NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 7 (1): on-first ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2011 Article No.: 101104 www.herp-or.uv.ro/nwjz
Distribution and conservation status of snake eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii Bibron & Bory, 1833) in Croatia
Gergely SZÖVÉNYI1 & Dušan JELIĆ2*
1. Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology of the Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Hungary. 2. State Institute for Nature Protection, Trg Mažuranića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia * Corresponding author, D. Jelić, E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 05. April 2009 / Accepted: 06. December 2010 / Available online: 17. December 2010
Abstract. During a survey in June, 2008 a new population of Ablepharus kitaibelii was found in the Slavonia Nature Park Papuk, NE Croatia. The presence of a viable population was later confirmed. The locality is iso- lated by more than 130 km from the nearest known populations in Hungary (Balaton Uplands) or Serbia (Fruška Gora) and has an area of occupancy less than 2.5 km2. Other localities in Croatia (Donji Miholjac and Ilok) were previously mentioned in literature only as personal observations, without any voucher specimens or reliable photographs. Finding of the skink on Papuk mountain leads us to conduct additional field surveys in Donji Miholjac and Ilok. In June 2009 A. kitaibelii was reconfirmed after 25 years in Ilok city park. These two localities are presently the only known habitats of this species in Croatia. Based on the very small area inhab- ited by the species, the high-level isolation of the population, and different threatening factors, we suggest that Ablepharus kitaibelii should be assigned Near Threatened (NT) regional status in Croatia.
Key words: Slavonia; threatened; new record; habitat destruction
Introduction of Lubisavljević et al. (2002) performed in Serbia and Macedonia, these two subspecies seem to be The snake-eyed skink, Ablepharus kitaibelii Bibron connected by a broad intergradation zone in cen- & Bory, 1833 is the only representative of its genus tral Serbia. This gradual change can be found in in Europe, and the northernmost European species the contact zones of southern continental subspe- of the Scincidae (Herczeg et al. 2004). The general cies as well (Lubisavljević et al. 2002, Poulakakis et distribution of the species and various subspecies al. 2005). has already been discussed in details by different The possible presence of snake-eyed skink in authors (Werner 1897, Klaptocz 1910, Stepanek Croatia is discussed only by Janev-Hutinec et al. 1938, Fuhn 1969, 1970, Gruber 1981, Schmidtler (2006) in the Red Book of Amphibians and Reptiles of 1997). In Europe it is known from the southern Croatia. It is stated that one sighting is known from part of Slovakia, Hungary, most of Serbia, south- the vicinity of Donji Miholjac (Northeastern Croa- ern and eastern parts of Romania, Bulgaria, Mace- tia) in 1891 and another from a town park in Ilok donia, Albania, Greece, including the Aegean and (Eastern Croatia) in 1984. Afterwards no more in- the Ionian Islands, and Turkey (Fejérvary 1912, dividuals were found and its recent presence was Pasuljević 1977, Gruber 1981, Gasc et al. 1997, considered extremely doubtful. Its national IUCN Tomović et al. 2001, Ljubisavljevic et al. 2002, status in Croatia is data deficient (DD) (Janev- Herczeg et al. 2004). It was mentioned only once Hutinec et al. 2006). for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sofradžija 1978). In The aims of the present study are to review the north-western part of its distribution, two critically the known historical records of snake- morphologically different subspecies are present. eyed skink in Croatia and to present the results of Ablepharus k. fitzingeri Mertens, 1952 is characteris- our own field survey together with records of field tic of the Carpathian Basin (nom. nov. pro Ablepha- researchers with reliable knowledge on Ablepharus rus pannonicus Fitzinger, 1824), while A. k. stepaneki kitaibelii. In addition, important remarks on the Fuhn, 1970 occurs in the northern half of the Bal- current conservation status of A. kitaibelii in Croa- kan Peninsula southeastward from the distribu- tia are also provided, and an updated distribution tion of A. k. fitzingeri (Mertens 1952, Gruber 1981, map is drawn. Ljubisavljević et al. 2002, Džukić & Kalezić 2004). According to the detailed morphological studies Szövényi, G. & Jelić, D.
