, a with all the modern amenities and enough motivation to our domestic solar power system is being set up special facilities – but also a supply companies to aggressively pursue the every 4 minutes. By 2016 it will be of plenty of energy. If such amount route to solar energy. This assumes every 80 seconds. With the reduction of energy is produced through the more importance as the government is in time of installation, the cost should solar route, then the impact on the seriously trying to make ‘smart cities’. be reduced correspondingly. With environment will be minimal – as Solar Power is spreading its way the cost of solar power installations the so-called environmentalists across every corner of America, but falling, and already down almost 10% go against the use of glasses in the for now California is still in the lead from last year, it can be safely said building construction industry. In for new installations. More than half that the industry is growing rapidly. In this respect, a good ‘collaboration’ of last year’s solar power growth the last year, solar power observed a between AIGMF and CCPS would was from California alone, generating massive 41% increase in installations. be an essential component in giving 2,621 MW. Not far behind California In the previous 18 months, the a constant guidance as well as new were Arizona at 421 MW, and North growth of solar power outweighed its ideas to the government for achieving Carolina at 335 MW. Together, these progress in the last 30 years. That’s the success in making ‘smart cities’. states, with Massachusetts and New commendable and definitely worth a Jersey in the north-east made 81% mention in this context. SCENARIO IN THE USA of the 2013 installations (see for Concurrent activity in the field of Before embarking on the issue of use example, SEIA and GTM Research reducing cost by developing ‘innovative of solar power, the relevant details on studies). Markets for each state still methods and technologies’, more the scenario in the international arena have plenty of room to grow. and more plants are coming up. As need to be described here in brief to It is said that while 2017 will be a a result, two-thirds of all the solar insist on the point that “solar power critical year, as the “tax credit” in the projects worldwide, i.e. 66%, were is making a splash in very recent USA is dropping from 30% to 10% built in the past two and a half years periods”. This renewable power is for solar power, unless the Federal — the same proportion holds true in growing at such a rate that it had its Government does something special the USA. Surprisingly, in 2011, after hottest year for growth in the history during the coming years. Moreover, 40 years of solar power, the total of solar power, and the future still this disincentive even would not installations still stood at only 50 GW. looks bright. For example, last year put a stop to the growth of solar By 2012, they had doubled to more in the context of USA, solar activity installations. Now, there are already than 100 GW. By 2015, the size of is beating the ‘tech company average’ enough solar panel installations to global solar power should exceed 200 as an industry – according to a Forbes power more than 20 lakh homes, and GW, considering the completion of Magazine study on the top 25 growing solar power is just starting to really many on-going projects. The US had business: Google, Amazon, Facebook ramp up. If things keep going this 930 MW of solar power installations and Apple grew by 30, 32, 38 and 39% way, solar power might affect energy in the third quarter of 2013 alone. respectively – whereas the growth of companies the way the internet Now, it has more than 12 GW of solar solar power was even higher than impacted the newspaper industry. power and is one of top 5 countries “Apple” at 40% (only, LinkedIn grew in the world to pass that mark; this faster than solar power). So, the solar The Cost Factor and Growth will be discussed in the next issue of power is the ‘state champion’. The cost of solar power installation is Kanch. While much of solar power It is also useful to compare the strategic also important, as there is a massive still relies on the state subsidies, 51% position of solar energy within the effort to reduce the overall cost in of California’s residential PV systems

22 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com were installed without assistance ‘solar-thermal’ plants in the same at present, and the country’s coal from California’s Solar Initiative. decision, reducing its 2015 target imports actually hit a record high in the For the above speed of activity, in to 100 MW of capacity from 1,080 last fiscal year. With the introduction order to top it up, the marketing MW originally. Rather than producing of rationalization of auction process efforts are also accelerated to a great electricity from solar photovoltaic for ‘coal blocks’, the situation might extent. GTM research forecasts that cells, solar-thermal plants use mirrors improve a little bit on the ‘balance of more than $1 billion will be spent by to concentrate massive amounts of payments’ front. However, as a result, the solar power industry to acquire sunlight on a single point, thus heating India’s smog problem comes closer to customers. This will account for about water to steam that drives electricity- that of the rival China’s, and the use 10% of the total cost of installations. generating turbines. Only one of the of combined fossil fuel of the two In order to stay competitive, top solar eight solar-thermal projects India had countries has made Asia the biggest panel companies are working hard scheduled for completion last year is territorial emitter of carbon dioxide to have the best sales and marketing finished, while the other seven have in the world. On top of that, acquiring processes. There are still lots of room faced delays and cost overruns. coal supplies is becoming both a for innovation in this space. India’s push for solar has not come more costly endeavour for India without a few other bumps. The and a less reliable one. This caution INDIAN SCENARIO JNNSM raised the ire of American on the environment has been duly There is a market-buzz that India is officials by requiring that half of the mentioned several times in the articles said to be making a target of 1000 solar components purchased to in Kanch during the last few years, MW solar capacity addition for 2015. meet the target come from domestic while writing about solar energy and Among many regions, Delhi Capital Indian suppliers. More recently, energy efficient buildings with E-glass. Region (DCR) badly needs solar Phase II of the JNNSM expanded that Climate change driven by humanity’s power and it will be interesting to requirement to the purchase of thin carbon emissions is also a serious know the capacity of DCR to be added film solar panels, which the USA often issue for India: the latest Climate in the new target. India seems to have exports to India. USA representatives Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) just increased the amount of solar say that the requirement violates determined the country is facing power plant licenses it plans to award trade agreements between the “extreme risk” from the droughts, next year by 30% — a move that adds two countries under World Trade floods, sea level rise, and the extreme one additional GW of capacity to the Organization (WTO) rules. India and storms that global warming will bring. government’s 2015 target. the USA have little time left to reach As there is a massive effort in terms The push is part of India’s “J. N. an agreement, before the WTO could of international conferences and National Solar Mission (JNNSM)”. The move into this matter to resolve the meetings all over the world, India has goal is to install 10 GW of solar by 2017 dispute. to do something tangible to reduce and 20 GW by 2022. India’s current With the “Make in India” mission carbon emission with due regards to solar capacity now stands at 2.18 GW in place by the present government, climate change issues. — part of 27 GW of overall renewable it is clear that India has to create The New Concept capacity that includes wind and domestic manufacturing capacities. The fact that energy systems must go hydropower — after it added one GW India must create more capacities, non-conventional is quite apparent. of solar installations over the course by considering our future needs, But to do it in a manner that would of 2013. This appears to be rather like China has done so to keep their be cost-effective and actually bear slower, but efforts are being made to business mission in tact a long time returns on investment would be the augment it to a greater extent. This ago. This is a serious policy matter, challenge. Sometimes, we may not would also allow India to gain slightly where there seems to be not much think of a ‘return on investment’ as on the ‘carbon credit’ front, in terms of option left. Otherwise, we will end up we normally do for other businesses. international recognition for showing importing for the rest of our lives that However, the cost-effectiveness is lesser reliance on the fossil fuel (mainly will have contradiction with the above definitely an important issue. A new coal) to generate our energy needs. slogan for the domestic industry. concept, such as “Pay as you Save” is However, the Indian government It is known that 66% of India’s a concept that has found its place also down-scaled its target for electricity comes from burning coal in promoting solar energy in the

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 23 first the actual scenario is shown in case of the USA in some details that could be considered as benchmark for India, e.g. California Solar Initiative (CSI), and it could also give us a great motivation for our development in this nascent field. By describing briefly the cost aspect and concurrent growth with its vast potential, the solar energy scenario in India is discussed with some newer development for solar heating installations for different industries. It is quite clear that there is a strong need to change our pace of city, and is generating quite a bit of harnessing solar energy for industrial development to augment the capacity enthusiasm. This concept in terms purposes is yet to gain currency of solar power plants further for the of a simple payment mechanism, mainly due to the involvement of betterment of our projects on ‘smart as practiced by some investors and huge capital costs and it also suffers cities’ in general, glass industry in entrepreneurs, is becoming quite from poor efficiency. This is where particular. popular. It is also devised as a clever the ‘rooftop solar thermal power strategy for future business growth. system’, which has been installed in REFERENCES Padi, can be employed for heating The company has to chip in with operations, and also this type of 1) A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “Transparency a portion of capital amount of the in Float Glass and some Applications”, system obviously comes in handy. The total budget after deducting the Kanch, Vol. 2 [3], (2014), 37-40. rooftop solar thermal power system subsidy quotient. The remaining is a technology used for high degree 2) Shashi Kant, “Glass -- Indispensable capital amount would be paid as a heating in several industries including Building Material”, Kanch, Vol. 5 fixed monthly amount equivalent to [4], (2012), 21-25. milk, automobile, electroplating and price per kWh for a period of 5 to chemical. Each of these industries 3) A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “Technology 10 years. This scheme, called “Pay as is also a great consumer of container of Float Glass Process”, Kanch, you Save”, seems to be a very good Vol. 5 [3], (2012), 33-36. and other glasses, and hence it is deal and a company called Aspiration of concern to AIGMF. A picture of 4) A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “E-glass as an Energy has ventured into this arena, “Rooftop Solar Thermal Power Important Component in Building where others are also trying for a System” is shown above, which is not Construction”, Kanch, Vol. 2 [4], meaningful entry. Industries have (2015), 32-36. only more efficient but also achieve been keen on taking this up, in order considerable savings. 5) A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “Glass to achieve substantial savings in Safety for Building Construction energy expenditure. By comparing the positive aspects of and Environmental Protection”, the ‘solar thermal power system’ to Kanch, Vol. 2 [5], (2015), 21-25. This has worked very well in the the PV cells both cost- and efficiency- 630 KW heating plant installed in 6) E. Lorenzo et al., “Solar Electricity: wise, it can be pointed out that the Wheels India plant at Padi. Every Engineering of Photovoltaic cost works out to only Rs. 3/kWh year, an amount of about Rs. 49 lacs Systems”, 1994, (Progensa: Seville, and gives 100% heating efficiency, Spain), 340. was saved on furnace oil. No wonder whereas the efficiency level of PV the concerned industry is convinced 7) S. Das and A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “A cells is around 15%; although there that the system was way ahead of Perspective on Renewable Energy are all-out efforts in increasing the and Solar Photovoltaic Power conventional heating technology that efficiency of the PV cells by some Plants”, Kanch, Vol. 2 [4], (2015), uses furnace oil. innovative methods. 21-25. The above type of new concept 8) A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “Photovoltaic CONCLUSIONS in getting customers interested in Effect and Solar Energy: A Brief such “win-win” ventures becomes After depicting the importance of Perspective – Part I”, Kanch, Vol. effective. This is due to the fact that by solar energy in creating ‘smart cities’, 2 [5], (2015), 27-31

24 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 25 ExportCOVER STORY Te mpl EXPORTes TEMPLES of Ind OF iINDIAa

a walk down the ‘Bohran Gali’ market Firozabad in the city and shops full of resplendent bangle colours will lure you towards them. Racks with bangles, which are moved frequently through the lane, is a THIS WAY UP. fascinating sight. ALL IS NOT WELL Although Firozabad is considered a lu- HANDLE crative glass export hub, the ground reality is that FY2016 is proving to be a challenging year for exporters in the WITH CARE. glass trade. Factors such as cut-throat competition from countries such as Call it the government's apathy towards it or its resistance to change, Firozabad – China and Vietnam, increase in gas and India's biggest glass cluster – is slowly losing its sheen. But still, it's not all doom and soda ash prices and changes in the duty drawback structure have all played a role gloom. The trend can be reversed. All that this city requires is a radically formulated in slashing profit margins. “Earlier we sip of change and, of course, a little push from the government to binge on success! were working on a margin of about 14% This mecca of NEAREST PORT / ICD: ICD TUGHLAKABAD (230 KM) I NEAREST AIRPORT: KHERIA AIRPORT, AGRA (51 KM) (7% duty drawback and 7% from Focus NEAREST RAILWAY STATION: FIROZABAD RAILWAY STATION (2 KM) Market Scheme; FMS). Now, we are find- ‘all things glass’ By Neha Dewan ing it difficult to break-even. FMS is not flaunts its there anymore for us and drawback has t’s a busy day at work at Jagdamba Globally, the demand is low and compet- er vases, all size candle stands, princely also been revised from 7% to 3%, accord- craftsmanship Glass Works’ (JGW) factory unit ing with China is increasingly becoming chandeliers and cut glass table lamps – ing to the categories. We are 30% down with élan! in Firozabad. As you walk along, fierce. Their quality is better and costs you name it and you see it! this time as compared to last year and it awed with the way it all unfolds are lower. More incentives from the gov- Historically, Firozabad was known as is a worrisome situation,” laments Anuj before the eyes, you can see a bevy ernment alone can help to change the Chandwar Nagar. The town derived its Jain, Partner at Amita International, a of workers lining up the various stages of dismal scenario,” says Vivek Garg, Man- name Firozabad after it was given as an Firozabad based company which man- Ithe glass manufacturing process – cut- aging Partner, Jagdamba Glass Works. estate to Firoz Shah, a general in Akbar’s ufactures and exports glass handicrafts. ting, blowing, making, et al. court. During this period, many glass ar- Good news for Jain, the government has JGW, which has primarily been man- ROYAL CONNECT ticles were brought to this region. A few recently introduced changes in the MEIS ufacturing double walled glass liners This industrial town of Uttar Pradesh – when rejected were melted and moulded scheme, which can be taken advantage of used in vacuum flasks, is seeing a slow more popularly christened as the ‘Glass in local furnaces. And that marked the by export-manufacturers like Amita Intl. movement this year. “At least 70% of the City of India’ is a renowned name in the beginning of glass industry in Firozabad. And then there are other factors. company's business is from exports. We business. Located just 40 km from Agra, The industry here received patronage Prices of gas and soda ash – the main export glass refills to countries such as this mecca of ‘all things glass’ flaunts its during the Mughal era and the town Brazil, Europe and China. But the de- craftsmanship with élan. From fancy developed into a glass-making centre, mand is seeing a slow patch at present. bangles and wine glasses to pretty flow- manufacturing lamps, chandeliers, trin- kets for the royal courts. Today, Firozabad houses more than 400 Well established brand in Technology not at par small-scale units engaged in the production international market with global standards GLEAMING BUSINESS of glass articles that find their way to the Today, Firozabad houses more than 400 domestic and export markets. Availability of Low or limited capacity small-scale units engaged in the produc- skilled labour S W Dominance of tion of glass articles that find their way STRENGTHS Diversified WEAKNESSES unorganised sector to both domestic and export markets. By product range rough estimates, Firozabad accounts for almost 70% of the total glass production in the country. Generating employment Scope for further Intense competition from diversification China and Vietnam for lakhs of people, this cluster is the big- gest glass industry cluster in India. MEIS incentives Increasing labour and Apart from decorative household increased for some raw material costs O product categories T items of glass, Firozabad is also famous OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Taj Trapezium Zone as the ‘City of Bangles’ with at least 150 High global (TTZ) bangle-making and decoration units ca- demand Although Firozabad is considered a lucrative glass export hub, the ground reality is that tering to the domestic demand. In fact, FY2015-16 is proving to be a challenging year for exporters in the glass trade.

