Ways to Urban Landscape Archaeology

ƒig 1. Remains of the Via Tiburtina at Th i s i n t erdisciplinary r e s e a r c h project (transhumance) over large geographical areas Settecamini squeezed in between modern started already in 2003 during informal in a long term perspective. Hans Bjur on dwellings, the busy new road, and an increasing number of new building projects. meetings at the Swedish Institute in Rome the other hand, professor in Urban Design Photo: H.Bjur. discussing landscapes in general and the and Planning, had since a decade devoted transformations of the Roman urban himself to contemporary development landscape in particular. Our views on the tendencies in the peripheries of major cities, matter originated in disciplines with different the heterogeneous, super-modern urban perspectives. Barbro Santillo Frizell, professor landscapes. We thought that these different in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, points of views combined with the common had long experience of landscape archaeology interest in landscape could be interesting to in Greece and Italy, and especially of how explore in a project. When we started, one space and artefacts were interrelated by the specific goal was that the result should lead to movement of herds of domesticated animals identification of central issues within a new

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multi-disciplinary subject, which tentatively unique way the basic research problem, viz. was called urban landscape archaeology. The idea the complex relations between old and new was, on the one hand, to indicate the interface and the transformation of the surrounding between archaeology and urban design and landscapes by movement, urbanization and planning, and on the other to stress the urban amalgamation with artefacts during millennia. landscape as object of both archaeological Moreover, in Rome the contemporary and urban research. This approach led both problem of sustainable urban development of us to unexplored fields, where questions has an interesting complexity and is given and answers were not at all self-evident. In an advanced treatment in recent planning traditional landscape archaeology, artefacts practice as well. Rome’s development has also are related to structures primarily of their own for a long time been subject to an extensive time period and context; while in our concept research in several academic disciplines and of urban landscape archaeology, artefacts of all from many different aspects. There thus time periods should be related to the present existed an unusually rich empirical material landscape. One could say that the great to develop, elaborate and synthezise. difference seemed to be lying in the relative The leading idea was to tackle Rome position of the spaces and artefacts in relation as a palimpsest.* We have adopted the to time. The time depth in connection with the concept, on the one hand in order to read present lends relevance and distinction to the the hidden layers per se and to discuss their subject. As our fields of study are concerned contexts, and on the other hand to reflect with man’s relations to the environment (in upon their meaning in sequential urban the wide sense), with spatial dimensions and layers. We wanted to look upon the urbanism long time perspectives, we gradually found the as being composed of different more or less mutual points of departure and the focus of distinct layers originated in different times of this research project: Space, Movement and development or decline. Our main concern Artefacts in the Urban Landscape. As a case was whether and how these built survivals study we chose Via Tiburtina. from varying time and space interact. When Why Via Tiburtina? The old road, which applying the concept of palimpsest on the connects the commercial centres of Rome, context of urbanism, we look upon it as if all Forum Romanum and Forum Boarium texts are present and readable simultaneously * The original meaning of the word pal- (as we see it) with Tivoli (ancient Tibur), so to speak. A kind of double exposure of impsest is used for a text written on parch- represents a long history of complex relations settlements, spaces of movement, city plans ment which has been reused one or more between centre and periphery, and the urban and architecture is what we were driving at, an times after the original writing has been spaces and the landscape surrounding the anachronistic simultaneousness in the urban scraped or rubbed away. The parchment therefore contains several layers of text thoroughfare have a long history leading all space. However, our focus was not just on the which are more or less visible. Within the the way up to the present urban development appearance of the physical construct of the field of landscape studies the concept has plans. In previous studies we had both, from urban landscape, but also on the intangible been used to describe situations which different points of views, identified the Via underlying spatial systems of space, movement contain layers with sites and artefacts from several different periods, so called Tiburtina as a field of interest. and artefacts. palimpsest landscapes. For a theoretical Having Rome and an already working An interdisciplinary discourse thus development of the concept of palimpsest, interdisciplinary research milieu at the initiated this project, and developing this see G. Bailey “Time perspectives, palimps- Swedish Institute as the basis for our research approach has ever since been an essential goal. ests and the archaeology of time.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26 (2007) project was a great advantage. Rome’s several The means to achieve this integration process 198-223. thousands years of urbanism illustrate in a have first of all been regular seminaries,

