Theme Seen Through the Use of Metaphors and Similes in Katy Perry’S Selected Songs in the Album Entitled Teenage Dream

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THEME SEEN THROUGH THE USE OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES IN KATY PERRY’S SELECTED SONGS IN THE ALBUM ENTITLED TEENAGE DREAM

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By REGINA RIENTINA Student Number: 144214066

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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THEME SEEN THROUGH THE USE OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES IN KATY PERRY’S SELECTED SONGS IN THE ALBUM ENTITLED TEENAGE DREAM

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By REGINA RIENTINA Student Number : 144214066

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

God helps those who help themselves

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For my beloved parents and my beloved friends, who are always there for me

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Semantics ...... 9 2. Figurative Expressions ...... 11 a. Metaphor ...... 13 b. Simile ...... 16 3. Theme ...... 17 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 20 A. Object of the Study ...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 21 C. Method of the Study ...... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ...... 26 A. The Metaphors and Similes Found in Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in the Album Entitled Teenage Dream ...... 26 1. Metaphor ...... 27 a. Katy Perry’s “Firework” ...... 27 b. Katy Perry’s “E.T.” ...... 28 c. Katy Perry’s “Pearl”...... 32

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2. Simile ...... 38 a. Katy Perry’s “Firework” ...... 39 b. Katy Perry’s “E.T.” ...... 44 c. Katy Perry’s “Pearl” ...... 46 B. The Themes of Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in the Album Entitled Teenage Dream ...... 48 1. The Theme in Katy Perry’s “Firework” ...... 48 2. The Theme in Katy Perry’s “E.T.” ...... 52 3. The Theme in Katy Perry’s “Pearl” ...... 54 4. The Theme of the album Teenage Dream ...... 58

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 59

REFERENCES ...... 61 APPENDICES ...... 64 Appendix 1: Lyrics in selected Katy Perry’s songs ...... 64 Appendix 2: Summaries of the songs ...... 74 Appendix 3: The metaphors ...... 75 Appendix 4: The similes ...... 76

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ABSTRACT

Rientina, Regina. Theme Seen Through The Use of Metaphors and Similes in Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in The Album Entitled Teenage Dream. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018.

Songs become the data that are analyzed in this study because many people love songs. People listen to songs every day to accompany their daily activities or just accompany them in their part time. The data are taken from Katy Perry’s selected songs in the album entitled Teenage Dream. There are three songs finally have many metaphors and similes. Those songs are entitled “Firework,” “E.T.,” and “Pearl.” The part of the song that is analyzed in this study is the metaphors and similes. Metaphor and simile are figurative expressions which are commonly used in the literary works especially song. Metaphor and simile can also make the song more meaningful because metaphor and simile contain deeper meaning than ordinary language. The aim of this study was to find the theme of the album through the metaphors and similes used in the song lyrics. First, this study analyzed the metaphors and similes found in order to get the straightforward or clearer meanings of the metaphoric expressions and similes used. Second, this study collected the keywords gotten from the straightforward meanings in order to find the theme of the song. Last, this study used the result of the analysis such as the theme of the songs to find the theme of the album. Semantic approach was used here in order to analyze the data found in this study because this study was a study of meaning. First, the researcher analyzed the literal meaning of the metaphors and similes found. Second, the researcher used the theories of metaphors and similes in order to find the straightforward meanings from those figurative expressions. Last, semantic properties were used here to see the resemblances of the keywords gotten from the straightforward meanings. The resemblances then were used to define the theme of the song. The findings of this study were 8 similes and 14 metaphors found in the three songs entitled “Firework,” “Pearl,” and “E.T.” Specifically, the song “Firework” contained 5 similes and 1 metaphor, the song “Pearl” contained 2 similes and 8 metaphors, and then the song “E.T.” contained 1 simile, and 5 metaphors. This present study also found the theme of each song analyzed in this study. The first was the song entitled “Firework” had the theme “encouragement.” Second, the song entitled “Pearl” had the theme “an unhealthy relationship.” Third, the song entitled “E.T.” had the theme “falling in love with someone who is unique.” Last, the theme of the album was “teenage dream.”

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ABSTRAK

Rientina, Regina. Theme Seen Through The Use of Metaphors and Similes in Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in The Album Entitled Teenage Dream. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2018.

Lagu menjadi data yang dianalisis di penelitian ini karena banyak orang yang menyukai lagu. Orang-orang mendengarkan lagu setiap hari untuk menemani aktivitas mereka sehari-hari dan waktu luang mereka. Data di penelitian ini diambil dari album Katy Perry yang berjudul Teenage Dream. Terdapat tiga lagu dalam album tersebut yang mempunyai banyak metafor dan simile. Tiga lagu tersebut berjudul “Firework,” “E.T.,” dan “Pearl.” Bagian yang dianalisis di penelitian ini adalah metafor dan simile. Metafor dan simile adalah bahasa kiasan yang biasa dipakai dalam karya-karya sastra terutama lagu. Metafor dan simile juga dapat membuat lagu lebih bermakna karena metafor dan simile memiliki makna yang lebih dalam daripada bahasa biasa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan tema album dari metafor dan simile yang ditemukan di lirik lagu. Pertama, penelitian ini meneliti metafor dan simile untuk mendapatkan makna langsung atau makna yang lebih jelas. Kedua, penelitian ini mengumpulkan kata-kata kunci yang didapat dari makna langsung untuk menemukan tema dari lagu yang dianalisis di penelitian ini. Terakhir, penelitian ini menggunakan hasil analisis seperti tema-tema lagu untuk menemukan tema album. Pendekatan secara semantik diaplikasikan untuk menganalisa data yang digunakan di penelitian ini karena penelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian tentang makna. Pertama, peneliti menganalisis arti sebenarnya dari metafor dan simile yamg ditemukan. Kedua, peneliti menggunakan teori metafor dan simile untuk menemukan makna langsung dari bahasa kiasan tersebut. Terakhir, hakikat makna digunakan untuk melihat persamaan dari kata-kata kunci yang didapat dari makna langsung yang telah ditemukan. Persamaan tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk menentukan tema dari lagu yang dianalisis. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini adalah 8 simile dan 14 metafor. Secara spesifik, di lagu yang berjudul “Firework” terdapat 5 simile dan 1 metafor, di lagu “Pearl” terdapat 2 simile dan 8 metafor, lalu di lagu “E.T.” terdapat 1 simile dan 5 metafor. Penelitian ini juga menemukan tema album dan tema dari setiap lagu yang dianalisa di penelitian ini. Lagu pertama adalah lagu “Firework” yang bertema “pengobaran semangat.” Kedua, lagu yang berjudul “Pearl” mempunyai tema “hubungan yang tidak sehat.” Ketiga, lagu yang berjudul “E.T.” mempunyai tema “jatuh cinta kepada seseorang yang unik.” Terakhir, tema album yang ditemukan adalah “impian remaja.”

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A song is a combination of tone and lyrics. Without tone, a song will not be a song. However, not only tone, lyric also plays an important part in a song.

Lyric is an important part in a song because it is the medium to send the message to the listeners. Lyric is a part that gives meaning to a song. Without lyrics, song will only be a tone and it does not have any meaning. Without meaning, the listeners are hard to understand what the song is all about. Moreover, according to Bradley, pop song is a poetry whose success lies in getting you to forget that it is poetry at all (as cited in Washington post, 2017, para 3). It means that song can be called a poetry that makes you forget that it is a poetry.

A song is a good medium to send messages to the people because the lyrics are wrapped up in a music, so it makes it interesting to be listened. That is why a song is a good datum to be analyzed. Many people like to hear songs. Therefore, it is easier to give meaning and message to a song. The listeners will still enjoy it. It differs from when people hear a speech. People might be bored of it, especially teenagers. Therefore, song is definitely a good way to send messages to people in a fun and pleasant way. A song is a composition made up of lyrics and music, with the intent of the lyrics being sung, for the purpose of producing a proportionate feeling or emotion in relation to a particular matter (Guerra, 2015, para. 1). Song

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represents people’s feeling through the lyrics and even the melody because “lyrics reference topics and melodies reference feelings” (Guerra, 2015, para. 1).

Katy Perry is a popular singer from the USA whose song lyrics are analyzed in this study. She was born in October 25, 1984 in Santa Barbara, California, USA.

Her birth name is actually Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (IMDB, 2017, para 1).

Moreover, she is not only a singer but also a songwriter. Perry gets her success when joining Capitol Music Group. Perry is now established as a pop superstar. Her album Teenage Dream spawned more huge hits including "California Gurls" and

"Firework". Many awards and music industry records followed (IMDB, 2017, para

5).

This study analyses the significance of the use of metaphors and similes revealing the theme of the album in Katy Perry’s album entitled Teenage Dream.

This study aims to know the theme of the album based on the figurative lyrics in

Katy Perry’s album. The theme of a story is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999, p. 175). Therefore, theme is basically the whole meaning that a text carries, the main idea about what the whole text is about. That is, why theme is also important to be analyzed in order to know what the whole text/song is about.

According to Perrine, figurative expression is an expression that cannot be taken literally (Perrine, 1969, p. 65). Figurative expression is the use of imaginative sense to a word, how the word is seen as its imaginative sense, and not its literal sense. Figurative expression is important to be understood in order to know the message or the deeper meaning from the song lyrics itself. In order to analyze the

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figurative expressions in a song, it is needed to know about what the whole content of the lyrics is about. Figurative expression is important to be analyzed because it can cause misunderstanding and the listeners might get the wrong meaning and message from a song. It needs to be analyzed in order to understand the exact meaning of a figurative expression.

The figurative expressions analyzed in this study are only metaphor and simile. The researcher chooses those two figurative expression types because both of them are mostly found in the data. Moreover, the researcher also chooses metaphor and simile because they have the same characteristic that is a comparison of one thing to another. Metaphor suggests a comparison. Meanwhile, simile is an explicit figurative comparison, says Beardsley (as cited in Damon, Espey, and

Mulhauser, 1966, p. 77-78).

According to Beardsley, when the words “like” and “as” are dropped out of a figure, and the primary and secondary terms are jammed together, the figure becomes a metaphor. A metaphor does not state a comparison, but it suggest a comparison. For example, “X is Y”: “He is a wolf.” The subject “He” here is compared to a “wolf.” The comparison above does not state a comparison because it does not use the comparative words such as “like,” “as,” etc. However, it suggests a comparison of the word “He” to the “wolf” (as cited in Damon, Espey, and

Mulhauser, 1966, p. 77-78).

