Vol. 28, No. 13 April 1, 1985 rjiNG A CCHINESI E WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

conomic Reform at mru SBSSion Open Policy: Reasons Behind It

Special Zone Changes the Face of Zhuhai Guangdong's Zhuhai Special Economic Zone

The Xiangzhou Woollen Mill set up with foreign capital. Its products are selling well in Hongkong, The Zhuhai Special Economic Zone is Macao, Japan and throughout Western Europe. relying on industry to build a diversified local economy. It has already completed such construction projects as a shipping port, an airport, highways, water-supply facilities and other public utility installations.

Seaside villas offer resort accommo- > dations in Zhuhai.

Technicians in Zhuhal's Shishan Electronics SPOTLiqHT Factory test microcomputers they hove produced. The port of Jiuzhou in the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone opens to foreign ships. Helicopter service has begun between Zhuhai and Guangzhou. Copter service is also available for servicing the Nanhai (the South China Sea) Oilfield. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 13 April 1, 1985 Zhao's Report Focuses on Economic Reform CONTENTS Premier Zhao Ziyang focussed his report to the Third Session of the Sixth National People's Congress on China's cur• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 rent economic situation and economic reform. He said the Chinese Peasants Favour Smoll two principal tasks in the economic reform this year are chang• Towns ing the wage system and improving the price system (p. 6). LEHERS 5

EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 Open Policy Born of Objective Necessity Zhao Expounds Wage and Price Reforms State Council Bans Illegal Price From the numerous articles that have appeared in the Hikes NPC to Consider Inheritance Chinese press discussing China's open policy, two are excerpted Law in this issue. They analyse the various factors, both domestic Funeral Customs Experience and international,, that prompted China to adopt this policy. Change The authors explain, from the theoretical as well as the prac• tical point of view, why this is a lot;g-term, fundamental policy INTERNATIONAL 11-14 of China. By opening its doors to the world, China will absorb Iran-Iraq: Gulf War Reaches New Heights what is advanced and useful from other countries to speed United States: Facing Middle East the pace of its modernization drive (pp. 15 & 18). Choices Stockholm: No Progress in Marathon Meeting Bolivia; Upheaval Haunts Coming Wasliington Faces IViideast Cfto/ces Election Argentina; Peronist Party Breaks Up The United States is taking a wait-and-see attitude in deal• Open Policy Essential to Socialism 15 ing with Middle Eastern affairs. President Ronald Reagan's Why is China Opening to the administration says it is examining the possibility of pushing Outside? 18 forward the Middle East peace process, yet it sticks to its Zhuhai: Taking the Road of Re• old policy of unconditional support for Israel, the main juvenation 23 obstacle blocking peace (p. 11). Tourism Offers Something for Everyone 26

BUSINESS & TRADE 28-29 Zttultai in tfie Perfect Position FROt^ THE CHINESE PRESS 30-31 West of Hongkong and just north of Macao, Zhuhai is CULTURE & SCIENCE 32-33 in the perfect spot to take advantage of its selection as one of China's four special economic zones. The city has in recent BOOKS 34 years developed as a tourist boom town, and the foreign ex• COVER: New look of the Zhuhai Special change earned through its tourist facilities is now promoting Economic Zone. its industries and fueling its growth as an important import- Photo by Zhai Wanxin export harbour (p. 23). 7-J *,»CVi«».

Publlihed every AAonday by Subecriptien pricai (1 year): Dlitributed by China Intomotlonal BEIJING REVIEW Awtnilla A.S 14.00 USA US$18.00 24 Baiwonzhuong Road, Beijing P.O. Box 399Corporatio, Beijing, nain (GUOJo I SHUDIAN), New ZMlond... NZ.$18.00 liK •••••••• £8.00 The People's Republic of CWna Canada Can. SIS.OO NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Chinese Peasants Favour Small Towns

At present, China has more than • Small towns serve as process• by WANG DACHENG 60,000 small towns. The growth ing centres for agricultural and Economic Editor of small towns is an important as• sideline products and play a sup• pect of building socialism with porting role for urban industries. Big cities are no longer attrac• Chinese characteristics. Small Pingwang town in Wuxian tive to most peasants in Jiangsu towns have become not only eco• County, which is under the juris• Province. The peasants there nomic centres but also cultural, now prefer the prospering small diction of Suzhou, is situated 100 service, educational and scientific towns that they have helped build km west of Shanghai. A Pingwang hubs of the countryside. Today with their own hands. factory works in co-operation with small towns are playing an increas• a Shanghai company to produce 3 ingly important role in China's In the morning the peasants can million sewing machines a year. rural economy. For instance: be seen pedaling their bicycles to Though the main body of the ma• work in .the small towns. They chine is still made in Shanghai, all eat their lunch in canteens at the other parts have been contracted factories, and after work they ride It is imperative for people to the small Pingwang operation. home. They prefer working in in the rural areas to Both sides have benefited from the small towns, because, as they see strengthen the co-operation. it, they can enjoy the pure air, construction of small fresh vegetables and plentiful sun• • Small towns help absorb the shine there. In addition, the eco• towns, further promote the surplus labour force and check the nomic rewards, recreational activi• development of the rural flow of peasants into large and me• ties and living conditions in small economy and satisfy the dium-sized cities. It is estimated towns are rapidly catching up with increasing material and that by the end of this century and even surpassing those in the China's rural towns will provide big cities. cultural needs of the peasants. jobs for 300 million people no In recent years the rural econo• longer needed on the farms, a my and construction have develop• figure amounting to 40 percent of ed at an unexpected speed. the total rural population. Of the • Small towns serve as distribu• Changes have occurred in the eco• tion centres for agricultural and other 60 percent of rural residents, nomic structure in the countryside, sideline products as well as in• half will continue to engage in which no longer includes just crop dustrial goods. They link the urban crop cultivation and half will be cultivation. Today the rural econ• market to the rural market. In employed in developing forestry, omy comprises an all-round de• Baoding Prefecture of Hebei Prov• animal husbandry and sideline velopment of agriculture, forestry, ince, more than 20 special mar• occupations. animal husbandry and fishing and kets, including those for acrylic fi• a comprehensive management of bres, artificial leather, synthetic • Small towns enrich the cul• agriculture, industry and com• fabrics, clothes, furs, wood and tural life of the peasants. Today merce. The development of indus• traditional Chinese medicine, have many small towns have set up try and sideline occupations in come into being. Their appearance schools, agricultural technology the countryside has called for has helped invigorate the urban consulting stations, adult educa• markets, information and trans• and rural economy, stimulate the. tion centres, libraries, art troupes, portation facilities. As a result, exchange of commodities and pro• cinemas and theatres, hospitals the small towns have mush• mote rural economic development. and clinics, and service trade out• roomed. The small town boom is In many places the old-style out• lets. providing job opportunities for mil• door markets have been replaced lions of peasants in industrial pro• by large, modern markets built • The growth of small towns duction, commercial activities and with the funds pooled by local has changed the overall relation• various kinds of service trades. people. ship between cities and the coun-.

4 Beijing Review, No. 13 Economic Reform firmly believe the restructure of Acclaimed the economic system will benefit I read your magazine closely China's socialist economy. and find most of your articles, Alejandro Torrejon M. comments and documents interest• ing. I wish to take this opportunity Sucre, Bolivia tryside and has enabled rural in• to say something about the docu• dustry to concentrate in the towns. ment on the restructure of the Content Informative The transfer of industry from economic system adopted at the Your content is simplistic, un• larger cities to the countryside has Third Plenary Session of the 12th sophisticated and informative. helped stimulate rural economic Central Committee of the Chinese development, thus narrowing the Communist Party. No doubt, the 1 especially enjoy the production gap between town and country. document is of the utmost im• statistics on all items in your gross portance in promoting China's national product and the informa• Many small towns have drawn modernization drive. tion on foreign investment, joint up plans for ambitious develop• ventures, people subjects and prob- ment and some have begun con• The success of the economic lenis, and electronics growth. struction. Their goals are roughly policy adopted and pursued by the as follows: Every peasant house• Chinese Party and government has Don Pamsh hold is to have a comfortable been borne out by the brilliant house with a courtyard; every victory in socialist coristruction, California, USA small town is to be built into a especially in the countryside. After The new achievements in Chi• comprehensive economic, techni• studying the experience of some nese medicine won my admiration cal and cultural centre for the socialist and capitalist countries, after I read an article in your development of agriculture, in• the People's Republic has changed issue No. 37, 1984. dustry, commerce and transporta• its rigid economic model into a tion service; a number of fairly manifold responsibility system for I have learnt a lot from your complete public utilities are to be the sake of bringing the initiative economic reports, but I hope you constructed; and rural energy re• and creativeness of the masses into will give more coverage to Chi• sources are to be exploited and full play. nese history and culture and print put to rational use. In summary, more pictures. small towns seek to create favour• China also has established a Hidekuni Ikemiya able conditions for production, planning system that consciously Okinawa, Japan life and investment. applies the law of value and a reasonable price system to develop The principle guiding the con• the socialist commodity economy. More Articles on Peace struction of small towns is "letting The rigid ties between government I greatly appreciate your articles the people build their own towns." administration and enterprise man• on and China's commitment to This is to stimulate the initiative agement have been separated and world peace. Please continue to of the various quarters, encourage the economic responsibility system give more coverage to that most peasants to engage in industrial has been established to eliminate important issue. I have followed and commercial activities in small egalitarianism. To sum up, what the peace movement throughout towns, and urge larger cities to you have done is conducive to de• Europe and would like the ad• lend support to their construction. veloping the productive forces. dresses of any organizations or The small towns have flourished China is now eradicating all committees to whom I might write alongside the development of the forms of dogmatism and applying in China. Could the Chinese peo• commodity economy. It is im• Marxism creatively. ple articulate a specific and prac• perative for people in the rural tical plan for true peace on earth, areas to strengthen the con• My friends and I warmly hail their contribution to civilization struction of small towns, further the resolution made by the Chinese could far exceed that of all other promote the development of the Communist Party. No matter cultures, past and present. rural economy and satisfy the in• what comments the newspapers in Susanne Sklar creasing material and cultural the capitalist countries make, we Dalian, China needs of the peasants.

