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DRAFT 10-02-17 APFIC:EXCO/17/INF 05b January 2017

Organización and Organisation des Продовольственная и de las Agriculture Nations Unies cельскохозяйственная Naciones Unidas Organization pour организация para la of the l'alimentation Объединенных Alimentación y la et l'agriculture United Nations Наций Agricultura

ASIA-PACIFIC COMMISSION

Executive Committee

Seventy-sixth Session

Manila, , 21-23 February 2017

Status and potential of in and the Pacific 2016

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DRAFT 10-02-17 CONTENTS Geographical scope of the review ...... 3 1. Contributions of Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific ...... 5 1.1 Contribution to economies ...... 5 1.2 Trade and Employment ...... 6 1.3 Importance of in human nutrition ...... 12 2. Production trends in Asia and the Pacific Region ...... 16 2.1 Marine waters ...... 15 2.2 Inland waters ...... 15 3. Species composition trends in Asia and the Pacific Region ...... 19 3.1 Production in Temperate and tropical ...... 20 3.2 ...... 22 3.3 Sharks ...... 24 3.4 Low-value/trash fish production...... 24 3.5 production ...... 24 4. Subregional trends ...... 24 4.1 ...... 24 4.2 ...... 26 4.3 ...... 27 4.4 Other Asia ...... 29 4.5 ...... 30 5. Regional issues...... 32

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GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF THE REVIEW

This review covers the states, entities and areas of Asia and the Pacific region that report fisheries and statistics to FAO, and which are within the area of competence of the Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission. They are sub-divided into the following ;

Regions Country

Oceania American the Cook

Republic of Islands (Fiji) French Republic of (Kiribati) the the Federated States of (Micronesia) Republic of (Nauru) Republic of (Niue) Norfolk Commonwealth of the Northern () Republic of (Palau) Papua New Pitcairn Island Independent State of Samoa (Samoa) Kingdom of (Tonga) Republic of (Vanuatu) Wallis and Futuna Islands

South Asia South The People’s Republic of (Bangladesh) the Kingdom of (Bhutan) the Republic of (India) the Republic of (Maldives)

Federal Democratic Republic of (Nepal) Islamic Republic of (Pakistan) the Democratic Socialist Republic of (Sri Lanka)

Southeast Asia Southeast Darussalam the Kingdom of (Cambodia) the Republic of (Indonesia) Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) the Union of (Myanmar) the Republic of the Philippines (Philippines) the Republic of (Singapore) the Kingdom of (Thailand) the Democratic Republic of -Leste (Timor-Leste) the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam).

China People’s Republic of China (China) Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong SAR)

Macao Special Administrative Region of China (Macao SAR) Province of China (Taiwan POC)

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and central) ( Asia Other Islamic Republic of (Iran) the Republic of (Kazakhstan) Democratic People’s Republic of (DPR Korea)

Republic of Korea (RO Korea) the Republic of (Tajikistan) the Republic of (Uzbekistan)

APFIC member countries are Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste, Thailand, United Kingdom, of America and Viet Nam.

FAO member countries in Asia and the Pacific. Asia: , Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, DPR Korea, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation*, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam. Pacific: Australia, , Fiji, France*, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua , Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, United States of America*, and Vanuatu. * Denotes an FAO member country that has administrative territory in the Asia-Pacific region and participates in the biennial FAO Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific.

Production areas All catches made outside the subregional areas mentioned above are excluded from this review. The subregional areas cover the FAO major fishing areas (MFAs) as follows:

Inland waters: Asia — Inland waters (MFA 04) Oceania — Inland waters (MFA 06) Marine waters: Western/Eastern Indian (MFA 51 and 57) Northwest, Western/Eastern Central and (MFA 61, 71, 77 and 81) Southwest

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1. CONTRIBUTIONS OF FISHERIES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

1.1 Contribution to national economies

The capture fisheries production in Asia and the Pacific region has been stable for many years but with a very slight increase since the previous publication of “APFIC Regional overview of fisheries and aquaculture in Asia and the Pacific 2012”. The fishery sector significantly contributes to national economies in the region, especially those in the Pacific or Least- developed countries (LDCs). The contribution can be quantified by the volume and value generated from the fisheries and its direct contribution to GDP (Table 1). In addition, increasing number of researches and publications indicate that fisheries and aquaculture products provide important contribution to the food and nutritional security of many rural and coastal communities in the region.

Estimated capture production value (applying 1US$/kg average price) indicates that the contribution of capture fisheries to GDP accounts for more than one percent in many of the Pacific country, as high as 43 percent in Marshall island (Table 1). The economic contribution of capture fisheries production is relatively smaller in Southeast and South Asian states, yet five of these states have fisheries that contribute more than one percent of GDP. It is worth noting that these figures for the value of capture fisheries are most likely underestimated and may not adequately represent the full economic contribution due to exclusion of intermediate cost along the value chain. Typically, prices for fish vary widely by size, species, product form, season, and market so that average price can be substantially different as well.