Simile is an explicit figurative comparison: that is, a statement that one thing is like another. Thus, it contains a comparative word: “like,” “as,” “similar,” or

“same.” For example, The international situation was like a ball-game tied up in

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the ninth inning. The use of the word “like” above indicates that the sentence is a comparison because the word “like” above means as a comparative word.

Semantic properties are also used here to find the resemblance of the keywords in order to find the theme of each song analyzed in this study. “Semantic properties provide some kind of resemblance or comparison that can end up as a meaningful concept” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2011, p. 189). Therefore, semantic properties are used here to find the resemblance or the similarity of the things compared.

This study is a linguistic study. It analyses ‘meaning’ as a part of Semantics.

Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics (Palmer, 1981, p. 1).

Therefore, this study enriches the study of meaning in linguistic field because this study is about meanings of the metaphors and similes found in Katy Perry’s album.

This study also enriches the study of theme because this study analyses the theme of the album in Katy Perry’s album entitled Teenage Dream.

B. Problem Formulation

The questions which are answered to analyze the figurative language and to reveal the theme in Katy Perry’s album in this study are:

1. What metaphors and similes are found in Katy Perry’s selected songs in the

album entitled Teenage Dream?

2. What theme is seen through the use of metaphors and similes in Katy Perry’s

selected songs in the album entitled Teenage Dream?

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C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are; the first question is to find out the metaphors and similes in Katy Perry’s album. There are two steps to find the metaphors and similes used in Katy Perry’s album. Firstly, it is needed to identify the types of figurative expressions used in order to classify whether the word/phrase/sentence is a metaphor or a simile. Secondly, the meanings of the metaphors and similes found are analyzed to get the straightforward meanings of the metaphors and similes found. Then, the second question is to deliver the theme of the selected songs in the album based on the use of the metaphors and similes found.

Moreover, this study also expects that the metaphors and similes in the songs are not being interpreted literally because the meaning will not be found if it is interpreted lexically/literally. This study also aims to seek the relation of the metaphors and simile and also the theme, where the use of the metaphors and similes can be used to reveal the theme of the album.

D. Definition of Terms

The definition of several terms are being explained here to avoid misunderstanding of several terms in this study. The object that is analyzed in this study is song lyrics. Lyrics are the arrangement of words, found in verbal artworks such as poem and song (Merriam Webster Dictionary (MWD), 2018).

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The term that is most mentioned in this study is figurative language.

Figurative expression is language that cannot be taken literally (Perrine, 1969, p.

65).

Metaphor is when the words “like” and “as” are dropped out of a figure, and the primary and secondary terms are jammed together, the figure becomes a metaphor. A metaphor does not state a comparison, but it suggest a comparison, according to Beardsley (as cited in Damon, Espey, and Mulhauser, 1966, p. 78).

Simile is an explicit figurative comparison: that is, a statement that one thing is like another. Thus, it contains a comparative word: “like,” “as,” “similar,” or

“same,” according to Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 77).

Theme is also analyzed in this study. The term “Theme” will be explained here to answer the third problem formulation. The theme of a story is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999, p. 175).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts, which are the review of related studies, review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related studies are taken from the articles and theses which contain similar topic. The researcher uses the review of related studies as the references for this study. Then, the review of related theories are taken from some sources which are useful for the researcher to conduct this research. The theoretical framework is about the role of the theories in analyzing the data, the theories which are already mentioned in the review of related theories.

A. Review of Related Studies

The first one is a study of theme in Hozier’s songs seen in metaphor expressions by Serat (2017). Serat’s thesis analyses the metaphorical expressions in Hozier’s songs and then analyses the theme of the song based on the metaphorical expressions found. This present study is similar to Serat’s thesis because both of them analyze the theme based on the metaphorical expressions found (p. 17).

Serat’s thesis is different from this present study because Serat’s thesis uses different classifications of the metaphorical expressions and also different theory

(p. x).

The second one is a study of figurative expressions in song lyrics by male and female songwriters by Laksita (2017). Laksita’s thesis analyses the different

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style of figurative expressions used in female and male songwriters. Laksita’s thesis is similar to this study because Laksita’s thesis and this present study analyze the types of the figurative expressions used in the song lyrics. Laksita’s thesis is different from this study because she uses stylistics as her approach (p. 8). She focuses on the style of the figurative expressions in male and female songwriters meanwhile, this study uses semantic approach because this study focuses on the meaning of the figurative expressions found (p. xii).

The third one is a study on figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation by Drew and Holt (1998). This article analyses the conversation in the telephone calls recorded by a British family. They analyze the significance of the use of figurative language in the conversation in topic transition

(p. 495).

This study is similar to Drew and Holt’s article because both of them analyze figurative language as the main concern of the study. However, this study is different from Drew and Holt article’s because both of them have different data and focus. Drew and Holt’s data are the conversation in the phone calls, whereas the data of this study are the song lyrics. The focus of Drew and Holt’s article is on the significance of the use of figurative expressions in topic transition in the conversations, whereas this study focuses on the significance of the use of figurative expressions: metaphors and similes revealing the theme of the album (p. 495).

The fourth one is a study on proper names and the theory of metaphor by

Wee (2006). Wee’s article analyses the significance of the use of metaphor in the proper names. This study is similar to Wee’s article because Wee’s article discusses

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metaphor which is a part of figurative expressions that is analyzed in this study also

(p. 355). His article and this study also explain the meaning of the metaphorical/figurative expressions found as the step before analyzing further to the next main step. This study is different from Wee’s article because both of them have different focus. Wee’s article focuses on the class of metaphors where proper names are used as the source. Meanwhile, the focus of this study is on the significance of the use of figurative expressions: metaphors and similes to reveal another literary element which is the theme that is analyzed in this study (p. 355).

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Semantics

Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics (Palmer, 1981, p. 1). It is clear that semantics is the study of meaning. Palmer then describes that

‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language, and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning (1981, p. 1). Since there is no general agreement about nature of meaning, it is needed to be analyzed to know the meaning of a word, phrase and sentence.

Semantics, then, is concerned with meaning as a product of the linguistic system and, as such, is part of our grammatical competence (Finch, 2005, p. 139).

Meaning is also the product of linguistic system; for example, the declaration I love you. The meaning of the sentence based on the grammar of the language is ‘I’ specifies the speaker, and ‘you’ specifies the person being addressed, and the ‘love’

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is a verb that indicates a range of feeling which is stronger than ‘like,’ but weaker than ‘adore.’ But for a full, context-rich interpretation, it is needed to “consider who is talking to whom, and the situation in which the utterance takes place. These all will affect how the sentence is uttered and understood” (Finch, 2005, p. 139).

The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics (Fromkin, et al., 2003, p. 173). The subfield of semantics that is also important to be used to analyze the theme of each song analyzed in this study is semantic properties. For example, “Female” is a semantic property that helps to define: tigress, do, ewe, hen, mare, vixen, etc. (Fromkin, et al., 2003, p. 175). Semantic properties provide some kind of resemblance that can end up as a meaningful concept (Fromkin, et al., 2011, p. 189).

One way of representing semantic properties is by use of semantic features.

Semantic features are a formal or notational device that indicates the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses (Fromkin, et al., 2003, p.

177). The symbols such as + and – followed by the information indicates the semantic features. Here is the example of using semantic features:

Father Uncle Bachelor

+male +male +male

+adult +adult +adult

+parent -parent -parent

The word “father” has the properties “male” and “adult,” as do “uncle” and

“bachelor;” but “father” also has the property “parent,” which distinguishes it from the other two words.

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2. Figurative Expressions

According to Perrine, Figurative expression is an expression that cannot be taken literally (1969, p. 65). Figurative expression does not mean a literal meaning of a word, but it has different meaning other than its literal meaning. It is an expression that cannot be interpreted literally. It has to be analyzed in order to know the meaning that is meant by the speaker.

According to Beardsley, figurative expression is also a comparison between two things, which we may label “X” and “Y.” “X” is the one we are saying something about, and the X-term (or primary term) denotes the thing to which some other thing is compared. In a figurative expression, we say something about X by comparing Y to it; the Y-term (or secondary term) denotes the thing which is compared to X. in love is blind, love is the primary term and blind (person) is the secondary term (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 76).

All figurative expressions are comparison, but not all comparisons are figurative expressions. For example, the sentence James was as angry as a hornet is figurative, but that James was as angry as John is not. James and John belong to the same biological species. Thus, James and John can both be angry, in the same sense of the word. However, James and the hornet cannot both be angry in the same sense of the word: the hornet does not feel the same way, and he does not behave the same way. He cannot get red in the face or stamp his feet with rage: he can only zoom, buzz, and sting, says Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 76).

In order to understand the comparison clearly, there are three things to do according to Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 77). First, identifying

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clearly the two terms of the comparison. Second, considering the chief points of likeness and of unlikeness between the two things. And third, examining the context in which the characteristics of the things are stressed. If the two things are unlike in some important way that is indicated by the context, then it is reasonable to say that the comparison is figurative.

The use of figurative expressions in a work is important to create an imagination in the listener’s mind. The function of imagination, as Wordsworth and

Coleridge insisted, is at the first level, to make sense out of the undifferentiated manifold of sensation by organizing it into individual objects or things; at the second, and specifically poetic, level, to reshape this world of common perception in the direction of a unity that shall be even more satisfactory and meaningful

(Locke, Gibson, and Arms, 1959, p. 89). In short, figurative expression can give a work more satisfactory and meaningful idea.

There are two kinds of figurative expressions which share similar characteristic according to Perrine (1969) and Beardsley (1966), considering that, this study uses that two figurative expressions to be analyzed. Those are metaphor and simile, this study uses those two figurative expressions because they share the same characteristic that is about a comparison. That is, why metaphor and simile are considered as one group because they share the same characteristic and idea which is a comparison of one thing to another. The only difference is the explicitness of the things being compared. Metaphor suggests a comparison, meanwhile simile is an explicit figurative comparison, says Beardsley (as cited in

Damon, et al., 1966, p. 77-78). Moreover, Perrine also says that metaphor and

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simile are both comparisons; “metaphor and simile are both comparisons between things essentially unlike. The only distinction is that in simile the comparison is expressed, by the use of some word or phrase such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles. In metaphor, the comparison is implied, that is, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term” (1969, p. 65).

a. Metaphor

When the words “like” and “as” are dropped out of a figure, and the primary and secondary terms are jammed together, the figure becomes a metaphor. A metaphor does not state a comparison, but it suggest a comparison, says Beardsley

(cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 78). For example, That man over there is like a pig, when the comparative word “like” is omitted, it is still suggest a comparison of

“that man” and “the pig.” It means that metaphor is a comparison, and the comparison can be seen structurally in the metaphoric expression itself even though it does not use comparative words such as “like” and “as” but, the comparison can be seen by the use of linking verb and by having the same or equal part of speech of the things being compared.