April 1. 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS Zhao Expounds Wage and Price Reforms Wage and price system changes pay systems or establish wage cent and curtailing major pur• are the two major tasks in the re• scales on their own without state chases made by work units and form of China's economic structure direction. Wage earners will also enterprises by 20 percent. this year, said Premier Zhao Zi- be required to pay taxes on per• Under socialism, Zhao con• yang in his Report on the Work sonal income exceeding a certain tinued, it is imperative to pursue of the Government at the Third level, he said. Reasonable dis• a policy of keeping prices stable. Session of the Sixth National Peo• parities in wages should be allowed This policy is important for ensur• ple's Congress (NPC) which open• to reflect varying levels of respon• ing steady economic development ed March 27 in Beijing and is sibility, he said, but the gap should and social stability. However, he expected to last two weeks. not be too wide. said, basic price stability does not Unlike previous government As for the reform of the price mean a price freeze, and price reports — which included every• system, the premier announced changes do not necessarily lower thing from politics to economy that the government has decided to living standards. and diplomacy to culture — Zhao's adopt a policy combining related The premier noted that China report, titled "The Current Eco• control with readjustments. The has in recent years carried out nomic Situation and the Reform aim in 1985, he said, is steady pro• limited price adjustments. As for of the Economic Structure," focus• gress in measured steps. The main urban workers and staff, he said, ed solely on the economy. The goals of the price reform include: it is true that the cost of living is premier outlined steps towards Rationally readjusting the pur• now somewhat higher than before, economic reform and described chasing and marketing prices of but real income for the over• how the government will battle grain and the purchasing price of whelming majority of families has "unhealthy tendencies" which cotton and introducing the practice increased considerably as a re• have appeared in recent months. of using contracts for state pur• sult of increased job opportunities Zhao told the more than 2,700 chases. Price controls on other and wage hikes. deputies that 1985 wage reforms farm and sideline products will be Zhao re-emphasized that China will concentrate on eliminating irra• gradually relaxed and market will continue to follow the princi• tional pay structures, so that the prices will take over. The reform ple of building the country through egalitarian practice of "everybody calls for raising charges for short- thrift and hard work. He pointed sating from the same big pot" will distance railway transport so as to out that it is wrong to blindly be gradually abolished and a stimulate trucking and water trans• seek a high level of consumption system embodying the principle of port. The price reform will also regardless of production capacity distribution according to work will encourage price differences for and actual conditions. take its place. products of different quality and The previous two sessions of the Zhao said the government will regional price differences to reflect Sixth National People's Congress institute a wage system in which varying costs. were held in May and June. NPC pay reflects the responsibility of Noting that too much currency deputies welcomed the early start the job in state organizations and was issued last year and some com• this year and urged the practice to institutions. The new system will modity prices saw increases, Zhao continue so the State Council will better reward those with heavy promised that the government will be able to revise the economic plan responsibilities and those making take major steps to reform the and budget after hearing the views major contributions. In state enter• price system and, at the same time, and suggestions of the NPC. prises where conditions permit, the prevent price fluctuations. For The Third Session of the Sixth method of allowing the total pay• this purpose, the government must National Committee of the Chinese roll to fluctuate according to the exercise firm control over the People's Political Consultative enterprises' economic performance volume of currency issued, he said. Conference (CPPCC) also opened will be gradually introduced after in Beijing on March 25. A total of preparations. Zhao listed several concrete 1,673 members of the CPPCC also Zhao stressed that enterprises measures, among which are cutting attend the NPC as non-voting par• will not be permitted to change administrative expenses by 10 per• ticipants.

6 Beijing Review, No. 15 the Shanxi Supply and Marketing corporation, the Chengde corpora• State Council Bans Co-operative Transportation Corp, tion and the Jixi corporation are turned around and sold them to awaiting official ruling about Illegal Price Hikes the Shanxi Shuangta Trading Cen• their fate. tre, this time tacking on 6,500 The punishments are in line In a decision released March 13, yuan more to the price tag. The with the recent State Council deci• the State Council called for an im• second owner thus made a profit sion, which ruled that illegal mediate stop to the illegal price of 130,000 yuan. And on the very speculators must turn over unwar• hikes that have disrupted the same day, the centre resold them ranted profits and pay fines. Lead• market and hindered the forth• to the Taiyuan Electric Machines ers of the guilty enterprises will coming price reforms. Corp., once again raising ^he price, be denied bonuses and their this time by 2,500 yuan. Two days The decision focused its critic• salaries will be temporarily re• later, the electric machines corpo• ism on price hikes of essential duced. food items, durable consumer ration resold them to the Chengde goods, transportation tickets and Means of Production Service Businesses that seriously abuse production-related machines and Corp. in Hebei Province, adding the rules, the decision said, will goods. a 1 percent "management fee" to be ordered to close down. the price it had paid. And three If these trends are allowed to go In recent months, some govern• weeks later, the Service corpora• unchecked, the State Council ment departments, enterprises and tion resold them to the lixi Coal warned, they will cause produc• individuals have abused the prac• Union Corp. in Heilongjiang Prov• tion costs to rise and market prices tice of using "negotiable prices," ince, adding a 0.5 percent "service to fluctuate wildly, thus damaging which allows for reasonable price fee" to each truck's price. After the current economic reforms. adjustments to balance supply and changing hands five times, the demand, the decision said. Others heavy-duty trucks had actually be• Prices of some products are un• have been reselling hard-to-get come "duty-heavy." Each truck reasonable under the present price commodities at exorbitant prices, was marked up from the original system and need to be readjusted, the decision said. 37,500 yuan to 51,767.55 yuan. the decision conceded. But the Production-related machines and price readjustments will be car• The Shanxi co-operative corpo• goods, the decision said, must be ried out cautiously, gradually and ration, which made the largest il• sold at state-set prices or at au• with continuous monitoring by legal profit, has been punished. thorized "negotiable prices." En• the state. No department or enter• All of its 130,000 yuan profit was terprises can cSange prices only if prise has the right to raise prices confiscated and a fine of 5,000 they are authorized to do so. on its own. yuan was levied. The Shuangta Strict measures will be taken to Trading Centre and the Taiyuan It is absolutely prohibited for deal with speculating and profi• Electric Machines Corporation were individuals to resell train or ship teering, the State Council ruled. also punished, as their illegal gains tickets at exorbitant .prices or to Among the abuses that prompted were confiscated. The Zuoquan sell ration coupons, the decision the State Council action was an

incredible series of truck deals in s * - ? J I s a r I E Shanxi Province. Last fall the Zuoquan County Coal Transporta• PLACES rN THIS ISSUE tion and Marketing Corp. bought 20 US-made heavy-duty Dodge truck? from the Shanxi Provincial Coal Transportation and Market• ing Corp. at the state-set price of 37,500 yian each. After using them for about two months, the Zuoquan corporation officials sold them to the Shanxi Provincial Supply and Marketing Co-opera• tive Transportation Corp. at a price 4,500 yuan more than they had paid for each. The Zuoquan corporation had thus illegally pro• (!) Zuoquan (P.7) (2) Taiyuan (P. 7) (3) Chengde (P. 7) fited 90,000 yuan. A month la'ter. (4) Jixi (P. 7) (5) Zhuhai (P. 23) (6) Kaifeng (P. 32)