Table 1. Contribution of capture fisheries to GDP (2013) Country Percentage Marshall Islands 42.7 Tuvalu 39.6 Micronesia (F.S.) 10.8 Vanuatu 7.3 Myanmar 6.0 Maldives 4.6 Cambodia 4.2 Solomon Islands 3.4 Viet Nam 1.6 Samoa 1.6 Papua New Guinea 1.4 DPR Korea 1.4 Cook Islands 1.2 Fiji 1.1 Bangladesh 1.0 Philippines 0.9 Sri Lanka 0.7 Indonesia 0.7 Malaysia 0.5 Tonga 0.4 Thailand 0.4 Palau 0.4 Lao PDR 0.4 Nauru 0.3 India 0.2 Source: ESCAP GDP - Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2015

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DRAFT 10-02-17 Note: Production value is estimated by applying average price of 1USD/kg for volume captured in 2013.

Fisheries commodities are amongst the most traded food commodities worldwide. Trade generates employment along the supply chain and contribute to the of the countries. Seven states of Asia and the Pacific ranked in the top ten importing and exporting country in the (Table 2). China is the biggest exporter of fisheries commodities in the world. These exported products are increasingly produced from aquaculture and focused on export-oriented products.

Table 2 Top ten trading states in fishery commodities in 2013 (World), excluding the added value along the value chain. Import Export (US$ Million) (US$ Million) USA 19174 China 19711 Japan 15655 10392 China 8363 Thailand 7068 France 6571 Viet Nam 6901 Spain 6463 USA 5685 5781 Chile 5173 Germany 5476 Denmark 4682 United Kingdom 4541 India 4622 4490 4391 China, Hong Kong SAR 3811 Indonesia 4025 Source: Fishery Commodities Global Production and Trade (online query)

1.2 Trade and Employment

China is the largest exporter of the fishery commodities in the region by far with value of US$19.8 billion in 2013. Thailand is the second largest exporter, followed closely by Viet Nam exporting US$7.1 billion and US$6.9 billion respectively in 2013 (Table 3). Total exports amongst top ten states in the region were 12 million tonnes worth US$51 billion. China’s main export trading partners were Japan, USA, and Hong Kong SAR.

For importation of fisheries commodities in value term, Japan is the main market in the region followed by China, Hong Kong SAR, Republic of Korea and Thailand. Within the top ten states in the region, imports totalled 12 million tonnes worth US$41 billion in 2013. It is worth noting that Hong Kong SAR is third largest importer in value terms, however seventh in volume term due to preferences for importing high value marine species.

Fisheries commodities trading states were delivered from the Globefish database concerning items classified in the Combined Nomenclature as chapter 03 or headings 1604 and 1605. These exclude for instance products classified in chapter 05 (fish waste or other fishery products not fitted for human consumption) and chapter 15 (fish meals and oils) which will be examined in the section 3 of this review.

T able 3. Top ten trading states in fishery commodities in 2013 (Asia and the Pacific Region) Export Import Country US$ million Tonnes Country US$ Million Tonnes China 19711 3896453 Japan 15655 2478331

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DRAFT 10-02-17 Thailand 7068 1618684 China 8363 4155143 Viet Nam 6901 1528850 China, Hong Kong SAR 3811 454849 India 4622 965658 Korea, Republic of 3679 1207027 Indonesia 4025 1228475 Thailand 3239 1667847 Japan 2060 551386 Australia 1668 309581 Taiwan PoC 1977 717176 Taiwan PoC 1142 464717 Korea, Republic of 1950 623100 Singapore 1071 206906 New Zealand 1213 309233 Malaysia 1070 463234 Philippines 1186 317973 Viet Nam 917 339272 Source: Database from Globefish.

China exports their fisheries products all over the world with the largest partners being Japan, USA, Hong Kong SAR and Thailand (Figure 1a). Similary Thailand and exports their products mainly to Japan and USA as well as EU countries (Figure 1b and 1c). These top exporters have small number of key partners sharing large portion of their total value. For example, China’s top 4 export partners account for more than half of China’s total exporting value in 2015. This highlights potential vulnerabilities to trade-based incentives/disincentives (e.g. EU red cards).

Figure 1a China’s exporting partners for fisheries commodities in 2015

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Figure 1b. List of importing markets for a product exported by Thailand in 2015 (Value)

Figure 1c List of importing markets for a product exported by Vietnam in 2015 (Value) Source: International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC calculations based on UN COMTRADE statistics. http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS_Map.aspx

Japan imports fisheries products all over the world with the largest partners being China worth 2.4 billion US$ followed by USA, Chile, Thaialnd and Russian Federation acoountfor 50% of the total imported value in 2015 (Figure 2a). China is the second largest importer of fisheries commodities in the region, and trading partners are Russian federation, USA, and Canada (Figure 2b).

