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) Table1. Seabirdsknown to breed on offshore islandsin (from Lane 1979a,Floyd & Swanson1983, Battamet al.1986\.

Species Breeding population Com-Eents

Little Penguir r.6800 c.74% of this population is found on Brush, Eudyptula minor Tollgates and Montagu Islands off the south coast.Some birds breedotr roclcy sea-coasts on the mainlard.

Gould'sPetrel 250-300 Confined to CabbageTree Islalld. Pterodromaleucoptera

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 52 000 c.77% of this populatiotr is found on Solitary Puffinuspacificus goup, Muttonbird, Broughton group, Cabbage Tree and BoondelbahIslands off the north coast,

SootyShearwater P. Szseu.r 250 c.607oof this population is found on Montagu Island.

Short-tailed ShearwaterP. 257W c.84% of this population is found on Tollgates tenuirostris and Montagu Islands off the south coast.

White-faced Storm-Petrel 10700 c.65% of this population is found on the Pelagodromamarina Tollgates Islands.

7. Australian Pelican a Big and Martin Islands. Most breeding in NSW Pe Ie c onu s con sp i cill atus occurs on inland lakes.

Eastern Reef Egret 5 Also breeds on rocky sea-coastson the Egrettasacra mainla.nd.

9. Sooty Oystercatcher 20-25 Breeds only on islands. Haemalopusfuliginosus

10. Silver Gull Zarus 30 000 c.707oof this population is found on Big, Bass novaehollandiae and Martin Islands off the central coast. Also breeds on estuariesand inland lakcs.

Kelp Gull t. dominicanus Restricted to islands off the central coast. t2. Cr estedT errtStema bergii 13 000 c.62% of this population is found on North Solitary Island.

t42 EVT

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'(u6L6I,rEL6t) eve.I :setmos '(i,) ural pelsorC ,(996) rap.ueeqg papl-e8pe,q :spnques8urpearg 'o^lesod emlsN puslsl {ooJ :snFls 'eq 'a.s'"ggr L1 :eerv s,a"8z :uoq"3o-I .I prElsJ {oo3 'sreei( .pourluocun luacal ur lseel lB sr Smoearq1uql stuclpur s{Jeur-uor$en6 .s.nedfurpee.rq 'qtnos ,repro Jo sraqrrmupeterm$e eql ere sasaqlu€EduI sem8ld ol g1rou Jucqde.GoaEm pelsq erp spu?lsl 'saIB I qnos,$aN uI spnquasSulpearq fq pam spuplq eroqsJJo 'y x.rpueddy 7. SouthSolitary Island Locatiou: 30'1?5, 153'16',E. Area: 17.4 ha. Status: Commonwealthland - Ighthouse site. Breeding seabirds: (20), Wedge-tailed Shearwater (100),Sooty Shearuater (?), SilverGull (300), CrestedTern (300). Sources: Lar.e(L975cd,1979a).

8. Split SolitaryIsland Location: 30'14',S,r.5y11'E. Area: 5.2ha. Status: Split Solitary Island Nature Reserve. Breediag seabirds: Wedge-tailed Shearwater(100). Sources: Lane (1974b,r979a).

9, Little Muttonbird Island Location: 30'18'5,153"08'E. Area: 1.1ha. Status: Vacant Crown land. Breeding seabirds: Wedge-tailed Shearwater(20), Silver Gull ?). Sources: Roberts(1976), Lane (1979a).

10.Muttonbiril Island Location: 30'18',S,153'09'8. Area: 8 ha. Status: Multoobird lslandNature Reservr,. Breeding seabirds: Black-wingedPetrel Pterodromanigipennis (2), Wedge-tailedShearwater (12 40), Sooty Shearwater(?), Short-tailedShearwater (?), White-facedStorm-Petrel (?). Sources: Swanson(1976), Floyd & Swanson(L983), Laae (1970,r979a),Lane & White (1983),Holmes (Le7s).

11.KorlPs lslet Location: 30'19'5,153'09'E. Area: 0.9ha. Status: Vacant Crown land. Breeding seabirds: SilverGull (100),Crested Tern (100). Sources: Lar.e (L976j, 1979a).

12. Sawtell Islet Location: 30"23'5,153'06',8. Area: 3 ha. Status: Vacant Crown la:rd. Breedingseabirds: Wedge-tailed Shearwater(10), Sooty Oystercatcher(1), Silver Gull (100). Sources: Holnes (1976b),Lare (1979a).

13.Green Islet Location: 30'55'5, 153"05',E. Atea:2.3 ha.