April 1, 1985 News in Brief The National People's Congress Standing Com• mittee recently appointed State Councillor Chen Mu- hua to replace Lu Peijian as president of the People's Bank of China. Lu will re• place Yu Mingtao as auditor- general of the ministerial- level Auditing Administra• Lu Peijian Chen Muhua Zheng Tuobin tion Vice-Minister Zheng Tuobin was promoted to said. Restaurants and other service agreed with the draft law, which Chen's post as minister of outlets are forbidden to raise highlights legal inheritance rights Foreign Economic Relations prices at will. for citizens, both men and women, and Trade. and pays attention to support for A nationwide survey of prices the aged. But Zhang had, among Chen, 64, was born in is now under way to determine others, the following revisions and Qingtian County. Zhcjiang where illegal price hikes have suggestions: Province. A Chinese Com• taken place. munist Parly member since • Legal Amount of Property In• 1938, she is currently an al• NPC to Consider herited. Revisions included: (1) ternate Political Bureau In dividing the legacy, those who member. Inheritance Law could but failed to help support the deceased "should be given le.ss or none." (2) Concern will be China's higher education The 10th Session of the Sixth shown to those heirs who "have institutions will enroll 1.16 National People's Congress (NPC) special difficulty in life and lack million students this year. Of Standing Committee last month labour power." the total, 563,000, 18.5 per• approved in principle a revised • Third Party Heirs. The draft cent more than last year, will inheritance law (draft) which in• law stipulated that nephews and attend regular universities cludes negotiable securities as part nieces are third party heirs, but the and colleges and 600,000, a of the estate. The law was then, legal committee suggested that such 26.6 percent increase from forwarded to the full NPC for wording be deleted since some last year, will study through examination. nieces and nephews may have con• correspondence, i television The clause about negotiable se• tributed to the scpport of the de• and evening schools. curities, which refers to assets ceased. such as stocks and bonds, was In discussions, the delegates added to the draft law at the sug^ unanimously agreed that no special The year-old China Wel• gestion of the NPC's legal com• treatment should be offered those fare Tund for the Handi• mittee. Some NPC Standing Com• who have squandered away their capped has collected more mittee members argued that ne• money or those who are able to than 30 million yuan through gotiable securities should be con-i work but don't want to work. They donations from China and sidered part of an inheritable estate also supported the concept that abroad and by sponsoring because more and more people blood lineage should be the guide fund-rai.sing art exhibitions. today are buying stocks and state- in distributing an estate, but they Of the sum, about one-third issued borids. argued it should not be the only ha.s been used to improve the The week-long 10th Session end• consideration. living conditions of more ed IMarch 21. Committee members than 20 million handicapped Support for the deceased should heard and discussed a report on individuals. Part of the re• be an important factor in deter• the revision of the inheritance law maining money will be used mining who inherits the property, by Zhang Youyu, deputy director to build a rehabilitation re• some said. As the government is of the NPC legal committee. search centre, the first of its encouraging couples to have only kind in China. In his report, Zhang said his one child, such a support clause legal committee, for the most part, wiir be of extreme importance in

8 Beijing Review, No. 13 the future. There should be a clause that eliminates the inher• itance rights of children who do not support the old, said one com• mittee member.

With only one child per family, in the future the elderly may de• pend on their son-in-law or daugh• ter-in-law for support. The com• mittee members held that support• ing in-laws should enjoy the same inheritance rights as the children of the deceased. Nephews and nieces who provide support should also be able to inherit the estate, they determined.

At present there are still many people who don't respect the elderly and even go so far as to mistreat or discard them. And women are often looked down upon. The expected adoption of the Ping-Pong Hero On Stamp revised law should therefore boost Cai Zhenhua, two-time world table tennis championship silver med- social morals, enhance family ollist, stands before a poster in Stockholm that depicts a new'y issued^ stability and promote family plan• stomp bearing his likeness. The stamp was one of two issued by the ning. Swedish General Post Office to commemorate the 38th World Champion- ] ships, which are being held in Goteborg, Sweden, March 28 to April 7. The revisions suggested by the NPC legal committee were all ap• arable land and in areas that are This backlash has been partly proved by the full Standing Com• readily accessible by transporta• responsible for the decline of mittee. In turn, the draft law was tion and could be put to better cremation in the areas where submitted to the Third Session of use. cremation has.been available for the Sixth NPC, which was con• a few years. In those areas 37.1 In areas where conditions are vened March 27. percent of the dead were cremated unfavourable for cremation, deep in 1978, but the percentage fell to burial should be encouraged and 29.94 in 1983, said Chen. But local governments may set up this year the rate is expected to Funeral Customs public cemeteries on desolate land rise and even break the 1978 or barren hills, the regulations record. Experience Change say. The death rate in China has "The encouragement of crema• The Chinese government recent• been about 6 per 1,000 during the tion has been the basic policy of ly re-emphasized the significance past decade. Some 85 percent of the state," said Chen Zaisheng, and necessity of popularizing the cities and 40 percent of the an official of the Beijing Funeral cremation while gradually reform• counties have crematories, which Management Bureau. "It is not a ing traditional burial customs in handle about 1 million cremations product of the 'cultural revolu• the countryside. a year. In the countryside, burial tion' (1966-76), as some people remains far more prevalent than In a document titled the JPro- said, even though cremation was cremation, and more than 4 mil• visional Regulations on the Re• strongly encouraged and burial lion people are buried annually. form of Funeral Administration was considered feudalistic during which was issued in February, the that period." Some people who However, scientists, economists, State Council called for a step-by- attributed the push for cremation leaders and many people expect step adoption of cremation as the to "cultural revolution" policies traditional burial to eventually standard funeral practice in the have gone overboard in advocat• give way to cremation due to the country's densely populated areas. ing burial and even the return of obvious drawbacks of under• Cremation is also ordered for old funeral superstitions, Chen ground burial. If 1 million dead areas where there is a shortage of said. are buried, their graves occupy

April 1, 1985 9 667 hectares of arable land, and stumps which have been sawn off the coffins use 300,000 cubic at the same level. Tree burial and metres of wood. In addition, water burial are still used by some Around the ekAe buried remains pose a potential minorities, but they are increasing• threat to water sources. ly rare, said Yi. Zhao C«Us on Iran, Iraq to Stop Bombing Civilians The Han people have used Some Old Customs Remain burial as the main way to dispose Chinese Premier Zhao Zi- of the dead since the Shang yang has called on Iran and Although cremation is encourag• Dynasty {17th-11th century BC). Iraq to stop bombing civi• ed in most areas, other kinds of Some customs have remained, but lian targets, ai specified in funerals and the customs attached they have been simplified over an agreement concluded bfr- to them will remain for historical, time. Still, today, the family often tween the warring nations in cultural and economic reasons, places an object that was favoured |une 19S4. "We sincerely said Yi Jiannian, an official of by the deceased into the coffin. hope that Iran and Iraq will the Ministry of Civil Administra• The object might be a piece of bring their fuur-and-haif- tion. clothing, food, a book, a piece of year-old war to an early end jewelry or an ornament. through peiiceful negotia• "Besides cremation and burial, tions." Zhiiii !,aid MarJi 21 there have been celestial burial, Both in burial and cremation, when mLCihijJ with visitini; water burial, wind burial and tree Shouyi ("longevity clothes") are ,Iranian Vicc-f-nrcipn Minis• burial," said Yi. quite common. Shouyi robes and ter Moji.iba .Mirmchdi. jackets are usually made of silks Celestial burial, also called and satins. In some places the "bird burial" in some ancient deceased is dressed in such cloth• Foreign Ministry Condemns books, is popular in Tibet. The ing with shoes and a hat embroi• South .African Killings deceased is carried by his or her dered with the lotus flower. "In relatives and friends to a "celestial China the lotus is considered a The Chinese Foreign Min• burial platform," a large rock high symbol of purity and cleanliness," istry March 22 strongly con• in the mountains. There the body said Yi. demned the South African is cut into pieces and the bones are authorities following the broken into powder by a celestial Yi acknowledged that some• dLdih i>f 16 L)Iabk& who had master. The master blends the times it is difficult to distinguish joined a pcakcfui dcmnnilr.t- pieces of meat and bone powder superstition from custom. "So, the lion in Port Mi/abcih. The with zanba, a roasted qingke best way is to develop a new kind March 2! protect was in barley flour, and then spreads the of rite that is simple, healthy and commemoration of the 25th remains on the platform. Vultures economical," he said. Not long anniversary of the Shar- soon eat the remains. ago, he said, some people in poville massacre. "This is The Tibetan belief is that the Xianghe County, Hebei Province, another crime committed by spirit ascends to heaven only suggested that people attending the South African authorities after the body is consumed by the funeral wear a simple black against the South African birds. In the past, said Yi, celes• silk armband instead of elaborate people," said the i-oreign tial burial was specially reserved white mourning robes. They also Ministry spokesman. for the common people, and suggested that the deceased be cremation was the favoured remembered at a memorial meet• method of the nobles. Cremation ing instead of by burning joss Beijing Vows foint has gained popularity since the incense sticks, a practice still ProgKss With Guinea first crematory was established in common in the countryside. "I Lhasa not long ago. think this is a good idea," Yi Chinese Foreign Minister said. Wu Xucqian told visiting Wind burial, in which the Cuincan Foreign Minister deceased is put into a hole or Yi said minority nationalities Facine Toure March 22 that cave in the mountains, is still used will be allowed to continue choos• China is willing to further by people of the Yi nationality in ing their own funeral practices. its co-operation with Guinea Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou But burials will only be allowed in various fields to achieve provinces. Tree burial, an unusual in designated areas, while crema• common prosperit> and pro- ; funeral practice, means the coffin tions are not to be interfered with gress. is placed atop four high tree by anyone.