In metaphor, the comparison is implied, that is, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term. For example, in Shakespeare’s

“Spring:” merry larks are ploughmen’s clocks, he is using metaphor, for he identifies larks with clocks (Perrine, 1969, p. 65). It means that metaphor is about comparison of one thing to another.

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Metaphor has the form “X is Y”: “He is a wolf.” The secondary term does not have to be a predicate, however. It may be an adjective (“He has a wolfish appetite”), or a verb (“He wolfs his food”). To get the terms of metaphor straightened out, we can always restate the metaphor in the simple form; His appetite is wolfish, His manner of eating is that of a wolf. This restatement will do violence to the metaphor, and it is not an exact substitute for it; it is merely a device for being clear about the structure of the metaphor, according to Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 78-79).

In interpreting metaphor, the common distinction between a “literal” sense and a “metaphorical” sense of a term is important to be known. For example, the literal meaning of “pig” is just its designation: that is, the characteristics of having four legs, having a snout, and so forth. The designation is a name that identifies something or someone. It can be the literal meaning (dictionary meaning) or the characteristics of the object that is being analyzed. If someone says, The animal in that pen is a pig, this statement can be literally true; an animal can have four legs.

In this context, the connotations or metaphorical senses of “pig” are not stressed.

But, if someone says, That man over there is a pig, this statement cannot be literally true. For, he is a man, he does not have four legs. So, if the statement is to be true at all, it is not the designation or literal meaning, but only the metaphorical meaning of “pig” that is being ascribed to a man. In this case, “pig” is used metaphorically.

And this metaphorical statement is (or may be, depending on the context) equal to a number of literal statements: he is greedy, he is gross, he is dirty, he is lazy, he is fat, says Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 79).

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A statement can be “metaphorical” if it has both of the following characteristics: First, it must be literally false. That is, the subject cannot possibly have the characteristics designated by the secondary term. For example, A house is a machine for living. In the ordinary sense of the term, a machine is something that does work; we apply some form of energy (muscular effort, coal, gasoline, falling water) to it, and by the motions of its parts it changes the energy into a different form. This capacity is one of the characteristics connoted by the secondary term.

“Machine” connotes the characteristics of being useful, of being designed to fulfill certain specific functions, of not having parts it does not need to serve its ends. And

(whether or not it ought to be) a house can be a machine in this sense, says Beardsley

(as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 79-80).

According to Beardsley (as cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 80) also, it is important to keep “literal meaning” (that is, designation) distinct from etymological meaning. It is misleading to say, for example, that “budget” (from the French bougette) literally means wallet. The word “budget” literally means just what the dictionary gives as its two standards senses: (a) an accumulation, as a “budget of paradoxes” (this meaning seems to be on the way out), and (b) a financial statement for the ensuing period. There is on record the obsolete English sense (c) a bag with its contents; that once was one of the designations of “budget,” but is not its “literal meaning” today.

The literal meaning of a sentence needs to be sharply distinguished from what a speaker means by the sentence when he utters it to perform a speech act, for the speaker’s utterance meaning may depart from the literal sentence meaning in a

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variety of ways. For example, in uttering a sentence a speaker may mean something different from what the sentence means, as in the case of metaphor (Searle, 1977, p. 207-208). Literal meaning is the meaning of the word which commonly used and known daily, meanwhile metaphor or figurative meaning is the other meaning that is meant by the speaker.

Metaphors are not necessarily anomalous (having nonsense meaning) when taken literally. For example, the literal meaning of the sentence ‘Dr. Jekyll is a butcher’ is that a physician named Jekyll also works as a retailer of meats or a slaughterer of animals used for food. The metaphorical meaning is that the doctor named Jekyll is harmful, possibly murderous, and apt to operate unnecessarily

(Fromkin, et al., 2003, p. 205).

b. Simile

Simile is a comparison between things essentially unlike, the comparison in simile is expressed using some words or phrases such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles (Perrine, 1969, p. 65). Simile compares one thing to another explicitly by using the word like or as. For example, The eagle falls like a thunderbolt. It is a simile because it uses the comparative word ‘like’. Even though the verb ‘fall’ here is an intransitive verb, but it is still a simile because it compares ‘the falling of the eagle’ and ‘a thunderbolt’ using a comparative word ‘like.’

According to Beardsley, simile is an explicit figurative comparison: that is, it is a statement that one thing is like another. Thus it contains a comparative word:

“like,” “as,” “similar,” or “same” (as cited in Damon, Espey, and Mulhauser, 1966,

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p. 77). For example, “The international situation was like a ball-game tied up in the ninth inning.” The comparative word “like” here states the comparison of the primary term “The international situation” and the secondary term “a ball-game tied up in the ninth inning.”

3. Theme

The theme of a story is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. A theme need not be a moral or a message; it may be what happenings add up to, what the story is about (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999, p. 175). A theme should be a short, accurate, and forceful presentation of ideas or descriptions, well contrived as a totality or unity (Roberts, 1969, p. xxi). It means that a theme should be in the short form but must cover all the ideas of the work.

Theme is also the main idea which indirectly expressed through the recurrence of certain events, images or symbols (Kennedy and Gioia, 2002, p. 365).

It means that the recurrence of figurative expressions found in the song lyrics can be used to deliver the theme of a story. Figurative expressions can deliver the theme of a work if it makes the work powerful (Roberts, 1969, p. 105). Figurative expressions can make the work powerful by the recurrence of the figurative expressions itself in a work.

According to Roberts, theme can be expressed in a phrase or a single word if it concludes a full understanding of the story (1987, p. 319). It means that a phrase or a single word can represent an idea or theme of a story. Before writing a theme of a story, it is needed to understand the story behind it. Remember also that the

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theme will be considerably shorter than the work being summarized (Roberts, 1969, p. 4).

C. Theoretical Framework

There are two problems which are analyzed in this study. This study focuses on the use of metaphors and similes in Katy Perry’s album Teenage Dream in revealing the theme of the album.

In order to solve the first problem, the researcher classifies the figurative expressions found uses several theories of figurative expressions: metaphor and simile, and then analyzes the meaning of the metaphors and similes found. The researcher chooses semantic approach to answer the first problem formulation since the problem formulation is about finding the meaning of the figurative expressions found in the song lyrics, and semantics is the study of meaning, so they both are related. Semantic approach helps the researcher analyze the suitable meaning in the song lyrics because of the subfields of semantics. Semantic properties are used to indicate the similarities or the resemblance between the two things compared in order to strengthen the meaning of the figurative expressions found.

The theories of figurative expressions by Beardsley, Perrine and Fromkin are used to support the types of the figurative expressions found and answer the first problem formulation which also classifies the figurative expressions found. It helps the researcher classifying the figurative expressions found based on its suitable types and analyzing the meaning of the figurative expressions found based on its figurative meaning.

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The researcher uses the theory of theme by Kennedy and Gioia and also

Edgar V. Roberts to answer the second problem which is revealing the theme of the album based on the figurative expressions found on Katy Perry’s album entitled

Teenage Dream.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter was divided into three parts which were the object of the study, the approach of the study and the method of the study. The object of the study focused on the data used in this study. The approach of the study presented an approach that was used in this study and the reason why the approach was chosen.

Then, the method of the study described about the step or the method used in analyzing the data.

A. Object of the Study

The data which were analyzed in this study were the song lyrics from Katy

Perry’s album entitled Teenage Dream. The album Teenage Dream was released on 2010. This album had twelve songs: “Teenage Dream,” “Last Friday Night

(T.G.I.F.),” “California Gurls,” “Firework,” “Peacock,” “Circle The Drain,” “The

One That Got Away,” “E.T.,” “Who Am I Living For?,” “Pearl,” “Hummingbird

Heartbeat,” “ Not Like The Movies.” However, the songs analyzed here were only

3 songs entitled “Firework,” “E.T,” and “Pearl” because those were the songs which had many metaphors and similes. Moreover, the theory used in this study says that metaphor is a comparison. Therefore, the data taken were all about a comparison of one thing to another. Because metaphor does not use comparative words like simile does, the comparison here is indicated from the use of linking verb. The two things

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can also be compared if they have or contain the same categories or classes of words.

Meanwhile, the data taken for the similes in those three songs were the lyrics which contain comparative words such as like, as, than, etc. so, its verb does not have to be a linking verb, only as long as the lyrics contain comparative word and figurative expression. The data of this study were in the form of sentences, phrases and clauses. This study focused on the lexical features of the song lyrics containing metaphors and similes.

B. Approach of the Study

This study used semantic approach to analyze the data. Semantic approach was also used to answer the first and second problems presented in chapter one which were to classify the metaphors and similes and to know the straightforward meanings of the metaphors and similes found. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics (Palmer, 1981, p. 1). Since semantics is the study of meaning, this approach was used to analyze the meaning of the metaphors and similes found.

The researcher also used the subfield of semantics which was semantic properties to find the resemblance of the keywords found from the straightforward meanings to find the theme of each song analyzed in this study.

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C. Method of The Study

The method that was used to conduct this study was divided into two parts in order to make the process of the analysis better. Each of the method was presented as follows:

1. Data Collection

The method of collecting the data was by purposive sampling method.

Purposive sampling means that the inquirer selects individuals and sites for study because they can purposefully inform an understanding of the research problem and central phenomenon in the study (Creswell, 2007, p. 125). The data chosen here were not randomly chosen but purposively chosen. The researcher chose the data to be analyzed in this study based on the songs which had many metaphors and similes, in order to find the theme of the album through the metaphors and similes.

This study analyzed the whole songs in Katy Perry’s album entitled Teenage

Dream, but then only three songs finally had significant amount of metaphors and similes. Firstly, the researcher chose one album of Katy Perry’s albums entitled

Teenage Dream. Secondly, the researcher chose the song lyrics which contained many metaphors and similes on it. Thirdly, the metaphors and similes found in the song lyrics were analyzed to get their straightforward meanings.

2. Data Analysis

The analysis of the data first was to classify the metaphors and similes found. After the classification was done, the researcher analyzed the straightforward meaning of the metaphors and similes found: the first step in

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analyzing the straightforward meaning of the metaphors and similes found was defining its literal or dictionary meaning. Second, defining the figurative meaning of the metaphors and similes found in the song lyrics in order to get the straightforward meaning. The researcher also used several dictionaries in order to find the appropriate meaning of the word that was more suitable to the context of the song.