144

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.(e66I,p9l6t) euv-l :setmos '194 ,(OOO1) p9 raap5 1sr1e4-uJo15 pocul-e4ry1'(9661) repnreaqg pape1a6pe11 :spnqBesSurpeeJg 'e,l.resa1 om1eNlarlodruolg go trrudsurog :sn1"IS 'eq L\ :zarv 'a,6r&9r's,9€.2t :uo!lBro.I dnorC trolq8norg tJoU t0roN gI '(e6L6t) a|Jz-L,(61.t61) seu1o11 :secmos '(or) '(00I) ,G) ural palsrrJ IFC re^Irs Em8uedalDI-I :spnq"as EurpaeJg .puRI rr[orc llr€f,?A :mlsls 'eqz'z ''I,zt iBerv 79r's,qz.zE :uoll"ro.I .9I {rod s$ets '(e6Lfi.I9L6I) eve-l :SA'MOS '(oos) '(99) raprttreeqs polr€l-aEpe6 um8ua4 epq :sp-nqeasEurpserg 'pu?l ur\or:) lu?ru^ :snlsls 'Pq s't :BeJv 'a.89"zsl's.9r.r€ :sopBrqI ,tqqoN etErna( .tI '(e6L6t) eu.el'(e91fi ) seu1o11 :secmos '(6) rorc,u-rzeqgpeluroEpe1\ :spnq"as EErpeeJg 'pu?l &[orc lu?r?A :snl?ls Sources: Lal.e (1976c,1979a).

20. Cabbage Tlee Island Location: 32'42',5,152'L4',8. Area: 26 ha. Status: JohnGould Nature Reserve. Brceding seabirds: Little Penguin (300), Gould's Petrel (300 - only known breeding site of the nominate subspecies), Wedge-tailed Shearwater(2500), Sooty Shearwater(50), Short-tailed Shearwater(20). Sources: Fullagar (1976),Lane (r979a).

21.Little Island I-ocation: 32.475,1,5TL5'E. Area: I.2h:a. Status: Vacalt Crow[ Land. Breedingseabirds: Silver Gull (50), CrestedTern (,10) Sources: Lane (L976k,1979a) .

22. Boondelbahlsland Location: 32'42'5, r5?"14'E. Area: 9.3ha. Status: BoondelbahNature Reserve. Breeding seabirds: Little Penguin(1000), Gould's Petrel (?), Wedge+ailed Shearwater(3500), Sooty Shearwater(10), Short-tailed Shearwater (500), Wlfte-facedStorm Petrel (100) . Sources: Morris (1976),Lane (I979a).

23. Shark Island Location: 32'45'5,L52"12F. Area: 1.5 ha. Status: Vacant Cro*n land. Breeding seabirds: Wedge-tailedShearwater (10), Eastern Reef E$et (1). Sources: Lare (19761,1979a) .

24,Moon Island Location: 33"05',S,151%1',E. Area: 2.3ha. Status: Moon Island Nature Reserve. Breedingseabirds: Little Penguin (15), Wedge-tailed Shearwater(?), Sooty Oystercatcher(1), Silver Gull (1000),Kelp Gull (2), CrestedTern (700). Soursss: Gray & Gwyme (1974),Lane (1979a).

25. Bird Island Location: 33"145,151"36',E. Area: 12 ha, Status: Bird Island Nature Reserve. Breedingseabirds: Litde Penguin (5), Wedge-tailed Shearwater (1000),Sooty Shearwater (5), Short-tailed

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32. Drum and Drumsticks Locatiol: 35'03',S,150"50',E. Area: 2.5 ha. Status: Vacant Crown Land. Breedingseabirds: The only likely seabirdbreeding island in the State not yet surveyed(Lane 1979a).Inaccessible except by helicopter.

33. BowenIsland I-ocation: 35"07's,150'.16'E. Area: 50 ha. Status: Commonwealthland - forms part of Jervis Bay NatureReserve, administered by the A.C.T. Parks and ConservationService. Breedingseabirds: Little Penguin (1000),Wedge-tailed Shearwater (100),Soofy Shearwater (10), Short-tailed Shearwater(200). Sources: Larc (r976f, t99a) .

34.Brush Island Location: 35'32'5,150'25'E. Area: 35 ha. Status: Brush Islald Nature Reserve. Breeding seabirds: Little Penguin (2500),Wedge-tailed Shearwater (2100),Short-tailed Shearwater(750), Sooty Oystercatcher(2). Sources: Morris (1974),Lane (1979a).

35. BelowlaIsland Location: 3533'5, 150'24E. Area: 4 ha. Status: Belowla Island Nature Reserve. Breedingseabirds: Little Penguin (800),Wedge-tailed Shearwater (?), White-facedStorm-Petrel (1500), Sooty Oystercatcher(3).

