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Economic Contribution of the Camel Milk Trade in Isiolo Town, Kenya

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Economic Contribution of the Camel Milk Trade in Isiolo Town, Kenya Economic contribution of the camel milk trade in Isiolo Town, Kenya Margaret Waithera Mwaura, Oliver Vivian Wasonga, Yazan A M Elhadi and Robinson Kinuthia Ngugi Country Report Drylands and pastoralism Keywords: May 2015 Drylands, pastoralism, economic resilience About the authors Acknowledgements Margaret Waithera Mwaura (corresponding author) We thank the International Institute for Environment and Masters degree candidate Development (IIED) for commissioning this study, and the University of Nairobi University of Nairobi for the institutional support given to [email protected] the authors. The research was guided by Dr. Oliver Vivian Wasonga, Prof. Robinson Kinuthia Ngugi and Dr Yazan Elhadi Oliver Vivian Wasonga at the University of Nairobi. The synthesis was initiated by Lecturer Saverio Krätli as a consultant for IIED and concluded with Department of Land Resource Management and support from Caroline King-Okumu, IIED senior researcher. The Agricultural Technology Range Management Section report was edited by Lucy Southwood. PO Box 29053-00625 Nairobi www.uonbi.ac.ke Partner organisations [email protected] IIED is a policy and action research organisation. We promote sustainable development to improve livelihoods and protect Yazan A M Elhadi the environments on which these livelihoods are built. We Lecturer specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges. IIED Department of Land Resource Management and is based in London and works in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Agricultural Technology the Middle East and the Pacific, with some of the world’s most Range Management Section vulnerable people. We work with them to strengthen their voice PO Box 29053-00625 in the decision-making arenas that affect them — from village Nairobi councils to international conventions. www.uonbi.ac.ke [email protected] The University of Nairobi is a body corporate established under the Universities Act 2012 of the laws of Kenya and the Robinson Kinuthia Ngugi University of Nairobi Charter. It is a pioneer institution of higher Associate Professor education in the region that offers manpower training in basic Department of Land Resource Management and sciences, applied sciences, technology, humanities, social Agricultural Technology sciences and the arts Range Management Section PO Box 29053-00625 Nairobi Published by IIED, May 2015 www.uonbi.ac.ke [email protected] Margaret Waithera Mwaura, Oliver Vivian Wasonga, Yazan A M Elhadi and Robinson Kinuthia Ngugi. 2015. Economic Produced by IIED’s Climate Change contribution of the camel milk trade in Isiolo Town, Kenya. IIED Group Country Report. IIED, London. http://pubs.iied.org/10123IIED The Climate Change Group works with partners to help secure fair and equitable solutions to climate change by ISBN : 978-1-78431-152-0 combining appropriate support for adaptation by the poor in low- and middle-income countries, with ambitious and practical mitigation targets. The work of the Climate Change Group focuses on achieving the following objectives: • Supporting public planning processes in delivering climate resilient development outcomes for the poorest. • Supporting climate change negotiators from poor and vulnerable countries for equitable, balanced and multilateral solutions to climate change. • Building capacity to act on the implications of changing ecology and economics for equitable and climate resilient development in the drylands. International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: [email protected] www.iied.org @iied www.facebook.com/theIIED Download more publications at www.iied.org/pubs COUNTry rePorT This report is one of a series of reports synthesising the findings of field research conducted by masters’ and doctoral degree students at the University of Nairobi, who investigated the contribution of pastoral production to the local economy. The students developed the research to complement their degree studies, with support from the International Institute for Environment and Development. Contents Acronyms 2 4 Discussion 23 Glossary 2 5 Conclusions 25 Executive summary 3 References 27 1 Introduction 4 Related reading 29 1.1 Problem statement and justification of the study 5 Appendices 30 1.2 Study objectives 6 Appendix 1. Questionnaire used to collect data 2 Methodology 7 from camel milk traders in Isiolo Town 30 2.1 Study area and target population 8 Appendix 2. Questionnaire used to collect data 2.2 Data collection 8 from camel milk transporters in Isiolo Town 33 2.3 Profitability analysis, Tawakal marketing group 9 3 Findings 10 3.1 Characterisation of camel milk channels and actors involved 11 3.2 Volume, value