To make the analysis more systematic, the researcher used codes for each metaphor and simile found. First, the researcher analyzed the metaphors found and coded the metaphors with the title of the song and also the keywords found from the straightforward meaning. For example, the simile found in the song entitled

“Firework” and the keywords found was weak, powerless, and hope, the first metaphoric or figurative expression appeared in a song was coded in number 1 and continued for the next metaphoric or figurative expression found: “FW” stands for the title of the song “Firework,” “S” stands for “Simile.” Then, the coding would be: “1/FW/S/Weak, powerless, hope.” For the metaphor, the coding was also the same, the only difference was that the “S” which stands for “Simile” was changed into “M” which stands for “Metaphor.” The two other songs which also analyzed in this study are “E.T.,” and “Pearl.” Therefore, the coding here was also the same as the above, but the title of the song was changed: “ET” stands for the song entitled

“E.T.,” and “PL” stands for the song entitled “Pearl.”

The example of the analysis is taken from the data 4/FW/M/Special. The example is presented as follows:

4/FW/M/Special.) Cause baby you’re a firework.

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The two things compared here are ‘you’ and ‘firework.’ According to

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th, the literal meaning of ‘firework’ is a small device containing powder that burns or explodes and produces bright colored lights and loud noises, used especially at celebrations. The designation of ‘firework’ that is its characteristics of explosion, loud noises, and bright colored lights. The sentence “You are a firework” here cannot be literally true. “You” is a human and

“firework” is not. Therefore, if this sentence is to be true at all, it is not the designation, but only the connotation or metaphorical meaning, of “firework” that is being ascribed to the person. “Firework” can mean as ‘a display of anger’ because of its explosions (MWD, 2018). Meanwhile, ‘firework’ can also mean as something special because it is often used only at celebrations. Depending on the context, the metaphorical meaning of ‘firework’ that is suitable to the context is as something special.

Firework

A small device containing powder A person who is special that burns or explodes and produces bright colored lights and loud noises, used especially at celebrations Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is “Cause baby, you’re special.”

In order to find the theme of each song analyzed in this study, the researcher used the theory of semantic property to identify the resemblances found in the keywords got from the straightforward meaning, then the researcher found the theme based on the context of the song, the meaning of each keyword and also the

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semantic properties found. The researcher saw the relation between those three things in order to find the theme of each song analyzed in this study. Lastly, to find the theme of the album, the researcher concluded the theme of the songs found previously and also the context of the songs in order to find the theme of the album.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the researcher gave the analysis and discussions of Katy

Perry’s selected song lyrics which contain metaphors and similes. This chapter was divided into two subchapters. The first subchapter was the analysis of the research in answering the first problem formulation which was the types and meanings of the metaphors and similes found in the song lyrics. This first subchapter is divided into two sections based on the types of figurative expressions: metaphors and similes. The second subchapter was the analysis of the themes of the selected songs to answer the second problem formulation.

A. The Metaphors and Similes Found in Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in The

Album Entitled Teenage Dream

This study uses the theory of figurative expressions by Perrine and

Beardsley. The types of figurative expressions analyzed in this study are metaphor and simile. According to Perrine, metaphor and simile are figurative expressions which have the same characteristics, which is comparing one thing to another. The only distinction is that, simile uses some word or phrase such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles to express the comparison (Perrine, 1969, p. 65).

The classifications of metaphors and similes found in Katy Perry’s selected songs are presented as follows:

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1. Metaphor

(cited in Damon, et al., 1966, p. 78). It means that metaphor does not explicitly state a comparison using comparative words, instead the comparison in metaphor is identified through the use of linking verb between the two things compared, and the two things compared must be on the same part of speech.

There are 13 metaphoric expressions found in Katy Perry’s selected songs:

“Firework,” “E.T.,” “Pearl” in the album Teenage Dream. The metaphors found in

Katy Perry’s selected songs in the album entitled Teenage Dream are presented as follows: a. Katy Perry’s “Firework”

4/FW/M/Special.) Cause baby you’re a firework.

The two things compared here are “you” and “firework.” According to

OALD 9th, the literal meaning of ‘firework’ is a small device containing powder that burns or explodes and produces bright colored lights and loud noises, used especially at celebrations. The designation of ‘firework’ that is its characteristics of explosion, loud noises, and bright colored lights. The sentence “You are a firework” here cannot be literally true, for “you” is a human and “firework” is not. Therefore, if this sentence is to be true at all, it is not the designation, but only the connotation or metaphorical meaning, of “firework” that is being ascribed to the person.

‘Firework’ can mean as ‘a display of anger’ because of its explosions (MWD,

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2018). Meanwhile, ‘firework’ can also mean as something special because it is often used only at celebrations. Depending on the context of the song, the metaphorical meaning of ‘firework’ that is suitable to the context is as something special.

Firework

A small device containing powder A person who is special that burns or explodes and produces bright colored lights and loud noises, used especially at celebrations Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Cause baby, you’re special. b. Katy Perry’s “E.T.”

7/ET/M/Badly.) Could you be the devil?

The things compared here are “you” and “devil.” The literal meaning of

‘devil’ (in the Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions) is the most powerful evil being (OALD 9th, 2015). However, in the same dictionary, ‘devil’ can also mean as a person who behaves badly. Depending on the context of the song, the metaphorical meaning of ‘devil’ here is used to refer to a person who behaves badly.

The word ‘could’ that is used here is used to “express possibility, especially slight or uncertain possibility” (CD, 2018). Therefore, it is not used as “a more polite form of “can” when asking someone to do something” (CD, 2018) depending on the context of the song. The sentence Could you be someone who behaves badly shows the uncertainty of the girl in the song, she is asking whether the boy could possibly be someone who behaves badly or not.

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Devil

The most powerful evil being A person who behaves badly Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Could you be someone who behaves badly?

8/ET/M/Good, kind.) Could you be an angel?

The things compared here are “you” and “angel.” The literal meaning of

‘angel’ means a spirit who is believed to be a servant of God, and is sent by God to deliver a message or perform a task. However, in the same dictionary also, ‘angel’ can mean a person who is very good and kind. Therefore, depending on the context, the metaphorical meaning of ‘angel’ here is used to describe a person who is very good and kind.

The word ‘could’ here also has the same meaning with the previous metaphoric expression “Could you be the devil?” because that expression is compared to this later expression “Could you be an angel?” Therefore, the girl in the song is actually uncertain whether the boy in the song could possibly be the devil or an angel.

Angel

A spirit who is believed to be a A person who is very good servant of God to deliver a me- and kind ssage or perform a task Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning gotten is Could you be someone who is very good and kind?

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10/ET/M/Strange, different.) Boy, you’re an alien.

The two things compared here are “you” and “alien.” According to OALD

9th, the literal meaning of ‘alien’ means a creature from another world. However, in the same dictionary also, ‘alien’ can be meant as something strange and different from what you are used to. Depending on the context, the metaphorical meaning of

‘alien’ here that is suitable to the song lyrics is something strange and different, because in this song, Katy Perry talks about a guy who is so different and unique that she has never met before.

Alien

A creature from another world A person who is strange and different Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning gotten is Boy, you’re strange and different.

11/ET/M/Very great.) Your kiss is cosmic.

The two things compared here are “your kiss” and “cosmic.” ‘Cosmic’ is of or relating to the universe or outer space (MWD, 2018). However, in CD 2018,

‘cosmic’ can also mean very great: a disaster of cosmic proportions. CD is used here in order to get the meaning based on the context of the song that MWD does not have. Therefore depending on the context, the word ‘cosmic’ here is used to describe a kiss that is very great.

Cosmic

Of or relating to the universe or Very great outer space Literal sense Metaphorical sense

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From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning gotten is your kiss is very great.

12/ET/M/Good luck, future.) Boy, you’re my lucky star.

The two things compared here are “you” and “lucky star.” The phrase ‘lucky star’ here has a metaphorical sense on it. ‘Lucky’ here modifies the ‘star’. ‘Star’ means a large ball of burning gas in space that we see as a point of light in the sky at night (OALD 9th, 2015). However in the same dictionary also, ‘star’ can mean a description of what somebody thinks is going to happen to somebody in the future, based on the position of the stars and planets when they were born. It means that

‘star’ can also mean as an influence on someone’s future. According to OALD 9th, the modifier ‘lucky’ means having good luck. Therefore, in the Katy Perry’s “E.T.”, the phrase ‘lucky star’ shows metaphorical expression as it is used to describe a person that brings a good luck on someone’s future.

Lucky star

Star: A large ball of burning gas in space A person that brings a good that we see as a point of light in the sky luck on someone’s future at night Lucky: Having good luck Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Boy, you are someone who brings a good luck on my future.

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c. Katy Perry’s “Pearl”

13/PL/M/Strong.) She is a pyramid.

The two things compared here are “she” and “pyramid.” According to

MWD 2018, ‘pyramid’ means an ancient massive structure found especially in

Egypt having typically a square ground plan, outside walls in the form of four triangles that meet in a point at the top.

From the definition above, the meaning of ‘pyramid’ can be implied as something strong from the use of the word ‘massive’, because ‘massive’ is something large, solid and heavy in structure (MWD, 2017). Depending on the context, the metaphorical meaning of ‘pyramid’ in Katy Perry’s “Pearl” is as something strong, because the word ‘pyramid’ here is compared to ‘a grain of sand’ which is something weaker than pyramid because ‘grain of sand’ is a small hard particle, the very tiny loose pieces of rock (MWD, 2018). Meanwhile, ‘pyramid’ is a very large structure (MWD, 2018). The comparison can be seen clearly here that

‘grain of sand’ is something weak because it is the tiny loose pieces of rock, meanwhile ‘pyramid’ is a large structure, it can be a structure because the sand or rock is already built so it is not loose anymore.

Pyramid

An ancient massive structure found A strong girl especially in Egypt having typically square ground plan, outside walls in the form of triangles that meet in a point at the top Literal sense Metaphorical sense

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From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning of “She is a pyramid” is

She is a strong girl.

14/PL/M/Weak.) But with him she's just a grain of sand.

The two things compared here are “she” and “grain of sand.” According to

MWD 2018, ‘sand’ means the very tiny, loose pieces of rock that cover beaches, deserts, etc. ‘Grain’ means a small, hard piece of something (MWD, 2018).