Sources: Lane (r973b, t977, L979a).

36. GrasshopperIsland Location: 3538',S,150'20',E. Area: 3.5ha. Status: Forms part of Murramurrang National Park. Breedingseabirds: Little Penguin (50), Wedge-tailed Shearwater (200), ShorFtailed Shearwater(400), White-faced Storm-Petrel(10). Sources: Lane (19769,L9'l9a).

37.Wasp Island Location: 35',10'5,150"19'E. Area: 5 ha.

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'(E6L6r \916I) au.e-l :s00mos '(0q) Is4ed-urots pete;-e1qr11'(00U)rolurarsogs pelurgorls'(0S) relea\r?erlspa1rel-eEpe,1,1 r(gg7) um8ueg apll :sprrqeesSurpeerg '1ru4 puorlup 8uermue.rm14;o ryed srurog :ml?ls the Fauna Protection Panel oI N.S.W. moved to indirectly through vegetation changesthat result from protect all offshore islands of value to nesting introducedherbivores. seabirds. John Gould Nature Reserve, covering On Muttonbhd Island the construction of a , was in fact thc forerunner of breakwater in 1925 allowed accessfor feral cats Felri the entire N.S.W. nature reserve system. catl{s, dogs Canis familiais and foxes Vulpes wlpes . Because of the geueral absence of competing land Cats were found to be resident on the island in uses, considerable progress has been made by the 1972-73and were killing White-facedStorm-Petrels 'admal-proof Fauna Protection Panel and its successor,the N.S.W. (Roberts 1974). Ar fence was National Parks and Wildlife Service. All 39 seabird subsequentlyerected across the breakwater but islands are Crown lard - 36 Statc and three provedto be of limited value. For example,a fox was Commonwealth (Appcndir), Twenty-seven now have shot on the islard in 1975after reports of predation national park or nature reserve status. Most are on Wedge-tailedSbearwaters (Swanson 1976). A{1er managed by the N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife rustiagcompletely several years ago, the ience hasnot Service. Bowen Island forms part of Jervis Bay been replaced. Trappirg programs following Nature Reserve and is maraged by the A.C.T. Parks detectionare now regardedas more effective. and Conservation Service. The only other known island population of the Montagu Islaud, which has thc largest population largerintroduced predators is the fera.lcat population of breeding seabirds of all, is not yet formally on Broughton Island (Lane 1976b). However, reserved. A lighthouse site, the island is introducedrats Ratus spp., which zue potential egg Commonwealth land in the process of transfer to the predators, have been reported from a number of Statc for dedication as a nature reserye. South islands. On Lion Island, surveys of breeding Solitary Island is arother Commonwealth-owned Wedge-tailedard Sooty Shearwatersfrom 1957 to lighthouse sitc which is the subject of negotiations for 1968showed considerable egg danage and very low transfer to the State as a nature reserve, Some 720 breeding success,for which introduced rats were pairs of four seabird species breed on South Solitary consideredlargely responsible (Lane 1962,L974c). A Island. series of drought years in the late 1960s have now appareutlyeliminated the rat population - none was remain The 10 Statc-owned islards that trapped during a surveyirr 1968ard no egg damage populations, ureserved are, in order of thet seabird was recorded in subsequentsurveys (Lane 1974c). Islet Dclicate Nobby (520 pans, two species), KorfPs Nevertheless,the shearwatercolony has continuedto Rock (115 pairs, thrce (200 pairs, two species), Statis declhe, apparentlyas a result of rough seaswashing (111 pairs, Little spccies), SaMell Islct three species), awaylarge quantitiesoI soil in the lower part of the Islet (80 pairs, Islard (90 pairs, two spscies), Green colony, and a thickening of the vegetation, hcludhg (20 pairs, one species), Little Muttonbird Islard one the introduced slrlb Lantana cantara,in the upper specics), Shark Island (11 pats, two species), Stack part of the colony (Lane 1974c,1975b). Islet (10 pairs, one species) ard Drum and Drumsticks (seabird population unkrown). At least Introduced herbivores, particularly rabbits thc hrst six are sufficiently important brceding sites to Oryctolaguscunicuhts and goats Capra hircus, have warrart nature resen'e status, had a considerableeffect on the vegetationof several New South Wales islandsand, consequently,on the Management Problems breedirg seabirdsof thoseislards. A goat population persistson Montagu Islald ald populationsformerly islands is by no Preservationof seabird breedirg occurred on South Solitary, Broughton and Big formal reservation.Because meansassursd simply by Islands. Rabbit populationspersist on CabbageTree, nature,island reserves of thcir smallsize and confined Broughtonard Big Islands,and formerly occurredon managcment. Various problems require careful SouthSolitary and BowenIslands facing the managcrsof seabirdisland reserves in New SouthWales are discussedbelow. Rabbits and goats were introduced to South Solitary Island as a reserve food supply after IntroducedAnimals lighthousekeepers set up residenceir 1879. The goats did not survivelong but the rabbits persisted resulting frorn the spread of Environmentalchanges until they were shot out in 1975,when the lighthouse particularly mamnals, have alien animalsto islands, became automatic. While being grazed, the world (Bourne been a major problem throughoutthe vsgetationof the island was domiuatedby the wiriest Breeding seabirds may be 1975; Merton 1978). and most unpalatable species, including both predators, or affccted dircctly by introduced introduced grassessuch as Whisky GrassAnd.ropogon