Material and Methods path). The weather was partly sunny without any wind (18-21°C). During our study we reviewed critically the known his- Redescovery of Ilok population: torical records of snake-eyed skink in Croatia and made (5.) Ilok city park (Croatia, Ilok: N45°13.373' several field surveys in order to try to confirm its pres- ence. Donji Miholjac was surveyed in three occasions E19°22.636'; 108 m a.s.l.) - on 20 June 2009, after (August 2008, June 2009, July 2009), Ilok in two occasions one unsuccessful survey in May 2009, the first in- (May 2009, June 2009) and Papuk mountain four times dividual of A. kitaibelii was found in late afternoon (twice in June 2008, August 2008, October 2008). around 6 PM by the second author. It was found Animals were collected by hand in the field during in high grass under Robinia pseudoacacia trees random searching through the forest floor and the under- which constitutes extremely degradated habitat growth vegetation. All specimens were examined, meas- for this species. Later another 7 adult individuals ured, photographed and then released alive back to the place where they were found as soon as possible. were caught in just a couple of meters from the original finding site. Weather was warm and sunny (27-30°C). Results Individuals from the new population on Papuk The recent discovery of snake-eyed skink in Papuk mountain (Fig 1.) and Ilok city park were deter- mountain was connected to a zoological survey of mined as A. k. fitzingeri Mertens, 1952 on the basis Slavonia, by biologists form the Eötvös University of their morphological characteristics and their oc- (Budapest, Hungary). currence in the north-western border of species (1.) The first specimens were found fortui- range (Ljubisavljević et al. 2002, Herczeg et al. tously on 11 June 2008, between 4 and 5 PM on the 2004). The reddish coloration of the tail of newly southwestern slope of the ridge Turjak (Croatia, hatched juveniles is known in Hungarian and Slo- Papuk Mountains, Velika: N45°28.681' E17°38.088'; vakian A. k. fitzingeri populations as well (Koncz 605 m a.s.l.) in a small oak forest clearing by the 1998, Herczeg et al. 2002, Korsós et al. 2008). first author. Afterward 3 additional adults were During the research, five syntopic species of found in the next half hour, at the same area at reptiles (Table 1.) were recorded and no amphi- similar and lower elevation (down to 550 m a.s.l.), bian species. This is probably partly due to the near the trail. The weather was warm but cloudy lack of any temporary or permanent water bodies (about 25-28°C) after a short, intensive shower. in the neighborhood of both habitats. Further detections: (2.) Velika, 28 June 2008 between 4 and 7 PM. One additional specimen was found on the road to Table 1. Syntopic reptile species detected in the Papuk and Ilok habitats. Turjak and Mališćak on 350 m a.s.l., two more specimens on the road to Mališćak on the ridge Papuk Ilok Turjak at 628 m a.s.l., and the last one on the ridge, Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768; + a little further from the mountain trail on 649 m Zamenis longissimus (Laurenti, 1768); + Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758; + + a.s.l. The weather was very sunny and warm (25- Lacerta viridis Laurenti, 1768; + + 27°C). Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768). + + (3.) Velika, 6 August 2008 between 2 and 5 PM two adult specimens were found at the lower part of Turjak, under the mountaineering track, where The vegetation of the snake-eyed skink's habi- it reaches the ridge (490 m a.s.l.), and one subadult tat in the Turjak (Papuk Mountain) is dominated in the hillside of Mališćak, close to the border of by light Quercus pubescens forests with Fraxinus or- the neighboring dolomite quarry (585 m a.s.l.). The nus and Juniperus communis bushes, and open ar- weather was cloudy and moderately warm (23- eas with rocky forest floor covered by litter and a 25°C). well developed herbaceous layer (e.g. Chrysopogon (4.) Velika, 1 October 2008 between 1 and 3 gryllus, Festuca sp., Carex sp.) (see Fig. 2). Accord- PM nine adults and subadults and five juvenile ing to National classification of habitat types specimens with light reddish orange tail were (Antonić et al. 2005) these are classified as Orno- counted in about 90 minutes of searching along Quercetum pubescentis Klika 1938. This forest the mountaineering trail of Turjak ridge (clearings community is usually found on steep, dry and and opening forests' floor on both sides of the very warm southern mountain slopes in North
Ablepharus kitaibelii in Croatia