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Figure 2a List of exporting markets for a product imported by Japan in 2015 (Value)

Figure 2b List of exporting markets for a product imported by China in 2015 (Value)

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Figure 2c List of exporting markets for a product imported by Hong Kong, China in 2015 (Value)

Fish is growing fishery products category and its global trade valued at US$23.1 billion in 2014, including various product forms such as chilled, frozen, salted, brined but excluding smoked. The top exporters of fish fillets are China (US$ 4.22 billion), Chile (US$2.53 billion), Norway (US$2.43 billion), Vietnam (US$2.15 billion) and the United States (US$1.33 billion).

The Asia and the pacific region is the largest exporter of fish fillet accounting one third of the global total (Figure 3a). On the other hand, importing of fish fillet is the third largest region after and the (Figure 3b). The top importers are the United States (US$5.16 billion), Japan (US$2.75 billion), Germany (US$1.87 billion), France (US$1.5 billion) and the United Kingdom (US$1.17 billion).

Figure 3a. The export trade share of fish fillet in value term, by country and (2014)

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Figure 3b.The import trade share of fish fillet in value term by country and continent (2014) Source: http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs92/0304/#Exporters. AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. 2011. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of . Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

Table 3 World fishery fleet. Source: FAO Sofia 2016, Breakdown data waiting from FAO HQ

Table 4. Number of fishers in selected countries in Asia and the Pacific (thousands) year Country/Time 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 29 596.6 29 899.3 26 350.3 18 819.6 8 095.7 Australia 7.3 7.0 5.1 3.6 6.7 Full time 5.2 5.0 3.5 2.2 4.6 Part time 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 Bangladesh 1 506.1 1 506.1 1 538.5 1 712.0 1 050.2 Full time 833.4 833.4 850.6 933.2 257.4 Occasional 253.6 253.6 259.7 291.3 291.3 Part time 419.1 419.1 428.2 487.5 501.5 Cambodia 657.3 Status Unspecified 657.3 China 9 295.0 9 226.2 9 238.8 9 906.3 Full time 2 693.9 2 689.2 2 694.4 2 971.3 Occasional 1 495.7 1 580.1 1 614.0 1 569.8 Part time 5 105.5 4 956.9 4 930.4 5 365.2 India 8 397.6 9 319.2 8 423.8 Full time 3 412.8 3 447.7 3 276.8 Occasional 1 912.2 2 558.7 2 401.9 Part time 2 621.8 2 850.3 2 345.1 Status Unspecified 450.7 462.5 400.0 Indonesia 2 755.2 2 748.9 2 640.1 2 667.4 2 724.7 Full time 1 205.1 1 550.7 1 395.9 1 410.3 1 437.0 Occasional 460.1 407.2 401.7 405.9 417.4 Part time 1 090.0 791.0 842.5 851.2 870.3 Japan 177.9 173.7 181.0 173.0 166.6 Status Unspecified 177.9 173.7 181.0 173.0 166.6 Malaysia 134.1 136.5 144.0 143.4 Full time 134.1 136.5 144.0 143.4 Myanmar 2 952.8 2 979.2 2 980.0 2 985.1 2 999.5 Full time 706.3 709.7 717.0 718.6 704.0

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DRAFT 10-02-17 Occasional 916.0 921.0 916.0 917.0 917.0 Part time 550.5 554.5 551.0 553.0 582.0 Status Unspecified 780.0 794.0 796.0 796.5 796.5 Nepal 462.1 462.1 462.1 462.1 462.1 Status Unspecified 462.1 462.1 462.1 462.1 462.1 New Zealand 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 Full time 0.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 Status Unspecified 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Pakistan 361.5 366.9 378.3 385.5 406.0 Full time 186.8 189.6 194.0 197.7 205.4 Occasional 62.0 63.1 65.3 67.2 72.8 Part time 112.7 114.1 119.0 120.7 127.9 Philippines 1 907.4 1 907.4 Status Unspecified 1 907.4 1 907.4 Republic of Korea 73.9 130.4 106.4 103.4 Status Unspecified 73.9 130.4 106.4 103.4 Sri Lanka 246.8 244.4 250.9 276.5 278.6 Full time 186.0 185.7 174.9 185.7 183.0 Occasional 12.3 14.6 17.5 22.0 23.4 Part time 45.0 39.7 53.8 63.1 63.5 Status Unspecified 3.4 4.3 4.7 5.7 8.8 Thailand 160.0 160.0 Status Unspecified 160.0 160.0 Viet Nam 500.0 530.0 Status Unspecified 500.0 530.0