44 THE DOLLAR BUSINESS II AUGUST 2015 AUGUST 2015 II THE DOLLAR BUSINESS 45 26 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

COVER STORY EXPORT TEMPLES OF INDIA

a walk down the ‘Bohran Gali’ market Firozabad in the city and shops full of resplendent bangle colours will lure you towards them. Racks with bangles, which are moved frequently through the lane, is a THIS WAY UP. fascinating sight. ALL IS NOT WELL Although Firozabad is considered a lu- HANDLE crative glass export hub, the ground reality is that FY2016 is proving to be a challenging year for exporters in the WITH CARE. glass trade. Factors such as cut-throat competition from countries such as Call it the government's apathy towards it or its resistance to change, Firozabad – China and Vietnam, increase in gas and India's biggest glass cluster – is slowly losing its sheen. But still, it's not all doom and soda ash prices and changes in the duty drawback structure have all played a role gloom. The trend can be reversed. All that this city requires is a radically formulated in slashing profit margins. “Earlier we sip of change and, of course, a little push from the government to binge on success! were working on a margin of about 14% This mecca of NEAREST PORT / ICD: ICD TUGHLAKABAD (230 KM) I NEAREST AIRPORT: KHERIA AIRPORT, AGRA (51 KM) (7% duty drawback and 7% from Focus NEAREST RAILWAY STATION: FIROZABAD RAILWAY STATION (2 KM) Market Scheme; FMS). Now, we are find- ‘all things glass’ By Neha Dewan ing it difficult to break-even. FMS is not flaunts its there anymore for us and drawback has t’s a busy day at work at Jagdamba Globally, the demand is low and compet- er vases, all size candle stands, princely also been revised from 7% to 3%, accord- craftsmanship Glass Works’ (JGW) factory unit ing with China is increasingly becoming chandeliers and cut glass table lamps – ing to the categories. We are 30% down with élan! in Firozabad. As you walk along, fierce. Their quality is better and costs you name it and you see it! this time as compared to last year and it awed with the way it all unfolds are lower. More incentives from the gov- Historically, Firozabad was known as is a worrisome situation,” laments Anuj before the eyes, you can see a bevy ernment alone can help to change the Chandwar Nagar. The town derived its Jain, Partner at Amita International, a of workers lining up the various stages of dismal scenario,” says Vivek Garg, Man- name Firozabad after it was given as an Firozabad based company which man- Ithe glass manufacturing process – cut- aging Partner, Jagdamba Glass Works. estate to Firoz Shah, a general in Akbar’s ufactures and exports glass handicrafts. ting, blowing, making, et al. court. During this period, many glass ar- Good news for Jain, the government has JGW, which has primarily been man- ROYAL CONNECT ticles were brought to this region. A few recently introduced changes in the MEIS ufacturing double walled glass liners This industrial town of Uttar Pradesh – when rejected were melted and moulded scheme, which can be taken advantage of used in vacuum flasks, is seeing a slow more popularly christened as the ‘Glass in local furnaces. And that marked the by export-manufacturers like Amita Intl. movement this year. “At least 70% of the City of India’ is a renowned name in the beginning of glass industry in Firozabad. And then there are other factors. company's business is from exports. We business. Located just 40 km from Agra, The industry here received patronage Prices of gas and soda ash – the main export glass refills to countries such as this mecca of ‘all things glass’ flaunts its during the Mughal era and the town Brazil, Europe and China. But the de- craftsmanship with élan. From fancy developed into a glass-making centre, mand is seeing a slow patch at present. bangles and wine glasses to pretty flow- manufacturing lamps, chandeliers, trin- kets for the royal courts. Today, Firozabad houses more than 400 Well established brand in Technology not at par small-scale units engaged in the production international market with global standards GLEAMING BUSINESS of glass articles that find their way to the Today, Firozabad houses more than 400 domestic and export markets. Availability of Low or limited capacity small-scale units engaged in the produc- skilled labour S W Dominance of tion of glass articles that find their way STRENGTHS Diversified WEAKNESSES unorganised sector to both domestic and export markets. By product range rough estimates, Firozabad accounts for almost 70% of the total glass production in the country. Generating employment Scope for further Intense competition from diversification China and Vietnam for lakhs of people, this cluster is the big- gest glass industry cluster in India. MEIS incentives Increasing labour and Apart from decorative household increased for some raw material costs O product categories T items of glass, Firozabad is also famous OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Taj Trapezium Zone as the ‘City of Bangles’ with at least 150 High global (TTZ) bangle-making and decoration units ca- demand Although Firozabad is considered a lucrative glass export hub, the ground reality is that tering to the domestic demand. In fact, FY2015-16 is proving to be a challenging year for exporters in the glass trade.

44 THE DOLLAR BUSINESS II AUGUST 2015 AUGUST 2015 II THE DOLLAR BUSINESS 45 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 27 COVER STORYOriginally EXPORT TEMPLES published OF INDIA in The Dollar Business magazine

raw material used in glass manufactur- GREENER PASTURES we are dealing with over 70% items in tells The Dollar Business. anti-dumping duty should be imposed ing – have gone up considerably. “We In order to counter the challenges, a few mosaic. The handicraft item that we are This apart, most industry observers on glass imported from China. It will are not able to match the prices offered are changing track to check what works. dealing in is not manufactured in China. and exporters are of the view that China not only safeguard the interest of do- by other countries, particularly China, Some exporters of handicraft glassware And the one manufactured in Turkey is has scaled up primarily due to favourable mestic players, but will also give exports Vietnam and Taiwan. Prices are at least are switching to production of liquor at least 3-4 times more expensive than government policies that have aided its the needed boost. “Despite sitting in the 30-40% lesser in these countries. And bottles where they see robust demand. the one made in India,” avers Priyank growth. “There is a place in China called glass city, we are importing glasswares since gas prices almost doubled last year, While some others are exploring new Gupta of Gupta Glass House. Yiwu, where nearly 200 shops have been from China and selling them here. How the raw material cost has gone up by destinations for their products. For in- set by the government. Such initiatives much sense does this make? If you want 30-40%. However, at the same time, we stance, Jagdamba Glass Works is ventur- VOICES OF DISSENT help greatly in boosting both exports to ‘Make in India’ then provide the basic have not been able to increase our prices ing into newer geographies. “We usually The industry, however, is unanimous and domestic sales. Similar initiatives facilities that encourage manufacturing,” owing to the slump in the international receive export orders worth Rs.15-20 on the front that government incentives can really help in reviving the industry's asserts Jain. An upgradation in tech- market,” Sanjay Agarwal, Treasurer, All crore annually. It is the same this year and support is surely lacking at present growth” adds Agarwal of AIGMF. nology to meet qualitative international India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation too. Although the demand is low, we and is an absolute must if growth has to standards, removal of infrastructur- (AIGMF) tells The Dollar Business. have explored other markets such as be back on track. “We are bringing in A SILVER LINING al bottlenecks that deter buyers and The city’s location is also playing Turkey and parts of EU which has helped foreign currency for the country, so we The bottomline is that a concerted ef- improving the quality of education spoilsport. Firozabad falls under the Taj us retain export revenues,” says Garg. should be given some incentives. Small fort – from both the government and collectively can help give Firozabad the Trapezium Zone (TTZ) which does not Then there are other exporters such exporters, particularly, are in bad shape the industry – needs to be made to push much-needed facelift. If all this becomes allow the use of charcoal in the area, as as Gupta Glass House who are relying at present. They should be offered ade- Firozabad back on the growth trajecto- a reality, India’s glass city can certainly per the Supreme Court’s directives. This more on their diversified product port- quate support from the government that ry. When it comes to counter competi- relive those “glory days”! has made life more difficult for manufac- folio and as such do not find much com- can back up their survival in such a vol- tion from China, some of the leading turers and exporters of glassware. petition from China. “In our company, atile market,” Jain of Amita International players in the glass industry feel that an [email protected] “GOVT. DUTIES “IF EVERY- TDB: Glass exports, this year, from EXIST AT vised for the last 15 years. No margins TDB: How lucrative is Firozabad as a THING GETS national market volatility, competition Firozabad is witnessing a significant exist at present. Rumour is that the small glass export hub? from China and currency fluctuation drop. What factors are responsible for EVERY STEP exporters will not get any drawback or Priyank Gupta (PG): There is no dearth AUTOMATED, have all contributed to this drop. the decline in exports? AND ADD UP incentive from the government. They of opportunities here. Firozabad's glass THE ART OF Sanjay Agarwal (SA): In Firozabad, we want to do away with the small-scale industry has immense growth potential. TDB: What kind of competition is the manufacture several varieties of glass, but TO THE businesses which is very surprising. Peo- Labour is cheap and raw material is easily FIROZABAD industry facing from China? it's the glass handicrafts that are exported PRODUCTION ple in Firozabad are currently exporting available. Roughly 50% of the industrial WILL TAKE A PG: There is cut-throat competition the most. This year has been particularly COST” only on the drawback. This industry is land is owned by Uttar Pradesh State In- HIT” from China. Firozabad no longer enjoys bad as we are not able to match the prices slowly perishing as we are not able to dustrial Development Corporation (UP- a monopoly in the international market offered by other countries, particularly compete. In fact, the manufacturers in SIDC). Availability of private land is also as cheap Chinese products have made China, Vietnam and Taiwan. Prices are at least 30-40% lesser in Firozabad are facing severe survival crisis these days. Further, not an issue. Naturally, costs and processes would vary largely. serious inroads into it. A drinking glass that was once a ma- these countries. And since gas prices almost doubled last year, since the area falls in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) area – Unfinished glass and chemicals are mainly coming from Delhi jor selling product from Firozabad no longer exists. There is a the raw material cost has gone up by 30-40%. Labour prices too there is a restriction on new units. You cannot expand your and Ghaziabad. There is no inconvenience in terms of infra- world of a difference between our glass products and the ones have increased. However, at the same time, we have not been capacity nor build any new unit. This is hindering the growth structure since we have learnt to work around issues including manufactured in China, both in terms of quality and design. able to increase our prices owing to the slump in the interna- of the industry. electricity, which is a problem in most parts of the state. Their glass is 10 times stronger than our glass! This apart, mush- tional market which dampened consumer spending, resulting rooming automated factories will end up spoiling the market. If in fewer orders for the exporters. TDB: Is the industry getting enough support when it comes TDB: The technology used here is not at par with inter- everything gets automated, the art of Firozabad will take a hit. to soda ash and gas, which constitute almost 60% of your national standards. Don't you think this is the major hin- TDB: How have government policies and taxes impacted the production cost? drance in the industry's growth? TDB: What efforts are being made to ramp up demand? industry in Firozabad? SA: Till 2012, we were allotted 11 lakh cubic me- PG: Yes, this is true. The reason is simple. There PG: We are going by ‘wait-and-watch’ policy. We SA: Excise duty on handicrafts is present only in ters of subsidised natural gas every day. But since is no support from the government. Firozabad will go by how things shape up in October. If re- India. Duties exist at each and every step in the then, under the new uniform price mechanism, doesn’t enjoy any facility or financial support from covery doesn’t happen during October fair, the process and add up to the costs. We are paying the gas prices have almost doubled. Soda ash is anoth- the government when it comes to upgrade tech- entire cycle will get disrupted. We will see the re- highest VAT – 14%. The natural gas in some of the er major problem area. In India, it is manufactured nology in glass making as can be seen in China. sponse to assess if the sentiments have improved. states is VATable whereas in UP it isn’t VATable. So by only three players – GHCL, Tata Chemicals and Only then we can decide if we have to introduce there is a direct difference of about 10% in cost of NIRMA. These three, time and again, get together TDB: How have the export volumes turned out any new category or to bring changes in some other manufacturers and us. We had approached and increase the prices. This time they have in- for you in FY2014-15? items. So far, we have not got any negative feed- the UP government too but nothing has been done creased it by at least 30%. Production cost is going PG: The export demand is down by at least 50% back from the buyers. But if the situation persists, so far. Even the container subsidy has not been re- up but we can't increase our selling prices. this year. Our business has almost halved. Inter- we will approach them more aggressively.

SANJAY AGARWAL PRIYANK GUPTA TREASURER, THE ALL INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ FEDERATION (AIGMF) OWNER, GUPTA GLASS HOUSE, FIROZABAD

28 46Kanch THE DOLLAR | Vol BUSINESS3 | No. 2 II |AUGUST July-September 2015 2015 AUGUST 2015 II THE DOLLAR BUSINESS 47 www.aigmf.com

COVER STORY EXPORT TEMPLES OF INDIA I Vol.2 I Issue 08 I August 2015 I www.thedollarbusiness.com I raw material used in glass manufactur- GREENER PASTURES we are dealing with over 70% items in tells The Dollar Business. anti-dumping duty should be imposed ing – have gone up considerably. “We In order to counter the challenges, a few mosaic. The handicraft item that we are This apart, most industry observers on glass imported from China. It will are not able to match the prices offered are changing track to check what works. dealing in is not manufactured in China. and exporters are of the view that China not only safeguard the interest of do- by other countries, particularly China, Some exporters of handicraft glassware And the one manufactured in Turkey is has scaled up primarily due to favourable mestic players, but will also give exports Vietnam and Taiwan. Prices are at least are switching to production of liquor at least 3-4 times more expensive than government policies that have aided its the needed boost. “Despite sitting in the 30-40% lesser in these countries. And bottles where they see robust demand. the one made in India,” avers Priyank growth. “There is a place in China called glass city, we are importing glasswares since gas prices almost doubled last year, While some others are exploring new Gupta of Gupta Glass House. Yiwu, where nearly 200 shops have been from China and selling them here. How the raw material cost has gone up by destinations for their products. For in- set by the government. Such initiatives much sense does this make? If you want 30-40%. However, at the same time, we stance, Jagdamba Glass Works is ventur- VOICES OF DISSENT help greatly in boosting both exports to ‘Make in India’ then provide the basic have not been able to increase our prices ing into newer geographies. “We usually The industry, however, is unanimous and domestic sales. Similar initiatives facilities that encourage manufacturing,” owing to the slump in the international receive export orders worth Rs.15-20 on the front that government incentives can really help in reviving the industry's asserts Jain. An upgradation in tech- market,” Sanjay Agarwal, Treasurer, All crore annually. It is the same this year and support is surely lacking at present growth” adds Agarwal of AIGMF. nology to meet qualitative international India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation too. Although the demand is low, we and is an absolute must if growth has to standards, removal of infrastructur- (AIGMF) tells The Dollar Business. have explored other markets such as be back on track. “We are bringing in A SILVER LINING al bottlenecks that deter buyers and The city’s location is also playing Turkey and parts of EU which has helped foreign currency for the country, so we The bottomline is that a concerted ef- improving the quality of education spoilsport. Firozabad falls under the Taj us retain export revenues,” says Garg. should be given some incentives. Small fort – from both the government and collectively can help give Firozabad the Trapezium Zone (TTZ) which does not Then there are other exporters such exporters, particularly, are in bad shape the industry – needs to be made to push much-needed facelift. If all this becomes allow the use of charcoal in the area, as as Gupta Glass House who are relying at present. They should be offered ade- Firozabad back on the growth trajecto- a reality, India’s glass city can certainly per the Supreme Court’s directives. This more on their diversified product port- quate support from the government that ry. When it comes to counter competi- relive those “glory days”! has made life more difficult for manufac- folio and as such do not find much com- can back up their survival in such a vol- tion from China, some of the leading turers and exporters of glassware. petition from China. “In our company, atile market,” Jain of Amita International players in the glass industry feel that an [email protected] “GOVT. DUTIES “IF EVERY- TDB: Glass exports, this year, from EXIST AT vised for the last 15 years. No margins TDB: How lucrative is Firozabad as a THING GETS national market volatility, competition Firozabad is witnessing a significant exist at present. Rumour is that the small glass export hub? from China and currency fluctuation drop. What factors are responsible for EVERY STEP exporters will not get any drawback or Priyank Gupta (PG): There is no dearth AUTOMATED, have all contributed to this drop. the decline in exports? AND ADD UP incentive from the government. They of opportunities here. Firozabad's glass THE ART OF Sanjay Agarwal (SA): In Firozabad, we want to do away with the small-scale industry has immense growth potential. TDB: What kind of competition is the manufacture several varieties of glass, but TO THE businesses which is very surprising. Peo- Labour is cheap and raw material is easily FIROZABAD industry facing from China? it's the glass handicrafts that are exported PRODUCTION ple in Firozabad are currently exporting available. Roughly 50% of the industrial WILL TAKE A PG: There is cut-throat competition the most. This year has been particularly COST” only on the drawback. This industry is land is owned by Uttar Pradesh State In- HIT” from China. Firozabad no longer enjoys bad as we are not able to match the prices slowly perishing as we are not able to dustrial Development Corporation (UP- a monopoly in the international market offered by other countries, particularly compete. In fact, the manufacturers in SIDC). Availability of private land is also as cheap Chinese products have made China, Vietnam and Taiwan. Prices are at least 30-40% lesser in Firozabad are facing severe survival crisis these days. Further, not an issue. Naturally, costs and processes would vary largely. serious inroads into it. A drinking glass that was once a ma- these countries. And since gas prices almost doubled last year, since the area falls in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) area – Unfinished glass and chemicals are mainly coming from Delhi jor selling product from Firozabad no longer exists. There is a the raw material cost has gone up by 30-40%. Labour prices too there is a restriction on new units. You cannot expand your and Ghaziabad. There is no inconvenience in terms of infra- world of a difference between our glass products and the ones have increased. However, at the same time, we have not been capacity nor build any new unit. This is hindering the growth structure since we have learnt to work around issues including manufactured in China, both in terms of quality and design. able to increase our prices owing to the slump in the interna- of the industry. electricity, which is a problem in most parts of the state. Their glass is 10 times stronger than our glass! This apart, mush- tional market which dampened consumer spending, resulting rooming automated factories will end up spoiling the market. If in fewer orders for the exporters. TDB: Is the industry getting enough support when it comes TDB: The technology used here is not at par with inter- everything gets automated, the art of Firozabad will take a hit. to soda ash and gas, which constitute almost 60% of your national standards. Don't you think this is the major hin- TDB: How have government policies and taxes impacted the production cost? drance in the industry's growth? TDB: What efforts are being made to ramp up demand? industry in Firozabad? SA: Till 2012, we were allotted 11 lakh cubic me- PG: Yes, this is true. The reason is simple. There PG: We are going by ‘wait-and-watch’ policy. We SA: Excise duty on handicrafts is present only in ters of subsidised natural gas every day. But since is no support from the government. Firozabad will go by how things shape up in October. If re- India. Duties exist at each and every step in the then, under the new uniform price mechanism, doesn’t enjoy any facility or financial support from covery doesn’t happen during October fair, the process and add up to the costs. We are paying the gas prices have almost doubled. Soda ash is anoth- the government when it comes to upgrade tech- entire cycle will get disrupted. We will see the re- highest VAT – 14%. The natural gas in some of the er major problem area. In India, it is manufactured nology in glass making as can be seen in China. sponse to assess if the sentiments have improved. states is VATable whereas in UP it isn’t VATable. So by only three players – GHCL, Tata Chemicals and Only then we can decide if we have to introduce there is a direct difference of about 10% in cost of NIRMA. These three, time and again, get together TDB: How have the export volumes turned out any new category or to bring changes in some other manufacturers and us. We had approached and increase the prices. This time they have in- for you in FY2014-15? items. So far, we have not got any negative feed- the UP government too but nothing has been done creased it by at least 30%. Production cost is going PG: The export demand is down by at least 50% back from the buyers. But if the situation persists, so far. Even the container subsidy has not been re- up but we can't increase our selling prices. this year. Our business has almost halved. Inter- we will approach them more aggressively.