70 Beijing Review, No. 13 INTERNATIONAL

Iran-Iraq told a March 16 press conference in Ankara, Turkey, that Iran would cease its attacks on civilian targets Gulf War Reaches New Heights if Iraq does likewise. But he said Iran will reject any "mediation" until its conditions for ending the The escalation of the war between Iran and Iraq has war are met. caused fear and anxiety in the Gulf region. Appeals have been made to the warring countries to stop the bloodshed. Those conditions for ending the war include: Identifying Iraq as the aggressor, war reparations, repat• the Huwizah marshes straddling riation of hundreds of thousands by SHUAI PENG the Iran-Iraq border. of Iranians who were expelled HE 54-month-old Iran-Iraq war from Iraq at the beginning of the The United Nations Security has escalated to a new level war. and withdrawal of Iraqi T Council on March 15 issued a state• as the two states have intensified forces. ment calling on Iraq and Iran to attacks on cities and waged savage avoid civilian targets and stop battles in the strategically impor• Although the two warring coun• hostilities. The Islamic Conference, tant marshlands of southern Iraq. tries momentarily stopped raiding members of the non-aligned move• each other's cities on March 24, ment, the Arab League and the Iraq's March 4 air raids on they resumed bombing attacks foreign ministers' conference of the Iran's Ahwaz steel plant and and the situation has deteriorated Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) Bushehr nuclear-power plant trig• even further. Many people be• have all expressed concern over the gered a series of Iranian retal• lieve that reither Iran nor Iraq escalating war and called for an im• iatory air strikes against civilian can score a clear victory in the mediate end to the conflict. The targets. war, which is threatening peace Chinese government also appealed and stability throughout the entire Iraq announced that its planes to Iran and Iraq to observe last region. But the continuation of and armed helicopters flew 670 lune's agreement to forgo attacking the "meaningless" war, as the sorties in a single day, the greatest non-military targets. China asked press of the United Arab Emirates number since the outbreak of the the two nations to stop the escala• calls it, is just what the superpow• war in 1980. The aircraft raided tion. dozens of Iranian cities, including ers want. Such a war will weaken the capital of Tehran. However, Iran insisted on its the warring parties and pave the conditions. Iranian Deputy Foreign way for intervention in the vitally In the recent showdown, Iran's Minister Javad Mansuri reportedly important oil region. jet fighters raided Baghdad and launched four ground-to-ground missiles against the Iraqi capital. United States Iran's artillery also pounded Basra, the second largest city in Iraq, and oil installations in Kirkuk. Iranian Facing Middle East Choices troops then embarked upon a ground offensive aimed at cutting With its crucial role as an Arab-Israeli mediator, the off the strategic highway linking United States can either benefit or hamper the Middle Basra and Baghdad. East peace process. It all depends on whether it will It was widely believed that Iraq alter its past policies. launched the air raids in an at• tempt to use its air superiority to by ZHANG LIANG President Hosni Mubarak and force Iran to accept peace and to Jordan's Minister of Foreign Af• demoralize the war-weary Iranian fairs Taher al Masri, the Untied people. Iran, taking advantage of OLLOWING a series of States announced it is willing to its superior troop strength, staged F Washington visits by Saudi examine the possibility of re• the March 11 ground offensive in Arabian King Fahd, Egyptian suming Middle East peace talks.

April 1. 1985 The recent visits by the Arab anti-Arab policy, which is sup• In an attempt to show at least leaders were designed to encour• ported by Washington. On March some interest in the Middle East age the United States to play an 12 the United States vetoed a UN peace process, Shultz declared active role in the Middle East Security Council resolution which March 16 that the United States peace process now that Jordan severely condemned Israel for will send envoy Richard Murphy, and the Palestine Liberation Or• massacring people in southern assistant secretary for the Middle ganization (PLO) have agreed to Lebanon. The United States also East affairs, to Israel, Egypt, send a joint negotiating team to continues to provide Israel with Jordan and Saudi Arabia to dis• a peace conference. Egypt's Mu- financial and military aid, which, cuss renewing the Middle East bai-ak has proposed talks between US spokesmen readily admit, is to peace process. The secretary of Israel and the Jordan-Palestinian guarantee that Israel will have state also said the United States team, and he has asked the United the advantage over its Arab will make every effort to keep up States to preside over those nego• neighbours. Meanwhilb, the the momentum for a Middle tiations. United States has decided to tem• East peace. But it is generally be• porarily cease arms sales to the lieved that the United States can• President Ronald Reagan's Arab countries under the pretext not play a key role in the Middle administration said it was looking that it needs to examine the rela• East peace process unless it gives into the possibility of involving tionship between arms sales and up its policy of unconditional sup• a joint Jordan-Palestinian nego• peace and stability in the region. port for Israel and urges the re• tiating team in the Middle East Arab observers contend the turn of Arab territory occupied peace process, but it insisted that United States will lose its credibil• since 1967 by Israel. Otherwise, the Palestinian delegates not be ity in the Middle East if it con• the United States will be more of members of the PLO. The Reagan tinues to stick to its unfair posir an obstacle than a help to administration rejects PLO par• tion. finding peace in the Middle East. ticipation in such talks without the PLO's recognition of Israel's right to exist and its acceptance of United Nations Security Coun• cil resolutions 242 and 338. The United States also insists on Stockholm direct talks between Israel and the Arab countries, making it No Progress In Marathon Meeting clear that US negotiators will not attend talks without Israel Plagued by the sharp differences that divide the East and being present. US Secretary of West, the European Disarmament Conference sees no State George Shultz said in a message to Israeli Prime Minister clear chances for success. Shimon Peres that the United States will not change its position proposals. Among the proposals by LIU XUMIN on that matter. are provisions about reciprocal notification and observation of The Reagan administration has HE fifth session of the military exercises; an exchange of taken a wait-and-see attitude on TStockholm European Disarma• observers; on-site inspections; and the Middle East peace initiative. ment Conference (EDC) ended the establishment of a hot line be• One reason, foreign observers be• March 22, but after more than a tween the countries that might lieve, is that the rejection and year of discussions, the conference prevent disasters caused by lack of disaster the. United States met in that was supposed to ease tensions clear communications. Lebanon is still fresh in the US in Europe has made no substantial It is reported that the NATO memory. Washington also thinks progress. proposals were worked out over Middle East conditions are not The United States and its North five years in an effort to lend more proper for such talks because of Atlantic Treaty Organization practical substance to the 1975 the conflicts between Arab coun• (NATO) allies have over the past Helsinki agreement. NATO's rep• tries and the differences within the year brought up six working do• resentatives have suggested that Israeli government. cuments elaborating the six pro• countries notify one another of any The Middle East remains tur• posals that were submitted to EDC major military exercises in the area bulent and the Palestinian issue when it opened in January 1984. ranging from the Atlantic, Ocean remains unsettled because Israeli On March 8 they presented a in the west to the Ural Mountains authorities continue to follow an comprehensive package of the six in the east. And while the Hel-

12 Beijing Review, No. 15 sinki agreement called for such predicted that an agreeftient taking tween East and West, which have notification on exercises involving in both sets of proposals is likely kept the meeting nearly deadlocked 25,000 or more soldiers, the new by the end of the conference. for months, make it hard to predict NATO proposals call for advance whether any such agreement will notification of manoeuvres involv• But the sharp differences^ be- be hammered out. ing just 6,000 troops. The Soviets have reacted strong• ly against such notification BoHvia changes. Soviet negotiators have Upheaval Haunts Coming Election criticized NATO for trying to flush out Soviet military secrets in Europe while letting the United Less four months are left before general election, but an States go scot-free. economic crisis may slow the process of democracy. While the NATO proposals down inflation and had hoped for have been detailed plans on how by GUAN YANZHONG an agreement between feuding to monitor military manoeuvres, "pRESSED by the opposition trade union and business leaders. the Soviet Union and its Warsaw -•- parties, Bolivian President He has been disappointed on both Treaty Organization (WTO) allies Hernan Siles Zuazo moved up the counts. have produced their own proposals general elections to this July, in^ of a broader nature. Repeatedly The economic deterioration stead of waiting until 1986 as they have called for an exchange merely intensifies Bolivia's social planned. of pledges to refrain from using conflicts. Bolivian workers have force. US and NATO delegates The purpose in doing so was to repeatedly walked off the job, oc• have argued that such pledges are make a concession in order to bring cupied factories and blocked vague and are already included in about a political ceasefire, needed streets. the United Nations Charter and the to overcome current economic dif• The strong Bolivian national Helsinki agreement. They argue ficulties and to ease the social un• trade union declared on March 7 that practical agreements can go rest at home. that it would call a general strike much further towards ensuring the The Bolivian economy is sliding to push for higher wages and disarmament in Europe. downwards. The 1984 gross do• government control of consumer The Soviet Union and the War• mestic product (GDP) decreased goods prices. On March 8, the saw Pact nations have not made 4 percent and per-capita output first day of the three-day strike. an official response to the NATO value drew back to what it was General Simon Sejas, the armed proposals. But the Soviet represen• 15 years ago. The fiscal deficit forces chief of staff, put his troops tative has complained that the accounted for 28 percent of GDP, on alert. Government offices, Western representatives are drag• and the foreign debt reached banks and factories closed and city ging their heels despite US Presi• US$4 billion by the end of bus service was disrupted as a re• dent Ronald Reagan's assertion 1984. The government has ad• sult of the strike. mitted to 13 percent unemploy• that the United States is ready to Differences within the Popular ment and four-digit inflation, the discuss the Soviet non-aggression Democratic Union, which is in highest in the Vorld. Because pledge. power, and other parties also prices are skyrocketing and the real weaken the government's ability to Several uncommitted and non- value of wages is dropping, the cope with the crisis. The chaos has aligned nations have tried to lowest monthly pay of a worker is prompted the military to consider negotiate a plan that would encom• now equivalent to US|8. The retaking control. In just one week pass both the practical military government issued 3,100 billion in January the authorities smashed matters proposed by NATO and pesos in paper currency in 1984, two coup plots. the pledges pushed by the WTO. three times as much as in 1983. Some negotiators have argued that Former army general Jose Olvia the two sets of proposals are com• While the Bolivian media have Arias, who was relieved by Siles plementary and could be welded acknowledged the present unrea• last December, accused the govern• together. They contended that the sonable domestic economic struc• ment of moving against the Soviet-backed non-aggression pact ture and slumping international army and the democratic parties. would mean little if not backed market, they still blame part of the He called on the army to save Bo• up by the technical measures sug• crisis on the government's eco• livia from the abyss of anarchy. gested by NATO. Despite the lack nomic policies. Siles has tried to of progress, a Swedish delegate use currency controls to bring A foreign journalist reported