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Jo eweler leu puu 'sn4u&ta eql uo{ pa^Irep sraa prr?l$ sql uo slrqqer eql ,{11rr.r4se qcns sessur8 r,r.nuu,(pruq nativespecies to take over oncemore. The Tall Burr unburnt part of the island. However, not a single Grass now occupies only abottt 5Vo of the island (P. burrow was located ia the burnt area in the 11 years Evals pen. comm.). after the fire (N. Swansonin Ftoyd 1984). The dense Prickly Couch community was unsuitable for Kikuyu Grass Pennisetu.rn The introduced burrowing shearwatersbecause of the strong tussocky hazard cla.ndestinumhas also been fourd to be a to bases of the plants and their dense root systems, (Lane 1978). Duriag the wet breeding shearwaters compared with the sparse, weak roots of the grass rapidly Big summer of 1975-76thls spread on Wandering Jew-Variable Groundsel community. large In Island arld formed deep carpets over areas. Thus, a single fire on South-west Solita.ry Island has numbers of subsequent breeding seasons, had longJasting effects whose final duration camot were found dead after Wedge{ailed Shearwaters yet be estimated. becoming entangled ia Kikuyu Grass rumers at tle entrances of their burrows. During one visit in A sho er recovery period has been recorded for December 1977, 30 shearwaterswere found to have Muttonbird Island. Being close to the mainlald and been killed in this manner. Litde Pelguins were less connectedby a brealcwatersince 1925, this island has troubled, being able to extricate their short flippers had a long history of burning every 5-10 years up ultil and force their way thonglh the KikuJt Grass. The the last fire in 1970, which was dehberately lit to native grass, Prickly Couch Zoysi& maoantha does improve accessto fishiag spots. Since that time the not pose tle same problems as its runners are much National Parks and Wildlife Service and local thimer than those of the Kikuyu Grass aad more conservationistshave been able to prevent the island easily broken. being burnt again. In spite of this hhtory of fires, the Waadering Jew-Variable Groundsel community has plants fouad on a Other introduced that are remaiaed the most extensiveq?e of vegetation on the islands and are a potential problem are number of the islaad, and the Wedge-tailed Sh€arwater colont Pic}Jy Pear Owntia I-,aatanlaLantana camara ax.d which is closely associated with this community, is Thickening vegetation, due in part to srricra. of thc apparent$ the largest along the New South Wales is factor blamed for the decline of the Lantana, one coast (Floyd and Swanson1983; Floyd 1984). shearwater colony on Lion Island (Lane 1975b). However, Lantaaa is not always a serious problem, After the lue in 1970 the burnt areas were The survey of vegetation changes on Muttoubird colonised by Smooth Summer Grass Digitaia ciliaris Island since 1954 fouad that although Lantana was arrd Soldier Yiln,eKennedia rubicunda. The annual present in 1954,tiere has been little expaasionin the Smooth Summer Grass was soon replaced, wbile the last 30 years, the thickets being periodically cut back woody Soldier Vine persisted longer. Nevertheless, by salt scorch (Floyd 198a). some four years after the fire the original vegetation of the burnt area had substantially recovered (Floyd Fire 1984) ard was being fully utitsed again by the Wedge-tailed Shearwaters(Swanson 1976). Fire is generally absent from seabird islands, especially those that are well offshore and seldom Broughton Island, the largest of the offshore visited. when fres do occur, their effects can be islands of New South Wales, is also the one most long-term. In 1973fishermen stranded on South-west frequently burnt, dating back well before European Solitary Island lit a lre to attra€t attention. When the settlemont, when the island is known to have been fishermen were rescued, the fire was not completely occupied by Aborigines. The various fishermen who extinguished. It penetrated the deep hunus layer and live on the island or visit regularly continue to burn continued to smoulder underground, brea.king out frequently to improve accessto favoured fishing spots again the following day to burn some 2000 m" of the and provide greater safety from snakes. The effects Wedge-tailed Shearwaterbreeding area before being of this burning regime are evident from the vegetation finally controlled (Floyd 198a; Lane 1975a). The (Dodkin 1981; Lane 1976b). Much of the island is original vegetation was dominated by Wandering Jew dominated by Kangaroo Grass Themeda australis, and Variable Groundsel. For the frst two years alter Blady Grass Imperate cylindica and Bracken the fre it regeneratedwell but was then overwhelmed Pteridium eso entum, all species characteristic of by Prickly Couch. Eleven years after the fue there sandy, fre-prone sites. It appears,however, that the was still no clear recovery of the Wandering slopes around the highest point of the island once Jew-Variable Groundsel community on the bu!'nt area supported rainforest vegetatioo, as indicated by the (Floyd 1984). presence of a few persistent low clumps of rainforest plants (Dodkin 1981). The island may evsn have Wedge-tailed Shearwaters The density of bresding provided suitable nesting sites for Gould's Petrels in high remained high in the vg35 before the fire and the past.