SANJAY AGARWAL PRIYANK GUPTA TREASURER, THE ALL INDIA GLASS MANUFACTURERS’ FEDERATION (AIGMF) OWNER, GUPTA GLASS HOUSE, FIROZABAD

46 THE DOLLAR BUSINESS II AUGUST 2015 Kanch | Vol AUGUST3 | No. 2015 2 | July-SeptemberII THE DOLLAR BUSINESS 2015 47 29

www.aigmf.com Antimony-free Solar glass

Mr. Pradeep Kheruka / Mr. Ramaswami Velayudhan Pillai Gujarat Borosil Limited, 1101,Crescenzo,G-Block, Opp. MCA club Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai – 400051, India PKK@ Borosil.com / [email protected]

Abstract: Antimony is a highly toxic element, present at remote locations in our planet, and is used in glasses to enhance its optical performances. Why has United States EPA set a limit of 6 parts per billion in drinking water for Antimony? Antimony is a – yy geno toxic causing chromosomal damage in human leucocytes yy carcinogenic causing cancer. It also causes pneumoconiosis, a respiratory ailment. yy Gastro Intestinal problems, yy cardiovascular problems, yy Dermal problems, yy Increased incidence of spontaneous abortions and mensuration problems and other reproductive ailments. Soil containing antimony pollutes ground water, which when ingested causes headaches, abdominal pain, constipation, colic, distaste of food, loss of appetite, small mouth ulcer with salivation, dizziness, loss of weight , albuminuria, and glycosuria.[2] Experiments conducted which have been published in “Science of the total Environment “ also show that Antimony impedes growth of plants significantly and poses danger to the animals and human beings who consume food products made from those plants.[3] Soluble antimony in the soil is taken by plants through roots. Soil containing antimony affects seed germination process and cause reduction in yield of food grains. Seed germination and pot experiments for rice were conducted to investigate the effects of Sb(III) and Sb(V) on the growth and yield of rice, and the concentration of antimony in rice tissue. Antimony was applied either as antimony potassium tartrate (III) or as potassium antimonate (V) in the experiments. The results show that Sb (III) and Sb (V) can affect the growth of root and rice sprout, and reduce the transformation ratio of dry matter during the germination period of rice seed, also, it can affect the activity of α-amylase and the growth of rice. A reduction in yield and an increase of antimony in rice were significantly related to Sb application rates to soils. The results also suggest that not only the application rate of Sb, but also the chemical form of Sb form should be considered while assessing the effect of Sb on plant and the danger of Sb contamination of soils as well as of food. A reduction in yield and an increase of antimony in rice were significantly related to Sb application rates to soils. The results also suggest that not only the application rate of Sb, but also the chemical form of Sb form should be considered while assessing the effect of Sb on plant and the danger of Sb contamination of soils as well as of food. Actions against the danger posed by Antimony to Human race as well as environment are the ones initiated by European Union Parliament committee for RoHS recast. European Union Parliament has formed a committee for making changes in the directive 2002/95/ EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 27th Jan 2003 on the restriction of certain hazardous substances which is also called RoHS recast in which Antimony was also included for the

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 31 substances to be restricted/banned.[4] Solar glass is typically a Soda-Lime glass with very low iron content suitable for high transmission of solar energy. Even though the specifications state that iron content of 200 ppm is acceptable, good quality solar glass has an iron content of around 120 ppm and commonly produced solar glass has an iron content of 140 ppm. Solar glass provides mechanical strength to the module while allowing maximum transmission to reach the solar cells. Solar glass is also used in Solar thermal collectors and Green houses, though these require different spectra of sun. E.G. Photovoltaic industry uses 380 to 1100 nm of the spectrum, which is based on the cells currently available. Glass for green houses must perform well for the spectrum 380 to 780 nm. Solar thermal industry uses almost the entire spectrum of solar energy from 350 to 2500 nm.

What is Antimony? the residual iron is oxidized into of 121°C and kept in an autoclave

Antimony is a toxic substance Ferric form (Fe2O3), which does not at 1 bar for just 2 hours. occurring in nature; it is positioned inhibit transmission of solar energy. yy This water tested for 4.5 PPM of next to arsenic on the periodic table yy Normal glass batch with sodium Antimony sulphate and carbon is a reducing yy EPA in USA limits Antimony in yy It causes cancer batch, which leaves a part of the drinking water to 0.006 PPM yy It causes reproductive problems iron in the glass in the form of yy The leachate tested was 750 times yy It causes skin problems Ferrous, or FeO, which absorbs over the prescribed limit! yy It causes respiratory problems solar energy, and a part in the The clear answer: Antimony is NOT yy It causes chromosomal damage in form of Ferric (Fe O ). trapped in the glass. It DOES leach leucocytes 2 3 out in large quantities! What is the perceived Does all glass have benefit arising from Why has the EU Antimony? using antimony? regulatory body not None of the undernoted common The measurement of Solar transmission banned Antimony in glasses contain any Antimony. records a rise in glass using antimony. solar glass as yet? yy Normal window glass This is a very short term perceived yy Antimony in glass was yy glass bottles benefit which comes at a horrible cost recommended by EU RoHS recast yy drinking glasses of permanent antimony poisoning of committee to be banned in EU. yy glass lamps the environment. yy At that time, dispensation was granted to optical glass and solar Why then does solar Isn’t Antimony trapped glass because European industry glass contain Antimony? in the glass? How can it yy The basic function of solar glass is damage the environment? had then represented that it wasn’t possible to make these products to transmit as much solar energy yy In physics glass is a liquid, subject without Antimony as possible while protecting the to dissolution yy Glass manufacturers, including solar cell array and the entire yy A simple test based on USP BOROSIL, have been hard at grid contained in the panel (United States Pharmacopoeia) work since then trying to eliminate which produces and channelizes was conducted on solar glass Antimony from those glasses where electricity iron in glass inhibits containing Antimony to see how it is considered necessary to use it. transmission of solar energy much Antimony leached out. through the glass. Despite best yy A sample was crushed to a Can Solar Glass be made efforts, some residual iron does powder of 300-500 microns and successfully without stay behind in the raw materials diluted with 50 times its volume in Antimony? yy Addition of Antimony makes an distilled water. yy BOROSIL has successfully eliminated oxidizing batch, in which most of yy This was raised to a temperature Antimony from solar glass.

32 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com yy Other companies which have Antimony-free solar glass yy Reflectance: It is universally agreed successfully eliminated Antimony with a matching transmission that each surface of the float glass from other speciality glasses are: performance, it is time for the reflects about 4% of the light. ——SCHOTT Glass of Germany, regulatory bodies to ban Antimony Assuming there is nil absorption which has successfully elimi- from solar glass altogether. in the subject glass, it will transmit nated Antimony from CERAN yy It is equally important for a maximum of 92% of the solar cooktop glass . regulatory bodies to determine irradiation. ——CORNING Glass of USA, the method and cost of disposal yy By using textured rolled glass, which has developed an Anti- of modules containing glass with light reflectance is reduced, and mony free glass for glass seals antimony. Users of solar panels commercially available solar glasses ——ASAHI GLASS of Japan, which containing glass with Antimony indeed succeed in achieving 92% has successfully eliminated An- must be informed of the cost of transmission in the desired spectral timony and Arsenic from touch disposal of such panels. screen glass used in smart range. phones Not the first time that yy Absorption and transmittance: banning a pollutant has Residual iron in the raw materials What is the size of led to marginally lower used to make flat glass are the problem posed by performance! Antimony in solar glass? responsible for absorbing solar yy In olden days, it was normal to radiation, rendering the glass yy The problem posed by solar add lead to petrol to enhance inefficient for the purpose of being glass containing Antimony is of performance. When regulators first used as the cover for a PV module. GIGANTIC proportions. banned lead in petrol, there was a yy This leaves only a further reduction yy Germany alone must dispose of great outcry against it, but industry of transmission due to absorption 600,000 Tonnes of solar panels till very quickly adjusted to the new which is at the rate of 0.1% per 2034. unleaded petrol. Finally, engine mm thickness of glass, which need yy It starts really worsening after output and performance far exceeds not be dealt with here. 2035, when the figure rises to anything using leaded petrol. yy In addition to glass composition, 400,000 Tonnes per year! yy There was a similar outcry from which principally determines the yy Both India and China have glass, steel and other hot-working quantum of transmittance, there announced extensive solar energy industries, when the use of can be further reduction due programs. India has announced asbestos was banned. Substitutes to Rayleigh and Mie scattering installation of 100 GW of solar were soon found. effects, due to the presence power by 2022. This will need of defects such as bubbles and 1. Why is ordinary flat seeds, variations in glass surface 6,000,000 tons of panels! glass unsuitable for use geometry, due to imperfect glass yy The usual method of disposal of in solar application? production or glass aging as the large volumes of such panels is to Commercially available Soda lime photon flux is altered by the above crush them and dump in a land fill. glass transmits about 85% solar effects. yy If such a land fill is inundated energy, whereas a minimum of by rain, then the concentration 91.5% is required. Low iron glasses 3. Measuring solar panel of Antimony glass will be much were developed to allow higher light power output higher than the 1:50 dilution used transmission, by modifying ordinary This paper deals essentially with solar in our test. It could be 1:3 or 1:5. flat glass composition using very pure glass being used in PV modules. The Who knows? high-grade raw materials and adding spectrum relevant for power generation minor elements. yy This toxic water will find its for c-Si solar cells is 380 to 1100 nm. way into the ground, into farm 2. Factors affecting Measurement of power output of PV produce, drinking water. It will solar transmission in Modules – affect birds and animals as well. glass: yy When solar irradiation falls on a sheet Once a PV module has been URGENT regulatory of float glass, three phenomena made, and is cooled down to the action now required come into play, viz. Reflectance, appropriate temperature, it is placed yy With the availability of an Absorbance and Transmittance. on a sun simulator. The power output

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 33 generated in a module, arising from the 30% concentration of the iron being iron is converted to Ferric. This is momentary flash generated by most present in the Fe+2 ionic state. [1] done by minimizing the redox ratio sun simulators is recorded as the ‘Peak Ferric absorption is in the range of of Ferrous to Ferric by addition Watt’ output of that module. This forms 380 to 410 nm range and ferrous of certain minor elements such as the basis for the same of that module. absorbs in the range 500 to 1100 nm. Cerium, Antimony and Arsenic. Most sun simulators use Xenon-arc Ferric absorption is almost matching Cerium has the disadvantage of lamps which produce the light which with that of intrinsic silica UV cutoff Solarization. It has been found that is meant to simulate sunlight. Whereas value and hence does not, in general, certain glass compositions develop a the Solar spectrum is defined by ASTM affect the PV performance. browning effect/discolouration when G 173-03, the spectrum produced by they get exposed to radiation, which the Xenon lamp is different. Renowned institutions such as Fraunhofer Institute determine the reduces the overall transmission of the The spectra as defined in ASTM G 173 percentage of Ferrous and Ferric glass due to changes occurring between represents terrestrial solar spectral components of iron in a solar glass the elements in the glass and the irradiance of sun on a surface of a by photometric methods to a certain radiation. If the source of radiation is the particular orientation as defined in the level of accuracy level. sun, then the changes that occur due to standard under specified atmospheric that are referred to as Solarization. conditions. Other methods to determine the ferrous –ferric content in glass Solarization reactions within a glass The spectra provide distribution of involve use of orthophenanthroline appear to be caused by a transfer solar irradiance power in watts per using colorimetric methods. This of electrons between ions which m2 per nm of spectral bandwidth is important to control the level of donate and ions which accept and and these are used as a common absorbance of PV relevant radiation this can also cause structural changes reference for evaluating PV materials getting absorbed in the solar glass. and subsequent damage to the glass with reference to the performance network when glass receives very Compared to a pure Si glass with UV measured under various natural and high energy radiation (which does cut off at 280nm, network modifiers artificial sources of light. The tilt angle not in any way happen in the case of shift the UV absorption to a longer selected is approximately the average Sunlight radiation). latitude for the 48 states of USA over wavelength. UV cut off is optimized Solar irradiation falling on a PV a period of one year. to a level of 380 nm so that it protects the EVA from damage and at the module in which the glass contains 4. role of iron oxide in same time the solar module efficiency cerium is used, the EVA gets yellowish solar transmission is not reduced. In the range between due to UV degradation, caused by solarisation in the glass. Hence Iron oxide normally contains Ferrous 380 to 1100 nm, the absorption due (Fe+2) and Ferric (Fe+3) ions with to alkaline and alkaline earth network Cerium usage in Solar glass has been characteristic absorptions in the near modifiers is negligible. The spectral stopped in the last decade. IR range of the spectrum, i.e., about transmission characteristics of a Soda- Arsenic usage was stopped long back, due 1100 nm, and in the UV region, i.e., Lime glass in the range 380 to 780 nm to various bans and restrictions in place, about 380 nm. is transparent for most applications. as it is commonly known to be a highly The Colour of the glass is normally When iron is present in glass with a toxic substance. That leaves Antimony, as a result of the presence of tramp high percentage of Fe+3 ions, it gives which is not widely understood as being iron oxides which are essentially a yellow to yellow-green hue, causes a very toxic substance by the general coming from the batch ingredients the absorbtion in the UV region. population and hence is widely used by such as Quartz, Feldspar, Limestone On the other hand, when Fe+2 ions all solar glass manufacturers in their Solar and Dolomite or from handling of the are present in a higher percentage, glass batch. batch and cullet. it gives raise to a blue colour and The most obvious step to improve the causes the absorbtion strongly in the 5. control of Ferrous solar transmission of an iron containing infrared region. Typically Soda-Lime and Ferric oxides in glass is to reduce the amount of iron Solar glass contains about 140 ppm glass: present. Efforts to reduce this iron from

iron,mentioned as Fe2 O3. But it is in Solar glass manufacturers manipulate the glass making batch often come to a

both Fe2 and Fe3 states, with about the iron content so that most of the halt when a level of 110 ppm has been

34 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com achieved. Further efforts to reduce iron make the glass prohibitively expensive due to high cost of pure raw materials. Commercially produced solar glasses thus contain about 140 ppm of iron, while the better quality of solar glasses go even lower in iron content. The quick fix adopted by Solar glass manufacturers around the world is to add highly toxic antimony.

