E3S Web of Conferences 38, 01046 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801046 ICEMEE 2018

The Evaluation of Land Use Status in Mountainous Counties of Southwest China Based on Comprehensive Evaluation Models：A Case Study of Baoxing County, Province

Mengtian Cao 1, *, Jundi Shen1, Zhehua Chen2

1School of Tourism management, South China Normal University, Panyu district, No.378 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, P.R.China. 2Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Tianhe district, No.338 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong, P.R.China.

Abstract. In mountainous areas of Southwest China, the land resources are scarce, and the ecological environment is fragile, so it is particularly important to carry out the evaluation of land use status for the sustainability of land development. Taking Baoxing County in Sichuan Province, the typical mountainous county in Southwest China, as an instance, this study refers to the existing research frameworks to establish the evaluation system of land use status. Meanwhile, the comprehensive evaluation models are used to evaluate land use status. As indicated from the results, in Baoxing County, the comprehensive evaluation score of the overall status of land use, the evaluation score of the development degree of land, the evaluation score of the intensive management degree of land and the evaluation score of the comprehensive benefits of land were 83.5, 108.24, 72.25 and 80.77, respectively. Land use status is generally at the relatively rational use stage, and the main problems are the lack of land investment and the low mechanization level of agricultural production. It is suggested to increase the financial investment in land and enhance the intensive degree and comprehensive benefits of land in the future.

degree, utilization effect and existing problems of land resources in the research area, and the evaluation results 1 Introduction are influenced by natural, human and other factors.The With an area of about 2/3 of China's territory area, land evaluation frameworks are divided into three China's mountainous areas are characterized by the categories, namely the Goal-Estimate- complex geological environment, the scattered land Consequence(G-E-C) evaluation framework from "The resources and the outstanding contradictions between Outline of Land Evaluation" and "The Outline of limited land resources and rapid urbanization. With the Sustainable Land Management Evaluation" (which increase of population and the rapid improvement of analyzes the evaluation based on identifying the urbanization rate, the industrialization degree is also objectives, types and methods of land use), the being enhanced constantly. Under the pressure of these Pressure-Status-Response (P-S-R) framework put leading factors, the scales of industrial land and urban forward by Organization for Economic Cooperation and and rural construction land have been expanded gradually, Development (which emphasizes the evaluation of land which not only poses great challenges to the maintenance based on the analysis on the correlations among human of limited land resources in mountainous areas but also activities, social development and ecological can lead to the destruction of ecological environment in environment) and the Nature -Economy-Society (N-E-S) mountainous areas. Therefore, the reasonable framework (which analyzes the land use system as the development and use of the existing land resources in natural, economic and social subsystems to measure the mountainous areas and the environmental management integrity of the land system and realize the are crucial to ensuring the sustainable development of dimensionality reduction of the complex system). The mountainous areas. However, the development and use of above frameworks play an important role in the overall land in mountainous areas should be based on the evaluation of land, the quantification of relevant evaluation of land use status, so as to carry out the indicators and the environmental management. overall planning and layout. At present, the statistical and econometric model As a multi-level and multi-factor complex study, the analysis methods are mainly adopted for the land evaluation of land use status is an analytical evaluation of evaluation methods, and the relevant technical support is characteristics, utilization structure and layout, use used. For example, overlap analysis method, * Corresponding author: [email protected] (M. Cao) ;

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 38, 01046 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801046 ICEMEE 2018

multi-indicator decision model, vector-raster mixed data (1) Single indicator score calculation model, Markov model, neighborhood algorithm and In this study, the comprehensive evaluation models GRNN model are used for land evaluation. The land is are used to preprocess the selected indicator magnitude technically evaluated by GIS, RS, GPS and other means. uniformly. Formula (a) is used for the calculation of the Currently, there is the lack of the research on the scores of positive indicators, while Formula (b) is evaluation of land use status in mountainous counties of adopted to calculate the scores of negative indicators. Southwest China. As the habitat, Baoxing The specific formulas are as follows:

County belongs to the restricted development zone in the F1 = CV SV Wi (a) main functional areas, and the ecological environment is F = SV CV W (b) fragile, so the case selection is representative. Thus, 2 i drawing lessons from the previous research frameworks, F1 and F2 refer to the score of the indicator; CV this study uses the comprehensive evaluation models to indicates the present value of the indicator (the current evaluate the current status of land and analyzes the survey statistics); SV represents the standard value of the current status and future development direction of land indicator (the target planning value in 2020); Wi denotes use in Baoxing County. the weight. (2) Evaluate the total score calculation The calculation of the total score value of the 2 Research region and data sources evaluation is the linear weighting of the score of the individual evaluation indicator, and the formula can be expressed by: 2.1 General situations of research region LS = W F (i = 1,2,...,n)  i i (c) Baoxing County (102°28 - 103°02′E, 30°09′ - 30°56′N) LS stands for the comprehensive level of land use; Wi is located in the western edge of the Sichuan Basin and in refers to the weight of the indicator i; Fi represents the the north of Ya'an City. Bordering and evaluation score of the indicator i; n denotes the number on the north and facing of indicators. on the south, it is contiguous to County on the (3) Evaluation standard division west and adjoins Lushan County on the east. The In order to deal with the data better and more transportation is mainly based on highways, and intuitively, in this study, the total evaluation score is provincial highway No. 210 runs through the whole multiplied by 100, and land use status is divided into four territory. The county is 61 km wide from east to west and stages, which are irrational use stage, general rational use 81 km long from south to north, and the jurisdiction area stage, relatively rational use stage and sustainable use is about 3114 km2.According to the second national land stage. The details are shown in Table1. survey data, the total land area of Baoxing County is 311398.68 hm2, and the agricultural land, construction land and unused land in the county respectively account 3.2 Design of evaluation indicators for 95%, 1% and 4% of the county's total land area. Based on the actual characteristics of Baoxing County and the availability of data, the evaluation indicator 2.2 Data sources system of land use status is established. Meanwhile, this study collects the data from the economic, environmental, The latest DEM (1:50000 data), administrative division transportation, agricultural and other departments in the map, present land use map, river system map, fracture county, the target planning value of the current overall structure map, traffic road map, population and related land use planning and other relevant data, delimiting the socio-economic data were obtained in accordance with standard value of each individual indicator. The details the MH tracking survey and CL development in Baoxing are presented in Table 2. County from research groups between 2014 and 2016. The data originated from the Statistical Bureau, Table 1. Land use status evaluation score standard Meteorological Bureau, Land Bureau, archives, Evaluation geological environment monitoring stations and other ＜50 50-70 70-90 ＞90 relevant government departments of Baoxing County. total score General Relatively Sustaina Iirrational rational Standard rational ble use 3 Evaluation model calculation and use stage use use stage stage design of evaluation indicator stage

3.1 Evaluation model calculation

Table 2. The Evaluation System and Standard Value of Land Use in Baoxing County

Target Criterion level Indicator Stand Calculation formula explanation level (B) level (C) ard (A) Cultivated land area / Total land value Land Land reclamation rate (%) (C1) 1.28 area·100

2 E3S Web of Conferences 38, 01046 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801046 ICEMEE 2018 multi-indicator decision model, vector-raster mixed data (1) Single indicator score calculation development Land use rate (%) (C2) Used land area / Total land area·100 99.19 model, Markov model, neighborhood algorithm and In this study, the comprehensive evaluation models (B1) Status of Agricultural land area / Total land GRNN model are used for land evaluation. The land is are used to preprocess the selected indicator magnitude Agricultural use rate of land (%) (C3) 98.65 technically evaluated by GIS, RS, GPS and other means. uniformly. Formula (a) is used for the calculation of the land area·100 utilization Construction land area / Total land Currently, there is the lack of the research on the scores of positive indicators, while Formula (b) is Land construction use rate (%) (C4) 0.55 (A) area·100 evaluation of land use status in mountainous counties of adopted to calculate the scores of negative indicators. Southwest China. As the giant panda habitat, Baoxing The specific formulas are as follows: Multiple-crop indicator of cultivated Annual crop sown area / Total area of 302.9 land (%) (C5) cultivated land·100 7 County belongs to the restricted development zone in the F1 = CV SV Wi (a) main functional areas, and the ecological environment is Population density (%) (C6) Total population / Total land area·100 21.74 F2 = SV CV Wi (b) fragile, so the case selection is representative. Thus, Forest coverage rate (%) (C7) Woodland area / Total land area·100 73.67 F1 and F2 refer to the score of the indicator; CV drawing lessons from the previous research frameworks, Per capita area of construction land Total area of construction land / Total indicates the present value of the indicator (the current 2 2.51 this study uses the comprehensive evaluation models to (hm ) (C8) population·100 survey statistics); SV represents the standard value of the evaluate the current status of land and analyzes the Fertilizer application rate of per-unit Fertilizer application amount / 100.6 indicator (the target planning value in 2020); Wi denotes current status and future development direction of land Intensive cultivated land(%) (C9) cultivated area·100 9 use in Baoxing County. the weight. degree of land Urban population / Total Urbanization level (%) (C10) 43.00 (2) Evaluate the total score calculation (B2) population·100