152 g9r

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seler,\Aqlnos 're1e,t ,tl.aN aql 6uoJu spuelsr Eurpeerq prqeas Suuroser daep-e14ue,{po fq apq ,ro11e paleredes tn epeE uaeq seq sserSordelqpraprsuoJ qEnoqtlv ,r\ou sr prl? qJuaq eql ruoq elqrsserJe,{psee erou eurocaq , JJunperSsug pu"l$ erlJ .rele \ deep-lsrc r SNOISN'IJNOf, 6ur.rog ,!3uor1s q6norql 6upe,n fq surrr q:reag IIal.&reS.{qrseu uorJ puBlsl ogl ol sserse ,,{yreuuog .spuslsr 's8op __ Jn uo spJaJq puz eldoad uor; eJueJeJralu Brnspercul qly{\ Jsiuol ou llluer?dd? pJJpJ-elfq^ .(q96I laJl3d-rruo)s eql papuodsauor s?rl aurlrep ry11 seuloH) srred 's096I eq1 ecurs dlpo r"u paurtrop a^?q qerled_urols Surureuer egl Suoqp elBJssoJcns Surpae.rq alol fra,r u parBJ-eIqA{ pEB srapar"eqs pep1a6pe6 's046I 'sumiua4 ,{1uoqtp eqt ul s{red 0I-9 o1 sgg61aq1 ur sr.red aFI.I Jo srequmu eql pu? pecnpar uaoq 00I-0q ruorJ pourpap spq srelp ueeqs pepl-a8pa16 suq sercads Sur,normq ol elqslrp^B uere Suqseu aqtr 3u1pe_orq ,lelsl 'papora ;o requmu eql ereqa II€l \BS flerarras eq ot 1os aql peaollp seq uo4e1e8ea sr aloluexo sepi& glnos ^\eN .(086I .(9L6I V qllex pup Jo ssol oql'raao,t\oH uosqrC) n)rpm ausnalg uosropuv) sppue^ lo slsrluar* 'sdno.6 puorlsJnpo ssEJc 'slqmol looJs^roJc prl!- unurlsapuolx utryasuaaJ are srolrsraerll reqleqn .sprrquesBurpeerq sse.rg ,sess?.6 ,slueld ndnlDt rqoxe aql dlqelou ldnrsrp ,tlsnor.rasderu spuelsrprqeas ol s1rsrluprunl{ paJnpoqur-Jlos snorrel peerds eql .tq podleq 'apsrap Jo lsB[ eql ur dJe^oreJ eEos uaaq sBq eJerlJ slls!A 'peseeJc[r uEurnH a^?q requnu yp8 se pepnuop arumeq o ?q .slJnC .(OSO1 sea.ru aErey lnq ra Amtsau-arqms oqt f,q u1€rquO,q puu poo,tpurll) IS ,puu[$ uoEesruoloJ o1 .rorrd pelele8a,r qe,n se,n pue1s1Brg 1961ur SuraqSupearq pelroder lssl eql eql uo spaarq.reEuol .(1161 'pupJuretl ou sercadss1ql 1ng),{m1uec eql uo ^ luacefpu uorplndod uuunq slql Jo epzcep lsrU eqt q rspu"snoql ur ,{1ura]t1' drrrsuerJrrr oql Jo {nsal e sr uorlepdod IIng reAIS puels aq1uo ?urpaaJqsu poltoder olel\ qoJled-ruJols oql ur esuer.u eql pue sensds qql roJ pooJ Jo ermos pacEJ-aIgA'alouraqlmd .(xrpueddv) uorlqndod .rofeu u eru sdp qqqqna .(e6g61 euu1i9161 uosqrg) prqsos fiurus u dJuo suq puepl uolqSnorg ,puelsr sJr?o 009 /I euos Jeqrrmu ?trou prJp u3{l srrns a8rel u qcns .rog .suogelndodprqms AurDeerq i$ea.6 peseorour o^"g lnq 0t6I ul f,1uo puulsr aql oql pornper ssellqnop aaeg (uorlepdod lrqqer uo Surpearq popJorar orea .pusFl lslg sIInC re IS luelsrsred e prre ZL6I Ipun st?o8 praS) se.roarqreq 7Ig Jo spnq"es oql uo uoder Auo8uoJ[or,!\_daup,{Soql puD (slpr prr" st?c pra;) sroleperd parnport(n Jo uoq?srBBqm eql Jo lJoJJe egl sr ualqord snoprsur pu? ecu"qmlsp uEumq elg?Japrsuoc[q pepunoduroc eJoru .rcAe,!\oH .aru?qm5rp 'p*ltl B Jo alduuxe uu uolqSnorg uo senJ reln8or eql fornulated, such as eradication of populatious of Davies,S.J.J.F. (1959). A note on the shearwaters iotroduced animals and plants, exclusiou of fire, and breeding on the Tollgates Islalds, N.S.W. Ernu 59, restriction of human visits to a minimrm. However, 237-288. linited staff and resources make it necessary to Dodl.in, M.J. (1978). Jobn Island Nature determine priorities. Gould Reserve Management (signs, fues, prickly pear, Some immediate priorities ca:r be ideutified for rabbits, bird-lime tree, predation). Unpublished the existing and impending New South Wales reserves report. (N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife - the eradication