By doing so, they achieve oxidization Fig1. Curves: antimony(blue),Antimony-free glass GBL(pink), Antimony-free(orange) of the iron in the glass to the extent of showing a lower transmission in the installation using modules made using nearly 90%, as compared to a typical range from 380 ~ 500 nm, where concentration of 70%. While this (a) Saint Gobain Albarino glass the solar irradiation is at its peak, marginally reduces the transmission containing Antimony and but continues to perform with high in the 380 to 410 nm range, it boosts (b) Gujarat Borosil glass without transmission in the region 500 ~ transmission in the 500 to 100 nm range, Antimony 1100 nm. In the case of the glass which is desired bandwidth to squeeze without antimony, the transmission Results over several months from better performance from PV cells. curve is higher in the UV side of the the BOROSIL 302 KW rooftop grid spectrum, but drops after 500 nm as connected R&D installation shows a 6. Glass and Solar Module a result of greater absorption by its superior performance from modules performance using glass ferrous content. made using Gujarat Borosil glass with Antimony and without antimony. Antimony-free: However, overall transmission is All modules were made by EMVEE Curve showing transmission higher for the glass without Antimony. Corporation, Bangalore, keeping characteristics of solar glass with This reveals that the flash tester every other component exactly the antimony, and the antimony free solar records a very similar output from the same, made at the same time under glass developed by Gujarat Borosil panels, regardless of the glass used to the same conditions. The power and the Antimony-free glass normal: make it – with or without antimony. output details from this installation is As can be seen from this figure, the Fig. 3 given below is showing the in the public domain, and daily power curve for the glass with antimony is Performance comparison of a field output can be accessed at website of the inverter manufacturer. Glass Type Serial No Isc(A) Voc(V) Pmax(W) Vpm (V) Ipm(A) The results are derived from two sets P/M design 20152401897 8.59 37.49 245.77 30.35 8.10 of installations, each set comprising 96 Without 20152401898 8.60 37.42 243.01 30.10 8.07 modules. The modules made using the Antimony 20152401899 8.60 37.57 246.54 30.45 8.10 Saint Gobain Albarino are designated 20152401900 8.63 37.51 245.55 30.23 8.12 20152401901 8.59 37.54 245.69 30.32 8.10 Average 8.60 37.51 245.31 30.29 8.10 P/M design 20152401902 8.58 37.44 244.44 30.29 8.07 With 20152401903 8.56 37.40 244.25 30.27 8.07 Antimony 20152401904 8.56 37.44 244.17 30.27 8.07 20152401905 8.57 37.44 245.23 30.35 8.08 20152401906 8.58 37.45 245.31 30.35 8.08 Average 8.57 37.43 244.68 30.30 8.07 Difference between Non Antimony & Antimony glass 0.03 0.03 Fig.3: Comparison of performance of Fig:2 Flash test performance from modules made using glass with Antimony, and Antimony(Green) and Antimony-free glass without Antimony. (Red) glass modules

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 35 Fig.4:PV module arrays at Vyline Glass Works, India with Fig.5: Installation of PV module arrays at Vyline Glass Works, Antimony and Antimony-free glass modules India with Antimony and Antimony-free glass modules

(SG-AP-04) and the modules made By suitably modifying its batch No industrial process has yet been using the Antimony-free glass from constituents and iron content in glass, developed which can separate the Gujarat Borosil are designated (B-P- module trials have proved that the glass from the rest of the module 11). glass produced is not only free from after it has been discarded. The Antimony, but has power output only industrial method of mass 7. Why Module makers shy slightly higher than made with glass disposal currently known, is to first away from Antimony-free containing antimony. remove aluminium frames, then glass: crush and compact the modules Module manufacturers are paid per 8. tHe cost of discarding and use it in land fill. peak watt power output as depicted Antimony in terms of in the report of the flash tester. The efficiency 10. Leachate tests accuracy and reliability of this power If a glass maker were to discard What, if any, toxic chemicals leach out output is another matter entirely. Antimony from the glass batch, it from these crushed and compacted would reduce the power output of the Until Gujarat Borosil made the discarded PV modules? breakthrough, the comparison of Module by just 0.7%, as measured by A simple test based on USP (United power output from modules using the flash tester! An infinitesimal gain States Pharmacopeia) was conducted glass with Antimony and glass without for a gigantic price! on solar glass containing Antimony to antimony showed a drop of power of As we have shown in our chart in Fig. see how much Antimony leached out. about 0.7% between glasses with the 3, there is no real loss in output. To A sample was crushed to a powder same iron content, keeping all other paraphrase Sir Winston Churchill, late of 300-500 microns and diluted with module component Parameters such Prime Minister of England, never has 50 times its volume in distilled water. as efficiency of the cells used, EVA, so much been sacrificed for so little! This was raised to a temperature of etc. the same. 9. Why the threat to 121°C and kept in an autoclave at 1 After Gujarat Borosil Limited has human life posed by bar for just 2 hours. made the breakthrough on the Antimony in glass The results are alarming! This test antimony-free glass (Patent applied) it requires an immediate ban showed that leached antimony in the has achieved results on par with glass PV modules are laminates, bringing water measured 4.5 ppm which is containing antimony, as seen in the together tempered glass, silicon 750 TIMES OVER the maximum limit table depicted in Fig. 2. cells, back sheets, EVA films, tightly set by the United States EPA. The iron content in this Antimony- binding everything to a composite This test was repeated at the prestigious free glass has been measured by TuV whole. Assuming an ordinary module Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Rheinland to be 83 ppm. Neither they, to be 250W, there are 148 MILLION and the results of the first test were nor Fraunhofer Institute, Wurzburg, modules powering the 37 GW used confirmed. Their tests revealed Germany have ever tested any in Germany ALONE. More modules Antimony concentrations in the leach commercially made textured solar in France and Italy, the other two liquor to have reached 5.05 ppm and glass with such a low concentration European nations with well developed 6.35 ppm respectively! of iron. solar PV programs.

36 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

We decided to conduct an experiment Ostrich like attitude, downplaying decommissioned solar PV products to ascertain the leaching of Antimony the catastrophe that is waiting to are recycled responsibly and do not from Solar glass in ordinary conditions. befall on the world when millions of enter the waste stream at all. Two plastic containers were each PV modules with antimony glass are Responsible recycling means that filled with 14 Kg of antimony going to be dumped in landfills around waste is not shipped to developing glass cullet from two different the world. countries for dismantling or recycled manufacturers and 5 Litres of The ground water contamination using U.S. prison labour.” demineralised water was added to will be colossal, and may become It is common knowledge that a huge each. Both containers were placed overwhelming. quantity of Solar panels are ending up under the open sky to simulate Silicon Valley toxics coalition white in landfills at their end of life. landfill conditions. Water level was paper[6] issued on Jan 14, 2009, has It is estimated that Germany alone maintained and samples were taken mentioned as below: after shaking the container well for will dispose off nearly 200,000 tonnes uniformity of sample. The sampled “Potential End-of-Life Hazards for of solar panels in the year 2038. water from the containers were then Solar PV Products Unlike thin film modules, where analysed for antimony once a week What will happen to today’s solar the module manufacturer takes the and the results are tabulated below. panels at the end of their usefulness responsibility of taking back the These results are startling. They prove which is estimated at 25 years or more? module and reprocess it to remove that Antimony has begun to leach out Not only do solar PV products toxic elements, there is no such in atmospheric conditions, within less contain many of the same materials guideline in crystalline PV modules. than four weeks of inundation! as electronic waste(e-waste), but Moreover, since the antimony in they also contain a growing number present in glass and the glass is 11. End of life of new and emerging materials that contaminated with cells and other considerations for PV present complex recycling challenges. contaminants, it will be extremely Modules: These challenges include finding expensive to recycle the cullet. The [5]This shows that antimony ways to recycle the small amounts better and proper solution is to avoid glass poses a grave danger to the of valuable materials on which many use of Antimony in glass. environment, plants and animals if of the new solar PV technologies The extract from a poster displayed the panels are crushed and dumped in are based. Much like e-waste, solar at PVSEC 2014 is given here for the the landfill which is the normal way of panels will leave a toxic legacy if knowledge of the audience. disposal of damaged Solar panel. This they end up in landfills ) where the is true even in advanced countries materials they contain can leach into 12. Magnitude of the problem posed by such as USA and Germany. ground water) or incinerators(where Antimony in PV modules: The world at large, including leading burning can release toxic materials research institutions in Solar energy into the air). To avoid a repeat of the What is the size of the problem posed research have so far adopted an e-waste crisis, we need to ensure that by Antimony in solar glass? Fig:7. Photo showing leachate test set up

Date Concentration of Antimony leachate Container Number 1 2 01 May 2015 Experiment started 07 May 2015 Not found 14 May 2015 " 21 May 2015 " 26 May 2015 0.23 ppm 0.16 ppm 02 June 2015 0.31 ppm 0.23 ppm 10 June 2015 0.40 ppm 0.30 ppm

Fig 6. Leachate test results

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 37 • It may be noted that petrol performance was routinely enhanced with lead in olden days. Once lead in petrol was banned, industry adjusted to the new unleaded petrol. Finally, engine output and performance far exceeds anything using leaded petrol. • Similarly asbestos was banned from use in hot applications in glass and steel manufacturing. Substitutes were soon found.

16. The way forward: yy The problem posed by solar doubled when the bottles were Regulatory bodies around the world glass containing Antimony is of stored for three months. “ must straightaway ban the use of GIGANTIC proportions. Antimony in solar glass. yy 600,000 Tonnes of solar panels are 13. Conclusions: expected to be disposed off till It is essential that nations around the Actions taken against the use of 2034 in Germany alone. world who boast of Green Energy, Antimony are far too little and are yy From 2035 onwards, the figure understand the problems that too late. Unless definitive action such rises to 400,000 Tonnes per year! they will be facing when Antimony as banning of Antimony from solar yy Both India and China have containing glass is dumped in large glass manufacture is taken, the threat announced extensive solar energy scale in landfills. Rather than looking at looming ahead is real. ways of extracting antimony from the programs. India has announced References installation of 100 GW of solar e-waste or looking at expensive ways 1. 71st Glass problems conference: power by 2022. This will need of recycling the toxic waste, it will be Ceramic Engineering and Science 6,000,000 tons of panels! easier if the world adapts Antimony- proceedings edited by Charles H. yy The usual method of disposal of free solar glass and eliminate antimony Drummond II large volumes of such panels is to from glass manufacturing similar to 2. Antimony Toxicity : Shyam Sundar* crush them and dump in a land fill. the way they have eliminated Lead and Jaya Chakravarty Department yy If such a land fill is inundated and Arsenic. of Medicine, Institute of Medical by rain, then the concentration Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, of Antimony glass will be much 14. Urgent regulatory Varanasi 221 005, India; E­-Mail: actions required: [email protected] higher than the 1:50 dilution used in our test. It could be 1:3 or 1:5. • Since an Antimony-free solar 3. Science of The Total Environment Who knows? glass having a close enough Vol 243 -244 ELSEVIER Though the following article from performance is now available, it 4. RoHS Recast Proposals_20100316.pdf Mail online [7] is not pertaining to PV is time for the regulatory bodies 5. National Primary Drinking Water to ban solar glass with antimony modules, it is relevant as it talks of Regulations Antimony. EPA 811F­­ antimony Leaching: altogether. 95­002j­T. Office of Water, US “Small doses of antimony can • It is also extremely important for Environmental Protection Agency; make you feel ill and depressed. regulatory bodies to determine Washington, DC, USA: 1995 the method and cost of disposal Larger quantities can cause violent 6. Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition_-_ vomiting and even death. The of modules containing glass with Toward_a_Just_and_Sust.pdf study stressed that amounts of antimony. Users of solar panels 7. The poison lurking in your plastic containing glass with Antimony antimony were well below official water bottle- By JO KNOWSLEY, recommended levels. But it also must be informed of the cost of Daily Mail Last updated at 08:34:13 discovered that the levels almost disposal of such panels. March 2006

38 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 IGE_3_15_37_42.indd 42 7/7/2015 12:47:31 PM [email protected] | www.umdaengg.com

Mr. M.D. Farooq (Founder)

Manufacturer Of Energy Efficient Lehrs

Mr. M.D. Farooq, the founder of Umda Enginering, brings to the table more than 35 years of expertise in the manufac- turing industry. Starting from humble beginnings, today more than 350 of Mr. Farooq’s Lehr machines are successfully installed around the world.

Mr. Farooq is best recognised as one of the co-founders of TNF Engineering, a company known across the industry as not only the leading manufacturers of Metallic Wire Conveyor and Lehr belts but also of Glass Plant Equipment. This mantle of superior performance and expertise has now been passed on to Umda Enginering. Belts A y e m a 2 0 1

Office & Works 40 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 Plot No. A – 581, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai – 400 710. MS. India. Tel. 022-2778 20 41/42, Fax : 022-2778 13 38 www.aigmf.com Photovoltaic Effect and Solar Energy: A Brief Perspective –

Part II Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Bandyopadhyay Sutapa Adhikari and B. Majhi Technology Consultant & Ex-Principal Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg., Govt. College of Engg. & Ceramic Technology National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209 West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata [email protected]

Abstract:

It is known that sunlight transports a lot of energy, which is abundantly and freely available with some variations from one geographical region to the other. Moreover, there is some seasonal variation from summer to winter months within a given geography. Hence, there is a huge surge of activity in the field of solar energy in the entire planet, and this source of energy is renewable. Some perspectives of renewable energy as well as some aspects of solar power plants were discussed in brief in a previous paper in Kanch (Ref. [1]). Then, some details were given in terms of a brief perspective in the Part – I of an article on ‘photovoltaic effect and solar energy” in the last issue of Kanch (Ref. [2]). Some more aspects on the science behind the solar energy production would be described in some details in the Part – II in this article.