Therefore, ‘grain of sand’ is a small, hard and very tiny loose pieces of rock. The phrase ‘grain of sand’ here is compared to ‘pyramid.’ ‘Pyramid’ is something stronger than ‘grain of sand’ because ‘pyramid’ is a large structure (MWD, 2018).

Meanwhile, ‘grain of sand’ is a small, hard, and very tiny loose pieces of rock

(MWD, 2018). The ‘pyramid’ is strong because it is already a structure. It means that the sand or rock is already built; ‘structure’ is something that is built by putting parts together (MWD, 2018). Meanwhile, ‘grain of sand’ is still something loose, so it is not strong or sturdy because it is loose. That is, why ‘grain of sand’ here is something weaker than ‘pyramid.’ The metaphoric expression of ‘she’s just a grain of sand’ is used to describe a girl who is weak.

Grain of sand

A small, hard, and very tiny loose pieces A weak girl of rock Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is But with him she’s just a weak girl.

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16/PL/M/Strong, powerful.) She was a hurricane.

The two things compared here are “she” and “hurricane.” According to

OALD 9th, ‘hurricane’ means a violent storm with very strong winds. The characteristics of ‘hurricane’ are something strong, powerful, and dangerous. In the song lyrics, the sentence which contains the metaphorical expression ‘hurricane’ is compared to ‘a gust of winds’. That comparison shows that ‘hurricane’ should be interpreted as strong and powerful than ‘a gust of winds’ because ‘a gust of winds’ can only blow someone’s hat (OALD 9th, 2015). Meanwhile, ‘hurricane’ can cause disaster because of its very strong winds (OALD 9th, 2015). Depending on the context, ‘hurricane’ here is a metaphoric expression used to describe a girl who is strong and powerful.

Hurricane

A violent storm with very strong A strong and powerful winds girl Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is She was a strong and powerful girl.

17/PL/M/Weak, Powerless.) But now she's just a gust of wind.

The two things compared here are “she” and “gust of wind.” ‘Wind’ is air that moves quickly as a result of natural forces (OALD 9th, 2015). ‘Gust’ is a sudden brief rush of wind (MWD, 2017). For example, a gust of wind blows her hat off

(OALD 9th, 2015). As it seen from the example, ‘a gust of wind’ is a wind that is not as strong and powerful as a hurricane. A gust of wind can only blow someone’s hat, but hurricane can blow someone’s house for example. Therefore, the

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metaphoric expression of ‘a gust of wind’ here means a girl who is weak and powerless because ‘a gust of wind’ here functions as the opposite meaning of

‘hurricane’ which metaphorically means a girl who is strong and powerful.

Gust of wind

A sudden brief rush of wind A girl who is weak and powerless Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is But now she’s just a weak and powerless girl.

18/PL/M/Freedom.) She could be a statue of liberty.

The two things compared here are “she” and “Statue of Liberty.” ‘Statue’ means a figure of a person or an animal in stone, metal, etc., usually the same size as in real life or larger (OALD 9th, 2015). ‘Statue of liberty’ is an American statue which symbolizes freedom as the word ‘liberty’ itself means freedom to live as you choose without too many restrictions from government or authority (OALD 9th,

2015). “The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World” was a gift of friendship from the people of France to the US and is recognized as a universal symbol of freedom and democracy (National Park Service, retrieved on December 12, 2017). From the explanation above, the characteristic of ‘Statue of Liberty’ is something that declares freedom. Therefore, the metaphorical meaning of ‘a statue of liberty’ here is used to describe a girl who has her own freedom. As it seen from the whole song lyrics of the song “Pearl” itself, Katy Perry is talking about a girl who does not have freedom in her life because of her relationship.

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A statue of liberty

A large figure of a person which A girl who has her own is recognized as a universal sym- freedom bol of freedom and democracy Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is She could be someone who has her own freedom.

19/PL/M/Freedom, victory.) She could be Joan of Arc.

The two things compared here are “she” and “Joan of Arc.” ‘Joan of Arc’ is a national heroine of France, she led the French army to victory over the English during the Hundred Years’ war (Biography, 2018, para 1). The characteristics of

‘Joan of Arc’ are related to freedom and victory because Joan of Arc led the French army to victory and freedom over England. The metaphoric expression of ‘Joan of

Arc’ here therefore is used to describe a girl who has potential to get victory and freedom.

Joan of Arc

A national heroine of France who A woman who has potential to led the French army to victory get the victory and freedom over the English during the Hundred Years’ War Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is She could be someone who has potential to get the victory and freedom.

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20/PL/M/Highly valued.) She used to be a pearl.

The two things compared here are “she” and “pearl.” According to OALD

9th, ‘pearl’ means a small hard shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of an oyster and is of great value as a jewel. In the same dictionary, pearl also means a thing that is very highly valued. In the Katy Perry’s Pearl, pearl shows metaphorical expression as it is used to describe a girl who is very highly valued.

Pearl

A small hard shiny white ball that A girl who is very highly forms inside the shell of an oyster valued and is of great value as a jewel Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is She used to be a girl who is very highly valued.

21/PL/M/Worthless.) Can’t believe she’s become a shell of herself.

The two things compared here are “she” and “shell.” According to OALD

9th, ‘shell’ means the hard outer part of eggs, nuts, some seeds and some animals.

The word ‘shell’ here is compared to ‘pearl’ in the song lyric. ‘Pearl’ is described as something valuable, meanwhile, the shell without pearl is only an empty piece;

‘empty’ is having no real purpose or value (MWD, 2018). Therefore, it is worthless.

In the lyric itself: “can’t believe she’s become a shell of herself” also means ‘she’ becomes a ‘shell’ that is empty and worthless. ‘Shell’ here is used as a metaphoric expression to describe a worthless girl because the word ‘shell’ here is used as the opposite of ‘pearl’. ‘Pearl’ is described as something valuable, meanwhile, ‘shell’ here is the contrary of pearl that is worthless.

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Shell

The hard outer part of eggs, nuts, A worthless girl some seeds and some animals Literal sense Metaphorical meaning

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Can’t believe she’s become a worthless girl.

2. Simile

Simile is a comparison between things essentially unlike, the comparison in simile is expressed using some words or phrases such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles (Perrine, 1969, p. 65).

There are 8 similes found in Katy Perry’s selected songs: “Firework,”

“E.T.,” “Pearl” in the album entitled Teenage Dream. The similes found in Katy

Perry’s selected songs in the album entitled Teenage Dream are presented as follows: a. Katy Perry’s “Firework”

1/FW/S/Weak, powerless.) Do you ever feel like a plastic bag drifting through the wind wanting to start again?

The things compared here are “you” and “a plastic bag that drifts through the wind and wants to start again.” According to MWD 2018, ‘plastic’ means a light, strong substance that can be made into different shapes and that is used for making many common products. In the same dictionary, ‘bag’ means a container made of thin material (such as paper, plastic, or cloth) that opens at the top and is used for holding or carrying things. From the explanation above, it can be seen that

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the meaning of the phrase ‘plastic bag’ is something light and thin used for holding or carrying things. Therefore, the meaning of ‘a plastic bag drifting through the wind’ is something light and thin used to holding or carrying things that drift through the wind. From the meaning above, it can be implied that ‘a plastic bag’ is something weak and powerless because it can easily be drifted by the wind. Then, the metaphorical meaning of ‘a plastic bag drifting through the wind’ is a person who is weak and powerless.

The phrase ‘wanting to start again’ here does not have metaphorical meaning on it. Therefore, it just means as its literal meaning that is wanting to start/begin doing something again.

In Katy Perry’s “Firework,” the figurative meaning of the phrase ‘a plastic bag drifting through the wind and wanting to start again’ is someone who is weak and powerless and he/she wants to start his/her life again.

Plastic bag drifting through the wind wanting to start again

Something light and thin used for Someone who is weak and powerless holding or carrying things that and he/she wants to start his/ drifts through the wind but it her life again wants to start again Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Do you ever feel like someone who is weak and powerless and he/she wants to start his/her life again?

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2/FW/S/Weak.) Do you ever feel so paper thin like a house of cards one blow from caving in?

The things being compared here are “you” and “a house of cards one blow from caving in.” According to MWD 2018, ‘house of cards’ means a structure, situation, or institution that is unsubstantial, shaky, or in constant danger of collapse. Then, the phrase ‘one blow from caving in’ here modifies the ‘house of cards.’ Its function is to strengthen the meaning of ‘house of cards’ as something weak, because the ‘house of cards’ will collapse with just one blow.

‘Card’ means playing card or a game played with cards (MWD, 2018).

‘House’ means a building for people to live in (OALD 9th, 2015). The phrase ‘house of cards’ means playing cards that are put together to form the shape of a house.

The phrase ‘one blow from caving in’ here modifies the ‘house of cards.’ ‘A house of cards one blow from caving in’ is something weak because it can be destroyed by just one blow. Therefore, the metaphorical meaning of “a house of cards one blow from caving in” is something weak.

House of cards one blow from caving in

Playing cards that are put together Someone who is weak to form the shape of a house that can be destroyed by just one blow Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Do you ever feel like someone who is weak?

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3/FW/S/Freedom.) (You) just own the night like the Fourth of July.

The lyric itself is actually “just own the night like the Fourth of July.” But, the subject “you” here is implied because of the previous lyric that has the subject

“you” in it, and they are still relatable.

“You just got to ignite the light and let it shine, Just own the night like the Fourth of July” (Genius, retrieved on October 2, 2017).

The two things compared here are ‘the act of own the night’ and ‘the Fourth of July.’ ‘Own’ is used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with somebody (OALD 9th, 2015). ‘Own’ can also be used as for example, ‘your day off is your own,’ means you can spend it as you wish (OALD 9th, 2015). ‘Own the night’ here also means as spend the night as you wish.

According to CD, ‘the Fourth of July’ is a national holiday in the US that celebrates the country’s independence from Great Britain in 1776. From the word

‘independence,’ it can be seen that ‘independence’ is about freedom because

‘independence’ is freedom from outside control or support: the state of being independent (MWD, 2018). Therefore, the figurative meaning of ‘the Fourth of

July’ is freedom. The sentence ‘(You) just own the night like the Fourth of July’ means just own the night like it’s the day of the Independence Day when you get your freedom.

The Fourth of July

The Independence Day of the US Freedom Literal sense Figurative sense

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From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Just own the night like the Independence Day when you get your own freedom.

5/FW/S/Useless.) You don’t have to feel like a waste of space.

The two things compared here are “you” and “a waste of space.” ‘Waste’ means loss of something valuable that occurs because too much of it is being used or because it is being used in a way that is not necessary or effective (MWD, 2018).