The calculation of the total score value of the Investment intensity of fixed assets Fixed assets investment / 244.6

2 Research region and data sources evaluation is the linear weighting of the score of the in per-unit construction land (C11) Construction land 9 individual evaluation indicator, and the formula can be Road network density (%) (C12) Traffic land / Total land area·100 0.13 expressed by: 2.1 General situations of research region LS = W F (i = 1,2,...,n) Output value of unit sown area (Ten Total agricultural output value / Crop  i i (c) 1.86 thousand yuan) (C13) sown area Baoxing County (102°28 - 103°02′E, 30°09′ - 30°56′N) LS stands for the comprehensive level of land use; Wi Output value of unit land area (Ten Total agricultural output value / is located in the western edge of the Sichuan Basin and in refers to the weight of the indicator i; Fi represents the 9.85 the north of Ya'an City. Bordering Wenchuan County and evaluation score of the indicator i; n denotes the number thousand yuan) (C14) Cultivated land area Total output value of per-unit Xiaojin County on the north and facing Tianquan County of indicators. Total agricultural output value / Comprehensive agricultural land (Ten thousand 0.13 on the south, it is contiguous to Kangding County on the (3) Evaluation standard division Agricultural land area benefit of land yuan) (C15) west and adjoins Lushan County on the east. The In order to deal with the data better and more (B3) transportation is mainly based on highways, and intuitively, in this study, the total evaluation score is Land output rate (%) (C16) GDP/ Land area·100 84.39 provincial highway No. 210 runs through the whole multiplied by 100, and land use status is divided into four territory. The county is 61 km wide from east to west and stages, which are irrational use stage, general rational use Per capita area of cultivated land Total area of cultivated land / total 2 0.06 81 km long from south to north, and the jurisdiction area stage, relatively rational use stage and sustainable use (hm ) (C17) population is about 3114 km2.According to the second national land stage. The details are shown in Table1. survey data, the total land area of Baoxing County is concluded that the evaluation score of land use status in 311398.68 hm2, and the agricultural land, construction Baoxing County was 83.50. The scores and land and unused land in the county respectively account 3.2 Design of evaluation indicators 4 Evaluation result and analysis of land comprehensive scores of the main individual indicators for 95%, 1% and 4% of the county's total land area. Based on the actual characteristics of Baoxing County use status quo are detailed in Table 3. From the overall evaluation and the availability of data, the evaluation indicator standard delineated in Table 1, it is seen that land use 2.2 Data sources system of land use status is established. Meanwhile, this 4.1 Land use status evaluation weight status in Baoxing County was generally at the sustainable study collects the data from the economic, environmental, calculation use stage. The latest DEM (1:50000 data), administrative division transportation, agricultural and other departments in the map, present land use map, river system map, fracture county, the target planning value of the current overall The weights of the evaluation indicators of land use structure map, traffic road map, population and related land use planning and other relevant data, delimiting the status are mainly determined by analytic hierarchy socio-economic data were obtained in accordance with standard value of each individual indicator. The details process (AHP), and the specific steps are as the MH tracking survey and CL development in Baoxing are presented in Table 2. follows:(1)The establishment of the hierarchy judgment County from research groups between 2014 and 2016. matrix;(2)The establishment of the related hierarchy The data originated from the Statistical Bureau, Table 1. Land use status evaluation score standard sorting;(3)The consistency test of the judgment Meteorological Bureau, Land Bureau, archives, matrix;(4)The establishment of the related hierarchical Evaluation geological environment monitoring stations and other ＜50 50-70 70-90 ＞90 level weight;In accordance with the above steps, the relevant government departments of Baoxing County. total score weights of various indicators are eventually calculated General ( Fig.1.). Relatively Sustaina Iirrational rational Standard rational ble use 3 Evaluation model calculation and use stage use Figure 1. Evaluation indicators weight of land use status in use stage stage design of evaluation indicator stage 4.2 Land use status evaluation score Baoxing county The calculation results of the above weight values are 3.1 Evaluation model calculation substituted into Formula (c), and through calculation, it is Table 3. Land use status evaluation score standard Table 2. The Evaluation System and Standard Value of Land Use in Baoxing County