INTRODUCTION the above two types, then the as Galvanic potential. This generates An understanding of the photovoltaic material is called semiconductor, i.e. an ‘electromotive force’, and thus effect in the creation of “voltage” or silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, some of the light or “photons” “electric current” in a material upon etc. that helps us to understand the energy is converted into “electric exposure to light is essential to get photovoltaic effect and consequently energy”. As the photons in the sun- a good grasp on solar energy [1]. In the mechanism of solar energy light provoke this ‘electromotive different materials, it is also essential production [2]. force’ or rather ‘electric energy’, to understand the nature of bandgap, There is a difference in processes the process is called “photovoltaic which signifies the difference between between the standard and obvious effect”. The ‘photovoltaic effect’ the ‘valence band’ where electrons are photovoltaic effect. When the (whether created by direct excitation arranged and the ‘conduction band’ sunlight is incident upon a material or thermal effects), it will depend on where the electrons flow to give rise surface, the electrons present in the many material parameters. to the conductivity of a material. If this valence band absorb energy and, In most photovoltaic applications, the gap is very large, the material is known being excited, jump to the conduction radiation is sunlight, and the devices as insulator, i.e. glass, ceramic, wood, band and become free. These highly are called solar cells. In the case of a etc. If the gap is almost zero, then the excited, non-thermal electrons p-n junction solar cell, illuminating the material is considered as metal, i.e. diffuse, and some reach a junction, material creates an electric current as copper, aluminium, iron, etc. which e.g. p-n junction in a semiconductor excited electrons and the remaining are known as good conductors of in a solar cell, where they are holes are swept in different directions electricity. However, if the bandgap accelerated into a different material by the built-in electric field of the is somewhere intermediate between by a built-in potential that is known depletion region [3].

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 41 In Part-II of this article, some more adding a ‘shunt resistance’ and a to neglect the final term of the aspects will be discussed to get a ‘series resistance’ component to the characteristic equation, the open-

better view of solar cells or rather on model [4]. The resulting ‘equivalent circuit voltage VOC is expressed as: their application in the production of circuit’ of a solar cell as well as the V ≈{(nkT)/q}ln(I /I + 1) solar energy in terms of a characteristic ‘schematic representation’, as shown OC L 0 equation. in Ref. [2], can be used in the circuit Where, the terms have their usual diagrams. meaning, as explained above. EQUATION FOR SOLAR Similarly, there is another situation CURRENT The characteristic equation of a in which the cell is operated at short solar cell, which relates solar cell Before going into the details, a brief circuit, V = 0 and the current I parameters to the output current and recapitulation is necessary on the through the terminals is defined as the voltage, is described as follows: theory of solar cells, wherein the short-circuit current. It can be shown

physical processes by which ‘photons’ I = IL – I0{exp[q(V + IRS)/nkT] – that for a high-quality solar cell (low

of sun-light are converted into 1} – (V + IRS)/RSH RS and I0, and high RSH), the short circuit current I is written as: electrical current need to be explained Where, I = output current in SC when striking a suitable semiconductor Ampere, IL = photo-generated ISC ≈ IL device. The theoretical studies are of current in Ampere, I = reverse 0 It is not possible to extract any power practical use because they predict saturation current in Ampere, V = from the device when operating at the fundamental limits of solar cell, voltage across the output terminals either open circuit or short circuit and give guidance on the phenomena in Volt, R = series resistance in S conditions. that contribute to losses and solar Ohms, n = diode ideality factor (1 cell efficiency. Let us give a simple for an ideal diode), q = elementary Effect of Physical Size description as: (a) The ‘photons’ of charge, k = Boltzmann›s constant, T The values of I , R , and R are sunlight hit the solar panel and they = absolute temperature, and R = 0 S SH SH dependent upon the physical size of are absorbed by the semiconducting shunt resistance in Ohms. the solar cell. In comparing otherwise materials, such as silicon wafers, (b) In principle, given a particular identical cells, a cell with twice The negatively charged ‘electrons’ operating voltage V the equation may the surface area of another will, in are knocked loose from the silicon be solved to determine the operating principle, have double the I because atoms, allowing them to flow through 0 current I at that voltage. However, it has twice the junction area across the material to produce electricity. It because the equation involves I on which current can leak. It will also is due to the special composition of both sides in a transcendental function have half the R and R because it has ‘solar cells’, the electrons are only S SH the equation has no general analytical twice the cross-sectional area through allowed to move in a single direction, solution. However, even without a which current can flow. For this (c) An array of solar cells converts solution, it is physically instructive. reason, the characteristic equation is solar energy into a usable amount of Furthermore, it could easily be solved frequently written in terms of current direct current (DC) electricity, which using numerical methods. Since the density (J), or current produced per is then converted to AC electricity, as parameters I , n, R , and R cannot be unit cell area as: per the requirement. 0 S SH measured directly, the most common J = J – J {exp[q(V + JR )/nkT] – 1} It is noted that to understand the application of the characteristic L 0 S – (V + JR )/R electronic behaviour of a solar cell, it equation is nonlinear regression to S SH Where, J = current density, J = is useful to create a model which is extract the values of these parameters L photogenerated current density and J electrically equivalent that is based on the basis of their combined effect 0 on discrete ‘electrical components’ on solar cell behaviour. = reverse saturation current density

that are known as ‘circuit elements’, in ampere/sq. cm; RS = specific series

whose behaviour is well known. In OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE resistance and RSH = specific shunt an ideal solar cell, a “diode” can be When the cell is operated at open resistance in Ohms-sq. cm. put in parallel to the ‘current source’, circuit, I = 0 and the voltage across This formulation has several and the solar cell may be modelled an output terminals is defined as the advantages. One is that since cell accordingly. However, in actual open-circuit voltage. Assuming that characteristics are referenced to practice, no solar cell is ideal, thereby the shunt resistance is high enough a common cross-sectional area

42 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com they may be compared for cells using these factors in combination of different physical dimensions. with the characteristic equation. While this is of limited benefit in a However, since the change in manufacturing setting, where all cells voltage is much stronger than the tend to be the same size, it is useful change in current, the overall effect in research and in comparing cells on efficiency tends to be similar to between manufacturers. Another that on voltage. Most crystalline silicon solar cells decline in efficiency advantage is that the above current The Cell temperature density equation naturally scales the by 0.50% /°C and most amorphous The effect of temperature on the parameter values to similar orders cells decline by 0.15-0.25% /°C. current-voltage characteristics of of magnitude, which can make The figure above shows I-V curves a solar cell is shown above. The numerical extraction of them simpler that might typically be seen for a temperature affects the characteristic and relatively more accurate even crystalline silicon solar cell at various equation in two ways: (a) directly, via with naive solution methods. temperatures. T in the exponential term, and (b) There are practical limitations of this indirectly, via its effect on I0. Strictly The Series Resistance formulation. For instance, certain speaking, the temperature affects all As series resistance increases, parasitic effects grow in importance of the terms, but these two far more the voltage drop between the as cell sizes shrink and can affect significantly than the others. While junction voltage and the terminal the extracted parameter values. increasing T reduces the magnitude voltage becomes greater for the Recombination and contamination of of the exponent in the characteristic same current. The result is that the junction tend to be greatest at the equation, the value of I increases 0 the current-controlled portion of perimeter of the cell, so very small exponentially with T. The net the I-V curve begins to sag toward cells may exhibit higher values of J0 or effect is to reduce the open-circuit the origin, producing a significant lower values of R than larger cells voltage (V ) linearly with increasing SH OC decrease in the terminal voltage that are otherwise identical. In such temperature. The magnitude of this (V) and a slight reduction in I , cases, comparisons between cells reduction is inversely proportional to SC the short-circuit current. Very high must be made cautiously and with V ; that is, cells with higher values OC values of R will also produce a these effects in mind. of V suffer smaller reductions in S OC significant reduction in I ; in these voltage with increasing temperature. SC This approach should only be used for regimes, series resistance dominates For most crystalline silicon solar cells, comparing solar cells with comparable and the behavior of the solar the change in V with temperature layout. For instance, a comparison OC cell resembles that of a resistor. is about -0.50% /°C, though the between primarily quadratical solar Losses caused by series resistance rate for the highest-efficiency cells like typical crystalline silicon solar are in a first approximation given crystalline silicon cells is around cells and narrow but long solar cells by P =V I=I2R and increase -0.35% /°C. By way of comparison, loss Rs S like typical thin film solar cells can lead quadratically with photo-current. the rate for amorphous silicon solar to wrong assumptions caused by the The losses arising out of the series cells is -0.20% /°C to -0.30% /°C, different kinds of current paths and resistance are therefore most depending on how the cell is made. therefore the influence of for instance important at high illumination a distributed series resistance RS. It has to be noted that the amount of intensities. Macro-architecture of the solar cells photo-generated current IL increases could result in different surface areas slightly with increasing temperature The Shunt Resistance being placed in any fixed volume - because of an increase in the number As shunt resistance decreases, the particularly for thin film solar cells of thermally generated carriers current diverted through the shunt and flexible solar cells which may in the cell. However, this effect resistor increases for a given level of allow for highly convoluted folded is modest: about 0.065% /°C for junction voltage. The result is that structures. If volume is the binding crystalline silicon cells and 0.09% the voltage-controlled portion of constraint, then the ‘efficiency for amorphous silicon cells. the I-V curve begins to sag far from density’ based on surface area may The overall effect of temperature the origin, producing a significant be of less relevance [5,6]. on ‘cell efficiency’ can be computed decrease in the terminal current I

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 43 and a slight reduction in VOC. Very within the space-charge region. A series and shunt resistances, reverse

low values of RSH will produce a perfect match to theory is indicated saturation current and finally the

significant reduction in VOC. Much as when n = 1. When recombination ideality factor. To get a better output in the case of a high series resistance, in the space-charge region dominate from a given cell configuration, a badly shunted solar cell will take other recombination, however, n = 2. these parameters could be varied on operating characteristics similar It can be stated that most solar cells, in a controlled manner for better efficiency of solar energy production. to those of a resistor. which are quite large compared The use of flat glass will also increase to conventional diodes, well The Reverse Saturation Current with more and more solar plants. approximate an infinite plane and will If one assumes infinite shunt usually exhibit near-ideal behavior References resistance, the characteristic equation under Standard Test Condition (n ≈ can be solved for V as: 1. S. Das and A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “A OC 1). However, under certain operating Perspective on Renewable Energy

VOC≈{(kT)/q}ln(ISC /I0 + 1) conditions, the device operation and Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants”, may be dominated by recombination Kanch, Vol. 2 [4], (2015), 21-25. Thus, an increase in I0 produces a in the space-charge region. This is 2. A. K. Bandyopadhyay, “Photovoltaic reduction in VOC proportional to the inverse of the logarithm of the characterized by a significant increase Effect and Solar Energy: A Brief Perspective – Part I”, Kanch, Vol. 2 increase. This explains mathematically in I as well as an increase in ideality 0 [5], (2015), 1-5. the reason for the reduction in factor to n ≈ 2. The latter tends to V that accompanies increases increase solar cell output voltage 3. D. Carlson and C. Wronski, “Topics OC in Applied Physics: Amorphous in temperature described above. while the former acts to erode Semiconductors: Amorphous Physically, the ‘reverse saturation it. Therefore, the net effect is a Silicon Solar Cells”, (Springer, current’ is a measure of the «leakage» combination of the increase in voltage Berlin), 1985. for increasing n. Typically, I is the of carriers across the p-n junction in 0 4. E. Lorenzo, “Solar Electricity: reverse bias. This leakage is a result of more significant factor and the result Engineering of Photovoltaic carrier recombination in the neutral is a reduction in voltage. Systems”, Progensa, 1994. regions on either side of the junction. 5. A. G. Aberle, S. R. Wenham, and CONCLUSIONS M. A. Green, «A New Method The Ideality Factor In order to understand photo- for Accurate Measurements of The ideality factor (also called the generation of electric current, the the Lumped Series Resistance of Solar Cells», Proc. “23rd emissivity factor) is a fitting parameter photo-voltaic effect and its influence IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists that describes how closely the diode›s on the solar energy production in Conference”, (1993), p. 113-139. behavior matches that predicted typical silicon wafers placed on the 6. L. D. Nielsen, “Distributed Series by theory, which assumes the p-n flat glass surfaces are described in Resistance Effects in Solar Cells», junction of the diode is an infinite terms of various parameters, such IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, plane and no recombination occurs as physical size, cell temperature, Vol. 29 [5], (1982), p. 821 – 882

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44 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 BUYERS GUIDE > melting technology www.aigmf.com European standards for measuring furnace particulate emissions The emission of particulate matter from glass furnaces is regulated by authorities around the world, although there is no single standard assessment method or one standard emission regulation. The impact of this inconsistency is being addressed by TC13, the environment committee of the International Commission on Glass. Mark Pudner and Simon Slade describe the European standard methods and outline some of the potential consequences of using the differing techniques. A second article will describe the methods used in the USA in the next issue of Glass Worldwide. Understanding and interpreting results of differing methods is especially important when comparing measurements against legally enforceable limits.

The CEN standard reference method EN13284-1:2001 conditioned at 160ºC for one hour. If volatiles are to be (EN13284 -1) for measuring low EN13284-1 is the CEN standard measured, a lower temperature is allowed, provided it is dust concentrations defines dust as: reference method for the indicated. The standard requires the uncertainty of the ‘particles, of any shape, structure or measurement of low dust weighing procedure to be < 5% of the ELV. density, dispersed in the gas phase concentrations (<50mg/m3) from Although the standard is validated at 5mg/m3, it is at the sampling point conditions stationary sources. It was developed difficult to measure the lower dust concentrations typical which may be collected by filtration for use on incinerators and validated after a bag filter unit. Since publication, work in the UK under specified conditions after for concentrations of 5mg/m3 with a 30 has found that filter material loss during sampling and representative sampling of the gas minutes sample time. The scope states handling may be up to 50% of the collected particulate to be analysed, and which remain that it may also be applied to other when measuring emissions that are <5mg/m3. The study upstream of the filter and on the filter processes and higher concentrations. highlights issues with laser cut filters, which are susceptible after drying under specified conditions’. EN13284-1 allows for the to mechanical damage at the filter edge(1). It found that The choice of monitoring methods measurement of dust using either preconditioning filters by sampling clean air at 30 litres/min within the European Union is governed an in-stack or out-stack filter. There for five minutes may reduce filter losses during testing. by the hierarchy of standards set out is no minimum flue gas temperature BS EN132984-1 is currently undergoing review in the Monitoring BREF and DD CEN/ requirement for in-stack. However, and it is expected that the new version will contain TS15675 Annex B. If a CEN standard the standard recommends that is available it is mandatory to use it. If in-stack filtration is not used if water there is no CEN standard and an ISO droplets are present, as filter clogging standard exists, this must be used. may occur. For out-stack filtration, it The Vienna Agreement between recommends that the probe and filter CEN and ISO means that if either are heated to 160ºC. The in-stack party is developing a standard rather method is the most practical to carry than duplicating the work, the other out, as there is no need for a heated party may adopt the standard under probe and filter with the associated a parallel vote. CEN standards have controller and power leads. This an advantage over ISO standards in makes it easier to manoeuvre on that they must be validated; there is the sample platform, where space is no requirement for ISO standards to often limited. Even if the criteria for undergo validation. in-stack filtration are met, an out-stack According to this hierarchy, filter may be used, eg if a test house the standards given in table 1 wishes to combine the measurement would be applied in Europe for the of dust with an impinger method for

measurement of dust, PM10, PM2.5 acid gases or moisture. and condensable particulate. The standard recognises that on certain processes, the Determinand Standard Dust EN 13284-1 concentration will depend on the PM10 and PM2.5 (<50mg/m3) EN ISO 23210:2009 filtration temperature and/or the drying PM10 and PM2.5 (>50mg/m3) ISO 13271:2012 temperature prior to weighing. This Condensable particulate* ISO 25597:2013 applies to processes with semi-volatile Table 1: Standards applied in Europe for

the measurement of dust, PM10, PM2.5 and compounds in the flue gas, eg boron condensable particulate. compounds. To ensure that volatile *This standard also describes a method for in-stack particulates are reported consistently, measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 using cyclones. Under the hierarchy of standards, EN ISO 23210 must be used. prior to weighing samples must be Figure 1: The TCR Tecora, MSSI cascade impactor.