‘Space’ means the amount of area that is empty or available for use (MWD, 2018).

The literal meaning of ‘waste of space’ is a space that is not valuable anymore.

‘Waste of space’ means a person who is useless or no good at anything

(OALD 9th, 2015). Even though ‘waste of space’ here is an idiom, it is used to replace the ‘thing’ that is being compared to ‘you’ in the song lyric. Therefore, it is still a simile because it uses the comparative word ‘like,’ and also ‘a waste of space’ here complements the subject ‘you.’ Depending on the context, the metaphorical sense of ‘a waste of space’ here is a person who is useless.

A waste of space

A space that is not valuable A person who is useless anymore Literal sense Metaphorical sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is You don’t have to feel like someone who is useless.

6/FW/S/Understand, accept.) Like a lightning bolt, your heart will glow.

The two things compared here are “the glowing of the heart” and “a lightning bolt.” ‘Heart’ is the organ in your chest that pumps blood through your

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veins and arteries (MWD, 2018). However, in this context, ‘heart’ refers to the heart thought of as the place where emotions are felt (MWD, 2018).

According to OALD 9th, ‘lightning bolt’ means a sudden flash of lightning in the sky, appearing as a line. This flash of light is so bright seen in the night sky.

‘Glow’ means to shine with a steady light (MWD, 2018). The sentence ‘your heart will glow like a lightning bolt’ here means your heart (as the place where emotions are felt) will glow like a lightning bolt. Both ‘glow’ and ‘lightning bolt’ here have figurative sense in it because both of them cannot be taken literally according to the context of the song itself. Both ‘glow’ and ‘lightning bolt’ have the characteristic of ‘light.’ ‘Light’ is something that makes vision possible (MWD, 2018). ‘Light’ in this context refers to something good: (see the light) “to finally understand or accept something” (OALD 9th, 2012, p. 874). Therefore, the sentence your heart will glow like a lightning bolt here means that your heart (as place where emotions are felt) will finally understand or accept something.

The stanza which contains the sentence ‘like a lightning bolt, your heart will glow’ is presented below:

“Maybe a reason why all the doors are closed So you could open one that leads you to the perfect road Like a lightning bolt, your heart will glow And when it is time, you will know” (Genius, retrieved on October 2, 2017).

The stanza above talks about someone who does not understand why his/her life is difficult, but she/he will finally see the light (understanding or accept something) when it is the time.

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Light

Something that makes vision To understand or accept possible something Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Your heart will finally understand and accept something that happens in your life. b. Katy Perry’s “E.T.”

9/ET/S/Happy.) Your touch, magnetizing, feels like I’m floating.

If this lyric is reproduced to a complete sentence, then it will be: “Your touch, which is magnetizing, feels like I’m floating.” The adjective clause ‘which is magnetizing’ here is not necessary because it is separated from the rest of the sentence with commas in the original lyric itself, so it is meant to be appositive that is only adds extra information to the subject. The complete sentence here without the adjective clause is “your touch feels like I’m floating.” Therefore, the two things compared here are “Your touch” and “I’m floating.”

‘Float’ means to move slowly on water or in the air (OALD 9th, 2015).

‘Floating’ and ‘flying’ can be called the same here because ‘floating’ can also mean to move slowly in the air. Therefore, both of them can be called the same because both of them have the same characteristics which are; moving in the air and not touching the ground. According to McLaughlin, the sensations of floating and flying are incredible and miraculous (Brainy Quote, retrieved on March 25, 2018).

From the word ‘incredible’ and ‘miraculous,’ can be seen that floating is something that makes someone happy.

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The important benefit of floating and the state of relaxation is that it causes the brain to release endorphins and dopamine, which help the body to naturally feel good and happier because of releasing endorphins and dopamine (Understanding the Psychological Effects of Float Therapy, retrieved on March 25, 2018).

From the explanation above, can be seen that the characteristics of ‘floating’ are making someone relaxed and happy. Therefore, figuratively, based on the context of the song, ‘floating’ here is used to refer to the feeling of being happy.

The figurative meaning of “your touch feels like I’m floating” here is your touch makes me happy.

Floating

To move slowly on water or in the air Happy Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is Your touch makes me happy. c. Katy Perry’s “Pearl”

15/PL/S/Kill, Harm.) This love is too strong like mice and men.

The two things compared here are “the love that is too strong” and “mice and men.” The phrase ‘Mice and Men’ here is alluding to John Steinbeck’s novel entitled ‘Of Mice and Men.’ The story of the novel itself tells about Lennie small who is a mentally disabled giant and loves to pet anything soft like a mouse for example, that accidentally kills things when he is just trying to play with them. He even squeezes the life out of a mouse in the beginning of the novel. He kills the

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mouse accidentally because he holds him too strong, even though he actually loves the mouse (Cliff Notes, retrieved on April 10, 2018).

From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ tells about something that is too strong even if it is love can kill or harm others. Therefore, the metaphorical meaning of ‘Mice and Men’ is something that is too strong can kill or harm others.

Mice and Men

A novel entitled Mice and Men Something that can kill or harm others Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is This love is too strong like it can kill or harm others.

22/PL/S/Fast.) She was unstoppable, moved fast like an avalanche.

The things compared here are “She” and “avalanche.” The sentence says that “She was unstoppable, and she moved fast like an avalanche.” The phrase

‘moved fast’ here does not state how fast is the movement. Therefore, the figurative expression ‘avalanche’ here is used to describe how fast the movement is; the movement that is as fast as an avalanche.

According to OALD 9th, ‘avalanche’ means a mass of snow, ice and rock that falls down the side of a mountain. From the dictionary meaning of the avalanche above, the meaning can be implied that avalanche is something fast as fast as the falling of a mass of snow, ice and rock from the side of a mountain.

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Therefore, depending on the context, the figurative meaning of ‘avalanche’ here is used to refer to a person who moves fast as fast as the falling of a mass of snow, ice and rock from the side of a mountain.

The phrase ‘moved fast like an avalanche’ here is used to show a comparison in the song lyric between ‘moved fast like an avalanche’ and ‘stuck deep in cement;’

“She was unstoppable, moved fast like an avalanche. But now she is stuck deep in cement” (Genius, retrieved on October 2, 2017). Therefore, the phrase ‘moved fast’ here is used to compare the phrase ‘stuck deep’ only to show the big difference between ‘moved fast like an avalanche’ and ‘stuck deep in cement.’ The two sentences in the song lyric are being compared to show the changing of the girl that used to be unstoppable and moved fast like an avalanche becomes someone who is stuck deep in cement.

Avalanche

A mass of snow, ice, and rock that A girl who moves fast as fast falls down the side of a mountain as the falling of a mass of snow, ice and rock from the side of a mountain Literal sense Figurative sense

From the explanation above, the straightforward meaning found is She was unstoppable, moved fast as fast as the falling of a mass of snow, ice, and rock from the side of a mountain.

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B. The Themes of Katy Perry’s Selected Songs in The Album Entitled

“Teenage Dream”

1. The theme in Katy Perry’s “Firework”

The meaning of each keyword found in the straightforward meanings are arranged into the first metaphor or simile appears in the song lyrics until the last metaphor or simile appears in the song lyrics. The meaning of each keyword found and also its straightforward meaning are presented as follows:

1/FW/S/Weak, powerless.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Do you ever feel like someone who is weak and powerless and he/she wants to start his/her life again?” The keywords are ‘weak’ which means having little physical power or ability, not strong (MWD, 2018), and ‘powerless’ which means having no power (MWD, 2018).

2/FW/S/Weak.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin like someone who is weak?” The keyword is ‘weak’ which means having little physical power or ability, not strong (MWD, 2018).

3/FW/S/Freedom.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Just own the night like it is the day of the Independence Day when you get your freedom.” The keyword is ‘freedom’ which means the quality or state of being free (MWD, 2018).

4/FW/M/Special.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Cause baby, you’re special.” The keyword is ‘special’ which means different from what is normal or usual, unusual in a good way (MWD, 2018).

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5/FW/S/Useless.) This code has a straightforward meaning “You don’t have to feel like a person who is useless.” The keyword is ‘useless’ which means not at all useful, not doing or able to do what is needed (MWD, 2018).

6/FW/S/Understand, accept.) This code has a straightforward meaning

“Your heart will understand something which happens to your life.” the keywords are ‘understand’ which means to know the meaning of something (MWD, 2018), and ‘accept’ which means to receive or take something (MWD, 2018).

The keywords “weak, powerless and useless” are in the first stanza of the song, they contain +negative , because it uses the suffix –less on “powerless” and

“useless” that indicate negative words. The word “weak” which also contains the word “no” in its meaning (having no power) indicates a negative word. The most important thing is that the meaning of the keywords “weak, powerless, and useless” in the context are negative because the speaker tells the poor condition of the people who feel weak, powerless and useless.

Meanwhile, the keywords “freedom, special, understand and accept” contain +positive because of their meaning in the context. Those keywords are on the second and third stanza. Each of those keywords above refer to positivity because those are the words that the singer uses to encourage people who feel weak, powerless and useless. This song also tells people who feel weak, useless, and powerless that they are “special,” they need to be free or have “freedom” and they will finally “understand” and “accept” something which happens to their life.

There are sentences in the first stanza that link the first stanza to the second and third stanzas in terms of contrasting idea. It becomes the turning point or the

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relation of those negative and positive keywords because these sentences show the contrast relation between the first stanza to the second and third stanzas. The sentences are Do you know that there’s still a chance for you? Cause there’s a spark in you. The word ‘chance’ here represent encouragement because ‘chance’ is an opportunity to do something (MWD, 2018) and ‘encouragement’ is to make

(someone) more likely to do something (MWD, 2018). Therefore, both of ‘chance’ and ‘encouragement’ share the same characteristic which is to make (someone) to do something.

The sentence Do you know that there is still a chance for you? in the original lyric on the first stanza can be used as a sentence which states encouragement because the words “chance” and “encouragement” share the same characteristic. Meanwhile, the word ‘spark’ actually means spirit. Therefore, the sentences Do you know that there’s still a chance for you? Cause there’s a spark in you means there is still a chance for you because there is still a spirit in you. These sentences show that this song is about encouragement and also these sentences show that the first stanza is negative (the first stanza shows the condition of the people who feel weak, powerless, useless, etc. therefore the keywords found in the first stanza are negatives), and the second and third stanzas are positive (the second and third stanzas show the positive keywords because the speaker encourages people who feel weak, powerless, useless, etc. by telling positive words to them), therefore they are contrasting each other.