April 1, 1985 13 that many Bolivians feel disap• this as a government attempt to Peronist Party was now a party pointed and confused. They believe postpone the election, but Siles has with two confronting central com• the election is unimportant and reiterated his hope for an election mittees. unrealistic. They said the most in July. Both sides insisted that theirs practical thing for them is to find The turbulent situation obvious• was the true Peronist Party and several thousand pesos to buy a ly does the country and its people condemned the other as illegal. loaf of bread. no good. The leader of the Bolivian Both factions named Peron's Some political parties have Entrepreneurs' Union said he widow, Maria Peron, as party already registered for the general hoped all political parties could chairwoman in the hope of election and nominated their can• join together to solve the country's winning her endorsement. But didates. But the official in charge political problems, thus ensuring a Peron, hoping to safeguard the of the electoral court has said that general election. He was reflecting unity of the party, declined to take the election may be put off if the the wishes of a great many Bolivian sides in the struggle. Seeing that US$5 million budgeted for expenses people. They want to see the dem• the split was unavoidable, Peron is not allocated to the court in ocratic process in BoUvia con• suddenly resigned in late February. time. Opposition parties condemn tinue to develop. Without a Peron as head of the party, the Peronists lost their symbol of unity. There was no longer an arbitrator to seek a Argentina settlement. Because the reformists hold the Peronist Party Breaks Up Peronist majority in parliament, in provincial governments and at lower governmental levels, their After 40 years as the dominant political force in Argen* leadership committee was named tina, the Peronist Party has disintegrated. by the state court as the true leadership of the Peronist Party signs of a split last December late last month. As a result, the by HU TAIRAN when a party congress was con• call for a united convention by vened. Mainstream members of the old mainstream faction was a HEN reformist segments of meaningless gesture. W the Peronist Party (official• the newly organized party central ly the Partido Justicialista) decid• committee battled with reformist Formed by former President ed to boycott a united convention governors, parliament members Peron in 1945, the Peronist called ^by the party's mainstream and trade union officials over Party held power three different elements on March 9, the 40-year- party leadership issues. While times. The party pursued some old Argentine political force suf• mainstream Peronists tried to measures that improved the fered a complete dissolution. maintain the status quo and sup• national economy and the well- port current party leadership, the being of the working people. But The breakup of the party reformists demanded democratic due to policy mistakes and dif• founded by former Argentine Pres• reforms throughout the party ferences within the party, the ident Juan Domingo Peron has organization and the adoption of Peronists failed to keep control. great significance for the nation. a new party programme. Both Peronist governments were twice For the ' ruling Union Civica factions were intransigent and the overthrown by military coups. Radical (Radical Party) and Pres• meeting ended with a walkout by With the breakup of the ident Raul Alfonsin, the Peronist the reformists. Peronist Party, its majority in the breakup means an opportunity to In order to avoid thorough parliament has also been divided. take advantage of a weakened fission, the Peronist leadership The already divided party trade opponent. Alfonsin's Radical again appealed to the reformists to unions and youth groups will Party stands to strengthen its posi• continue the party congress on suffer further reshuffling. Now tion in parliamentary elections February 1 at Buenos Aires. But both sides are making efforts to scheduled at th6 end of this year. the reformists refused to meet. On attract middle-of-the-road sup• The dissolution also complicates a February 2 the reformists held porters fti order to raise a ne-,v political puzzle already filled with their own party convention and Peronist banner. They will first many parties, making the political selected their own leading com• compare their successes in the situation even more mercurial. mittee of 25 persons and a national election fight this November for The Peronist Party showed committee of 56 members. The parliament members.

14 Beijing Review, No. 13 Open Policy Essential to Socialism

Recently, the Chinese press has discussed the reasons for and the every country. To the great significance of the open policy. This and the one that follows are two chagrin of Reactionists, it has representative articles. — Ed. drawn from under the feet of in• dustry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established revolutionary, but actually it's national industries have been b7 LI HONGLIN very backward. It smacks of destroyed or are daily being parochial nationalism and has a destroyed. They are dislodged by S it an expedient or a basic, tint of feudalism. The feudal new industries, whose introduction I long-term policy for China to society, which was based on a becomes a life-and-death question open its doors? natural economy, was a secluded for all civilized nations, by in• Recently, Deng Xiaoping gave a and stagnant society. This feature dustries that no longer work up clear answer to the question: To of feudalism' resulted in narrow- indigenous raw material, but raw open to the world is a fundamental mindedness and an anti-foreign material drawn from the remotest policy for China. If there is to be mentality. It was beneficial only zones, industries whose products any change in the policy, it will to maintaining the feudalist order. are consumed, not only at home, be that China's doors will be Why did feudalists always fear but in every quarter of the globe. opened even wider. Otherwise, commodity production Hke a fierce In place of the old wants, satisfied the Chinese people will not agree. flood or a wild beast? It is pre• by the productions of the country, He also said that this policy will cisely because the development of we find new wants, requiring for not change during the century or commodity production inevitably their satisfaction the products of during the first half of the next leads to the disintegration of the distant lands and climes. In place century. It would even be difficult feudal economy. It not only pro• of the old local and national seclu• to change 50 years after that. motes the formation of a nation• sion and self-sufficiency, we have With the development of economic wide market by breaking the bar• intercourse in every direction, relations and trade between China riers between different regions, it universal • interdependence of na• and other countries, the policy will also promotes the formation of a tions. And as in material, so also remain unchanged, even if some world market by breaking the bar• in intellectual production." people might want to see it riers between countries. Breaking changed. such barriers encourages the de• To maintain the development of velopment of the forces of pro• national industry and commerce Precisely because it remains a duction. Therefore, the devel• amidst the fierce international must for China to bring about its opment of commodity production competition, almost every country modernization, the Chinese Com• and the expansion of international in the world has, within a certain munist Party has introduced the economic exchanges represent pro• area, adopted protective measures open policy as one of its funda• gress. of one kind or another. This is mental policies. necessary. It is nevertheless a Economic life, as well as the "passive defence." In order to total social life, must go through speed up its economic develop• Socialist Society Should ment, a country, while ensuring its Be Open a process from being closed to being open and from being na• sovereignty and independence, must open its doors to the outside Socialist society is open as it tional to being worldwide. This is world and increase its strength in should. a trend created by the capitalist mode of production. Marx and ever-growing economic exchanges Some people hold that a socialist Engels said in their Manifesto of with other countries. Certain pro• society should not be open to the the Communist Party: "The tective measures can only serve as outside weld. According to them, bourgeoisie has through its ex• necessary supplementary means. If socialism rsiight be tainted by the ploitation of the world market protectionism is practised and is outside world and could lose its given a cosmopolitan character to taken as the main method of purity. This view may seem very production and consumption in developing the national economy, a

April I, 1985 15 country will no doubt isolate itself Third Plenary Session of the 11th situation we are facing today. from the economic life of the Party Central Committee in De• According to the conditions at that world. Although protectionism can cember 1978. The closed doors time, they envisaged that a socialist play a role in protecting national were a result of special historical system would be simultaneously industry and commerce for a conditions. At that time, it was established in the industrially certain period of time, over the the two superpowers, not China developed countries in Europe and long term, it is unwise. While itself, that locked China's doors. America. These countries had for escaping from the pressure of com• This situation forced us to quietly a long time been the dominant petition, the economy also loses immerse ourselves in hard work. forces in the world market. So nourishment and stimulation from Indeed,, we achieved progress in a they did not have the problem of outside. Therefore, the loss out• number of fields which we can be "opening to the world." weighs the gain. If a country car• proud of. Nevertheless, being ries out the open policy, its blockaded is an unfavourable con• After the victory of the October national industry and commerce dition. At any rate, we spent Revolution, Lenin once considered will have to face international more time and energy achieving expanding the Soviet Union's competition and \>^ill be pressed. the progress than we would have economic co-operation through Sometimes the pressure may be by normal international exchanges. concessions and other means. unbearable. However, in the long In fact, we also carried out However, he died before any run, the gain will be bigger than economic exchanges with other actions could be taken. Later, the loss, because the open policy countries at that time through Stalin focused on solving the is in line with the objective trend channels that remained open. This question of how to build socialism of economic development. reduced to some extent the damage in one country encircled by capi• caused by the blockade. talism. Although he made efforts "Will this trend change with the to speed up construction by im• appearance of socialism?" Under the "leftist" guidelines, porting things from abroad, he however, this special historical never discussed the question of No. On the contrary, it will coiidition was looked upon as a opening to the world, either in expand and progress faster, because universal truth. It seemed that theory or in policy. it represents the need for the de• being locked in by others was not velopment of the forces of pro• enough. We had to also lock Our Party summed up the duction. If it can be said that ourselves inside. All ideas or historical experience and desig• steam engines, trains and ships actions concerning opening the nated opening to the world as a broke the boundaries between country to the world were slan• principle of socialist construction countries and linked the world as a dered as "national betrayal" or after the Third Plenary Session of whole, then it is impossible for "philosophy of servility to every• the 11th Party Central Committee. supersonic planes, satellites and thing foreign." Time will enable more people to computers to put the world back realize the correctness of this policy into a state of seclusion. In the In terms of guiding ideology, decision. final analysis, the superiority of the mistakes have been corrected. socialism over capitalism is re• However, due to the influence flected in the fact that socialism Self-Reliance and the of remaining feudalist and ultra- can provide a wider leeway for the Open Policy left ideas, some people still have development of the forces of pro• some worries. In practical work, "Does China proceed its social• duction and can create higher they dare not do what they know ist construction by self-reliance?" labour productivity than capital• is right, consciously or inadver• ism. As seclusion means a retreat tently. Why have economic ex• Yes. It is especially so in a big to the period prior to capitalism, changes with other countries been country like China with a popula• how can it continue to exist? delayed for so long? Why is work tion of 1 billion. We can set up a efficiency so low? And why is a comprehensive national economy decision so difficult to make? Of by relying on our own manpower An important Marxist course, there is the problem of and resources. However, self- Policy Decision structure and the problem of work reliance never means closing the style. In addition, there is also the country to international inter• For quite a long time after the problem of ideology, which needs course. So long as we have a founding of the People's Republic, to be dealt with in theory. proper understanding of the re• we closed our doors for con• lationship between self-reliance struction. The situation did not Marx and Engels, who lived in and intercourse, they will not repel change fundamentally until the the 19th century, did not face the each other. On the contrary, they