and income generation 14 3.3 Contribution of camel milk to Isiolo’s economy and society 19 www.iied.org 1 ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE CAMEL MILK TRADE IN ISIOLO TOWN, KeNYA Acronyms CS cost of sales GPM gross profit margin GPMR gross profit margin ratio KCA Kenya Camel Association KLMC Kenya Livestock Marketing Council TR total revenue Glossary bulker a camel milk trader who buys milk from different sources and sells it on, mainly at wholesale outside the area. camel milk bar a shop that sells only camel milk and its products to consumers. marketing group a group of camel milk traders who collectively market camel milk. nyirnyir dried camel meat retailer a trader who sells camel milk directly to consumers (includes camel milk bars) suusa sour camel milk village collector a trader who buys camel milk from different producers in different villages and sells it on, mainly to bulkers. 2 www.iied.org IIED COUNTRY REPORT Executive summary Camel milk production and marketing in the peri- Our study found that the camel milk trade creates a urban areas of Africa is an emerging innovation with monthly gross turnover of up to KSh10.58 million, about development potential. Pastoralists are increasingly 94 per cent of which was due to the demand for camel producing milk for the market as well as for subsistence, milk in the Nairobi terminal market. We demonstrate the contributing to the growth of a production subsector economic contribution of the camel milk trade to Isiolo with notable resilience to climate variability and change. Town in terms of employment, contribution to household In Kenya’s Isiolo County, the subsector is not yet fully income of trade actors and their employees, and developed and remains highly informal, with mainly contribution to public revenue. women trading raw milk between families and clans. Most of the traders and labourers in the trade said The Agricultural Sector Development Programme has it is their main source of household income, which recognised the camel milk value chain as one of the supports 1,046 people. This includes the traders and three most strategic value chains in Isiolo County. There labourers themselves, their spouses, children and close is therefore a need for information on the camel milk and distant relatives. Producers and their households value chains that could be used to formulate appropriate depend on camel milk production for their health, policies and inform development interventions. nutrition and income. This report provides a synthesis of findings from a field The demand for hygienically produced camel milk in study to determine the economic contribution of the urban areas outstrips supply and is likely to continue to camel milk trade to Isiolo Town. A full account of the grow. This underlines the importance of the camel milk study, its findings and analysis will be presented as trade in Isiolo Town as a potential driver of economic a Masters’ degree thesis at the University of Nairobi. development in the county and the national economy. The study used surveys of camel milk traders and The formalisation of the informal camel milk trade transporters, key informant interviews and focus group through marketing groups in Isiolo is already increasing discussions to: traders’ income and public revenue. • characterise the camel milk marketing channels As the county continues to develop the camel milk in terms of origins, direction, number, gender and sector, it is important to ensure that it continues to organisation of the people involved maximise the benefits to the most vulnerable as well as to the economy. The findings of this study will inform the • assess the camel milk marketing channels in Isiolo development of a camel policy for Isiolo County. County in terms of trade volumes and associated prices and incomes by season, and • determine the contribution of camel milk to the economy, including total revenue accruing to Isiolo Town from the camel milk trade by season in terms of taxes, licenses, permits and levies. www.iied.org 3 ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE CAMEL MILK TRADE IN ISIOLO TOWN, KeNYA Introduction 14 www.iied.org IIED COUNTRY REPORT Pastoralists have long been viewed as conservative Camel milk production and marketing in peri-urban herders bound by primitive cultural urges to build up Africa is an emerging innovation with development their herds to maintain or boost their ego and prestige potential, and pastoralists are exploiting the growing (Herskovits 1926). Such myths have continued to urban demand for camel milk in Somalia (Herren 1990, dictate the development policies in the drylands Farah et al. 2007), Kenya (Noor et al. 2012), Ethiopia of Kenya, which are geared towards changing the (Seifu 2007), Djibouti, Mauritania, Morocco and Sudan pastoralists rather than resolving
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