GW60 July August 2015 alt.indd 50 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September18/09/2015 2015 12:4245 BUYERS GUIDE > melting technology

GTS sampling on a chimney at a glass container factory in the UK. Figure 2: Conceptual schematic diagram of the would not be permitted to use the basic sample train alone ISO25597 dilution sampling train. for measuring PM10 and PM2.5 in dust concentrations <50mg/ m3. CEN’s cascade impactor method must be used. Figure 2 shows a conceptual schematic diagram of the ISO25597 dilution sampling train. The first stage removes

improvements to the weighing across the chimney diameter, a the filterable particulate > PM2.5 using in-stack PM10 and

procedure. It may also recommend single representative sampling point PM2.5 cyclones. The gas then enters the dilution chamber, that a post sampling leak check is not is used. A nozzle is selected so the where it mixes with air. Once fully mixed, it passes into a carried out, as this may cause loss of isokinetic rate remains between 90% zone where the aerosols are aged. The aged gas is then

particulate from the filter surface. and 130% of the impactor flow rate. sampled through a PM2.5 cyclone and filter. The main concern for glassmakers The standard sets out the following criteria for the is the potential difference in results ISO13271:2012 dilution system: when in-stack and out-stack filtration This standard specifies a method • A minimum dilution ratio of 20:1. are used. In comparative tests, several for measurement of the mass • Residence time in the ageing zone >10seconds.

TC13 members had recorded higher concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 using • Relative humidity of the diluted gas <70%. results when using the out-stack a two stage virtual impactor, suitable • Temperature of the diluted gas < 42ºC. method. It was thought that this may for use at dust concentrations >50mg/ The system must be validated to ensure that the gas is be due to the formation of condensed m3. The virtual impactor separates sufficiently well mixed as it enters the ageing zone and sulphur compounds in the probe and particles in a similar way to the the residence time meets the minimum requirements. filter of the out-stack sample train. cascade impactor but has a different It is doubtful that this standard could currently be This is especially important when method of collection. Rather than the applied in the glass industry due to its availability, cost and comparing measurements with legally- particles being collected by impaction complexity. It is more likely that EPA method 202 would enforceable limits and is the basis for onto a collecting plate, the particles still be used as the equipment is readily available and this TC13 study. pass through a collection nozzle and the method is far more practical to carry out on a sample are collected on a filter. As most glass platform. However, this is an academic issue because EN ISO23210:2009 furnace emissions are now abated, there are currently no regulatory requirements to measure EN ISO 23210 describes a method for this standard is only likely to be glass furnaces’ emissions of condensable particulate the measurement of concentrations relevant for measurement before an matter in Europe.

of primary PM10 and PM2.5 using a abatement system. two-stage cascade impactor that Permission to reproduce extracts from the Standards mentioned is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats separates particles according to their ISO25597:2013 from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting aerodynamic diameter. Unlike in the In Europe, ISO25597 has recently BSI Customer Services for hardcopies only: Tel: +44 20 8996 9001, USA, there is currently no requirement replaced US EPA Method 202 as the email: [email protected].

in Europe to test for PM10 and PM2.5 standard for sampling condensable or condensable particulates. The flow particulate matter. (The US methods ABOUT THE AUTHORS: rate through the impactor is set to will be described in the second paper Mark Pudner is Principal Technologist at GTS and give different cut-off diameters at of the TC13 series in the next issue Simon Slade is Secretary of TC13 (the environment committee of the ICG) and Principal Technologist at each stage: >10µm; <10 and >2.5µm; of Glass Worldwide.) This specifies the NSG Technical Centre <2.5µm. procedures for the measurement of Impactors used must have been filterable and condensed particulate FURTHER INFORMATION: validated to meet the requirements of matter, with two types of sample train: Glass Technology Services Ltd, Chapeltown, the standard. The TCR Tecora, MSSI • Basic measurement of filterable Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK tel: +44 114 290 1801 cascade impactor, shown in figure 1 particulate in-stack using PM 10 email: [email protected]

is one example. and PM2.5 cyclones. web: www.glass-ts.com The flow rate through the • Use of a dilution chamber to impactor must remain constant simulate reactions occurring as NSG Technical Centre, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK tel: +44 1695 54673 during the sampling period, in order waste gas exits the stack and email: [email protected] to achieve the desired cut points. mixes with the atmosphere. web: www.nsg.com Instead of multi-point sampling Under the hierarchy of standards, it

Originally published in Glass Worldwide, preferred international journal of AIGMF

46GW60 July KanchAugust 2015 | Volalt.indd 3 |52 No. 2 | July-September 2015 18/09/2015 12:43 www.aigmf.com

HEAD OFFICE: 105, HANUMAN GANJ, FIROZABAD-2832O3 (UP) INDIA TEL:+91 5612 242650 MOB: +91 94 12270654 E-maiI:[email protected] , [email protected] Website: www.advanceglass.in

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 47 [TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, EXTRAORDINARY, PART II, SECTION 3, SUB-SECTION (i)] [TO[TO BE PUBLISHED IN IN THE GAZETTE GAZETTE OF OF INDIA, INDIA, EXTRAORDINARY, EXTRAORDINARY, PART PART II, II, SECTION SECTION 3, 3, SUB-SECTION SUB-SECTION (i)] (i)] GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GOVERNMENTMINISTRY OF FINANCE OF INDIA DEPARTMENTMINISTRY OF OF FINANCE REVENUE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE Notification No. 47/2015 -Customs (ADD) Notification No. 47/2015 -Customs (ADD) th New Delhi, the 8 of September, 2015 New Delhi, the 8th of September, 2015 rd G.S.R. (E). – Whereas, the designated authority, vide notification No. 15/24/2013-DGAD, dated the 3 January, 2014, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part I, Section 1 dated the 3rd January, 2014, had initiated rd G.S.R.a review (E). in the – Whereas,matter of ctheontinuation designated of antiauthority,-dumping vide duty notification on imports No. of 15/24/2013 Float Glass-DGAD, of thickness dated 2the mm 3 to January, 12 mm rd (both2014, inclusive)published inof theclear Gazette as well of India,as tinted Extraordinary, variety (other Part than I, Section green 1 glass)dated thebut 3not January, including 2014, reflective had initiated glass, processeda review in glassthe matter meant of forcontinuation decorative, of industrialanti-dumping or autom duty onotive imports purposes of Float (hereinafter Glass of referredthickness to 2 asmm the to subject12 mm goods),(both inclusive) falling under of clear heading as well 7005 as of tintedthe First variety Schedule (other to thanthe Customsgreen glass) Tariff butAct, not1975 including (51 of 1975), reflective originating glass, in,processed or exported glass from, meant the Peoples'for decorative, Republic industrial of China or (inautom shortotive 'China purposes PR') and (hereinafter Indonesia referred(hereinafter to as referred the subject to as goods),the subject falling countries), under heading imposed 7005 vide of notification the First Schedule of the Government to the Customs of India Tariff in the Act, Ministry 1975 (51of Finance of 1975), (Department originating in,of Revenue),or exported No. from, 04/2009 the Peoples'-Customs, Republic dated theof China 6th January, (in short 2009, 'China published PR') and in Indonethe Gazettesia (hereinafter of India, Part referred II, Section to as the3, Sub subject-section countries), (i), vide imposednumber G.S.R. vide notification 14(E), dated of the the Government 6th January, of2009, India and in the had Ministry requested of Finance for extension (Department of anti- th dumpingof Revenue), duty No. for an04/2009 additional-Customs, period dated of one the year 6 January,from the date2009, of published its expiry, in in the terms Gazette of sub of- sectionIndia, Part (5) II,of Ssectionection th 9A3, Sub of the-section said C(i),ustoms vide number Tariff Act, G.S.R. pending 14(E), the dated completion the 6 January,of the review; 2009, and had requested for extension of anti- dumping duty for an additional period of one year from the date of its expiry, in terms of sub-section (5) of section 9A of the said Customs Tariff Act, pending the completion of the review; And whereas the Central Government had extended the anti-dumping duty imposed on the subject goods originating in, or exported from the subject countries vide notification No. 07/2014-Customs (ADD), dated the And23rd January,whereas 2014, the Central published Government in the Gazette had of extended India, Part the II, Sectionanti-dumping 3, Sub -dutysection imposed (i), vide on number the subject G.S.R. goods49(E), datedoriginating the 23 in,rd January,or exported 2014 from up tothe and subject inclusive countries of 5th January,vide notification 2015; No. 07/2014-Customs (ADD), dated the 23rd January, 2014, published in the Gazette of India, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R. 49(E), dated the 23rd January, 2014 up to and inclusive of 5th January, 2015; nd And whereas the designated authority vide notification No. 15/24/2013-DGAD, dated the 2 July, 2015, published in Part I, Section 1 of the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 2nd July 2015 has concluded that – And whereas the designated authority vide notification No. 15/24/2013-DGAD, dated the 2nd July, 2015, published in Part I, Section 1 of the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 2nd July 2015 has concluded that – a) the subject goods have continued to enter the Indian market from China PR at prices less than their normal

a)values the subjectand the goods dumping have margin continued is substantial to enter the and In dianabove market de minimis from China. However, PR at pricesthere hasless beenthan theirinsignificant normal

importsvalues andfrom the Indonesia dumping though margin the is dumping substantial margin and is above positive de and minimis above. However, de minimis there; has been insignificant

imports from Indonesia though the dumping margin is positive and above de minimis; b) the domestic industry has suffered material injury due to the presence of dumped imports from several

countries,b) the domestic including industry the subject has sufferedcountries, material during theinjury injury due investigation to the presence period; of dumped imports from several

countries, including the subject countries, during the injury investigation period; c) the goods are likely to be exported from China PR at dumped prices in the event of cessation of anti-dumping

dutyc) the and goods dumping are likely is likely to be to exported continue from from China China PR PR. at However, dumped pricesin view in of the insignificant event of cessation imports during of anti -thedumping injury

investigationduty and dumping period is and likely in tothe continue absence from of credible China PR.evidence However, supporting in view likelihood of insignificant of recurrence imports ofduring dumpin theg injury from

Indonesiainvestigation the period DA concludes and in the that absence there is of no credible imminent evidence likelihood supporting of recurrence likelihood of dumping of recurrence from Indonesia;of dumping and from

Indonesia the DA concludes that there is no imminent likelihood of recurrence of dumping from Indonesia; and d) injury to the domestic industry is likely to continue in the event of cessation of anti-dumping duty on imports of

subjectd) injury goods to the fromdomestic China industry PR because is likely of to continuation continue in ofthe dumped event of imports cessation from of that anti country,-dumping duty on imports of

subject goods from China PR because of continuation of dumped imports from that country,

and has recommended continuation of anti-dumping duty on imports of subject goods originating in, or exported from, China PR; and has recommended continuation of anti-dumping duty on imports of subject goods originating in, or exported from, China PR; Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (5) of section 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975) read with rules 18 and 23 of the Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (5) of section 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975) read with rules 18 and 23 of the Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Anti-dumping Duty on Dumped Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules, 1995, the Central Government after considering the aforesaid findings of the designated authority, hereby imposes on the goods the description of which is specified in column (3) of the Table below, falling under heading of the First Schedule to the said Customs Tariff Act as specified in the corresponding entry in column (2), originating in the country specified in the corresponding entry in column (4), exported from the country specified in the corresponding entry in column (5), produced by the producer specified in the corresponding entry in column (6) and exported by the exporter specified in the corresponding entry in column (7), and imported into India, an anti-dumping duty at the rate equal to the amount indicated in the corresponding entry in column (8), in the currency as specified in the corresponding entry in column (10) and as per unit of measurement as specified in the corresponding entry in column (9) of the said Table.

Table s. Heading Description Countries of Count-ries Pro- Expo- Duty Unit of Curre- No. of Goods origin of Export duc- rter amo- Meas- ncy er unt urem- ent (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1 7005 Float Glass China PR China PR Any Any 218 MT United States Dollar 2 7005 Float Glass China PR Any Any Any 218 MT United States Dollar 3 7005 Float Glass Any, other China PR Any Any 218 MT United than States countries Dollar attracting anti-dumping duty

Note 1: “ Float Glass” means Float Glass of thickness 2 mm to 12 mm (both thickness inclusive) of clear as well as tinted variety (other than green glass) but not including reflective glass, processed glass meant for decorative, industrial or automotive purposes. Note 2: In case of goods originating from countries against which antidumping duties are in force, antidumping duty applicable under those notifications shall apply.

The anti-dumping duty imposed under this notification shall be effective for a period of five years (unless

revoked, amended or superseded earlier) from the date of publication of this notification in the Gazette

of India and shall be paid in Indian currency.

Explanation. - For the purposes of this notification, rate of exchange applicable for the purposes of calculation of such anti-dumping duty shall be the rate which is specified in the notification of the Government of India, in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), issued from time to time, under section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962) and the relevant date for determination of the rate of exchange shall be the date of presentation of the bill of entry under section 46 of the said Customs Act.

[F. No. 354/ 211/2002-TRU] (Pt.-II)

(Anurag Sehgal) Under Secretary to the Government of India

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Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 51 52 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com Personality Profile: Balkrishna Gupta

Born on December 31, 1922 in a small village on the outskirts of Firozabad* (Uttar Pradesh, INDIA), Mr. Balkrishna Gupta belongs from a modest family and could only study till middle level school

Mr. Bal Krishna Gupta is the Its various facilities are spread over The group started manufacturing Founder and Chairman of Advance 30,000 sq. mtr and is about 250 kms Mouth Blown products in the year Group of Glass Industries, away from New Delhi, India's Capital. 1970. Advance Group was the 1st Firozabad. He has more than 70 company in Firozabad to introduce oil years of vast experience of running The Group exports to nearly 15 furnace technology in its unit ‘Unique many glass manufacturing units countries in Europe, South America Glass’, which was previously run on in Firozabad (which is also know as and Asia. Some of its sister concerns coal. Glass city of India). are: st yy Om Glass Works Pvt. Ltd. In 1994, 1 automatic bulb shell Mr. Gupta has served as Former manufacturing unit was started yy Pankaj Glass Works Ltd. President of The All India Glass by the group. In 1996, the Group yy Advance Glass Works Manufacturers' Federation (AIGMF) switched over to natural gas as per and was Former President with yy Adarsh Kanch Udyog Pvt. Ltd. the directive of Govt of India to Uttar Pradesh Glass Manufacturers' yy Advance Lamp Component Pvt. protect Taj Mahal from Industrial Syndicate (UPGMS) for many terms. Ltd. pollution in and around Taj yy Advance Vacuum Flask Industries Trapezium Zone. Mr. Gupta is a self-made tycoon Pvt. Ltd. who started his 1st glass business in At the age of 93, Mr. Gupta still plays yy Oriental Glass Works partnership with Ganga Glass in 1946 an active role as member of UPGMS for just 2 Anna’s (12.5 paisa or 12/100 yy Modern Glass Industries (a zonal association of the AIGMF) for of an Indian rupee). He suffered loss yy Orchid Greens the growth and development of Glass in his maiden business but continued yy Boss Deco Industry. as he was self-motivated to excel. To achieve his ambitions, he borrowed Rs. 10,000 from his father in 1950s and since then has never looked back.