16 Beijing Review, No. 15 will complement each other. Dur• the 1960s and 1950s that we still civilization. Without them, the ing the implementation of the open use today. If we take the tech• modern socialist mansion cannot policy, we will be able to draw on nology of the 1970s as a starting be constructed. the strong points of others and point and march towards the most "But, along with the import of avoid their errors and short• advanced level of the 1980s, we advanced science and technology, comings. This will enable us to will no doubt be there sooner. In there must be decadent ideology better implement the policy of self- fact, science and technology are and culture coming in. They will reliance. not restricted by boundaries pollute the atmosphere," some between countries. So long as Some people like to link the others would say. they are more or less equal in open policy with colonialism. In theory and applied technology, dif• Capitalism is a complicated doing so, they not only confuse the ferent countries can without ex• world. When our door is opened, differences between the eras, but ception acquire the same sophis• some dirty things are bound to also show their lack of self- ticated technology at about the come in. confidence. Colonies did not have same time. In this competition, an any sovereignty. Even if they had What shall we do? There might important factor deciding who some sovereignty, it was incom• be two methods. One is to close will be the first is who gets more plete. Old China was indeed like the door again. However, this information from the world. There this. But New China is an in• solution would result in locking is no bigger fool than the country dependent country with full sov• ourselves up again. Moreover, it that refuses all outside knowledge ereignty and its exchanges with would not guarantee the purity of and technology and does all things other countries are based on our culture, because there have by itself behind closed doors. equality and mutual benefit. The already been some dirty things in exchanges, including the setting up our room and the dirty things of special economic zones, do not outside might still come in through damage our sovereignty in the Fear of Capitalism Not the cracks. least. So there is nothing in Necessary The other method can be called common between the open policy With regard to capitalist society, "filtration." It is just like installing and colonialism. we must analyse it. There is no air filters on the doors and It is normal that foreigners will need to be afraid of it, nor is there windows to remove harmful gas achieve some benefit from our a need to worship it. It is neither and dust. Of course, this is only open policy. What are the disad• good nor bad in all respects. an analogy. The ideology and vantages when both sides are Capitalism will inevitably die out. culture in society are much more benefited? Is it really good to let But what will be extinguished will complicated than air in the natural others suffer losses? Of course, only be the capitalist outer casing world. As it is very difficult to we cannot ask others to give sup• — the capitalist mode of pro• acquire 100 percent purity in air port and donations gratis. The duction. With regard to the highly filtration, it would be much more normal condition can only be developed production, it is pre• difficult to "filter" ideology. It is mutual benefit. cisely the thing needed by so• necessary to strengthen the work cialist society. of the customs houses while "Foreigners will not transfer to opening the country to the world, us their most advanced technology. In fact, many things in capitalist" because in this way many pollu• So we have to trail after them," society are useful to socialist con• tants can be prevented from some people would argue. struction. While opening China to entering the country. However, the world, we will refuse only some dirty things are bound to slip Of course, other countries, those decadent and reactionary through. Moreover, with modern will not transfer to us their most things. As for the other things con• technology, ideological dissemina• advanced technology under normal ducive to the-development of the tion will not necessarily come conditions. Even if they were forces of production, be they through customs. willing to transfer such technology, science and technology or manage• we would still lag behind others rial know-how, we will actively Even the cleanest person's face if we did not work hard. Never• import them, and assimilate and will have some dirt because he does theless, we will not depend on use them ourselves. Although not live in a vacuum. There is others entirely. To irnport technol• these things originated in capitalist nothing to be afraid of when the ogy is to quickly narrow the gap. society, they are not unique to face gets dirty. The only thing to The technology of the 1970s, which capitalist society. Rather, they are do is to wash it more often. In we can import, is no doubt of a linked to the advanced forces of principle, this theory also applies higher level than the technology of production and are part of human to the cultural world.

April 1. 1985 17 We uphold Marxism. But it is Marxist, but merely an outdated in a socialist society. Marxism not necessary and inipossible for conclusion. itself is a crystallization of human us to uphold it by putting it in a ideas. Like a vast ocean, it accom• "bacteria-free room," because in Since the Third Plenary Session modates the smallest streams which this way we will render it power• of the 11th Party Central Com• carry truth. While opening the less and cause it to wither. mittee, one of the jobs we have country to the world, we should done in the theoretical field can be welcome all progressive ideology Uphold Marxism in called "purification," that is and culture no (natter where it Opening the Country eliminating things which are not comes from. Socialism is never The correct principle is to uphold Marxist. One of our other jobs has narrow nationalism. How can we Marxism in an open environment. been development, which means imagine that there is in the world This means that on the one hand replacing outdated conclusions a socialism that is separated from Marxism must draw nutrients from with new ones that tally with the progressive culture of man• reality, including other branches of reality. Opening the country to kind? Closing the country to inter• science, and on the other it should the world provides us an op• national intercourse and being battle with various kinds of anti- portunity to know the new situa• parochially arrogant have nothing Marxist ideology. Of course, the tion and new problems worldwide, in common with socialism. battle does not mean forcing people to receive more new information "Do we need to take precau• to do things by administrative and to keep in touch with new tions against antagonistic forces means. Rather, we must criticize viewpoints. It will certainly abroad?" and persuade them, relying on the prompt us to accelerate the pro• strength of truth. We should cess of purification and develop-, Of course, we do. That is part believe that the people have the ment. This is a more favourable of the process of "filtration" we ability to tell right from wrong, condition for upholding the mentioned above. We must be on and particularly we should believe scientific truth of Marxism. guard against all antagonistic in the strength of Marxism. Over • forces that seek to undermine the the past century and more, Not only is it impossible to socialist cause, no matter where Marxism has developed through uphold Marxism behind closed they come from, internally or struggle. If Marxism was not doors, it is also impossible to externally. This is an indispensable overwhelmed under the rule of the develop socialist culture and ethics condition • for the implementation exploiting classes, how can it be in a closed society. The cultural of the open policy. The more defeated in a socialist country life of socialist-minded people precautions we take, the better the when running up against just a should be richer and their field of open policy will be implemented. few different views? If something vision should be broader. All the However, the precautions we take is defeated along the way, we can outstanding cultural legacy of are for opening the country, not say for sure that it _ was not human history should be valued closing it. •

Why Is China Opening to the Outside?

liberation, due to both outside Following the Third Plenary by CHEN QiWEI events and domestic mistakes, Session of the 11th Party Central ADICAL and unprecedented China's foreign trade and economic Committee in 1978, the open R economic reform is sweep• relations with other countries have policy became an important ing China, and one important played only a minor role in the feature of the nation's economic part of this reform is the nation's nation's development. The small strategy. No longer would interna• open policy. Those puzzled as to amount of trade that has occurred tional exchajjges play the minor why China decided to open its has been focussed on the import of role as in the past. Instead, they doors to the world must realize domestic deficiencies and the ex• were to help power moderniza• just how crucial the renewed port of surpluses. But, on the tion and economic development. exchange is to economic develop• whole, China's doors were closed, The open policy has led the na• ment. and international exchanges were tional economy down a new road Over the past 35 years since on a tiny scale. of development.