Croatia, representing remnants of thermophilous Puky et al. 2005). Tertiary vegetation. In the Papuk Mountains, it is restricted to a few small sites of dolomite rock Former findings in Croatia basement in the vicinity of Velika town (Pliš, Tur- According to the Red Data Book of Amphibians and jak and Mališćak summits). Reptiles of Croatia (Janev-Hutinec et al. 2006) the In contrast, the remaining habitat of snake- snake-eyed skink is present in Croatia. One find- eyed skink in Ilok is situated on a small loess hill ing of the species is mentioned in this book from in the center of the town. The top of the hill has re- the vicinity of Donji Miholjac (Northeastern Croa- sisted urbanization because the great castle of Ilok tia, Drava river's Plain) in 1891 and another sight- is situated on it and there was a defensive wall ing from a town park in Ilok (Eastern Croatia, near built around it. Later this area around the castle the Danube at the foot of Fruška Gora Hills) in was turned into a City Park. Today there is a great 1984 (see Fig. 4). The former was mentioned in the number of introduced, exotic and cultivated plants Archives of the Prandau family from Donji Mihol- in the Park and only small patches of original jac in 1895, and recently discovered by Z. Tadić, habitats can be found on the steep southern slopes while the latter is mentioned as personal commu- of the hill. This habitat type is also dominated by nication by N. Tvrtković. Neither of these two oc- light Quercus pubescens forest patches and well de- currences was confirmed or represented by veloped herbaceous layer (e.g. C. gryllus, Festuca voucher specimens or photographs, thus the pos- sp., Carex sp.) similarly to the one described in sibility of a mistake should also be taken into ac- Papuk. Lizards are often found in seminatural count. After the discovery of a viable population habitats with light Robinia pseudoacacia forest with in Papuk Nature Park, we led several herpetologi- well preserved herbaceous layer. Part of the slope cal field trips and reconfirmed the presence of is being overgrown by the invasive Ailanthus altis- snake-eyed skink in Ilok. Surveys in Donji Mihol- sima (Mill.) Swingle and Amorpha fruticosa L. trees jac did not provide the confirmation of the exis- and bushes, making the habitat unfavorable for tence of a remaining A. kitaibelii population, or snake-eyed skinks. No individuals were found in even the presence of any apparently suitable habi- areas where the grass was intensively cut (Fig. 3.). tat there.
Conservation status Discussion While the snake-eyed skink is considered to be more or less widespread in the southern part of its The snake-eyed skink is listed in the Appendix 2 area, the northern subspecies, especially A. k. fitz- of the Bern Convention (Council of Europe 1994), ingeri, shows a highly fragmented distribution pat- and in the Annex IV of European Union Habitat tern in the Carpathian Basin, due to climatic and Directive (European Commission 1992), as a spe- edaphic factors and the intensive human presence cies in need of strict protection. (Ljubisavljević et al. 2002, Herczeg et al. 2004). Al- In the Carpathian Basin the snake-eyed skink though several localities have been described in is associated with the biomes of steppes and the last decades in Slovakia and Hungary, many woodland steppes towards the biomes of Sub- well known populations became extinct or de- mediterranean broad-leaved woodlands and clined dramatically in the same period (Kočárek & shrublands (Lubisavljević et al. 2002). It inhabits Palochová 1997, Ljubisavljević et al. 2002, Harmos different types of habitats on a wide range of rock & Herczeg 2003, Herczeg et al. 2004, Korsós et al. basement and soil formations, e.g. sandstone, 2008). Most of the populations of this subspecies dolomite, limestone, andesite, basalt, volcanic are of relatively small sized and threatened by dif- gabbro, dacite tuff, loess and calcareous sand ferent factors. Beside the natural successional (Harmos & Herczeg 2003, Herczeg et al. 2004). It changes (forestation) of its grassland habitats, occurs on places of transitional (ecotone) character Harmos & Herczeg (2003), Herczeg et al. (2004) with common and sessile oak, also on the rock and Puky et al. (2005) and Korsós et al. (2008) mention litter covered floor of opening thermophilous for- several direct human factors, like the urbanization ests, and sometimes on open rocky grasslands (expansion of residential sections of settlements, with shrubs, or even on south-facing slopes cov- or even the intensive human activities, especially ered by closed steppic grassland vegetation (Lu- different technical sports in the neighboring natu- bisavljević et al. 2002, Herczeg et al. 2004, 2007, ral areas), open-pit stone mining (quarries), inten-
Szövényi, G. & Jelić, D.
Figure 1. Ablepahrus kitaibelii adult form Turjak (Velika, Croatia) found in June 2008. (photo: D. Jelić)
Figure 2. Typical habitat of Ablepahrus kitaibelii on Tur- Figure 3. Habitat of Ablepahrus kitaibelii in Ilok City jak (Velika, Croatia). June 2008. (photo: D. Jelić). Park (Ilok, Croatia). On the left a small patch of habitat with higher grass and on the right a flat area of the park where the grass is cut every 3-4 weeks. June 2009. (photo : D. Jelić).