FAO (2016)1 estimated that Asia accounted for 84 percent of total global number of persons engaged in fisheries production (total 56.6 million). China, the country with the highest number of fishers, had an estimated 9.9 million engaged in capture fisheries in 2014, accounting for 24 percent of the world’s total and 38 percent of the total number of fishers in selected Asia and Pacific countries (Table 4). Follow by India, total number of fishers recorded in 2013 is 8.4 million people, of which 3.3 million people were full-time engaged in fishing. In Myanmar, almost 3 million people were engaged in capture fisheries, of which 24 percent of total number are full-time fishers and the rest are seasonally or as a supplemental part of their diverse livelihood. Although a number of people employed in fisheries and has increased in several countries in the region, the number in developed countries has declined (e.g. Australia, Japan, and New Zealand).

There is only limited and up-to-date data available on employment in capture fisheries in Asia and the Pacific region, the inadequate and incomparability of available data is significant obstacle to formulate the fisheries-related employment situation in the region. Apart from those are directly engaged in primary production sector, there are also a number of people involve in related fishing industries that generate significant incomes as part of their livelihoods.

Gender-disaggregated employment data is also significantly important, since women are actively engaged in secondary post-harvest and service sectors, improving statistical data collection in fisheries sector would actual engagement of women and elevate their access to necessity resources and decision-making capacity.

1.3 Importance of fish in human nutrition

1 FAO SOFIA, FAO, Rome, 2016

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DRAFT 10-02-17 Fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein, accounting for about 17 percent at the global level, but exceeding 50 percent in many least-developed countries. It also provides other valuable nutrients such as the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. There is convincing evidence of beneficial health outcomes from fish consumption for reducing the risk of death from coronary heart disease and improving neurodevelopment in infants and young children, when the mother consumes fish before and during pregnancy. In addition to the health benefits of these macronutrients, fish also provides micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, zinc, iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamins such as A, D and B.2

Fish and a highly important role in the food and nutritional security of rural, urban and coastal populations throughout Asia and the Pacific. The study pertaining to fish and fish product consumption in 30 countries across the region, examines household survey data, was carried out by Asia Pacific Fishery Commission. 3 This APFIC review presented number of key findings and recommendations as follow.

The countries of the Asia-Pacific region have a range of environments, spanning landlocked mountainous areas, large tropical floodplains, arid grasslands and oceanic tropical islands. This affects accessibility to fish in its different forms and unsurprisingly, fish consumption figures vary considerably; from 110.7 kg per capita per year in the Pacific island of Tuvalu to 0.18 kg per capita per year in Mongolia and parts of western China.

Fish consumption figures can be broken down across geographical as follows:

Pacific: Of the 16 countries and territories reviewed, Tuvalu had the highest consumption at 110.7 kg per capita per year while Papua New Guinea was lowest at 13 kg per capita per year.

Southeast Asia: Data was obtained for eight countries in Southeast Asia. Of these consumption in Cambodia was highest at 63.5 kg per capita per year while Timor-Leste was lowest at 6.1 kg per capita per year.

South Asia: Data was obtained for four countries in South Asia. Sri Lanka recorded the highest consumption of 15.3 kg per capita per year while Pakistan recorded the lowest at 0.6 kg per capita per year.

North Asia: Data was obtained for two North Asian countries. Consumption in Bhutan was recorded as 5.6 kg per capita per year while Mongolia stood at 0.2 kg per capita per year.

From the data analysed it is clear that per capita fish consumption in the Asia-Pacific region is highest in the Pacific followed by Southeast , South Asia and . However, although fish consumption in countries such as India and Pakistan is relatively low (2.85 and 0.6 kg per capita per year respectively) the large population size of these nations results in significant quantities of fish being consumed (e.g. for India this equates to more than 3.4 million tonnes/annum).

Where data is available, inland species would appear to play a major role in diets. Certain species such as and featured prominently.

Household surveys are uniquely positioned to gather detailed data on fish consumption on nationwide and local scales. Continued technical support should therefore be provided to national statistics offices to help them put into practice more effective data collection methods

2 FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 Nutrition: from commitments to action – the role of fish and fisheries 3 Needham, S. & Funge-Smith, S. J. (2014) “The consumption of fish and fish products in the Asia-Pacific region based on household surveys”. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, , Thailand. RAP Publication 2015/12. 87pp

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DRAFT 10-02-17 so as to enhance the accuracy, quality and value of fish consumption statistics both in quantity and nutrient values.

The session of COFI 2016 recommended developing policies and field programmes that allowed countries to invest in nutrition-focused fish and aquaculture value chain development, giving particular attention to the role of small- and medium-scale enterprises. The Committee further pointed to the need to give adequate consideration to policies and interventions that make the nutritional benefits of increased fish consumption available to all.