18 Beijing Review. No. 15 China has dismantled the rules role in the development of the na• When China..began implementing and regulations that once pro• tional economy. the open poUcy, the international hibited Chinese firms from using With the help of the open economic situation was uneasy; foreign capital. No longer are they policy, China's national econ• The second oil price hike upset forbidden to take loans from omy is gradually forming an the world market, which was capitalist countries or attract open, cyclic system based on self- followed by the economic crisis direct foreign investment. With that had lasted for three years. reliance. With such a system, the Prices and monetary exchange the help of the foreign funds national economic plan and the rate were experiencing dramatic that have since been imported, whole process of production and changes, economic friction appear• China has saved precious time consumption will develop on a ed from time to time, and trade and money in its modernization broader scale over a longer period protectionism was expanding. Al• drive. By analysing and learning of time, with the whole world as though the world economy is now the advanced technology, manage• their background. And the stress gradually recovering from the ment methods and market skills on self-reliance will guarantee the economic crisis, potentially dis• of the rest of the world, China general direction of our foreign astrous problems — high interest has been able to move ahead economic activities, making them rates, budget deficits, severe debt quickly. The government has es• woes and trade barriers, for in• tablished novel special economic stance — are still widespread. zones through which to import What's more, these factors are not advanced technology, up-to-date Wo longer would short-term. They will continue to information and management international exchanges endanger the development of the skills. These zones also serve as a play the minor role of the world economy for a long time in laboratory for trying out new the future. ideas and policies before applying past. Instead, they were them to the entire economy. to help power In such troubled times,, when Efficiency and profitability are modernization and other "open" countries are barely respected as a principle guiding economic development. managing to make ends meet, why all our economic activities with the The open policy has led is China determined to open to the rest of the world. Foreign trade the national economy outside world? has boomed, and both the quality and quantity of goods exchanged down a new road of The motives for opening up may have improved. And the nation has development. be found by studying the situation even begun to send construction at home and abroad. and labour crews abroad through The current international situa• labour service companies and in• tion is erratic and dangerous. But vest in other countries, an idea serve China's interests and its so• it would be a mistake to base a that would have been unimagin• cialist system. Under this system, decision on whether to adopt an able a few years ago. our foreign economic activities will open policy just on the superficies not only have great influence on of the current situation. One must Economically, technologically the health and speed of China's look deeper to find the basic and culturally, China's coastal national economy, but they will reasons for opening to the outside regions are the nation's strongest also assist socialist modernization. world. areas. The total industrial and This is why China must open to agricultural output value and na• the outside world. An analysis of the current world tional income produced there economy reveals the following: amount to half of the country's External Reasons Most of the factors that con• total. The coastal areas are also tributed to the world economic the leaders in foreign trade and While it is easy to understand boom in the 50s and 60s are now economic benefits. In addition, that one country's economic prob• disappearing. These factors are: scientific research forces there lems cannot be divorced com• Cheap energy resources, cheap are strong and the quality of pletely from the international raw materials and cheap labour; labour is high. In May 1984, economic situation and why a the enormous market made up by the Party Central Committee socialist country's economy cannot post-World War II Western decided to open 14 coastal cities be closed to the world, it is not as Europe and Japan, the newly to foreign investment and co-opera• easy to understand why the open developing nations in Asia, Afri• tion. With that move, the open policy should play such an im• ca and Latin America, and the policy began to play the leading portant role in China's economy. Middle East oil-rich countries;

April /, 1985 19 massive production which can have increasingly become inter• aims to create an international bring in high profits; the govern• nationalized. environment favourable to the world economy insofar as it ments' control over their economic In the financial field, the in• can satisfy the interests of destiny; and a relatively stable in• ternational reserve system and the a few developed countries. While ternational economic situation currency exchange system have its achievements in the 1950s characterized by stable exchange rapidly become multilevel since were satisfying, it is impotent rates, low tariffs and trade freedom. 1970. The main Western curren• in the 1980s. GATT, for example, cies have come to be used as in• has exposed at least two fiatal At the same time, a series of ternational money. Capital markets flaws: It fails to halt the tendency new economic factors are chang• have developed at an unprecedent• towards protectionism in various ing the world economy: ed speed. At the same time, forms, and it cannot extend its in• financial institutions have been fluence to non-member states, The industrial structure is ex• equipped with high-tech equipment many of whom have already taken periencing radical changes as the so that capital can be diverted and important roles in international technological revolution makes old information can be transmitted all trade. As for the IMF, it has at industries desolate. Traditional in• over the world within minutes. least three fateful flaws: It can dustries and products are bein^ The direct result has been more neither control the erratic fluctua• reformed by highly advanced competition in international finan• tion of exchange rates nor eliminate techniques while new industries cial world. Any changes in one the danger of inflation arising from and products move ahead on the country's financial situation, re• the multiplying international re• basis of their technological su• flected in interest rates and ex• serves, and it is functionally limit• periority. Such adjustments lead change rates, has a quick impact ed in dealing with the international directly to changes in production on others, and financial informa• debt crisis. But the primary flaw tion has become more and more organization and management: It of the two international economic important in international eco• is possible for an enterprise to organizations is that they are un• nomic activities. diversify its production with• der the control of a few developed out reducing productivity and To sum up, production, markets countries and are unable to co• without raising costs. With this and finances have increasingly ordinate international economic change, the organization must become internationalized. The relations in a fair-minded manner. simplify its multilevel management, tendency is reflected in the rapid The crucial problems that face the decentralize its business power, growth of direct overseas in• world economy are trade protec• constantly seek new ideas and re• vestments by privately owned and tionism, huge financial deficits, main flexible to change. Such state-run companies and by gov• high interest rates, severe debt adjustments indirectly result in in• ernments. It is also reflected in the crises and an unreasonable and ternational competition to raise transnational trend of debt struc• unequal international economic or• productivity. So, an enterprise is ture of bank assets and liabilities, der. The current international forced to compete with rivals in in the proliferation of all kinds economic system is unable to markets both at home and abroad. of international economic co• tackle these problems. Such intense world-wide competi• operation and in the growing pro• 2. Government intervention in tion makes the enterprises' profits portion of trade in each country's economic affairs is growing. Since uncertain. gross national product. The es• sential characteristic of the cur• World War 11, Western countries have followed the Keynesian phi• With the peaceful international rent world economic structure is losophy of intervening in the econ• scene that has prevailed since this growing internationalization. omy, creating demands and avoid• World War II, the market for Another important characteristic ing crises by carrying out macro- common products and basic con• of the world economy is the trend cosmic financial policies and mone• sumer goods has become saturated. towards thwarting the needs of tary policies. Although these poli• At the same time, consumers have this internationalized economy. cies have yielded some progress, demanded goods of all quality 1. The current international eco• they have also brought about severe levels, and tastes have become nomic system, whose two key side effects. In addition, since in• more internationalized. These members are the International ternational economic problems are market developments have resulted Monetary Fund (IMF) and Gen• growing, each country is forced to in fierce international competition eral Agreement on Tariffs and intervene in an attempt to change and a shorter life cycle for most Trade (GATT), is not very help• the structure of the world economy products. The indirect result has ful in expediting the develop• in a way most favourable to its been that production and sales ment of the world economy. It domestic economy. The trend is

20 Beijing Review, No. J3 theoretically reflected 'n the de^ can improve the quality of produc• wo;'!d'^ Of rourtic, ;>

April 1. 1985 21 blockade .of China -by. the United must' adopt it to avoid being elimi• sires, bring about economic de• Staves arid the Sovre't Union that nated by the competition. Compe• velopment. caused the stagnation. That may tition brings out the social nature have been the cause in some areas, of modern production and con• Does China have the ability to but not in all. Take the bicycle, sumption; it equalizes the value reach at and enter international for example. Its technology is not of products of the same branch competition at a time when pro• advanced and China has the know- of production into one social ductivity is still low and manage• how, the resources and a tremen• value, and equalizes the rates of ment skills are in short supply? dous market for bicycle develop• profit prevailing in various Indeed, some are afraid that Chi• ment. Since that is the case, why branches of production into an na is not able to deal with the com• have China's bicycles been the average profit rate. Through these plex and ever-changing interna• same design for decades and why effects competition has become the tional competition, so they advo• have their cost and quality fallen most powerful force for promoting cate isolating the nation's economic so far behind the level of the de• the development of social produc• development from the world mar• veloped countries? One must look tion. As Marx wrote, "The divi• ket. at productivity to answer this ques• sion of labour within the society International competition is dif• tion. China was able to build a brings into contact independent ferent from open competition. The new nation on the ruins of old commodity-producers, who ac• biggest difference between interna• China, but why did we lag behind knowledge no other authority but tional competition and open compe• during the 1960s when the world that of competition, of coercion tition is that backward enterprises economy developed at a high exerted by the pressure of their go bankrupt and are cast aside in speed? Why did the gap widen mutual interests." open competition. International so dramatically? competition differs because there The economic relations of the are sovereign governments in the Though there were other mitigat• world market also help redistribute world economy. The governments ing factors, the primary causes wealth among the competitors. In will inevitably interfere in interna• were the lack of competition and competition, one may obtain what tional competition, either by sup• the closed economic system, which one previously lacked. For exam• porting their exports or adopting isolated China's domestic economy ple, a producer with no advanced controls on imports. Thus inter• from the heated competition of technology or management talents national competition is not truly the world market. Both domestic will manage to improve. Other• open competition and the funda• and international competition plays wise, the producer will be merciless• mental economic regulations such a fundamental role in promoting ly cast aside. IT the producer does as the law of value are often sup• a country's economic development, not meet the competition, he may pressed in the name of protection. and it is important to understand lose what he already has. Without how China suffered from lack of competition, advanced technology This characteristic of interna• such competition. may not be translated into advanc• tional competition allows countries, ed productivity, and a producer big or small, strong or weak, to Karl Marx, in his work Capital, may feel no pressure to improve win benefits and avoid harm in analysed the objective law which management and correct defects foreign economic activities. Com• reflects the motivating forces in the in the system and structure. petition generates two forces: modern commodity economy. Destructive force and pressure to Marx wrote that the law of surplus China's shipbuilding industry stay competitive. Under open com• value is the internal regulation of and automobile industry serve to petition, the destructive force is developed commodity production, illustrate how competition serve more powerful than the pressure. but such internal regulation is ap• production. The former dared to However, with the protection of plied to every commodity producer enter international competition in international competition, it is pos• only through outside regulation. 1979. As a result, China's ship• sible to eliminate the destructive Competition forces the commodity building techniques and products force and make use of the pres• producers to lower the price of have reached the advanced interna• sure. Sovereign governments have their products, so they must adopt tional level. But the auto industry the ability to fine tune competition new technology, new techniques, still has not entered the interna• so as to take advantage of its bene• and new production and manage• tional market, so its production fits. This proves that China is ment methods to lower costs. Com• process and products are far be• fully capable of using the open petition forces commodity produ• hind the advanced international policy to boost its economic de• cers to keep an eye on the changing level. The coercive forces of com• velopment without risking market. Once a new method of petition, more than any admini• damage. • production is introduced, producers strative means or subjective de•

22 Beijing Review, No. /3 Zhuhai: Taking the Road of Rejuvenation

Sketch Map of the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone by DING YAOLIN Our Correspondent T the mouth of the Zhujiang A (Pearl) River in Guangdong Province, the gateway city Zhuhai is so inconspicuous that maps a few years ago seldom bothered to include it. But now it is fast emerging as a trade boomtown. The tiny city, >t nautical miles west of Hongkong and just north of Macao, finds itself in just the right place. In 1979 it became one of Guangdong's special economic zones together with Shenzhen and Shantou. Since then it has develop• ed into an important import and export harbour.