of rabbits and cats and reduction of Service: .) fire frequency on Broughton Island; the eradication of p6rlkin, rabbits on CabbageTree Island; and the eradication M.J. (1981). Broughton Island, Myall Lales - of rabbits and rehabilitation of the vegetationand soil National Park rainforest remtrants. Unpublished on Big Island; and the eradication of rabbits and report. (N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife goats on Montagu Island. In the long term, however, Service: Sydney.) regular monitoring of the seabird colonies is needed Floyd, A.G. (198a). The vegetation of the Solitary problems as a basis for management,so that major Islands. Unpublished report. (N.S.W. National and long-term trends can be identified. Whilst a Parks ald Wildlife Service: Sydney.) number of individual island reserves are curreutly beilg monitored, a more general and more systematic Floyd, A.G. and Dodkin, MJ. (1978). John Gould prograu of monitoring needs to be instituted for the Island Nature Reserve. Unpublished report. island reservesof New South Wales. (N.S.W. National Parks arrd Wildlife Service: Sydney.) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Floyd,R.B. and Swanson,N.M. (1983). Wedge-tailed We wish to thank Leigbton Llewellyn, Bill Logan, Shearwateron Muttonbird Island : an estimate of Bryan Pratt and Garry Werren for providing the breeding successand the breeding population. information for this paper. We are also indebted to Emu 82,244-250. Bill Lane and Graham Robertson for their helpfirl commentson an earlier draft. Fulagar, PJ. (1976). Seabird Islards No. 35, Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. REFERENCES Australian Bird Bander 14,9L97. Anderson, D.W. and Keith, J.O. (1980). The humar Gibsou, J.D. (196). Seabird Islands No. 38. Big influence on seabird nesting success: conseryation Island, Five Islaads, New South Wales. Australian imphcations.B i oI ogi c a I Con s e m atior 18, 65-80. Bird Bander 14, 1.00-103. Battam, H. (1976a). SeabirdIslands No. 23. Stack Gray, D.F. and Gwyr:re, A.J. (1974). Seabird Islands Islet, New South Wales. Australian Bird, Band.er No. 7. Moon Islald, New South Wales. Australian t4,23. Bird Bander L2, 6-37. (1959). Battam, H. (196b). Seabird Islands No. 39. Flinders Gwynne,A.J. and Gray,D.F. Breedingof the Islet, Five Isla:rds, New South Wales. Australian Southern Black-backed Gull on Moon Island. Bid Bander 14, LWI05. N.S.W.Emu 9,14t-142. Battam, H. (1976c). SeabirdIslands No. ,10. Bass Hindwood, ICA. (1958). Notes on the sea-birds Islet. Five Isla.nds.New South Wales. Australian breeding on the coastal islands of New South z|8, Bird Bander 14, IO6-LO7. Wales. .Ezu 3-81. (1960). Battanr,H. (1976d). SeabndIslands No. 41. Martin Hindwood, KA. and D'Ombrain, A.F. Islet. Five Islaads. New South Wales. Australian Breeding of the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffna.r Bird Bander 14, L08-L09. tenuirostris) and otier seabirds on Broughton Island.N.S.W. Emu 60.47-L54. Battam, H., Leisbman amd Smith, L.E. (1986). (1975). Petrel Mutton Nesting of the Australian Pelican on Martil Hotmes,N.G. Black-winged on Ausfralion Bird Island Five Islands, New South Wales. ,4usfralran Bird Islard, New South Wales. Birds 2I,6l-62. Bander13,53-55. (1976a). No. 16. Bowne, W.R.P. (1975). Manmals on islands. New Holnes, N.G. Seabird Islands Sci e nti st 165,422-425. Green Islet, New South Wales- Australian Bird Bander14,7.