2. PRODUCTION TRENDS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

Overall global capture fisheries production continue to remain relatively stable but with a small growth of 2.3 percent since 2012, and amounted to 94.6 million tonnes in 2014. Marine capture yield dominated the production with 82.7 million tonnes (Figure 4a), and inland capture was 11.9 million tonnes in 2014 (Figure 4b). Asia and the Pacific region continue to be the world’s largest producer of fish and represents 61 percent of the global production (61 percent of marine water and 66 percent of inland water).

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0

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Figure 4a Trends in global marine capture production (1000 tonnes)

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DRAFT 10-02-17 12,000

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Figure 4b Trends in global inland capture production (1000 tonnes)

2.1 Marine waters

In 2014, the marine capture fisheries production in Asia and the Pacific reported its highest catch ever at 50 million tonnes, and 29 million tonnes without China (Figure 5a) largely due to the growth of the south East Asian production in the recent years.

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Figure 5a Trends in marine capture production by outside China (1 000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

2.2 Inland waters

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DRAFT 10-02-17 The total inland capture production without China was highest recorded volume in the history, indicating a remarkable growth of the sector with 44 percent increase from 3.2 million tonnes in 2004 to 5.7 million in 2014 mostly due to the increase of production in the South East Asian subregion (Figure 5b).

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2002 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

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Figure 5b Trends in inland capture production by subregion outside China (1 000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014.

3. THE FISHING FLEET IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

The total number of fishing vessels in the world was estimated to be around 4.6 million in 2014. Approximately 3.5 million fishing vessels were in Asia and 8.6 thousand vessels in Pacific and Oceania, accounting for 75 and 0.2 percent of the global fleet respectively.4 In Asia and the Pacific region, China is the largest fishing fleet nation, 1 million vessels in 2014, followed by Indonesia (0.81 million vessels), the Philippines (0.47 million vessels), and Australia (0.32 million vessels) (Table 5). A number of registered fishing vessels had increased from 3.3 million in 2010 to 3.5 million in 2014. Indonesia, in particular, reported number of un-motorized vessels increased 10 folds from 31 thousand vessels in 2010 to 321 thousand vessels in 2014, and number of motorized vessels increased from 0.40 million vessels to 0.48 million vessels in the same period. Japanese authorities implemented various schemes to regulate its fishing fleets, as well as the impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami resulted in substantial reduction in the number of vessels from 0.3 million vessels in 2010 to 0.08 million vessels in 2014.

4 FAO. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome. 200 pp.

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DRAFT 10-02-17 According to the FAO statistic data, 70 percent of Note: The issue of underestimated and registered fishing vessel (excluded Australia) were outdated figure of vessels in FAO statistical engine-powered in 2014, and the proportion of data should be taken into consideration. For motorized vessels ranged from 39 to 98 percent in the example, the earlier APFIC regional review in region (Figure yy). Due to insufficient data in the FAO 2012, reported the number of non-power reporting system, the figure of non-powered vessels vessels in Malaysia to be 7.9 thousand were most likely underestimated and could not reflect vessels in 2010 (combined figures in South the accurate vessel compositions and their fishing China , Bay of and Sulu capacity. , and Timor-Arafura, based on the expert questionnaires), however the data shown in FAO statistical yearbook was only Table 5 Number of fishing vessels in selected 3 thousand vessels in the same year. countries in Asia and the Pacific. Similarly a number of countries do not report the figures of non-powered vessels available to the FAO statistical data.

Vessels Country (Thousands) 2010 2014 Australia* Total 309 318 China** PW 695.5 709 NP 390.9 379.1 Total 1088.4 1090.1 Indonesia PW 403.9 484.8 NP 31.1 321 Total 435.1 805.7 India PW 133.3 133.3 NP 104.1 100 Total 237.3 233.3 Myanmar PW 15.9 15.2 NP 17.1 13.7 Total 32.9 29 Japan PW 283.9 81.6 NP 8.9 3.8 Total 292.8 85.4 Vietnam PW 131 129.4 NP - - Total 131 129.4 Philippines PW 184 184 NP 292.2 290 Total 476.2 474 Thailand PW 15.4 16.5 NP - - Total 15.4 16.5 Korea, Rep PW 74.7 69.3 NP 2.3 2 Total 77 71.3 Bangladesh PW 21.1 22.1 NP 33.1 34.3 Total 54.2 56.4 Malaysia PW 46.8 57.9