Today his group employs more 10,000 people directly or indirectly.

Advance Group of Glass Industries Located at Advance Puram, Raja-Ka- Taal, Agra Road, Firozabad (Uttar Pradesh) Advance Group is into manufacturing of Handicraft items, Mr. Bal Krishna Gupta, Chief Guest at 2nd Glasspex India in 2011 inaugurating the Thermos Flasks, Industrial Lamps, Table Exhibition at Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai in the august presence- MDI (Messe Düsseldorf GmbH/Messe Düsseldorf India Pvt. Ltd.) and AIGMF Officials ware, bulb shells, Glass Bottles, etc.

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 53 laf{kIr thou ifjp;& Jh ckyÑ".k xqIr firk % lsB mejkoyky th tUe LFkku % dksVyk (tuin&fiQjkst+kckn) m-iz- tUe frfFk % 31 fnlEcj] 1922 bZ- fuokl % 105] guqeku xat] fiQjkst+kckn f'k{kk % fgUnh dk Js"B rFkk vaxzsth dk O;ogkjksi;ksxh Kku laLFkkid % ,MokUl xzqi vkWiQ Xykl b.MLVªht] fiQjkst+kckn vè;{k % v-Hkk- czt&lkfgR; laxe] eFkqjk (lkfgR; ,oa f'k{kk txr)& czt dyk dsUnz vkxjk & ekuljksoj lkfgR; laxe] fiQjkst+kckn & Jh vkj- ds- b.Vj dkWyst] dksVyk & egkRek xkU/h f'k{k.k laLFkku ih-th- dkWyst] fiQjkst+kckn miyC/ vyadj.k% & ^mÙkj izns'k jRu* (vk- bZ- dkWUizsaQl vkWiQ bUVsysDpqvYl] m-iz-) & ^vk;Z&Hkw"k.k* (xq#dqy egkfo|ky;] Tokykiqj] gfj}kj) & ^lkfgR;&lsoh* (fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] bykgkckn) & ^ok.kh&Hkw"k.k* (v-Hkk- czt&lkfgR; laxe] eFkqjk) & ^Hkk"kk Hkw"k.k* lkfgR; eaMy JhukFk }kjk] (jkt-) ;ksxnku % & Jh vkj- ds- b.Vj dkyst] dksVyk (laLFkkid) & Jh vkj- ds- xYlZ gkbZLdwy] dksVyk (laLFkkid) vè;{k % & ;w-ih- Xykl fl.MhdsV] fiQjkst+kckn (vkS|hfxd txr) & vkWy bf.M;k Xykl eSU;wiSQDplZ iSQMjs'ku] ubZ fnYyh & lkbf.VfiQd Xykl eSU;qiSQDplZ ,lksfl,'ku] fiQjkst+kckn & us'kuy pSEcj vkWiQ b.MLVªht ,.M dkWelZ] ;w-ih-] vkxjk & vkxjk izksMfDVfoVh dkmfUly] vkxjk fo'ks"k%& & Ñ"kd&ifjokj esa tUe ysdj Lo&ijkØe ,oa cqf¼&cy }kjk ns'k ds izeq[k dk¡p&m|ksxifr ds in ij lqizfrf"BrA & Xykl eSU;qiSQDpfjax ds {ks=k esa fo'ks"kKrk izkfIr ds fy, vesfjdk] teZuh] yUnu] isfjl] :l] bVyh rFkk vU; ns'kksa dh ;k=kk,¡A & dk¡p&m|ksx dh LFkkiuk gsrq ijke'kZnkrk ds :i esa ckaXyk ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk vkefU=kr ,oa ogk¡ dh ;k=kkA & vusd lkekftd] lkfgfR;d] lkaLÑfrd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ls lEc¼] vusd LFkkuksa ij vusdksa ckj vfHkufUnrA & fgUnh ds lq/h dfo] fucU/dkj ,oa ;k=kk&o`rkUr ys[kdA & lkfgR;&dyk Lusgh] lekt lsoh] xkU/hoknh] [kn~njizseh] g¡leq[k] gkftj tckc] /hjs&xaHkhj rFkk vkd"kZd O;fDrRo ds /uhA

Mr. Bal Krishna Gupta with his son Mr. Pradeep Kumar Gupta (Left), Former President AIGMF; Mr. Sanjay Agarwal (2nd from right), Hony. Treasurer AIGMF & Hon. Secretary UPGMS and Mr. Raj Kumar Mittal (right), Vice President AIGMF & President UPGMS

54 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

Jh ckyÑ".k xqIr }kjk lapkfyr dkj[kkus vkSj muds Hkkxhnkj Øe la- lu~ uke laLFkku Hkkxhnkjksa ds uke 1. 1946 xaxk Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn ck- jkelju] ck- xaxkjke 2. 1948 vksfj;UVy Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh ukFkwjke izseh Jh t; dqekj tSu 3. 1948 bjiQku Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn ck- gtkjhyky tSu 4. 1948 vkn'kZ Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn yk- fxj/kjh yky 5. 1948 ckiw Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn gkth bjiQku vyhlkgc 6. 1948 lar Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn ehj iQk#[k vyh 7. 1948 egkohj Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn ck- lqugjh yky tSu 8. 1948 f'ko Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn JhÑ".kpUnz xqIrk (HkS;kth) Jh foey ukjk;u tSu 9. 1948 lkfo=kh Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh ekfudpUn tSu Jh jrhjke 10. 1954 ,Mokal Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh ckyÑ".k xks;y 11. 1960 jktLFkku fiXesav ,.M dSehdYl ck- guqeku izlkn] vkxjk 12. 1970 oS'; Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn ck- eqa'khyky] vkxjk 13. 1970 nqxkZ Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh f=kyksdhukFk vxzoky 14. 1970 ;wfud Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh cztHkw"k.k vxzoky 15. 1985 vkse~ Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh fcgkjh yky 'kek 16. 1985 iadt Xykl oDlZ] iQhjkst+kckn Jh lqjs'k pUnz nqcs 17. Jh ukFk dksjksxsVl Jh egs'kpUnz egf"kZ Jh fo'kky egf"kZ 18. ,-th- b.MLVªht Jh pdys'k tSu 19. 1985 'kadj lkbfUVfiQd Xykl oDlZ Jh /esZUnz dqekj xqIrk 20. 1985 vkn'kZ dk¡p m|ksx] iQhjkst+kckn Jh jkefd'kksj xqIrk 21. 1985 ekMZu Xykl b.MLVªht] iQhjkst+kckn Jh lqjs'kpUnz caly Jh xqIrkth dh dye ls----- 22. 1985 ,Mokal daiksusUV~l izk-fy- Jh izoh.kpUnz th gSfl;r! rsjs fy, D;k ugha fd;k eSus\ 23. 1985 ,Mokal Xykl bUVjus'kuy] fnYyh Jh ,e-lh- nqcs bZeku rd nko ij yxk fn;k eSusA 24. 1985 MSdks ikSVjh izk-fy-] xkft;kckn Jh ch-ds- 'kekZ rwus vkus ds ckn dSls xqy f[kyk;s gSaA ?kj esa yxrk gS tSls vLirky vk;s gSaA 25. 1955 MSdks Xykl oDlZ] xkft;kckn 26. 1994 ,Mokal ySEi ,.M dEiuh lq[k% rqe cgqr feys] fdUrq nq%[k dks gVk u lds] /u% rqe cgqr feys] fdUrq gcl dks feVk u ldsA 27. 1995 ,Mokal Ýyk'k da- izk-fy-] xkft;kckn 28. 1996 ,Mokal ,DliksVZ fnYyh fpUgkafdr Hkkxhnkj fnoaxr gks pqds gSaA

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 55 Family and other He holds numerous awards i.e. Uttar Industry is not doing well in the activities Pradesh Ratan (A.E. Conference present scenario, overcapacity is one Mr. Gupta proudly informs that his of Intellectual, UP), Arya Bhushan of the main reasons, which needs family members are very supportive. (Gurukul Mahavidhalay, Jwalapur, correction. He also feels that there His son Mr. Pradeep Kumar Gupta Haridwar), Sahitya Sevi (Hindi Sahitya is slump in exports. Dumping of glass (Former President AIGMF) and Sammelan, Allahabad), Vani Bhushan and glassware mainly by China and grandsons have taken their businesses (A. Bha. Brij- Sahitya Sangam, Mathura) other countries has led to economic to new heights. and Bhasha Bhooshan Sahitya Mandal slowdown. Shri Nathdwara, (Rajasthan), etc. Anti-Dumping Duty imposed by Mr. Gupta is a well known poet and Govt. of India on the import of raw has authored many Hindi literature Apart from Glass Industry, he has materials and CENVAT, etc., are books. He likes reading books on also served as President of Industrial other reasons which are affecting poetry and religion in his free time. Institutions namely; Scientific Glass Manufacturers’ Association, growth of Glass Industry. In his He has served as Former President Firozabad; National Chamber of view, Govt has done very little to of Brij- Sahitya Sangam, Mathura; Brij Industries and Commerce, Agra and overcome these issues. Kala Kendra Agra; Mansarovar Sahitya Agra Productivity Council. Mr. Gupta says, for convenience sake, Sangam, Firozabad. Mr. Gupta has widely travelled within people are fast switching to plastic Mr. Gupta along with local industry India and other parts of the world i.e. disposable items, which poses a great leaders have funded a Trauma Germany, England, France, Russia, threat to environment and health Centre at Firozabad. He is also an and Italy in connection with business. of the people. He feels that there active member with many state run is an urgent need to run consumer NGOs and social welfare groups. Glass Industry awareness campaigns on the goodness of glass citing environmental and He considers TATA Group as his Mr. Gupta believes that Industry health reasons. role model when it comes to serving Associations play a very vital role in society. bringing all members together on a At the same time, Mr. Gupta is of Mr. Gupta is one of founding members common platform. the view that with change in lifestyle and mind-set, more people are of Shri RK Inter College, Kotla and As Executive Committee member demanding eco-friendly products i.e. Shri RK Girls High School, Kotla. of the AIGMF, he encourages all glass tumblers / bottles / packaging segments of glass industry including Titles / Achievements specifically for drug formulations, etc. small, medium and large scale units According to him, Glass being 100% President Bangle Association (1939-48) to work together and speak one recyclable and environmental friendly President AIGMF (1983-84) language. product always score more points President UPGMS (for many terms) According to Mr. Gupta, Glass when compared with other products

* Firozabad is a city in India, in the state of Uttar Pradesh also known as City of Bangle. The city is famous for glass and bangle works, and its (R to L) Mr. Bal Krishna Gupta with Mr. C. K. Somany, related small Former AIGMF President; Mr. Bharat Somany, AIGMF Office scale industry Bearer; Mr. S.C. Bansal, Former AIGMF President and Mr. is famous Arun Kumar Dukipatti, AIGMF Office Bearer at Executive throughout the Committee meeting of AIGMF in Firozabad world.

56 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 57 Glass News

Annual General Eastern India Glass Ltd., Kolkata Meeting of The All India Manufacturers’ Association 2. Mr. Balkrishna Gupta - Advance Glass Manufacturers’ (EIGMA) Glass Works, Firozabad Federation (AIGMF) 1. Mr. Vinay Saran – HNG & Inds. 3. Mr. Sanjay Somany - HNG & Ind. Following were elected as Office Ltd., Kolkata Ltd., Bahadurgarh Bearers of the AIGMF for the year 4. Mr. Pradeep Kumar Gupta - Om 2015-16 in the Annual General Body South India Glass Manufacturers’ Glass Works Pvt. Ltd. Meeting held on September 12, 2015: Association (SIGMA) 5. Mr. P.K. Kheruka - Borosil Glass President 1. Mr. Sandip Somany - AGI glaspac, Works Ltd. Mr. Sanjay Ganjoo Hyderabad 6. Mr. Mukul Somany, HNG & Ind. Ltd., Kolkata Aashi India Glass Ltd., Roorkee U.P. Glass Manufacturers’ 7. Mr. KC Jain, HNG Float Glass Ltd., Syndicate (UPGMS) Sr. Vice President Mumbai 1. Mr. Deepak Gupta, Hilite Glass (P) Mr. Arun Kumar Dukkipati Ltd., Firozabad "When Glass Meets AGI glaspac (An SBU of HSIL Ltd), 2. Mr. Sanjay Mittal, Farukhi Glass Pharma": Broad Hyderabad Knowledge Bundled in a Industries, Firozabad Little Book 3. Mr. Dharmendra Mohan Gupta, Vice President A new book written by SCHOTT Firozabad Glass Shell Industries, Mr. Raj Kumar Mittal scientist Dr. Bettine Boltres provides Firozabad Mittal Ceramics, Firozabad pharmaceutical companies with 4. Mr. Anurag Gupta, Om Glass basic knowledge of glass and how Works (P) Ltd., Firozabad Hony. General Secretary this material is used best in the Mr. Bharat Somany 5. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Bansal, Sri pharmaceutical industry. "When Glass HNG & Ind. Ltd., Bahadurgarh Sitaram Glass Works, Firozabad meets Pharma" succinctly describes 6. Mr. Uma Shankar Agarwal, Pooja what characteristics the material has, Hony. Treasurer Glass Works (P) Ltd., Firozabad why it possibly interacts with drugs Mr. Sanjay Agarwal and how it can be processed most Kwality Glass Works, Firozabad Western India Glass effectively in production. Manufacturers’ Association On the recommendations of (WIGMA) Zonal Associations following were nominated as members of 1. Mr. H.R. Bhandari, Pragati Glass Ltd. the Executive Committee for the 2. Mr. G.K. Sarda, Empire Industries year 2015-16: Ltd., Vitrum Glass

3. Mr. Vijay Shah, Piramal Glass Ltd. Northern India Glass Manufacturers’ Association 4. Mr. S.U. Mody – Neutral Glass & (NIGMA) Allied Industries Ltd. 1. Mr. Ram Bahadur Dadu, Gujarat The following were co-opted Guardian Ltd., New Delhi as members of the Executive 2. Mr. Shailendra Kumar Misra, HNG Committee for the year 2015– 2016: & Inds. Ltd., Bahadurgarh 1. Mr. C.K. Somany - HNG & Ind.

58 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com

"Glass is the material of choice for closed loop making glass a model of energy and raw materials, and it helps the pharmaceutical industry when it the circular economy. maintaining 125,000 stable and local comes to packing drugs. Nevertheless, Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, jobs in the EU. Glass plants deliver the demands on packaging are rising Austria and Germany continue to be more than half of their products within 300 km and more than 70% of raw rapidly, mainly due to more stringent the best performers and to record materials travel less than 300 km. regulations by the health authorities. striking rates. Italy, the Netherlands By sharing our knowledge of glass and Malta improved on previous “The same glass can be recycled over with companies in the pharmaceutical years. However, it is Eastern Europe and over again – comments Adeline industry, we help them to use glass that is catching up as the industry Farrelly, FEVE Secretary General. We more effectively," Boltres describes begins to address the glass recycling call on the European Commission to her motivation for writing the book. challenges in these countries. Estonia, acknowledge bottle to bottle multiple The book has been published in Slovenia, Slovak Republic and Croatia recycling in the incoming Circular English by Editio Cantor Verlag (ISBN – recorded promising growth rates. Economy Proposal: this is key to 978-3-87193-432-2). The print The increased recycling efforts make incentivise real and sustainably sound edition is now available in bookstores Europe the continent with the highest recycling schemes in the EU and and at www.amazon.com glass recycling rates in the world. attract investments.” An eBook edition is also available According to FEVE President Vitaliano Suction solution from (ISBN 978-3-87193-433-9). Torno “The high glass recycling rate of euroTECH handles glass 73% shows that the glass packaging panes with extreme structured surfaces Glass Recycling Hits 73% model is the best performing closed loop in the EU Sedak designed euroTECH vacuum business model, but more resources Latest industry data – published by the lifting device is capable of handling need to be invested to improve glass European Container Glass Federation three-tonne glass segments of 14 recycling even further and especially in (FEVE) – show that the EU28 average metres in width, three metres in countries lagging behind”. recycling rate for glass packaging hits height and 10 millimetres thickness the 73% mark for the first time. Over Glass recycling enables the container at a time. The weight and size of the 25 billion glass containers continue glass industry to dramatically reduce segments are remarkable on their to be recycled in a bottle to bottle its environmental footprint by saving own, but the panes being handled

SOMANY CONFERENCE HALL at office

"Somany Conference Hall" can accommodate 18-20 people.