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's?[p^\ r nos AreN,pu?lsl Jo .(q6t6l) .g.S ,eEe-I uolq8norg ol ltsr raqlmJ v 'Zg-09'tI Dpuog 'sepl& .puuls1 '01-L'Eo prlg tmllDrtsnv qlnos,ne61 . re1{og aro) 'tI 'oN 'spu"l$ qlnos spupl{ p{q?es '(19[6I) .C.S .aup-I plseoc sepl& qlnos A\eN uo s?rrqeos Surpaarq oql go dreuung .(e6461) .9.g ,aue1 .LINE,gI r?puDgprlg u0uo4snv .sepi[ qlnos,tleN ,pu"lsl .gs ,z DllztoJ -puegl uoJ.I 'II 'oN spuplsl prrqpas '(q-EL6I).9.s .5ue.I Surpaerquo pl"zq rate rneqs .(gt6l) .D.S ,otre.I 'St'Io '9I+I 'El rapuDgptlg aolloqsny a.nJ 'selBlt\qlnos a\oN,puslsl Bl^roleg 'selul11 qlnos ,{6N ,puel{ uo qarled-uro1g pa3DJ-elTgA .OtOf .C.S ,e"uf ,{retrqog 1ser11-q1nog ) '0I 'oN spuelsl prq?as .(e9161) .9'g ,eue1 '66'nr '0I 'ZI rapwg prlg uDrtDrtsnl/-pvegl npuDg pllg uollossnv 'seJu^\ qnos ^laN .ptrslsl 'Lt 'oN uor-Juo,(uolor relB^ueaqseqI .("L6I) .C.S .euE-I Ireqs spuelst p4qees .(l9L6I) .C.S .eue-l '86 '?r 6L'ZI DpuDg p.ng 'sepld .puuysl nptmg prlg .solu^\ .puelsl uDuDusnl/ qlnos,reN d-relqog uDlloqsnv glnos a\oN '6 'oN .(gtlOt) .C.S .auef '99 'oN .({916I) .C .eue.I tIdS sprrelslprq?os en{.I spuspl p{qees S '26'vr 'SI?I 'Zl rapng ptg uDll04snv 'solplAqmos ^taN.puplsl raptmg p4g n)Uo4snv 'sapi[ qnos .{reN ,ftplqos lelsl quoN '9 'oN spuulsl p{qBas .(ptr6l) .C.S .ouB-I sJlrot '€g 'oN spuelq p{qeas .([9t6I) 'C.S 'ew-I .6E,VI 'w'u Dpuog p1!g .sslp^\ ,pueFl Dpng p.tlg 'seIu$r ,fqqoN uorlD4snv qlnos ^{eN uortogsnv {lnos ^raN '9 'oN .(rgt6l) '09 .(l9t6l) IooC spuel{ p{qees .C.S ,oup.I alu II€O oN spuplsl p4qEes .C.S ,aus.I 'gz'vr '19'tr DpuDg p4g uollotsnv .srlpld gtnos ,pu?lsl rapttog prlg tmlD4snv 's€IsA\ gnos aeN ^\eN ?uslsl Bproleg .(qgt6l) .C.S ,oueT ase{' '9.a'oN spuelsl prlqEes '(q9L6I) .D.S .aup.I t oN spuBIsIp{qpas .STNI 'g7,p1nptmgp.t1g \T Dpuog p.4g uDrlo4snv .selulA ,puelsl uDlloqsnv 'ssle4\ qlnos ^\oN ,pue1s1reddoqsserg qlnos,!leN p4g 'I 'C.S .ouB-I 'SZ 'oN sprrplsJ prrqees .(?9161) .9.9 ,euu1 oN spuplsl pnq?es (p€L6I) 'tr '0L '971 'lt DpuoS pnfl ruug 'sroteA{rueqspelre}uoqs dq .At.S.tI ,puelsl uDllo4snv 'selBl[ qnos ^\eN .. ?g sraral ,puuls1 p4S uollnw uoq?zruoloc '(961) .C.S .eue.I uo \og '?Z 'oN spuslsl pnwes 'G9L6I) 'C.S ,etlu-I Jo alqssod 'nw-cfia'29 -6l-gl 'tI rapuog prlg uDlloqsnv 'seIuld 'la€r 'e^Iesal{ punEg puulsl uor"J qnos ^\aN 'puul{ uolq8norg ,1eog uo sJals^u"egs Eurpaerq ,(e,rms .(Zg6f) .g.S ,ouB.I reuul 'IZ 'oN spuBIsIp{qpas .(e9L6I) .g.S ,euu.I ;o sss.6ord V .qIZ-L\Z,9I . tVl rur!, .g .spu8lsr LT-91 rapuog prlg uooo4snv trpd 'sels^\ solu^\ qlnos ^\eN lunEI '(SfOf) .g.g.V qlnos ,taN 'puBIsI uolq8no.rg .1oog Jo V TFII gt'oN .(p9L6I) .0'S ,aus-I .LAa_ZAa,fi !rro51 spuBlslp{qeos ,?a€, .Z upd ,spuElsr sole16r1nos A\aN punsJ.