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DRAFT 10-02-17 NP 3 3 Total 49.8 61 Sri Lanka PW 26 31.2 NP 28.2 22 Total 54.1 53.1 Pakistan PW 17.2 17.5 NP 18 18.3 Total 35.2 35.8 New Zealand PW 1.4 1.3 NP - - Total 1.4 1.3 Papua New Guinea PW 0.6 0.7 NP - - Total 0.6 0.7 Korea, DPR PW 1.5 1.5 NP 1.5 1.5 Total 3 3 Source: FAO, 2016, FAO yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2014 PW: Motorized vessels propelled by engines, NP: Un-motorized vessels propelled by oars or sails. Remark: *China in this table refers to People’s Republic of China and Taiwan Province of China ** Data from OECD.Stat

Phillipines 38.8 61.2

Bangladesh 39.2 60.8

Pakistan 48.85 51.15

Korea, DPR 50.6 49.4

Myanmar 52.6 47.4

Sri Lanka 58.7 41.3

Indonesia 60.2 39.8

China 65.0 34.8

Malaysia 95 5

Japan 95.6 4.4

Korea, Rep. 97.2 2.8

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Figure YY Distribution and proportion of motorized and un-motorized vessels in selected countries

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DRAFT 10-02-17 4. SPECIES COMPOSITION TRENDS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

In 2014, the region’s catch composition was dominated by pelagic marine fish (32 percent, 12.6 million tonnes), followed by demersal marine fish (19 percent, 7.7 million tonnes), marine fish nei (18 percent, 7.0 million tonnes), freshwater and diadromous (16 percent, 6.2 million tonnes), crustaceans (6 percent, 2.5 million tonnes), cephalopods (4 percent, 1.6 million tonnes), molluscs excluding cephalopods (4 percent, 1.5 million tonnes), and aquatic plants (1 percent, 0.2 million tonnes).

The catch of pelagic marine fish in Asia and Pacific region peaked at 13.7 million tonnes in 1988 and declined to around 11 million tonnes where it has been relatively stable between late 1990s and early 2000 (Figure 6). The production has been slightly but contentiously increasing since 2009.

Freshwater and diadromous recorded the most prominent increase during the past decade (+ 34 percent), whereas molluscs excluding cephalopods was the most decreased species group (- 5%).

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1962 1978 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Pelagic Marine Fish Demersal Marine Fish Marine Fish NEI Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Crustaceans Cephalopods Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Aquatic Plants

Figure 6 Trends in capture production by species group

The top 20 species in the region (Table 5) show similar entries of species during the past decade expect slight changes of rankings and new entry of species such as, Argentine shortfin squid, gazami crab, and .

Table 6 Top twenty capture production species in Asia and the Pacific region in 2004 and 2014. Source: Fishstats. Ranking 2004 1000 tonnes 2014 1000 tonnes 1 Japanese 1636 Skipjack tuna 2071

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DRAFT 10-02-17 2 Skipjack tuna 1626 Japanese anchovy 1396 3 Largehead hairtail 1336 Scads nei 1267 4 Scads nei 1156 Largehead hairtail 1198 5 Chub mackerel 971 Chub mackerel 1179 6 Natantian decapods nei 904 Natantian decapods nei 1117 7 Marine molluscs nei 807 837 8 Yellowfin tuna 773 Croakers, drums nei 830 9 Croakers, drums nei 731 Argentine shortfin squid 652 10 Various squids nei 647 Threadfin breams nei 639 11 Akiami paste 580 Marine molluscs nei 632 12 Threadfin breams nei 524 Gazami crab 606 13 Japanese flying squid 447 Various squids nei 590 14 Sardinellas nei 390 Cyprinids nei 571 15 Seerfishes nei 373 Pacific saury 558 16 Freshwater molluscs nei 361 Akiami paste shrimp 556 17 Bigeye tuna 353 Seerfishes nei 473 18 Aquatic plants nei 335 Indian oil sardine 462 19 Silver pomfrets nei 328 Cephalopods nei 445 20 Indian oil sardine 326 Sardinellas nei 436

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Figure 7. Capture production in Asia-Pacific region by detail of reporting (1000 tonnes). Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

4.1 Production in Temperate and tropical seas

Following the methodologies used in the 2008 APFIC review, the reported data were divided into two distinct regions, temperate and tropical, allows a degree of analysis of the changes in composition of reported catch and some trends in the fisheries. The FAO reporting areas 61 and 81 being temperate and the others being predominantly tropical (FAO areas 51, 57, 71

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DRAFT 10-02-17 and 77). In order to identify trends, the species were aggregated into some clear functional groups to illustrate better the effect of targeted fishing for larger or more valuable species.

The divisions used are as follow: Pelagics — split between large high-value carnivores, lower-value carnivores and plankton feeding species. • Large (tuna type species, seerfish, large mackerels). • Small (small mackerels, scads etc.). • , herrings etc.

Demersals — generally considered to be nearshore species or associated with bottom fisheries, reef fisheries, and not particularly migratory. • High-value ( , snappers, croakers, , reef fish, ). • Low-value (small species). • Sharks, rays etc. (maybe high- or low-value, but worth considering separately because of their size and sensitivity to fishing pressure.