Target Criterion level Indicator Stand Target level Criteria level indicator level Single Composite Calculation formula explanation Statistic level (B) level (C) ard (A) (B) (C) indicator score Score (A) Cultivated land area / Total land value A C1 1.38 107.31 Land Land reclamation rate (%) (C1) 1.28 108.24 area·100 (83.50) C2 95.88 96.66

3 E3S Web of Conferences 38, 01046 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801046 ICEMEE 2018

C3 95.09 96.39 B1 C4 0.79 144.51 C5 279.40 92.22 C6 18.92 87.01 C7 76.77 104.21 C8 4.17 166.08 C9 134.69 74.76

C10 21.02 48.89 B2 72.25 C11 123.91 59.20

C12 0.19 147.26 C13 1.56 83.94 C14 11.53 44.28 B3 C15 0.17 49.30 80.77 C16 64.97 76.99 C17 0.07 123.32 Compared with the target planning value in 2020, the increase in various indicators of non-agricultural comprehensive evaluation score of the development construction land in the county have led to the serious degree of land in this county was 108.24, showing that problems of the protection of cultivated land and will the development and use degree of land was high. result in the increasingly incisive contradictions of the Wherein, the scores of various indicators from large to allocation of land resources in various industries in the small were as follows: per capita area of construction future. The total amount of reserved resources for land > land construction use rate > land reclamation cultivated land in the county was 13240.24 hm2, and the rate > forest coverage rate > land use rate > agricultural reserve resources for cultivated land suitable for use rate of land > multiple-crop indicator of cultivated development were relatively abundant. However, due to land > population density. The proportion of agricultural the insufficient development efforts, the situation of the land was great, and agricultural land area was 296115.27 sustainable use of land was not optimistic. hm2, accounting for about 95% of the county's total land The evaluation score of the comprehensive benefits area. However, the land reclamation rate was only 1.37%. of land in the county was 80.77, showing that the This is because the county is located in the mountainous comprehensive benefits of land were preferable. Wherein, areas and affected by the geomorphic environment, and the scores of various indicators from large to small were the fragmentation degree of land is great. In addition, in as follows: per capita area of cultivated land > output recent years, most rural young and middle-aged laborers value of per-unit sown area > land output rate > total have gone out to work, and the rural left-behind residents output value of per-unit agricultural land > output value are mostly the elderly and the sick, resulting in of per-unit cultivated land area. The scores of the output tremendous changes in agricultural farming methods. In value of per-unit sown area, the output value of per-unit the cultivation process, the rural left-behind residents cultivated land area and the total output value of per-unit strived for simplicity and convenience and did not attach agricultural land were 83.94, 44.28 and 49.30, importance to maintaining the fertility of land, leading to respectively. This was related to the surface structure the decline in the quality of cultivated land and the characteristics of Baoxing County, and the relative ineffective exploration of land potential. The proportion fragmentation of cultivated land resulted in the low of construction land in the county was only 1%, and the yields of food crops. The land output rate was relatively score of per capita area of construction land was 166.08, high, with the score of 76.99, and the economic crops in indicating that the industrial and mining land in urban the mountainous and hilly areas were developing well, so areas was not enough; the sustained development of the total land output rate was higher. Due to the low economy and society in the county has brought about a population density and the large proportion of continuous increase in the demand for land, and the agricultural land in the county, per capita area of contradictions between the supply and demand of land cultivated land had a higher score of 123.32. will become more prominent and will restrict the overall development. The evaluation score of the intensive management 5 Conclution and discussion degree of land in the county was 72.25, and the intensive The overall characteristics of land use in Baoxing County use level of land was lower than the target planning value. are the diversification of land use types and the Wherein, the scores of various indicators from large to imbalanced spatial distribution of various types of lands, small were as follows: road network density > fertilizer and the evaluation score of the overall status was 83.5. At application rate of per-unit cultivated land > investment present, land use is at the relatively rational use stage, intensity of the fixed assets of per-unit construction and the main problems are the lack of land investment, land > urbanization level. The score of urbanization was the low mechanization level of agricultural production 48.89, indicating that the urbanization level was not high. and the urgent need to improve the use and development The score of road network density was 147.26, degree, the intensive level and the comprehensive suggesting that the infrastructure land in the county was benefits of land. constantly being improved. From 2005 to 2016, the After the county experienced the 5•12 Wenchuan decline in per capita area of cultivated land, the earthquake in 2008 and the 4•20 Lushan earthquake in prominent contradiction between people and land and the