Hall is equipped with 43" Smart Wi-Fi TV, Computer work station and other basic facilities. AIGMF members can avail Hall for business meetings (at no charge) which could be planned between 10 am to 5 pm, Monday to Friday and 10 am to 2 pm on Saturday’s.

Booking is however subject to its availability on a working day.

Request for booking may be sent at [email protected]

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 59 Thiruvananthapuram, Jaipur, Indore, Leh and Mahbubnagar, it said. “Master plan of Indore has been prepared and the other corporations/ state nodal agencies are in the process of engaging consultants for preparation of master plans,” the ministry said. The ministry had empanelled 26 consultants in June 2009 to prepare master plan for the development of solar cities. Eight cities are to be developed as ‘Model Solar Cities', the ministry said. Of these 8 cities, Nagpur, Chandigarh, Gandhinagar and Mysore have so far been selected to be developed as ‘Model Solar Cities. Fifteen cities will be developed as also exhibit extremely structured, Howrah, Madhyamgram, Kochi ‘Pilot Solar Cities.’ rather than smooth, surfaces. The and Bhopal, as per the information Of the 15 cities, the government suction cups are each fitted with a available on the ministry’s website. has so far named 13 that include sealing ring of special chloroprene, Of these 50 cities, master plans have Agartala, Coimbatore, Rajkot, Shimla, allowing them to form an air-tight been prepared for 46 cities, including Faridabad, Thane, Raipur, Shirdi, Leh, connection to the component in spite Agra, Gandhinagar, Rajkot, Surat, Aizawl, Puducherry, Vijaywada and of the uneven surface. The specially Thane, Shirdi, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Amritsar are being developed as Pilot designed handling solution can pivot Imphal, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Solar City, it said. up to 105 degrees and uses 30 Faridabad, Bilaspur, Raipur, Agartala, adjustable, flexible and spring-loaded Improved Efficiency when Guwahati, Jorhat, Mysore, Shimla, Handling Windows suction cups arranged along the cross Hamirpur, Jodhpur, Vijayawada, beams of a lightweight support frame. Ludhiana, Amritsar, Dehradun, Panaji Assembling and transporting the The suction cups can be controlled and New Delhi (NDMC area), it windows, glass sheets and glass- individually by hand or from a central added. construction elements by hand is now operating console. Each suction cup much easier, and only one person is Further, in-principle approvals have has a maximum load lifting capacity of required to operate the device. The been given to five cities namely 2,300 N at 60% vacuum. operator can move and position

Indian Govt. approval to develop 50 solar cities The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has approved a proposed master plan to develop 50 solar cities, including three in the national capital region. Out of the proposed 60 solar cities, sanctions have been issued for 50 cities that include New Delhi, Agra, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Amritsar, New Town (Kolkata),

60 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 www.aigmf.com the components very easily and precisely using the ergonomic handle. Even with large and heavy elements, no further members of staff are required. Simplifying the work processes in this way saves time and leads to a higher output per shift and working day. Since handling Schmalz VacuMaster Window Handling with a vacuum is VacuMaster Window Comfort vacuum lifting device for handling glass sheets and also very gentle, windows weighing up to 225 kg damage during transport is now a Using the ergonomic controller, the windows can be lifted, rotated 90° and set down thing of the past again, all at the touch of a button

(News Source: AIGMF Research Team / World Wide Web)

Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 61 TECHNOLOGY TOPICS > forming Using NNPB forming technology for refillable beer bottles Dr Wenke Hu, William Slusser, Peter de Haan and Gary Smay consider the internal pressure and vertical load implications of using NNPB forming technology for refillable beer bottles.

Prior to 1970, most glass beverage thickness distributions inherent in the fluctuate based on typical maximum to minimum (max to containers were manufactured by NNPB process. However, refillable min) thickness ratios for the NNPB and the BB processes. the blow and blow (BB) process. bottles present distinct challenges • Approach No 2: Average glass thicknesses were held However, it became apparent that due to reduced glass surface constant while the minimum and maximum thicknesses to achieve the goal of reduced glass strengths that are associated with were allowed to fluctuate based on typical max to min weight, innovations in the forming repeated use. Therefore, the current thickness ratios for the NNPB and the BB processes. process were needed for greater study was undertaken to evaluate The physical dimensions of the bottles were maintained control of glass distribution. This led the viability of using bottles that have constant throughout the analyses. This was done to to the innovation of the narrow neck been manufactured by the NNPB avoid dimensional changes that would add complexity press and blow (NNPB) process(1, process in the refillable marketplace. to the stress analysis. It is understood that keeping the 2, 3, 4). Initially this technology was This study utilised computer dimensions constant will affect the overflow capacities. used to manufacture non-refillable stress analyses to evaluate refillable For the current bottle designs, these were found to vary by bottles at reduced glass weights, bottles made by the NNPB process about 3%. While this variation would have to be accounted while continuing to meet conventional compared to the same bottles made for prior to the commercial release of the package, it did not minimum thickness requirements. using BB technology. In this initial significantly alter the results of the stress analyses. This was achieved through the ability study, internal pressure and vertical of the plunger to actively position load results will be discussed. Impact CONTAINER FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS glass, creating more uniform thickness considerations will be reported in a Thickness distributions and computer modeling: The distributions for a given glass weight. subsequent presentation. max to min thickness ratios that were used in this study Today, NNPB technology is widely Four different beer bottle sizes for the NNPB and BB processes are shown in table 1. used in the production of non-refillable and designs (330ml, 500ml, 650ml These values are based on numerous measurements of beverage bottles throughout the and 750ml) were evaluated, as bottles made by the BB and NNPB processes in unrelated worldwide glass container industry. shown in figure 1. The internal studies. The minimum thickness values for refillable beer In recent years, the industry has pressure and vertical load stress bottles were chosen based on the body diameter of the begun to consider the potential use indices of each design were obtained container and the carbonation level of typical beers, as of NNPB technology for refillable through finite element analysis (FEA), established by worldwide specifications. beverage containers, which had utilising an Autodesk mechanical A 3D symmetrical model was created using Solidworks been historically formed using the simulation programme(5, 6). Two for each of the four glass container designs. The outer BB process. The interest in the different approaches were evaluated: surface profile was created from information that was NNPB process is the same as the • Approach No 1: Minimum glass provided on technical drawings of these four specific bottles. established use for non-refillable thicknesses were held constant The glass weights shown in table 2 were calculated on a bottles – to reduce weight by while the maximum and average theoretical basis, starting from the minimum thicknesses, taking advantage of improved glass thicknesses were allowed to while simultaneously considering the max to min thickness ratios for each of the two forming processes, along with the two approaches being evaluated in this study. Finite element analysis: The Solidworks file for each model was imported into Autodesk simulation for the purposes of finite element analyses. For the internal pressure analyses, a unit pressure load was applied to the entire inside surface profile of the bottle. For the vertical load analyses, the load was applied vertically upward along the entire circumference of the bearing surface, with the top of the finish being fixed. This loading configuration was used to simplify the computing process; the results would be the same if the load were applied downward to the top of the finish, with the bearing surface being fixed. Stress indices were obtained from the finite element analysis for key regions along the entire inside and outside surfaces of the containers. The stress index represents the amount of principal stress generated by a unit load of either internal pressure or a unit load of vertical force. These values represent the tensile stress distributions in each of the four designs and for each of the two manufacturing processes. Figure 1: 3D Solidworks model for four different bottle sizes. The green coloured region represents the thickness distribution.

Originally published in Glass Worldwide, preferred international journal of AIGMF

GW6062 July AugustKanch 2015 |alt.indd Vol 3 104 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 18/09/2015 12:53 TECHNOLOGY TOPICS > forming www.aigmf.com

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION difference was observed for the heel contact region (21.0%), MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATIONS The results from the evaluations while the minimum difference was observed for the inside From the time of its inception to the of the four different bottles knuckle region (1.8%). The stress index differences for present day, many of the technical barriers produced the same general vertical load were approximately 14% to 17% lower for the associated with NNPB technology have trends. Consequently, for NNPB ware. The largest difference was observed for the been overcome(7). This has allowed simplicity of the discussion, only maximum stress throughout the heel region (16.7%), while a substantially wider range of glass the results from the analyses of the smallest difference was observed specifically for the heel containers to be manufactured using this the 330ml capacity bottle will be contact region (13.5%). technology. However, one barrier that presented in this section. Thus, bottles made by the NNPB process in these remains is the inability to manufacture Approach No 1: Identical considerations of nearly equal bottle weight would exhibit large capacity bottles that require higher minimum thicknesses - With significantly lower stresses compared to bottles made by glass weights. The most important identical minimum thicknesses, the BB process. These stress index reductions were due limiting factor impeding the production of the resulting glass weights were to the higher minimum thickness achieved with the NNPB higher weight containers is the inability approximately 14% lighter for process, which is the result of less thickness variation and to adequately control the temperature the bottles made by the NNPB improved glass distribution. It should also be noted that of the plunger. In the glass industry, it is process than for bottles made there are certain practical limitations associated with the generally acknowledged that the plunger by the BB process, as shown in NNPB process, as discussed in the next section. temperature is critical in the forming table 2. This weight reduction was expected since the typical max to min thickness ratios were less for the NNPB process compared to the BB process. As shown in table 3, both PREFERRED INTERNATIONAL internal pressure and vertical JOURNAL OF AIGMF IN ASSOCIATION WITH KANCH load stress indices were approximately 1% to 9% higher for bottles made by the NNPB process compared to the BB process, due to the overall higher glass weights that were associated with the BB process. India’s Premier Exhibition The maximum difference for the Glass Industry. was observed for the bearing surface region (9.2%), while the minimum difference was observed for the heel contact region (1.0%). The stress index differences for vertical load were approximately 4% to 7% higher for the NNPB ware. The largest difference was observed for the maximum stress at the heel region (6.6%), while the smallest difference was observed for the shoulder contact region SEE YOU (3.8%). Thus, bottles that were 2–4 March 2017 manufactured by the BB process, using this theoretical approach, AGAIN would exhibit less stress. However, this improvement would be at the expense of an Bombay Convention & increase in glass weight. Exhibition Centre, Goregaon (E) Approach No 2: Identical average thickness - When Hall V the average glass thickness was maintained constant, the Mumbai, India calculated bottle weight resulting from the use of the NNPB www.glasspex.com process and the BB process were nearly identical, as shown in table 2. However, as shown in table 4, the internal pressure stress Supported by: Messe Düsseldorf India Pvt. Ltd. 302-302A _ 3rd Floor _ Salcon Aurum indices for the NNPB bottles Plot No. 4 _ Jasola District Centre Near Apollo Hospital _ Jasola were 2% to 21% lower as New Delhi _ 110 025 compared to the bottles made by Tel. +91/11/48 55/00 00 _ Fax +91/11/48 55/00 99 the BB process. The maximum www.md-india.com

New AIGMF advt.indd 1 16/06/2015 15:29 Anz_GLASSPEX_2017_SEE YOU_DIN A4_MDI.indd 1 14.07.15 09:13

Originally published in Glass Worldwide, preferred international journal of AIGMF

GW60 July August 2015 alt.indd 105 Kanch | Vol 3 | No. 2 | July-September18/09/2015 2015 12:53 63 TECHNOLOGY TOPICS > forming

process. Higher temperatures in combination with the mechanical stresses imposed on the plunger during sliding contact with the semi-molten glass causes plunger wear that typically leads to premature plunger failure due to material loss(8). Table 1: Typical max to min thickness ratios for the NNPB and the BB processes. There is a practical rate at which the plunger can be cooled effectively and there is a corresponding glass weight maximum, beyond which that practical cooling rate is exceeded. The result is the heat transfer rate will be insufficient to properly form the parison at higher glass weights. While it is anticipated that this barrier will either be mitigated to some extent or eliminated altogether through innovation in material composition and forming technology, it should be recognised that the results presented here were based on idealised theoretical calculations and therefore, did not account for the practical limits associated Table 2: Calculated glass weights (g). with the NNPB forming process discussed in this section.

CONCLUSION In this study, both identical minimum thicknesses and identical average thicknesses for NNPB and BB processes were analysed for internal pressure and vertical load stresses through finite element analysis. It was concluded that: • When minimum thicknesses were maintained at the same value, bottle weight could be reduced approximately 14% through the use of the NNPB process. This weight reduction can be achieved with manageable increases in the stress index. • When the average thicknesses are held at the same value, both the internal pressure and the vertical load performance can be significantly improved through the use of the NNPB process, while the bottle weight remains unchanged. Based on these results, NNPB would appear to be a viable candidate for refillable bottle production. However, additional work to include the effects of NNPB production on impact resistance is planned using the same approaches that were utilised in this study. These results will be reported in a future presentation.

Table 3: Internal pressure and vertical load stress indices for 330ml bottle with identical minimum thickness. REFERENCES 1. H J Moder, Lightweight Glass Technology for Aseptic Filling, Verpackungs, 30 (11), 72-76, 1987. 2. H Griffel, Lightweighting in the Glass Container Industry, Ceram Eng Sci Proc, 8 (3,4) 156-170, 1987. 3. R Chinella, Lightweighting of Glass Containers, Ceram Eng Sci Proc, 10 (3,4) 173-181, 1989. 4. P Silvester, NNPB Breaks New Ground, Package Today, 17 (6), 23-24, 1995. 5. M W Davis, Effect of Lighweighting on the Impact Performance of Glass Containers: Further Discussions, Glass Technology, 34(4), 163- 165, 1993. 6. M W Davis and A R Shott, Optimum Thickness Distribution for Lightweight Glass Containers, Glass, June 221-222, 1995. 7. R Penlington, Advancing NNPB Plunger Technology, Glass, 74 (9), 337, 339, 1997. 8. M Sarwar and A W Armitage, Tooling requirements for glass container production for the narrow neck press and blow process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 139 (2003) 160-163.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr Wenke Hu, Senior Scientist, William G Slusser, Research Services Manager, Peter de Haan, Senior Scientist and Gary Smay, Senior Scientist (retired) at American Glass Research

FURTHER INFORMATION: American Glass Research, Butler, Pennsylvania, USA tel: +1 724 482 2163 email: [email protected] web: www.americanglassresearch.com Table 4: Internal pressure and vertical load stress indices for 330ml bottle with identical average thickness.

Originally published in Glass Worldwide, preferred international journal of AIGMF

GW6064 July AugustKanch 2015 | alt.inddVol 3 106 | No. 2 | July-September 2015 18/09/2015 12:53

Regd. No. R.N. DELBIL/2013/51338 Quarterly Journal of The All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation, 812 New Delhi House, 27 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi – 110001, INDIA | [email protected]