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colloquia, excursions and workshops linked to various resources in the Rome region and to the project’s objects of study: Rome and the connections between the Apennines and The Via Tiburtina. The recurring planned meetings Mediterranean Sea. The second concerns the – where ideas, theories, and discourses movement system of which Via Tiburtina founded in the scientific field of urbanism makes a part, and the activities and nodes, have encountered those of archaeology, which generates movement on the road. The where contemporary interpretations of next two parts deals with the (re)organization urban landscapes were united to historical of space and contemporary planning, and perspectives, and where present-day social thus in the main with future. The perspective planning was brought into a dialogue with is necessarily widened and includes Rome’s the humanities and social sciences – have development strategies as a whole. The constituted the basic organizational form to concluding part gives an account of the present achieve the scientific aim. When synthesizing models for integrating artefacts and cultural our research by this publication a fairly wide heritage into urban design and sustainable range of academic fields is represented in the development. The author emphasizes two research process: archaeology and ancient conditions in Rome’s contemporary heritage history, architecture and art history, urban management, which lends relevance to the design and planning, landscape architecture, aims and possible outcomes of this research integrated conservation and cultural heritage project: firstly, the great importance attached management. In order to bring about a real to the dialogue between architecture, urban integration of subjects we therefore decided design and archaeology, and secondly, the to complement the anthology’s individual stress laid on interdisciplinary approaches as texts with “joint papers”, where researchers means of attaining nuanced and qualitative in different scientific areas were jointly overall solutions. responsible for the choice of theme and Movement is fundamental to the function the paper. This interdisciplinary working and development of every city. It gives life method is thus reflected in the outline of this to the urbanism, and without roads, streets publication. Wherever two or more authors and markets no cities could exist. Movement are given this indicates our efforts to develop economy, that is the total of moments in a city, the interdisciplinary approach further. The propels its economic activities. The Italian outline in three chapters partly follows the word traffico has a double significance: traffic project’s main aspects: Movement, Space and and business. However, it is not the roads Artefacts and the practical potential of our themselves that bring together the different research: Managing Cultural Heritage. parts of the city to form a unity (one city), In the opening paper, “That’s the way it but the people making use of these spaces of is”, Hans Bjur makes an introduction to Via movement. Thus, research into roads is not Tiburtina and its related urban environments, a technical issue in the first place. They can and to its meaning in the development of the be studied as social, economic and political urbanism of Rome. The primary purpose projects, and the research that is to highlight has been to analyse and describe what is the interaction between urban development, happening now. In which context do we find movement, and human activity will necessarily this research project? be multi-disciplinary. The first part is framing Via Tiburtina The first chapter contains four geographically, as a space of movement related contributions which each one throws light

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upon movement as a decisive factor in resource along the Via Tiburtina. The author historic and contemporary social construction shows how the lakes have determined the processes. The first study brings us back to the layout of the road in accordance to their very origin of the road when Via Tiburtina relevance in the economy of animal breeding constituted the artery in a spatial organization and later in history as a spa. The place is an of the landscape, which stretched from the important feature in the cultural history of Apennine mountains to the plains of Rome. the territory, deserving more attention from In her contribution “Changing pastures”, antiquarian authorities. Unfortunately the Barbro Santillo Frizell discusses the layout of lakes of Aquae Albulae are today a sadly the Via Tiburtina from a long-term economic neglected heritage on the road, facing the risk perspective, exploring the pastoral use of the of extinction. landscape in an organized system of animal By a quick removal in space we are breeding called transhumance. It required brought back to the city life of ancient a geographical setting of complementary Rome. In his study “Navigating the Urban character including mountains and plains. Via Tiburtina” Simon Malmberg discusses Although we can only define this phenomenon how the ancient Romans navigated their from the historical period, archaeology urban environment, with special reference indicates that this organization started to the urban stretch of the Via Tiburtina. already in the Bronze Age, thus suggesting The author uses the analytical tools of path, that the origins of Via Tiburtina lies in this district, landmark, edge and node promoted remote time depth. This organization strived by the architect