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The Franco-American Encampment in the Town of Greenburgh, 6 July – 18 August 1781

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The Franco-American Encampment in the Town of Greenburgh, 6 July – 18 August 1781 The Franco-American Encampment in the Town of Greenburgh, 6 July – 18 August 1781: A Historical Overview and Resource Inventory Project Historian ROBERT A. SELIG, Ph. D. Sponsoring Organization Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area (Grant #2000-W-37) Town of Greenburgh NY Friends of Odell House Rochambeau Headquarters Grant Administrator Town of Greenburgh Project Director Garrett P. Duquesne Commissioner of Community Development and Conservation Town of Greenburgh 2020 © 2020 Town of Greenburgh, NY. For additions/corrections/suggestions please contact the author at [email protected] For copies of this report please go to either www.greenburghny.com or www.odellrochambeau.org to download a digital copy Removal of artifacts from archaeological and historic sites identified in this survey can be harmful to the historical record of the site and may be illegal. Unauthorized collecting of archaeological artifacts from public land in state or federal ownership is prohibited. For further guidance, contact the New York Department of Historic Resources. 2 Table of Contents 1) Acknowledgments 4 2) Foreword 5 3) Purpose and Recommendations 6 4) Scope of Work 9 5) Methodology 10 6) Inventory of above-ground Resources 11 7) Timeline 34 8) Historical Background a) From 1763 to the Beginning of the Campaign of 1781 43 b) The March to Greenburgh, 18 June to 6 July 1781 47 c) The Raid on Morrisania Manor, 2-3 July 1781 56 d) Arrival in Greenburgh, 6 July 1781 65 Endnotes 71 9) The Franco-American Encampment in Greenburgh, 6 July-18 August 1781 a) The Meeting of the Two Armies 78 b) The Economic Impact of the Alliance and the Encampment 87 c) Relationships between the Forces 93 d) Life in the Neutral Ground 95 e) The Grand Reconnaissance, 21-23 July 1781 98 f) 14 August 1781: The Day that Would Shake the World 108 g) Preparations for the Departure for Virginia 110 Endnotes 115 10) Feeding the Allied Armies in Greenburgh a) French Camp Organization and Layout 124 b) Bread for Rochambeau’s Soldiers 134 c) Meats for Rochambeau’s Soldiers 137 d) American Camp Organization and Layout 140 e) Supplying the Continental Army 145 f) Food for the Animals 147 Endnotes 151 3 11) George Washington's Headquarters in the Appleby House 156 Endnotes 164 12) The comte de Rochambeau’s Headquarters in the Odell House 165 Endnotes 173 13) The Departure of Allied Forces, 18-25 August 1781 174 a) The Commander in Chief and his Guard 178 b) The Rhode Island Regiment 180 c) The American Wagon Train 185 d) The First New York Regiment 188 e) The Second New York Regiment 191 f) The New Jersey Brigade 192 g) The Second Canadian (Congress' Own) Regiment 193 h) The Light Infantry Regiment 196 i) The Second Artillery Regiment 202 j) The Company of Artillery, Laboratory and Artificers 205 k) Continental Army Forces under General William Heath 206 l) Women and Children 210 m) French Forces 213 n) The French Wagon Train 217 o) The British Reaction of the Movements of the Allied Armies 218 p) The Crossing of the Hudson 220 Endnotes 222 14) Conclusion 231 Endnotes 233 15) John Odell Pension Application 234 16) Bibliography 243 Endnotes 263 4 Acknowledgments It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude to the Hudson River Valley Greenway and to A. Mark Castiglione, who as its Acting Executive Director from 2008 to 2016 provided funding for this study. Thomas Madden served as AICP Commissioner in the Department of Community Development and Conservation of the Town of Greenburgh during the initial phases of grant. Paul Feiner, Town Supervisor, Garrett P. Duquesne, Commissioner of Community Development and Conservation, and Susan Seal, President and Founder of the Friends of the Odell House Rochambeau Headquarters guided the project to its completion. The late Frank Jazzo, Town Historian of the Town of Greenburgh, Robert J. Stackpole, SAR, and Peter Q. Eschweiler accompanied me both figuratively as well as literally during my research of, and to, the Revolutionary War sites in Greenburgh connected with the encampment of the Franco-American armies in the summer of 1781. My thanks also to Sarah Pawliczak, who produced the map overlays, and to Vaneska Pasqua, who assisted in proof- reading the report manuscript. My good friends and fellow researchers Todd W. Braisted, Donald M. Londahl-Smidt and John U. Rees generously shared their knowledge of the War of Independence in their neighborhood. Albert D. McJoynt, Lt.-Col., US Air Force (ret.) created the modern rendition of the map entitled "Logements of the General Staff/Lodgings of Staff Headquarters" reproduced in Howard C. Rice, Jr. and Anne S. K. Brown, The American Campaigns of Rochambeau's Army 1780, 1781, 1782, 1782. 