Shrimp, prawns, other crustaceans — can be divided into those with high value and specifically targeted and the low-value species caught as by-catch. • High value (Peneaus spp, , crabs). • Low value (especially Acetes, caught in huge volumes but low value).

Squids and other cephalopods (carnivorous species, but often increase when their natural predators, the larger carnivores (pelagic/demersal) are fished down.

7000 Anchovy, herring etc. 6000 Large pelagics Small pelagics 5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 8000 High-value demersal 7000 Low-value demersal 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

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DRAFT 10-02-17

2000 High value shrimp 1800 Low value shrimp 1600 Squid 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure 8 Catches (1000 tonees) divided into groups from all countries (world) in FAO areas 61 and 81 (temperate). Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014.

Figure 9 Catches divided into groups from all countries (world) in FAO areas 51, 57, 71 and 77 (tropical). Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014.

4.2 Tuna

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DRAFT 10-02-17 3000 1400 Temperate Skipjack tuna Temperate Yellowfin tuna 1200 2500 Tropical Yellowfin tuna Tropical Skipjack tuna 1000 2000 800 1500 600

1000 400

500 200

0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

400 350 Temperate Bigeye tuna Temperate Longtail tuna 350 300 Tropical Bigeye tuna Tropical Longtail tuna 300 250 250 200 200 150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

50 140 Temperate Bluefin tuna Temperate Albacore 45 120 Tropical Bluefin tuna Tropical Albacore 40 35 100

30 80 25 60 20 15 40 10 20 5 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 10 Tuna catches by species in temperate and tropical seas of Asia and the Pacific region. Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 (Species by ISSCAAP group).

Tuna species have distinctive historical catch trends between tropical and temperate area. The fishery yields from tropical water are rapidly increasing during the past decades, where as that of temperate

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DRAFT 10-02-17 area is stagnated if not decreasing. The trend is observed for many tuna species except bluefin tuna where both tropical and temperate catches are decreasing with some yearly variations.

Table 7 Latest tuna stock assessment 2015. Source: IOTC and WCPFC data

Table 8 Tuna management measures that need to be implemented according to IOTC and WCPFC. IOTC and WCPFC website data

4.3 Sharks

Figure xx Sharks caught in either temperate or tropical seas in Asia and the Pacific region

Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 (Species by ISSCAAP group)

4.4 Low-value/trash fish production

4.5 Fish meal production

5. SUBREGIONAL TRENDS

5.1 South Asia

Total capture production of South Asia has been continuously increasing during the past decade. Since 2004, South Asia subregion had become a second largest share of inland capture production in Asia and the Pacific after Southeast Asia subregion. Inland capture production increased from 1.8 million tonnes in 2005 to 2.5 million tonnes in 2014 (+ 27.7 percent), of which India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka were the main contributors (accounted for 45.7, 8.0, and 6.2 percent of total marine production respectively). Meanwhile, marine capture production increased from 4 million tonnes in 2005 to nearly 5 million tonnes in 2014 (+ 18 .5 percent), of which India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are the main contributors (accounted for 17.4, 13.3, and 1.7 percent of total marine production respectively) (Figure zz).

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DRAFT 10-02-17 8000

7000 Marine areas Inland waters

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Figure zz Trends in capture production of South Asia by environment (1000 tonnes).

In term of species compositions, South Asia’s catch was dominated by freshwater fish (36 percent of total catch), marine pelagic species (24 percent) and demersal species (19 percent) which were relatively equally distributed compare to the other subregions (Figure XXX). Between 2005 and 2014, following three species groups showed outstanding growth; cephalopods (accounted for 40.6 percent), pelagic marine fish (31.5 percent), and crustaceans (28.4 percent).

8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Pelagic Marine Fish Demersal Marine Fish Marine Fish NEI Crustaceans Cephalopods Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Aquatic Animals NEI

Figure XXX Capture production of South Asia by major species groups

The most dominant capture species in the region was cyprinids nei, 516 thousand tonnes, accounted for 18.5 percent of total top ten species (Table XX), and followed by hilsa shad (14.5 percent). It should be noted that increasing volume of freshwater fish production were not identified down to species level and reported as freshwater nei (1.5 million tonnes in 2014, 56 percent of total top ten species). A number of pelagic and demersal species were also ranked high in the list such as Indian oil sardine (14.5 percent) and croakers/drums (10.3 percent).