and urban planner Kevin to optimize the economic outcome of the Lynch. In applying the theories of Lynch on livestock in catching natural resources by the the Via Tiburtina, he uses archaeological and movement of herds of domesticated animals literary sources and a third-century marble over distant geographical areas in a seasonally plan of Rome. To get a better understanding based rhythm. The transhumance created an of what it must have been like to travel the urban net-work of nodes and places and inter- city, some colouring and life to the cityscape regional spaces which crossed geographical is added, as this in itself probably was an and tribal boundaries. From the earliest times important ingredient in knowing your way onwards, the basic needs and conditions of round the town: the flow of people, and the the transhumance, such as access to pasture, sights and sounds of the thoroughfares seems supply of water, fords where to cross the to have been an important directional tool in river, production and markets, generated the the city maze. movements on Via Tiburtina which in turn Since the Romans generally lacked maps, determined the spatial lay-out of the road. the main means by which the inhabitant These choices, mainly based on economic navigated the urban environment were requirements, have greatly influenced probably small landmarks, while the traveller socio-political development and ideological may have used a strong directional quality attitudes, reflected in visible structures like combined with asking his way round. To markets and sanctuaries, city gates and roads, navigate Rome must have been a chaotic which in the end came to serve also other experience. However, most people probably purposes. did not have to move long distances, but The sulphurous lakes outside Tivoli, stayed in their own neighbourhood for most Aquae Albulae, were an important natural of their lives. Long-distance travellers did not

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probably see much of the city; they moved authors’ conclusion is that the “pilgrimage” along the main thoroughfares, stayed in inns concept requires a more nuanced definition near the city gates, and perhaps visited a few because there were several different religiously of the major wonders of Rome. motivated movements to the grave. They left In his study, “Movement between Rome different kinds of traces – or indeed none at and the sanctuary of S. Lorenzo”, Olof all – all cannot be defined as “pilgrimages”. Brandt investigates how movement, such The starting point that movement is a as it is reflected in physical structures along primary phenomenon, which is reflected in the urban part of Via Tiburtina, has been physical structures, has proved highly fruitful influenced by the presence of one of the most as a method for research about the past. revered pilgrimage sites in Rome: the grave Kristina Hellerström’s contribution, of St. Laurence, who was buried outside the “Ways of experience” moves the reader two city walls 258 AD. The theoretical starting thousand years ahead, right into the turmoil of point is the presumption that movement todays’s Via Tiburtina. The study is aiming at a creates structures, and not vice versa. Walls, tentative reading of the vivid urban landscape roads, gates and buildings are created around along the road. One could say that she uses the a movement, in order to make it possible. perspective of individual spatial cognition. The Structures remain as imprints of a movement author, who is an architect and professional when it has ceased to be, constituting sources planner, suggests an extensive reading as a for knowledge about it. first phase of strategy of renewal and re-design Certain structures prove to be particularly of contemporary urban peripheries. The eloquent. The staircases built by emperor intention is to influence the way we look at Constantine, for access to the revered grave and experience these built environments. The and another in order to get back up, implies focus of the study lies with the parameters that movement to the grave was so extensive of movement, speed and velocity, that is, that traffic needed to be directed one the perception of landscapes in motion. By way. At the same time a large basilica that support of a number of theories and methods functioned as a covered burial ground was of analysis developed for the ”reading” of erected in the vicinity. Funerals and recurring urban landscapes, visible properties along Via commemorative memorial rites for the Tiburtina are investigated and presented in a deceased thus generated movements caused documentation of images and an organization by the grave of the saint, which cannot be of impressions. Intangible aspects of the urban described as pilgrimages in a strict sense. structure like nodes, borders and key spaces Porticoes erected from the city gate to are identified in order to examine how they the church of S. Lorenzo, at the latest in the support reading and orientation. The author 6th century, reflect an extensive circulation also puts forward some ideas on intervention of people, but these might have depended and re-design, where she suggests an approach equally much on commercial functions as on which takes existing built structures as points movement motivated by religion. Mediaeval of departure for increasing the urban quality pilgrimage seems to have used other routes, and meaning of these districts. which in contemporary texts were described In the second chapter are grouped five without references to built structures. These contributions discussing urban space and texts indicate an individual pilgrimage, and in related artefacts. “The Suburb as Centre” other words a rather limited movement. The is the somewhat paradoxical denomination