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C3 95.09 96.39 2013, the number of hidden mountain disaster points has Geography, 2003(05): 479-489. B1 C4 0.79 144.51 drastically increased, so the development of construction 4. Feslm FAO. An international framework for C5 279.40 92.22 land is highly threatened by mountain disasters. evaluating sustainable land management[R]. World 6 18.92 87.01 C Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the existing Soil Resources Report 73.1993, 1993. C7 76.77 104.21 financial investment in land, enhance the intensive 5. Wang X, Bao Y. Study on the Methods of Land Use C8 4.17 166.08 degree of land and improve the mechanization level of C9 134.69 74.76 Dynamic Change Research[J]. Progress in agricultural production. At the same time, in the future C10 21.02 48.89 Geography, 1999, 18(1): 81-87. B2 72.25 process of use and development of land, there is a need C11 123.91 59.20 to focus on the protection of ecological environment and 6. Malczewski J. Ordered weighted averaging with C12 0.19 147.26 fuzzy quantifiers: GIS-based multicriteria evaluation C13 1.56 83.94 the risks and management of mountain disasters, further for land-use suitability analysis[J]. International C14 11.53 44.28 carry out the suitability evaluation of land under the Journal of Applied Earth Observation and B3 C15 0.17 49.30 80.77 stress of mountain disasters and ensure the sustainable C16 64.97 76.99 use of land resources. Geoinformation, 2006, 8(4): 270-277. C17 0.07 123.32 7. Chandio I A, Matori A N, Yusof K, et al. Compared with the target planning value in 2020, the increase in various indicators of non-agricultural GIS-basedland suitability analysis of sustainable comprehensive evaluation score of the development construction land in the county have led to the serious Acknowledgments hillside development[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, degree of land in this county was 108.24, showing that problems of the protection of cultivated land and will We thank all funding support from the science and 77: 87-94. the development and use degree of land was high. result in the increasingly incisive contradictions of the technology program in Guangdong province of China 8. Promper C, Puissant A, Malet J P, et al. Analysis of Wherein, the scores of various indicators from large to allocation of land resources in various industries in the (Grant NO.2017A020220009), the 61st batch of Chinese land cover changes in the past and the future as small were as follows: per capita area of construction future. The total amount of reserved resources for postdoctoral program.(Grant NO.2017M612683),the contribution to landslide risk scenarios[J]. Applied land > land construction use rate > land reclamation cultivated land in the county was 13240.24 hm2, and the south China normal university youth teacher scientific Geography, 2014, 53: 11-19. rate > forest coverage rate > land use rate > agricultural reserve resources for cultivated land suitable for research cultivating fund program(Grant use rate of land > multiple-crop indicator of cultivated development were relatively abundant. However, due to 9. Ozdemir A, Altural T. A comparative study of NO.2016JK102). land > population density. The proportion of agricultural the insufficient development efforts, the situation of the frequency ratio, weights of evidence and logistic land was great, and agricultural land area was 296115.27 sustainable use of land was not optimistic. regression methods for landslide susceptibility mapping: Sultan Mountains, SW Turkey[J]. Journal hm2, accounting for about 95% of the county's total land The evaluation score of the comprehensive benefits References area. However, the land reclamation rate was only 1.37%. of land in the county was 80.77, showing that the of Asian Earth Sciences, 2013, 64: 180-197. This is because the county is located in the mountainous comprehensive benefits of land were preferable. Wherein, 1. Chen G, Fang Y, Gao Y. China Mountain 10. Koomen E, Diogo V, Dekkers J, et al. A utility-based areas and affected by the geomorphic environment, and the scores of various indicators from large to small were Development Report: New Developments and New suitability framework for integrated local-scale the fragmentation degree of land is great. In addition, in as follows: per capita area of cultivated land > output Explorations of Mountainous Areas in China[M]. land-use modelling[J]. Computers, Environment and recent years, most rural young and middle-aged laborers value of per-unit sown area > land output rate > total Commercial Press, 2010. Urban Systems, 2015, 50: 1-14. have gone out to work, and the rural left-behind residents output value of per-unit agricultural land > output value 2. Wu C. Study of Land Use Evaluation in Urban Area 11. Wei H,Qin B,Peng J,Jin X. Evaluation on are mostly the elderly and the sick, resulting in of per-unit cultivated land area. The scores of the output and Analyzing its Potential: Taking Nanjing as an comprehensive exploitation suitability of low-slope tremendous changes in agricultural farming methods. In value of per-unit sown area, the output value of per-unit Example[D]. Naning Agricultural University, hilly land based on GRNN model and neighborhood the cultivation process, the rural left-behind residents cultivated land area and the total output value of per-unit Naning, China, 2006. calculation:A case study of Wumeng Mountain strived for simplicity and convenience and did not attach agricultural land were 83.94, 44.28 and 49.30, 3. Guo X, Qiu Y, Lian G, Liu K. The Progress and continuous poverty-stricken region[J].Geographical importance to maintaining the fertility of land, leading to respectively. This was related to the surface structure Prospect of Land Quality Indicators Based Research, 2014, 33(5): 831-841. the decline in the quality of cultivated land and the characteristics of Baoxing County, and the relative on“Press-State-Response” Framework[J].Progress in ineffective exploration of land potential. The proportion fragmentation of cultivated land resulted in the low of construction land in the county was only 1%, and the yields of food crops. The land output rate was relatively score of per capita area of construction land was 166.08, high, with the score of 76.99, and the economic crops in indicating that the industrial and mining land in urban the mountainous and hilly areas were developing well, so areas was not enough; the sustained development of the total land output rate was higher. Due to the low economy and society in the county has brought about a population density and the large proportion of continuous increase in the demand for land, and the agricultural land in the county, per capita area of contradictions between the supply and demand of land cultivated land had a higher score of 123.32. will become more prominent and will restrict the overall development. The evaluation score of the intensive management 5 Conclution and discussion degree of land in the county was 72.25, and the intensive The overall characteristics of land use in Baoxing County use level of land was lower than the target planning value. are the diversification of land use types and the Wherein, the scores of various indicators from large to imbalanced spatial distribution of various types of lands, small were as follows: road network density > fertilizer and the evaluation score of the overall status was 83.5. At application rate of per-unit cultivated land > investment present, land use is at the relatively rational use stage, intensity of the fixed assets of per-unit construction and the main problems are the lack of land investment, land > urbanization level. The score of urbanization was the low mechanization level of agricultural production 48.89, indicating that the urbanization level was not high. and the urgent need to improve the use and development The score of road network density was 147.26, degree, the intensive level and the comprehensive suggesting that the infrastructure land in the county was benefits of land. constantly being improved. From 2005 to 2016, the After the county experienced the 5•12 Wenchuan decline in per capita area of cultivated land, the earthquake in 2008 and the 4•20 Lushan earthquake in prominent contradiction between people and land and the

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