Figure 4. Historical and present distribution of Ablepharus kitaibelii in Croatia. Notes: Shaded areas mark the distribution area in Papuk Mountains and in Ilok.
sive forest management (deforestation of forests, grasslands, intensive agricultural utilization of its or reforestation of grasslands, which are inhabited habitats (vineyards, orchards, ploughlands, inten- by snake-eyed skinks), intentional burning of sive grazing) and illegal deposition of garbage, re-
Ablepharus kitaibelii in Croatia sulting in habitat pollution, destruction or loss. presence (i.e. tourism in Papuk Nature Park and Similarly, negative effects can be caused by some Ilok City Park). The mountaineering trail climbing human mediated factors: massive habitat change up to the summit of Mališćak (a popular destina- due to the rapid colonization of allochtthonous tion point) from Velika runs along the Turjak and sometimes invasive plant species (e.g. Ailan- ridge, touching a considerable part of the snake- thus altissima, Pinus nigra, Syringa vulgaris, Robinia eyed skink habitat; such disturbance may have a pseudoacacia), overgrazing and soil erosion caused negative impact on this population. Ilok City Park by high-density game populations (e.g. Ovis am- is opened for visitors and many people gather mon, Sus scrofa) and direct predation of specimens there each day, especially over weekends. by feral cats and dogs (Herczeg et al. 2004). The snake-eyed skink is strictly protected in Croatia (Nature Protection Act, National Gazette Conclusions 70/05, 139/08). Its newly discovered population can be found inside the borders of the Papuk Na- The Ablepharus kitaibelii population in the Papuk ture Park, thus the whole habitat is officially pro- Mountains (Pliš, Turjak and Mališćak summits tected. Ilok population is found in the small park area) and Ilok city park are the only recently con- forest on the top of the loess hill in the center of firmed occurrences of the species in Croatia, cov- the city. We found different factors that threaten ering together an area of only 4,1 km2 (Fig. 4). the mentioned populations as follows: These restricted habitat-complexes seem to sustain (1) Habitat destruction and loss by dolomite viable snake-eyed skink populations. However stone exploitation. A huge quarry is located near some negative effects should be obviated. The Velika, in the vicinity of recent Ablepharus habitats. most important of these is to stop the further ex- This activity presumably already destroyed a con- pansion of the quarry in Velika (Papuk Mountain), siderable part of the suitable habitats. which seriously endangers the whole habitat (2) Inappropriate forest management. In the complex here, and presumably has already de- eastern side of Turjak monocultural black pine stroyed it to some extent. The strict regulation of (Pinus nigra) plantations can be found, probably the forest and wildlife management in this area instead of former open oak forest, a suitable habi- would also be significant for long term conserva- tat for snake-eyed skink. Cutting of natural forests tion of this habitat. Logging should be avoided, and planting black pines, any other allochthonous except for the black pine (which can easily be species or homogeneous oak plantation to the eliminated even by hand-tools), and the popula- former habitats may even lead to the extinction of tions of game (wild boar and deer) should be kept the local Ablepharus population fragment through at relatively low density in cooperation with the hardly reversible changes in the microhabitat Papuk Nature Park authorities. structure, food availability and interpopulation in- In Ilok city park, grass cutting should be done teractions between the syntopic lizard species as in the way that animals are left with sufficient hid- well (Herczeg et al. 2007). Additionally, black ing places during their whole activity period, and pines have already started to colonize the small park edges should be annually cleared of invasive natural clearings of sessile oak forests, the most plants that tend to overgrow and make too much suitable places for snake-eyed skinks. This is a shaded habitat. Informing tourists about the im- warning signal of a slow, but absolutely unfavor- portance of strict protection of habitats and mak- able process of vegetation change from the point ing them keep to the paths could also have a posi- of view of all this vulnerable and valuable biocoe- tive effect on the whole habitat in both locations. nosis. Another question is that this species probably (3) Habitat destruction by rigorous grass cut- - similarly to vegetation - forms a part of the rem- ting in the central flat part of the park (Fig. 3.) and nant of a more thermophilous biota that was more spreading of invasive plant species (Ailanthus altis- widespread in the past, and it is possible that it is sima (Mill.) Swingle, Amorpha fruticosa L., Robinia more widely distributed than previously sus- pseudoacacia L.) on the steep southern slopes of the pected. Therefore, considerable efforts should be hill overlooking the city of Ilok. These plants taken to investigate further similar areas (i.e. overgrow the ground vegetation and make unfa- south-facing open thermophilous oak forests oc- vorable habitats with too much shadow. curring on limestone, dolomite or loess basement) (4) Disturbance caused by general human in the Papuk Mountains and Ilok surroundings.
Szövényi, G. & Jelić, D.
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