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DRAFT 10-02-17

Table 9 South Asia capture fisheries production, top ten species. Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014. Species (1000 tonnes) 1 Cyprinids nei 529 2 Indian oil sardine 462 3 Hilsa shad 410 4 Croakers, drums nei 292 5 Clupeoids nei 249 6 Bombayduck 248 7 Natantian decapods nei 206 8 Skipjack tuna 206 9 Yellowfin tuna 177 10 Giant prawn 176

11 Cyprinids nei 516 12 Hilsa shad 406

5.2 Southeast Asia

20,000

Marine areas Inland waters

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure 13 Trends in capture production of Southeast Asia by environment (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

Table 10 Southeast Asia capture fisheries production, top ten species Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 Species (1000 tonnes) 1 Skipjack tuna 713

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DRAFT 10-02-17 2 Scads nei 653 3 Natantian decapods nei 625 4 Sardinellas nei 435 5 Yellowfin tuna 339 6 Indian mackerels nei 324 7 Short mackerel 309 8 Stolephorus anchovies nei 295 9 Common squids nei 291 10 Kawakawa 288

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Pelagic MarineFish Marine Fish NEI Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Demersal Marine Fish Crustaceans Cephalopods Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Aquatic Animals NEI

Figure 14 Capture production of Southeast Asia by major species groups (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

5.3 China

Table 11 China capture fisheries production, top ten species (1000 tonnes). Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 Species (1000 tonnes) 1 Largehead hairtail 1089 2 Japanese anchovy 927 3 Scads nei 605 4 Gazami crab 578 5 Chub mackerel 546 6 Akiami paste shrimp 538 7 Argentine shortfin squid 537 8 Seerfishes nei 433 9 Threadfin breams nei 429 10 Various squids nei 419

Table 12 Unidentified capture production in China (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 Species group 2004 2009 2014

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DRAFT 10-02-17 Freshwater fishes nei 1494 1526 1673 Freshwater molluscs nei 298 284 263 Freshwater crustaceans nei 0 0 0 Marine fishes nei 2164 2721 3252 Marine molluscs nei 722 672 553 Marine crustaceans nei 0 0 0 Total of "nei"groups 6682 7213 7755 Total capture production 15934 16125 18581 % contribution of "nei" group 42 45 42

20,000

Marine areas Inland waters

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 15 Trends in capture production of China by environment (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Marine Fish NEI Demersal Marine Fish Pelagic Marine Fish Crustaceans Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Cephalopods Aquatic Animals NEI

Figure 16 Capture production of China by major species groups (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

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DRAFT 10-02-17

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Freshwater fishes nei Freshwater molluscs nei Freshwater crustaceans nei Oriental river prawn Siberian prawn Chinese mitten crab Aquatic invertebrates nei

Figure 17 Inland water capture production of China by species (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

5.4 Other Asia

The capture production in the other Asia region largely dominated by production of Japan, and Korea DPR shows quite a different trends from rest of the subregions. The historical production peaked in 1980’s , with rapid reduction in 90’s and remain stagnated or slightly decreasing for past two decades. However the production was slightly increased for the past 2 consecutive years.

Species composition of 2014 was shown in Table 13, Chub mackeral was dominated species although the yield of this species fluctuate yearly (17 percent reduction from 2012 to 2013, followed by 23 percent increase between 2013 to 2014).

Table 13. Other Asia countries’ capture fisheries — top ten species Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 Species (1000 tonnes) 1 Chub mackerel 631 2 Skipjack tuna 502 3 Japanese anchovy 470 4 Marine fishes nei 397 5 Japanese flying squid 337 6 Yesso 359 7 (=Walleye poll.) 262 8 Paciic saury 251 9 Japanese pilchard 202 10 Japanese jack mackerel 171

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DRAFT 10-02-17 20,000 Marine areas Inland waters

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

 Figure 18 Trends in capture production of Other Asia by environment (1000 tonnes). Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Pelagic Marine Fish Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Aquatic Animals NEI Marine Fish NEI Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Demersal Marine Fish Crustaceans Cephalopods

Figure 19 Capture production of Other Asia by major species groups (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

5.5 Oceania

Table 14 Oceania capture fisheries production — top ten species Source:Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014 Species (1000 tonnes) 1 Skipjack tuna 416 2 Blue grenadier 149 3 Yellowfin tuna 138

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DRAFT 10-02-17 4 Marine fishes nei 60 5 Jack and horse mackerels nei 50 6 Albacore 41 7 Southern blue whiting 32 8 Snoek 26 9 Chilean jack mackerel 15 10 Wellington flying squid 15

1,500

Marine areas Inland waters

1,200

900

600

300

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 20. Trends in capture production of Oceania by environment (1000 tonnes) Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

1,500

1,200

900

600

300

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Pelagic Marine Fish Molluscs excl. Cephalopods Aquatic Animals NEI Marine Fish NEI Freshwater and Diadromous Fish Demersal Marine Fish Crustaceans Cephalopods

Figure 21 Capture production of Oceania by major species groups Source: Fishstats global capture fisheries 1950-2014

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DRAFT 10-02-17

6. REGIONAL TRENDS

Summary of APFIC Regional Trends

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