2 vols, (Princeton and Providence, 1972), vol. 2, map 41. I am grateful to the New-York Historical Society for permission reproduce details from the Erskine-DeWitt maps, to the Connecticut Historical Society in Hartford for the use of images from the Jeremiah Wadsworth Papers, to the Gilder Lehrman Collection in New York City, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, and the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection for permission to reproduce images. Robert A. Selig, PhD Holland, MI 49423 6 July 2020 the 239th Anniversary of General George Washington’s and the comte de Rochambeau’s arrival in Greenburgh in 1781 5 Foreword When asked about the people and places they associate with the War of Independence, most Americans will nominate George Washington, John Hancock, John Adams, the marquis de Lafayette, Benjamin Franklin or Baron Steuben for inclusion among the actors critical for victory. The top five or six places or events named almost always include Lexington, Concord, the winter at Valley Forge, the Boston Massacre, and the victory at Yorktown. But responses such as these are not only America-centric and ignore the fact that the war was waged in the four corners of the world. They also ignore such indispensable Frenchmen as the comte de Rochambeau or the comte de Grasse and the encampment of the allied armies in and around the Town of Greenburgh in the summer of 1781, their set-off point for Yorktown and victory. The American War of Independence impacted virtually every town of the nascent United States, was in many ways a civil war that at some point or another forced every American to declare his or her allegiance to either the Crown or to Congress. Confining the war to some half-dozen people, places, and events ignores the contributions of tens of thousands of Americans in and out of uniform whose support made the victory possible though they may have been living hundreds of miles from the battlefields. Before they could force the surrender of Lord Cornwallis on 19 October 1781, the allied armies had to get to Yorktown. This study presents an in-depth look at the people, places, and events at the starting point of the Yorktown Campaign and places them into their proper historical context. The encampment at Greenburgh was the first time the allied armies met. Chosen to become the staging point for the siege of New York City, it turned into the longest encampment of the campaign, and the only time the Franco-American armies encamped in close proximity to each other. For the six weeks that the armies camped there in anticipation of the march on New York it also became one of the most densely populated areas in the United States: its officers with their hundreds of servants, around 11,000 soldiers, wagoners and supply personnel constituted the fourth-largest city behind New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Most importantly, however, it became the place where the tracks were set for victory at Yorktown and American independence. Upon receiving news in his headquarters at the John Odell House on 14 August 1781 that Joseph Paul, comte de Grasse, was sailing for the Chesapeake rather than New York, Rochambeau immediately informed George Washington in the Joseph Appleby house. Washington did not hesitate one moment to abandon his long- held dream of taking New York City and ordered his forces to Virginia. Nine weeks later, Lord Cornwallis’ second in command General Charles O’Hara surrendered his sword and the last operational British field army to Washington's second-in-command Major General Benjamin Lincoln. American Independence was won, not on the banks of the Hudson, as Washington had hoped, but on the banks of the York River in his home state of Virginia. But the decision to march there had been made in Greenburgh in the State of New York. 6 Purpose and Recommendations The purpose of this historical overview and resource inventory of the Franco-American encampment in the Town of Greenburgh in July and August 1781 is to provide a historical narrative of the campaign of 1781 in Westchester County with a focus on the Town of Greenburgh and to emphasize the importance of the decisions made during the encampment in Greenburgh for the victory at Yorktown and the achievement of American Independence. In order to achieve this goal the narrative includes a detailed analysis of the land and water routes, campsites and related resources traveled, used and occupied by the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington and of French forces under the comte de Rochambeau in and around the Town of Greenburgh in the summer of 1781. This survey as completed is intended to provide the scholarly foundation necessary to further the goals of the Town of Greenburgh of continuing its work with neighboring communities and organizations such as the , the Hudson River Valley Greenway and the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area (HRVNHA) to support and advance regional historical, recreational and preservation programs.
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