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Hocking Hills State Park: a Look at State Park Development

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Hocking Hills State Park: a Look at State Park Development HOCKING HILLS STATE PARK: A LOOK AT STATE PARK DEVELOPMENT A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Carolyn Rizzuto March 2006 This thesis entitled HOCKING HILLS STATE PARK: A LOOK AT STATE PARK DEVELOPMENT by CAROLYN RIZZUTO has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by Geoffrey L. Buckley Associate Professor of Geography Benjamin M. Ogles Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences RIZZUTO, CAROLYN, M.A., March 2006. Geography Hocking Hills State Park: A Look at State Park Development (99 pp.) Director of Thesis: Geoffrey L. Buckley The movements and perceptions sweeping across the nation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries helped to facilitate the development of state parks in the U.S. The factors which enabled Hocking Hills State Park in Southeast Ohio to be created and become a major tourist attraction in the 1920s and 1930s are reflective of these national trends. The Hocking Hills Story casts light on the nation’s legacy of parks in general and the state parks movement in particular. Approved: Geoffrey L. Buckley Associate Professor of Geography This work is dedicated to my mother who has stood by my side through thick and thin. Acknowledgements I wish to thank the many volunteers at the Hocking County Historical Society in Logan, Ohio who provided me with wonderful pictures and post cards of the Hocking Hills and Hocking County. They gave me a better understanding of the region’s history and heritage which proved to be invaluable. I would also like to thank Jean Backs, Public Information Section Manager at Ohio Department of Natural Resources, for providing me with a wide range of information on Hocking Hills State Park as well as Ohio State Parks in general. I would like to give special thanks to my adviser, Geoff Buckley, for his guidance, support, and most importantly his open mindedness; and to my committee members, Nancy Bain and Tim Anderson for their advice and encouragement. There are many other people who motivated and inspired me throughout the research and writing process. My family, friends, and fellow grad students were always willing to listen and offer advice. In particular, I wish to thank Gary Conley who helped me to believe in myself and my abilities and Jared Gillin who read my thesis chapter by chapter and inspired my to keep on going, no matter what obstacles I encountered. 6 Table of Contents Page Abstract.............................................................................................................................3 Dedication.........................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................5 List of Figures...................................................................................................................7 Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................8 Introduction to the Region ..........................................................................................8 Geology.....................................................................................................................11 The First Inhabitants.................................................................................................12 Early European Encroachment .................................................................................14 Early Development of the Hocking Hills Region.....................................................16 Six Distinct Parks......................................................................................................17 Hocking Hills State Park Today ...............................................................................24 Chapter Two: Early Tourism ..........................................................................................26 Early Perceptions of Wilderness...............................................................................27 Changing Interest: The Conservation Movement.....................................................29 Early Tourism...........................................................................................................33 The Hocking Hills Story ...........................................................................................36 Chapter Three: The State Park and Outdoor Recreation Movements.............................44 Increased Mobility....................................................................................................44 A Growing Demand for Outdoor Recreation and Escapes.......................................47 A Call for Government Supervision .........................................................................49 A Boom in Park Development..................................................................................51 Ohio Gets Involved...................................................................................................57 The Creation of Hocking Hills State Forest Park .....................................................61 Chapter Four: Tourism and Autocamping: Americans Take to the Road ......................64 The Automobile and Growing Possibilities..............................................................64 Auto Touring and the Nation’s Parks .......................................................................72 Ohio Highway Development ....................................................................................76 Ohio State Park Development...................................................................................79 Tourist Flock to the Hocking Hills ...........................................................................81 Chapter Five: Conclusion ...............................................................................................92 Works Cited ....................................................................................................................96 7 List of Figures Page Figure 1: The Hocking Hills Region.................................................................................9 Figure 2: Hocking County, Ohio ....................................................................................10 Figure 3: Hocking Hills State Park .................................................................................10 Figure 4: Upper Falls at Old Man’s Cave.......................................................................18 Figure 5: View from Inside Rock House ........................................................................20 Figure 6: Ash Cave .........................................................................................................21 Figure 7: Conkles Hollow...............................................................................................22 Figure 8: Fat Woman’s Squeeze at Cantwell Cliffs........................................................23 Figure 9: Cedar Falls.......................................................................................................24 Figure 10: Emblem of the See America First League, c.1906........................................35 Figure 11: Glacier National Park Emblem, c.1910.........................................................36 Figure 12: Post Card of Hocking County’s Industry, 1908 ............................................37 Figure 13: Post Card of the County Seat, Logan, Ohio, 1908 ........................................38 Figure 14: Church Service at Ash Cave, c.1905.............................................................40 Figure 15: Post Card of Cedar Falls, 1908......................................................................40 Figure 16: Post Card of Scenic Rock Formations in Hocking Hills Region, 1908 ........41 Figure 17: Rock House Hotel, c.1910.............................................................................42 Figure 18: The Model T, 1908........................................................................................46 Figure 19: Early Motorists in Cincinnati, Ohio, c.1910 .................................................58 Figure 20: Cover of the Lincoln Highway Guide, 1914 .................................................66 Figure 21: Camp near Yellowstone, 1923 ......................................................................70 Figure 22: Traffic on Ohio’s State Roads, 1930.............................................................79 Figure 23: Front Page of Hocking County’s Logan Republican, 1928 ..........................83 Figure 24: Crystal Rock Gas Company Ad, 1928 ..........................................................86 Figure 25: “Exploring Our Own Ohio” Advertisement of Hocking Hills, 1932............89 Figure 26: Page Dedicated to Hocking Hills, 1933 ........................................................90 8 Chapter One: Introduction The Hocking Hills State Park in Hocking County, Ohio is a tremendously popular recreational site utilized by over two million people each year. By the 1920s and 1930s, the Hocking Hills region had already emerged as a major tourist destination. The factors that contributed to the establishment of the Hocking Hills State Park and the conditions which made the caves and gorges a popular tourist attraction reflect national trends that were sweeping across
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