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of a study carried out by Hans Bjur and disintegrated and developed into a lower- Simon Malmberg. It concerns the urban density settlement. Interestingly, one could periphery of Rome in the period 200 to 500 note similarities between these structural AD. Their thesis is that the periphery in this changes and those dominating major period obtained a new meaning and gradually European cities during the 20th century. began to surpass the centre in importance, The Via Tiburtina space has through the and that this displacement of activity-nodes course of history developed into a complex and movement created decisive prerequisites mix-use pattern of settlements, industrial of the polycentric structure which was to activities and business. Håkan Hökerberg’s dominate the urban development of Rome contribution “From Agro Romano to an up to the nineteenth century. The main industrial zone” is an investigation of the rise of focus is on areas and situations contextually the industrial parts of the landscape along Via related to the course of Via Tiburtina through Tiburtina, mainly in the first half of the 20th Rome within, and somewhat beyond the century. When Rome became capital of the Aurelian Wall. This periphery showed a never united Italy, the dominating reluctant attitude before seen expansion, with a planned and towards big scale industrialization influenced monumental suburbanisation. The reuse of the character of the industrialization along urban space reshaped the city, both the urban Via Tiburtina: workshops and small factories landscape and the everyday movements of the became the predominant structures. The inhabitants. The fora in the city centre started author indicates that the industrial activity to be abandoned, in favour of a different, in the area was modest up to World War 2, possibly mixed public and private use of mostly dairies and garden centres related space in the periphery, and at the same time to the dominating agricultural activity, Christian churches began to play a role as new when the decision to locate Rome’s second nodes in a transformed urban and urban/ industrial zone at Via Tiburtina, together rural context. with expropriations and financial subsidies, The authors interpret the meaning of this stimulated industrial development in the transformation as a “monumentalisation of 1950s. The primary reasons for locating the periphery”, an interesting but problematic the second industrial zone in this area were concept which is being discussed. They point favourable topographic conditions, and access out that monumentalisation always seems to to water from the nearby Aniene river, which have been crucial to attain an inurbamento, was an essential resource for some of the most which means to make an area city-like or important new industries. People, whose old creating an urban atmosphere, to give it homes in the centre were demolished by the a certain level of urbanity. Monument, fascist government, moved out to new built monumentality and monumentalisation are settlements and made an accessible working thus both essential and problematic concepts class. Communications along Via Tiburtina in research on urban planning, history and were developed and new connecting roads archaeology. In this study it is used as an were built for the workers commuting. explorative tool in order to identify and Morphologically, several types of analyse both physical and mental changes of industrial structures at Via Tiburtina are meaning in the relations between centre and distinguished, like small workshops at the periphery. The authors thus claim that the backyards of new high-rise buildings, and classical Roman city became more and more small-scale industrial activities, which are

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separated from the residential areas, often of efficient public planning have resulted in having the character of barracks and sheds, a piecemeal development. These processes but also the more recent mono-functional have interestingly produced very characteristic industrial landscape located closer to Rome’s results, giving each area a specific identity. ring road. Several huge industrial complexes There are many telling visual markers, and are abandoned today, waiting for new a detailed investigation into the individual functions or demolition. As the industrial circumstances will tell the full story. development at Via Tiburtina is a fairly recent The built environment which can phenomenon, these buildings have not got be experienced along Via Tiburtina thus “historified”, being classified as industrial represent many layers and a quite complex heritage (like in Ostiense). The result is an cultural heritage to manage. In his study, accelerating decay. “Where have all the ruins gone?”, Allan In the study “Visible and invisible along Klynne presents a brief overview of the the Via Tiburtina”, Börje Magnusson sorts mutual process of archaeological discoveries out the patchwork of built areas that now and urban expansion along Via Tiburtina covers what was once a part of the Roman from the 1870’s to the present day. It countryside, the Agro Romano. The author thus serves as a case study for the ongoing has reviewed the historical process, which discussions on cultural heritage management led up to its present state, and distinguished and the unrestrained development of Italian three main phases of development. Up to cities, in order to understand how the present the beginning of the 20th century, the area situation came about. His contribution starts was divided into large estates with a very with a brief