The recurrence appears in the chorus of the song which happens in the keyword “special” in the straightforward meaning “Cause baby you’re special,”

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and in the original lyric “Cause baby, you’re a firework.” The recurrence here shows that the theme is “encouragement,” because the singer wants the listeners to remember that they are special by repeating those sentences three times. The speaker wants the people who feel weak, powerless, and worthless to feel special.

It is an encouragement to always make people remember that they are special.

Therefore, from all of the explanations above, it can be concluded that the theme found in this song is “encouragement,” because this song encourages people who feel weak, useless, and powerless to have a hope and to be free or have a freedom. This song also encourages people who feel weak, powerless, and useless to have a hope by telling them that they are special and they will finally understand and accept something which happens to their life.

2. The theme in Katy Perry’s “E.T.”

7/ET/M/Badly.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Could you be someone who behaves badly?” The keyword is ‘badly’ which means in a bad manner (MWD, 2018).

8/ET/M/Good, Kind.) This keyword has a straightforward meaning “Could you be someone who is very good and kind?” The keywords are ‘good’ which

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means of high quality (MWD, 2018), and ‘kind’ which means wanting and liking to do good things and to bring happiness to others (MWD, 2018).

9/ET/S/Happy.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Your touch makes me happy.” The keyword is ‘happy’ which means feeling pleasure and enjoyment because of your life, situation, etc. (MWD, 2018).

10/ET/M/Strange, different.) This code has a straightforward meaning

“Boy, you’re strange and different.” The keywords are ‘strange’ which means different from what is usual, normal, or expected (MWD, 2018), and ‘different’ which means not of the same kind (MWD, 2018).

11/ET/M/Very great.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Your kiss is very great.” The keyword is ‘great’ means notably large in size (MWD, 2018).

12/ET/M/Good luck, future.) This code has a straightforward meaning

“Boy, you’re someone who brings a good luck on my future.” The keywords are

‘good’ which means of high quality (MWD, 2018), ‘luck’ which means good fortune (MWD, 2018), and ‘future’ which means coming after the present time: existing in the future (MWD, 2018).

The keyword “badly” in the first stanza here refers to +negative because of its meaning: in a bad manner (MWD, 2018). In the context itself, the girl in the song actually hesitates about the boy when they first met. She hesitates whether he is bad or good. The woman being hesitated is shown in the keywords “badly” in the straightforward meaning “Could you be someone who behaves badly?” and “good and kind” in the straightforward meaning “Could you be someone who is very good and kind?” Those keywords and straightforward meanings show that the girl

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hesitates with the boy whether he is bad or good and kind at first. But then, she finally falls in love with the man because of the boy’s characters that are described as someone who is strange and different. The girl is in love with the boy because he is unique. The keywords “strange” and “different” show that the boy is unique because ‘strange’ is different from what is usual, normal, or expected (MWD,

2018), ‘different’ is not ordinary or common (MWD, 2018), both “strange” and

“different” share the same characteristic that is not usual or common. Meanwhile,

‘unique’ means very special or unusual (MWD, 2018). Therefore, the three of them actually share the same characteristic that is unusual, therefore, “strange” and

“different” can also represent “unique.”

The fact that the girl is in love with the boy shows in her behaviors toward the man. The girl’s behaviors show the characteristics of someone who is in love: the keyword “happy” in the straightforward meaning “your touch makes me happy” shows that she is happy to be touched by the boy, it means that she is in love because she does not mind any physical contact with the boy, the keyword “very great” in the straightforward meaning “your kiss is very great” shows that she likes to be kissed by the boy, it also shows that she is in love because of the physical contact, the keywords “good luck” and “future” in the straightforward meaning “you’re someone who brings a good luck on my future” shows that the girl considers the boy as a person who brings a good luck on her future. It also means that she is in love with the boy because she wants the boy to be in her future. According to all of the explanations and meanings above, the keywords “good, kind, happy, strange,

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different, good luck, future, very great” contain +positive because of its meaning in the context.

The recurrence here is in the chorus of the song which happens in the keyword “strange and different” in the straightforward meaning “Boy, you’re strange and different,” and in the original lyric “Boy, you’re an alien.” This sentence is repeated to show that the boy in the song is someone who is unique, and because of his uniqueness that nobody has, makes the girl falling in love with him.

Therefore, this recurrence and all of the explanations above show that the theme of the song is “Falling in love with someone who is unique.”

3. The theme in Katy Perry’s “Pearl”

13/PL/M/Strong.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She is a strong woman.” The keyword is ‘strong’ which means having great physical power and ability (MWD, 2018).

14/PL/M/Weak.) This code has a straightforward meaning “But with him she’s just a weak girl.” The keyword is ‘weak’ means having little physical power or ability, not strong (MWD, 2018).

15/PL/S/Kill, harm.) This code has a straightforward meaning “This love is too strong that it can kill or harm others.” The keywords are ‘kill’ which means to

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cause the death of (a person, animal, or plant) (MWD, 2018), and ‘harm’ which means something that causes someone or something to be hurt, broken, made less valuable or successful, etc. (MWD, 2018).

16/PL/M/Strong, powerful.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She was a strong and powerful girl.” The keywords are ‘strong’ which means having great physical power and ability (MWD, 2018), and ‘powerful’ which means having the ability to control or influence people or things (MWD, 2018).

17/PL/M/Weak, powerless.) This code has a straightforward meaning “But now she’s just a weak and powerless girl.” The keywords are ‘weak’ which means having little physical power or ability, not strong (MWD, 2018), and ‘powerless’ which means having no power (MWD, 2018).

18/PL/M/Freedom.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She could be a girl who has her own freedom.” The keyword is ‘freedom’ means the quality or state of being free (MWD, 2018).

19/PL/M/Freedom, victory.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She could be a girl who has potential to get the victory and freedom.” The keywords are

‘victory’ which means success in defeating an opponent or enemy (MWD, 2018), and ‘freedom’ which means the quality or state of being free (MWD, 2018).

20/PL/M/Highly valued.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She used to be a girl that is very highly valued.” The keyword is ‘highly valued;’

‘highly’ means to a great degree (MWD, 2018), and ‘value’ means the price or cost of something (MWD, 2018).

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21/PL/M/Worthless.) This code has a straightforward meaning “Can’t believe she’s become a shell of herself.” The keyword is ‘worthless’ which means having no financial value, having no use, importance or effect (MWD, 2018).

22/PL/S/Fast.) This code has a straightforward meaning “She was unstoppable, moved fast as fast as the falling of a mass of snow, ice, and rock from the side of the mountain.” The keyword is ‘fast’ which means moving or able to move quickly (MWD, 2018).

The keywords “strong” and “powerful” +positive and the keywords

“weak” and “powerless” +negative on the first stanza show a contrast that first the girl is a strong and powerful girl, but since the girl be with her partner, she becomes a weak and powerless girl. It is contrasting the past condition and the present condition after the girl met the boy or her partner.

The keywords “kill” and “harm” +violence , +negative in the first stanza show that the boy or the partner in this song loves the girl too strong that instead, it can even harm and kill the woman physically and mentally.

The keywords “freedom” and “victory” +positive in the chorus of the song show that the girl actually could be someone who has her own freedom and victory.

The keywords “highly valued” +positive and “worthless” +negative in the chorus of the song also show the past and the present condition of the girl. In the past, she used to be a girl who was highly valued, but in the present since she is with the boy, she becomes worthless.

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The keyword “fast” +positive in the fourth stanza also shows the comparison of the past and present condition of the girl. In the past, the girl used to be fast, but now, she’s stuck deep.

Therefore, from all of the explanations above, the keywords “strong, powerful, freedom, victory, highly valued, and fast” contain +positive because those keywords explain the characteristics of the girl in the past, before meeting the boy or her partner. She used to be a strong, powerful, and highly valued girl. She also used to have her own freedom and victory. But, after meeting the boy, she becomes a weak, powerless and worthless girl because of her partner. Her partner rules her world until she becomes a weak, powerless, and worthless girl. That is why the keywords “weak,” “powerless,” and “worthless” contain +negative because their meanings in the context are negative.

The condition of the girl before meeting or being with the boy is shown in all the positive keywords, meanwhile the condition of the girl after meeting or being with the boy is shown in all the negative keywords. Therefore, all the negative and positive keywords are contrasting each other here.

The recurrence here happens in the chorus of the song in these two keywords: first, the keyword “highly valued” in the straightforward meaning “She used to be someone who is highly valued,” and in the original lyric “She used to be a pearl.” Second, the keyword “worthless” in the straightforward meaning “Can’t believe she has become someone who is worthless,” and in the original lyric “Can’t believe she’s become a shell of herself.” Those sentences are repeated to show that this song is about an unhealthy relationship, because it compares the past and

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present condition of the woman who used to be a highly valued in the past, but now after meeting that boy she becomes a worthless girl. It is an unhealthy relationship because it changes someone’s characteristic from positive to negative.

The theme is an unhealthy relationship because it kills the girl’s characters that used to be “strong, powerful and highly valued” become “weak, powerless and worthless.” Therefore, this relationship is unhealthy because it makes the girl’s characters which are used to be positive become negative.

4. The theme of the album “Teenage Dream”

There are three songs from the album Teenage Dream which are analyzed in this study. Those songs entitled “Firework,” “E.T.,” and “Pearl.” There are three themes found as the result of the song analysis. The first is the song entitled

“Firework” which has the theme “encouragement.” Second, the song entitled “E.T.” which has the theme “falling in love with someone who is unique.” Last, the song entitled “Pearl” which has the theme “an unhealthy relationship.” All of those three songs above tell about teenage dream. Specifically, first, in the song entitled

“Firework” which has the theme “encouragement,” show that the teenagers dream to be free, useful, special, etc. Second, in the song entitled “E.T.” which has the theme “falling in love with someone who is unique” tells the teenager’s dream to be in love with someone. Last, in the song entitled “Pearl” which has the theme “an unhealthy relationship” show the dream of the teenager to be strong and free from the partner who ruins her life. Therefore, theme of the album is “teenage dream”

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because all of the three songs analyzed here tell about the dream of the teenagers which want to be free, worthy, strong, special etc.