^V .(ZfOf) .S.U.V .nnH .Etit .fl DpuDgprrg Jo wqD4snv 'sepl[ 'V0I-6'II 'I ,spuslsr qtnos ,r\aN ?uBIsI uolq8norg ntu!, Ued el '6I 'oN spuslsl pnq"es .(.9L6I) .C'S .err€-I .(116I) .g.J.V ,IInH l'I selpr!\qlnos ^\5N Jo "rmEJtV 'tI-jI 'vt lapu0g prlg 'h uollogsnv 'seJurt\ qlnos aeN ,puplsl uolqfnorg 'E .,{eB D aroJ sepl[ r nos ^{eN JBolrpAnSlroU '8I 'oN .(qgfOf) .C.S ,euef 'oN '(661) .C.N spE?lsl prrqms sD?tS L9 spuqsl prrquag ,sauloH '6-8 trl rapuDg 'E6'VIraptag 'selsiA .$JooU prtg uoqo4snv qtnos ^teN erlnf pttg uollD4snv 'sepl[ qnos ^{eN 'oN '(p946I) lelsl lJa],r.BS puBrrpnl'/I spuBIsIpnqpos .g.S .arrB.I 'tg 'oN spuepl pnqees .(q961) .9.9 .seu1o11 Martin, W. and Sobey, W' (1983). Improvement of Bird Bander L4,20-22. seabird nesting habitat on Bowen Island, New Roberts, P. (L974). petrels. South Wales, by eradication of rabbits. Corella 7, Cat among the storm Parksqnd. WdW l,lI0. 40. Roberts,P.E. (1976). Islands McKean, J.L. and Fullagar, PJ. (1976). Seabird Seabird No. 31. Litde Muttonbird Island, New South Wales. Australian Islands No. 42. Tollgate Islands, New South Bird Bander 14,87. Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14, Ll0-113. Smitb, P. (1985). Conservation in New Merton, D.V. (1978). Controlling introduced of seabirds South Wales. Unpublished report. (N.S.W. predators and mmpetitors on islands. In National Parks and Wildlife Sewice: Sydney.) Endangered Birds: tnanagement techniquesfor presewing threatenedspecies. (Ed. S.A. Temple.) Swanson,N.M. (1976). Seabird Islands No. 32. pp. l2L-128. (University of Wisconsin Press: Mutton Bird Island, New South Wales. Australian Madisoo.) Bird Bander14,8f.-9'i.. Moris, A.I( (1974). Seabnd IslandsNo. 8. Brush Van Gessel,F.W.C. (1978). An estimation of the Island, New South Wa\es. Ausfialian Bird Bander population density of shearwaters breeding on t2,62-64. Broughton Island New South Wales. Corella 2, 52-53. Moris, A.K. (1975a). Seabird Islands No. 12. North-West Solitary Island, New South Wales. Werreq G.L. and Clorreh,A.R. (1984). The effect of AustralianBird Band,erL3,58-59- rabbit browsing on littoral rainforest, Cabbage Tree Island, N.S.W. - Morris, A.K. (1975b). SeabirdIslend5 1r[6. 13. North with special reference to the status of the Gould Petrel. In Australian National Rock, Solitary Islands, New South Wales. Rainforest Report Australian Bird Bander 13,78-79. Study to the World Wildlife Fund (), Volume 1. (Ed. G.L. Weren Morris, A.K. (19?6). Seabird Islands No. 22. ard A.P. Kershaw.) pp, 345-357, (Geography New South Wales- Austrslian Department, Monash University : Melbourne .).

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