outline of the economic impact small resident population. After 1900, laws of road transports and the settlement patterns addressed the backwardness of the Agro in the area during the Roman period, where Romano, and measures to improve conditions problems connected with the interpretation resulted in an agricultural reform. After of the archaeological record also are related World War II this second structure gradually for. Then follows a survey of the work done gave way to urbanization. by the archaeological commission of Rome Traces of the old estates, a number of old for a period of more than one hundred farmhouses, some incorporating Medieval years, against the backdrop of shifting urban towers and Roman walls can still be detected. development plans, legal enactments and The study shows that many invisible factors discussion on how archaeology ought to be have determined the development and what conducted on Italian soil. we see, for example estate borders, which have The shifting ideas regarding intervention influenced the form of later settlements. The and conservation are discussed against the agricultural reform resulted in new units and, political and economical changes that occurred more importantly, a network of roads that has during the 20th century, thus showing determined the present settlement pattern. what kind of challenges the archaeological After World War II a number of housing excavations, surveys and cartographic studies projects and industrial zones along Via had to face. In the final section, current trends Tiburtina were promoted by the commune, of cooperation between different parties still urbanization was largely a “spontaneous” involved in the transformation of the urban process and left to private initiative. Legal landscape are discussed. The integration of and illegal initiatives, combined with a lack the cultural assets into the contemporary

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structures of the suburban landscape is today generated urban layers and the transmission recognized as a potential tool for reaching of the cultural heritage, and explore the social-economic goals of a wider scope. Yet, continuation of the past in present urban life the good intentions are threatened to come through the mediation of space, using the to an halt, since the cultural heritage laws, concept of palimpsest as a mental tool. Spatial the archaeological boards and the political- relations and movement are two fundamental economical forces continue to block each properties in the authors theoretical points of other. There is hope for the future, however, departure. There is a direct relation between since the key-players recognize a need for the configuration of the urban grid and change in order to move away from the movement in cities, and as movement has present “lose-lose” situation. In the wider been, and presumably will be the key feature context of suburban city planning, the past of Via Tiburtina, they have found it adequate has the potential to play an important role to introduce the concept of “movement when creating a sustainable future. economy”, which directs our interest to the So far we have mainly been concerned relationship (interface) between movements with how the artefacts of this urban landscape in the entire city in its parts, in this and study have grown up, being mixed with ancient the Via Tiburtina space. layers, and thus becoming (or not) objects The last chapter Managing Cultural of interest of cultural heritage management. Heritage deals with questions on public The last paper in this chapter concerns the awareness raising, out-reach and heritage characteristics of what is in-between: space. In management discussing the practical their study, “Discovering Space as Cultural implications of our research. The first paper Heritage – hidden properties of the urban discusses cultural management issues which palimpsest”, Mir Azimzadeh and Hans Bjur need to be integrated into planning activities deals with the underlying properties of the at different scales and levels. In her study, “A urban environment. Their thesis is that the landscape in transformation”, Katri Lisitzin present urban pattern, and the continuous reflects on how the changing Via Tiburtina evolution of urban space, movement and space can be interpreted, denoted and artefacts, is dependant on immanent spatial managed adequately, and some innovative systems, which to a large extent determine measures for an integrated management of movement and urban use. This approach to the historical and environmental structures the configuration of urban public space triggers are discussed. A question is being risen: Can off a fundamental question: can, and should, the Via Tiburtina space be considered a urban space be considered a cultural heritage? landscape? And in that case, in which context? If so, how can we reveal the hidden properties As it, in terms of research, planning and of the spatial systems? And how could they be decision-making, either evidently belongs to communicated in order to integrate space as a the historic centre or the rural landscape, in cultural heritage into contemporary planning many ways this sort of terrain vague seems to and social construction processes? In order be non-existing. The author puts forward the to contribute to the reading and deeper all-encompassing notion of landscape and the understanding of the Via Tiburtina space the spaces of movement as mediators in planning authors have put the Space Syntax theory into and development processes with potential practice. The aim has been to understand and to bridge contrapositions between cities and explain the interplay between the historically their territories.