The title of the album reflects the theme of the album because the title of the album covers each title of the song inside. Therefore, the theme of the album here is also “teenage dream.” It is the same as the title of the album because the title of the album can be a statement of a theme; a clue as to why the album was written

(BBC Music, June 27, 2017, para 1). Katy Perry’s album Teenage Dream revolves around teenage love, partying, self-empowerment and personal growth

(Genius.com, retrieved on June 10, 2018). From the previous description, it can be seen that Katy Perry’s album Teenage Dream is also about teenage dream.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the title and the theme of the album is reflected one another.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the conclusion based on the analysis which has been done in the previous chapter. According to the analysis, there are 8 similes found and 14 metaphors found in the three songs “Firework,” “Pearl,” and “E.T.” specifically, the song “Firework” contains 5 similes and 1 metaphor, the song

“Pearl” contains 2 similes and 8 metaphors, and then the song “E.T.” contains 1 simile, and 5 metaphors. The metaphors and similes found and analyzed in this study are those sentence/clause/phrase which contain comparison based on the theories used in this study.

This present study also finds the theme of each song analyzed in this study.

The first is the song entitled “Firework” has the theme “encouragement.” Second, the song entitled “Pearl” has the theme “an unhealthy relationship.” Last, the song entitled “E.T.” has the theme “falling in love with someone who is unique.” After the theme of each song is analyzed, the theme of the album can be found. As the result, the theme of the album is “teenage dream.”

This study also finds that in order to find the appropriate meanings of the metaphors and similes found, there are many aspects to be considered: the context of the song, the characteristics found in the metaphoric expression or simile, and the reliable sources.

This research enriches the study of metaphor, simile and theme in linguistic study. Therefore, this research hopes that the listeners of these songs analyzed in this study can get appropriate meanings of the similes and metaphors found.

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REFERENCES

Creswell, John W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design (2nd ed). London: Sage Publication, Inc.

Damon, Philip, John J Espey, & Frederick Mulhauser. (1966). Language, rhetoric, and style. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Drew, Paul, & Elizabeth Holt. (1998). Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation. Journal of language in society, 27, 495-552. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Finch, Geoffrey. (2005). Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics (2nd ed). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. (2011). An Introduction to Language (9th ed). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. (2003). An Introduction to Language (7th ed). Boston: Thomson Learning.

Guerra, John. (2015). What Is A Song, Anyway?. Retrieved from http://www.jonguerramusic.com/blog/2015/5/6/what-is-a-song-anyway.

Kennedy, X.J., Dana Gioia. (1999). An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (7th ed). New York: Longman.

Laksita, Amadea Nanda. (2017). Figurative Expressions in Song Lyrics by Male and Female Songwriters (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Locke, Louis G., William M. Gibson & George Arms. (1959). Introduction to Literature (3th ed). New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (9th ed). (2015). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Palmer, F.R. (1981). Semantics: Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1981.

Perrine, Laurence. (1969). Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry (2nd ed). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

Roberts, Edgar V. (1969). Writing Themes About Literature (2nd ed). New Jersey: PRENTICE-HALL, INC.

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Roberts, Edgar V. (1982). An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Serat, Sesilia Gisela. (2017). Theme in Hozier’s Songs Seen in Metaphor Expression (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Wee, Lionel. (2006). Proper Names and the Theory of Metaphor. Journal of linguistics, 42, 355-371. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Lyrics in selected Katy Perry’s songs.

Firework

[Verse 1]

Do you ever feel like a plastic bag

Drifting through the wind wanting to start again?

Do you ever feel, feel so paper-thin

Like a house of cards one blow from caving in?

Do you ever feel already buried deep?

Six feet under screams, but no one seems to hear a thing

Do you know that there's still a chance for you?

'Cause there's a spark in you

[Pre-Chorus]

You just gotta ignite the light

And let it shine

Just own the night

Like the Fourth of July

[Chorus]

'Cause baby, you're a firework

C'mon, show 'em what you're worth

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Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

As you shoot across the sky-y-y

Baby, you're a firework

C'mon, let your colors burst

Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

You're gonna leave them all in awe, awe, awe

[Verse 2]

You don't have to feel like a waste of space

You're original, cannot be replaced

If you only knew what the future holds

After a hurricane comes a rainbow

Maybe a reason why all the doors are closed

So you can open one that leads you to the perfect road

Like a lightning bolt, your heart will blow

And when it's time, you'll know

[Pre-Chorus]

You just gotta ignite the light

And let it shine

Just own the night

Like the Fourth of July

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[Chorus]

‘Cause baby, you're a firework

C'mon, show 'em what you're worth

Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

As you shoot across the sky-y-y

Baby, you're a firework

C'mon, let your colors burst

Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

You're gonna leave them all in awe, awe, awe

[Bridge]

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon

It's always been inside of you, you, you

And now it's time to let it through

[Chorus]

'Cause baby, you're a firework

C'mon, show 'em what you're worth

Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

As you shoot across the sky-y-y

Baby, you're a firework

C'mon, let your colors burst

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Make 'em go, "Aah, aah, aah"

You're gonna leave them all in awe, awe, awe

[Outro]

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon

E.T.

[Verse 1]

You're so hypnotizing

Could you be the devil?

Could you be an angel?

Your touch, magnetizing

Feels like I am floating

Leaves my body glowing

They say be afraid

You're not like the others

Futuristic lover

Different DNA

They don't understand you

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[Pre-Chorus]

You're from a whole 'nother world

A different dimension

You open my eyes

And I'm ready to go

Lead me into the light

[Chorus]

Kiss me, ki-ki-kiss me

Infect me with your loving

Fill me with your poison

Take me, ta-ta-take me

Wanna be your victim

Ready for abduction

Boy, you're an alien

Your touch, so foreign

It's supernatural

Extraterrestrial

[Verse 2]

You're so supersonic

Wanna feel your powers

Stun me with your lasers

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Your kiss is cosmic

Every move is magic

[Pre-Chorus]

You're from a whole 'nother world

A different dimension

You open my eyes

And I'm ready to go

Lead me into the light

[Chorus]

Kiss me, ki-ki-kiss me

Infect me with your loving

Fill me with your poison

Take me, ta-ta-take me

Wanna be your victim

Ready for abduction

Boy, you're an alien

Your touch, so foreign

It's supernatural

Extraterrestrial

[Bridge]

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This is transcendental

On another level

Boy, you're my lucky star

I wanna walk on your wavelength

And be there when you vibrate

For you I'll risk it all, all

[Chorus]

Kiss me, ki-ki-kiss me

Infect me with your loving

Fill me with your poison

Take me, ta-ta-take me

Wanna be your victim

Ready for abduction

Boy, you're an alien

Your touch, so foreign

It's supernatural

Extraterrestrial

[Outro]

Extraterrestrial

Boy, you're an alien

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Your touch, so foreign

It's supernatural

Extraterrestrial

Pearl

[Verse 1]

She is a pyramid

But with him, she's just a grain of sand

This loves too strong, like Mice and Men

Squeezing out the life that should be let in

She was a hurricane

But now she's just a gust of wind

She used to set the sails of a thousand ships

Was a force to be reckoned with

[Pre-Chorus]

She could be a Statue of Liberty

She could be a Joan of Arc

But he’s scared of the light that’s inside of her

So he keeps her in the dark

[Chorus]

Oh, she used to be a pearl, oh

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Yeah, she used to rule the world, oh

Can't believe she’s become a shell of herself

Cause she used to be a pearl

[Verse 2]

She was unstoppable

Moved fast as like an avalanche

But now she’s stuck deep in cement

Wishing that they never ever met

[Pre-Chorus]

She could be a Statue of Liberty

She could be a Joan of Arc

But he’s scared of the light that’s inside of her

So he keeps her in the dark

[Chorus]

Oh, she used to be a pearl, oh

Yeah, she used to rule the world, oh

Can't believe she’s become a shell of herself

Cause she used to be a pearl

Cause she used to be a

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[Bridge]

Do you know that there’s a way out?

There’s a way out, there’s a way out, there’s a way out

You don’t have to be held down

Be held down, be held down, be held down

[Breakdown]

'Cause I used to be a shell

Yeah, I let him rule my world, my world, oh, yeah!

But I woke up and grew strong and I can still go on

And no one can take my pearl

[Final Chorus]

You don’t have to be a shell, no

You’re the one that rules your world, oh

You are strong and you’ll learn

That you can still go on

And you’ll always be a pearl

[Outro]

She is unstoppable

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Appendix 2: Summaries of the songs.

Firework

This song tells about the singer who encourages people who feel weak, powerless, useless and worthless to love themselves and to make them feel that they are special. This song helps everybody to realize that no matter who you are, you are special.

E.T.

This song tells about a girl who falls in love with a guy who is unique. At first, the girl hesitates with the boy, whether he is good or bad. However, finally she falls in love with him because of his uniqueness.

Pearl

This song tells about a girl who is ruined by her partner in the relationship.

It tells about an unhealthy relationship. The girl is used to be a person who is highly valued, strong, free, etc. however, after meeting the boy or the partner, she becomes weak, worthless, not free, etc. The relationship which is unhealthy changes the girl’s characteristics from good to bad.

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Appendix 3: The metaphor.

Metaphor – “Firework”

4/FW/M/Special.) Cause baby you’re a firework.

Metaphor – “E.T.”

7/ET/M/Badly.) Could you be the devil?

8/ET/M/Good, kind.) Could you be an angel?

10/ET/M/Strange, different.) Boy, you’re an alien.

11/ET/M/Very great.) Your kiss is cosmic.

12/ET/M/Good luck, future.) Boy, you’re my lucky star.

Metaphor – “Pearl”

13/PL/M/Strong.) She is a pyramid.

14/PL/M/Weak.) But with him she's just a grain of sand.

16/PL/M/Strong, powerful.) She was a hurricane.

17/PL/M/Weak, Powerless.) But now she's just a gust of wind.

18/PL/M/Freedom.) She could be a statue of liberty.

19/PL/M/Freedom, victory.) She could be Joan of Arc.

20/PL/M/Highly valued.) She used to be a pearl.

21/PL/M/Worthless.) Can’t believe she’s become a shell of herself.

;

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Appendix 4: The simile.

Simile – “Firework”

1/FW/S/Weak, powerless.) Do you ever feel like a plastic bag drifting through the wind wanting to start again?

2/FW/S/Weak.) Do you ever feel so paper thin like a house of cards one blow from caving in?

3/FW/S/Freedom.) (You) just own the night like the Fourth of July.

5/FW/S/Useless.) You don’t have to feel like a waste of space.

6/FW/S/Understand, accept.) Like a lightning bolt, your heart will glow.

Simile – “E.T.”

9/ET/S/Happy.) Your touch, magnetizing, feels like I’m floating.

Simile – “Pearl”

15/PL/S/Kill, Harm.) This love is too strong like mice and men.

22/PL/S/Fast.) She was unstoppable, moved fast like an avalanche.