9 ƒig 2. Ponte Mammolo, a messy Some problems concerning prevalent tendency, how cultural and natural heritage unconnected urban space in between, planning models are discussed. The first one management may have a role supporting eco marked by movement. In this complex metropolitan node in spe on the is homogeneity as an implicit model to urban –cultural systems and simply slowing down Via Tiburtina, all layers in the urban design and urban cultural management, the mainstreamed development. landscape interact: the river basin which is obstructing adequate planning In the article “Heritage on the road: of Aniene, the ancient bridge Ponte measures for milieus in the urban periphery; a dead end or a way out”, three authors, Mammolo, just behind the 19th century bridge to the right, the underground the author therefore suggests that it should Kristina Hellerström, Allan Klynne and bridge from the 80s, industries from be substituted by a more inclusive model, Håkan Hökerberg have contributed to a the early 20th century, small remaining based on heterogeneity. The second one is discussion seeking to pin point diverging allotments, modern settlements… timing, a key factor in urban development. and converging opinions on problems and Photo: H.Bjur. As stakeholders are manifold, and national, potentials connected to different cultural regional and municipal planning mechanisms heritage practices. The narrative structure is are working with different speeds in the urban in shape of a dialogue, where the perspectives landscape, planning tends to be left behind the of an architect, an antiquarian in built rapid social and economical transformations. environment and an archaeologist are applied In this study, the potential of a planning tool to some locations at Via Tiburtina. Among (PRUSST) which aims at aiming at mediating the questions asked is: Could the preservation between plans and projects, has therefore of areas and artefacts give ulterior value to a been explored. The third one concerns what modern periphery often lacking anchorage? maybe could be regarded as an opposite The authors have chosen three specific

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areas to discuss. The purpose is not to judge Hercules Victor at Tivoli. Their study has a between “good” or “bad” decisions made by double aim: the main purpose is to propose colleagues, but to discuss if there are certain ways to interpret the activities in the sanctuary approaches which can be described as more by creating illustrations and reconstructions, successful than others, and if so, why? The inviting the visitors to an open discussion main focus is the present (and future) uses based on a pedagogic approach to images. By of the habitat, only occasionally taking other contextualizing Via Tecta the authors want meanings of the landscape, e.g. scenery, to bring Tivoli into a larger spatial context of nature, environment. movement along the Via Tiburtina, and also The authors conclude that in a world in a global perspective of a cultural history. where the pressure for change is a dominant The cultural landscape of pastures, meadows, factor, development and excavations will fords and springs is also a mental landscape continue to produce “left over” in form of of stories, myths, ideologies and mentalities cultural heritage. As more such heritage is which represents a common “European” produced, new uses have to be invented. history, unifying the northern and southern A traditional strategy of closing in the past countries’ earliest forms of civilised life. in order to keep it stable tends to create Finding approaches for a sustainable conflict, however, leading to disintegration development of this type of landscape is a and alienation. By separating ancient remains matter of high interest in European heritage from the dynamics of the present, they management of today. become empty of meaning, frequently also The authors also discuss issues of how abandoned, thus creating a vicious circle. The to visualize and communicate the past and authors suggest a more active integration of inviting the public to participate in the the past in the present configuration: places academic discourse. In archaeology images need to be defined as targets not only skin are traditionally not deployed until the final deep, but relevant to the citizens and potential stages of research in order to show already tools for suburban renewal. In this process, fully researched items, or, as in cases of more the orchestrating of sites and monitoring on theoretical studies, scarcely used at all. These local level seems a crucial component. The images illustrate texts, having the purpose of built environment needs to be infused with bridging the distance between scholar and meaning in order to provide an attractive society, between the museums and its visitors. atmosphere for the living and achieving a Traditionally, the image thus has a role as better understanding and reading of the an intermediary rather than a means of two- palimpsest city. A closer coordination and way communication, and it is often given cooperation between archaeologists, architects function of a popular science synopsis rather and urban planners therefore seems crucial than as a way of broadening the audience for the future. of a scientific thesis. In this study though, How this infusion with meaning could the focus lies on the image as a catalyst for be done in a practical case is discussed in individual interpretations, and the authors the last study. In their joint contribution are discussing how to move the image’s centre “Displaying Via Tecta”, Barbro Santillo of gravity from presenter to communicator, Frizell and Jonathan Westin are raising issues depriving it of its usual role as final truth regarding out-reach and public awareness, and instead making it a tool in the research proposing an exhibition at the sanctuary of process.