Starting With Smokeless Industry In the past the only, industry in the economically underdeveloped Zhuhai was fishing. Of the 450,000 people in Zhuhai, more than half lived off the sea. The beach sat basically unused until it economic zone. These new build• meni of tourism, a manager from was set aside as a special zone. ings sparkle on the dark mountain the Zhuhai Tourist Company told Today, there are modern new slopes and beaches, adding to the the following story. In May 1980 hotels, restaurants and shops beauty and diversity of its natural there was only an office, a taxi and everywhere on the 13 square kilo• attractions. seven employees in the newly metres designated as a special Asked about the rapid develop- opened company. When a busi• nessman from Portugal came for business talks, he could not find a decent hotel. So after a nreal he The Latest Figures had to stay in Macao. The latest statistics for 1984 are in, and they show that Zhuhai doubled its 1983 output in many areas. The volume of retail sales also Since then four superb hotels doubled. and a dozen recreation centres have been set up. These include Increase over the modern Shijingshan Tourist 1984 1983 (%) Centre; the garden-style Zhuhai Toti.! output value of industry and 408 million yuan 107 Hotel; the Gongbei Hotel, model• agriculture led after the ancient Epang Palace; Financial revenue 148 million yuan 135 and many seaside villas. There Projects built with foreign funds 604 141 are also large playing grounds, Inrpoited funds US$370 million 570 parks and golf courses. Ti-'iai investment US$125 million 333 In 1983 some 270,000 tourists Capisa) construction investment 340 million yuan 151 from 132 countries and regions Tourism income visited Zhuhai. They spent 12.47 240 million yuan 1,400 million yuan. This ranks the re-

April 1, 1985 23 industrial output in 1983 was Wang Jieming, the Chinese deputy three times what it was in 1978. agent, would take over the post of chief agent. Wu said, "I'm now Learning Management at ease because you have displayed Skills your talent in practice." He then Shijingshan Tourist Centre, the invested all of his dividends in a city's first hotel, was opened by hotel expansion project. city authorities and a consortium Wang, 40, has proved an intel• of investors from Hongkong and ligent and capable manager. He Macao in 1980. According to has lived up to Wu's trust and their agreement, they will co• Shijingshan is booming under his operate for 12 years, with HK$11 care. million invested from the Hong• While stressing the fun and a kong and Macao partners, and land Chinese atmosphere for his guests, and labour services from Zhuhai. Wang puts his emphasis on modern management methods. When it opened for business, The hotel runs a tourism training Wu Fu, vice-president of the board school which includes foreign of directors and the representative language and computer courses. of the Hongkong and Macao con• The teaching building is furnished sortium, worried about the Chi• with sophisticated equipment. nese's inexperience in tourism. He Wang is dedicated not only to the The Gongbei Hotel. selected the chief agent and mana• present quality of tourism, but gers of three important depart• also to future improvements. sort fourth in China, behind only ments, leaving only deputy posts for Zhuhai's employees. Zhuhai Hotel, another luxury Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai. resort, offers something for every• The thriving tourist business is After three months the hotel one. Its 200 rooms and six villas attracting more and more foreign began to show a profit. In three cluster around waterside pavilions funds, which in turn fuel the years the net profit reached HK$21 and covered walkways. Guests development of industry and other million. According to the agree• can go fishing or boating on trades in the city. By the end of ment, the Hongkong .and Macao Mingzhu (Bright Pearl) Lake, swim 1983 a total of 839 projects were consortium have recouped their in the mineral water pool, relax in being funded from abroad, using entire investment from 70 percent the sauna, play billiards or ten• up US$80 million of the planned of their dividends. nis, or spend time on the shoot• US$1.31 billion of foreign invest• In early 1984 Wu withdrew his ing range. Night-time entertain• ment. chief agent and managers. At a ment includes theatres, cinemas Some of these projects are board meeting he announced that and nightclubs. already yielding profits. Since the Xiangzhou Woollen Textile Mill The Nanshan industrial zone under construction. went into operation in November 1979, its gross output value has added up to 34.6 million yuan. It just cost three years' profits to pay back HK$7.4 million from Hong• kong investors. Last year both partners signed a new contract to expand by 50 percent and to renew the agreement for another three years after fulfilling the original five-year contract. Dozens of enterprises, from electronics, textile, garment, build• ing material, machine-building and light industries to home furnishings are enjoying similar successes. The value of the city's 24 Beijing Review, No. ?3 The general manager, Zhang Qianling, attributes the resort's success to the excellent service, the spellbinding scenery and the variety of things to do.

At a recent disco dance, the splendid ballroom was ablaze with lights. About 150 young people sat around tables sipping tea or cool drinks. Their happy chatter was punctuated by pop songs sung by Guangzhou performers. Even conservative people have no reason to criticize these songs, although they are a bit noisy, the lyrics are simple and sincere.

Seven British guests now work• ing on a heliport to be used as a The Jiuzhou gale tower. supply base for the South China Sea Oilfield were also enjoying lagged behind," he said. "Because (4) An electric power plant themselves. They have been in we didn't realize the significance will be built with a 100 million China for 10 months and plan to of building the special economic yuan investment from Guangdong work until 1986. Once or twice zone, we couldn't concentrate our Province and 30 million yuan from a year they went back to Britain workforce, materials and funds on Zhuhai. for a vacation. development. Now we are trying (5) By September 1984, there to catch up." "We are looking forward to the were 3,000 direct telephone lines success of China and the pros• The mayor outlined his long- to Hongkong and Macao. In 1985 perous economy here," said term programme: Industry will another 14,000 lines will go into one of the guests. "We all feel dominate, accompanied by simul• operation. pleased to do share for China's taneous development of tourism, (6) A littje more than 10 economic construction, especially commerce and agriculture. Tech• square kilometres will be set aside for the Zhuhai Special Economic nology-intensive and knowledge- in the special economic zone as a Zone." intensive industries will have construction site. By August this priority. Of the hotel he said, "It can year all the infrastructural facili• rival other top hotels in other parts Eleven specific projects are ties will be finished. of the world." His wife chimed planned for the next two years. (7) On this land 23 standard in, "China is quite different from They are: factory buildings covering 160,000 other countries we have visited. (1) A deep-water wharf, for square metres of floorspacc will The people are hospitable. All the 10,000-ton passenger-cargo vessels, be built. staff members love their work and will be built with foreign partners. study very hard. We don't under• (8) Two waste-water treatment In the meantime, a 400-km sea stand Chinese, so they have started plants will be built to protect the channel will be dredged in Jiuzhou to learn English. The entire hotel environment. Harbour. The project will be is brimming with a friendly finished this August. (9) Colleges, special secondary atmosphere, making us feel at schools and night classes will be home." (2) Foreign partners will help run to offer regular training for set up an international airport, cadres under the age of 50. Mayor's Blueprint and the existing heliport will be enlarged with the co-operation of (10) The special economic zone Liang Guangda, the mayor of the civil aviation corporation. will co-operate with the Guang• Zhuhai, has no intention of con• dong Provincial Hospital and the cealing the drawbacks in his city. (3) An expressway to Guang• Shanghai Medical College to im• "Although the conditions in Zhu• zhou will be built and a second- prove medical facilities. hai are no worse than they are in grade highway to Guangzhou is Shenzhen, compared with the rapid expected to be finished by the ertd (11) A sports centre and an art advance of that zone, we have of this year. centre will be built.

April 1. 1985 25 Tourism Offers Something for Everyone

motes consumption and produc• ness. They all offer something by SUI XING tion, which is beneficial both to special, be it a scenic spot, a Our Correspondent the people and to the state. So unique building or quality service, EOPLE coming to Shenzhen, why should we refrain from de• to meet the different needs of P whether from Hongkong or veloping it?" tourists and investors at home inland China, on business or for and abroad. Shenzhen doesn't have many pleasure, in groups or alone, need scenic sports or places of histori• Situated on the shore of the not worry about where to eat, or cal interest, but it is attracting Shenzhen Reservoir, Donghu stay or how to get around, as more and more Chinese and Hotel is jointly run by the Cor• they had to before the special foreign tourists as a window of poration of Horticulture and a economic zone was set up in China's open policy. In 1980 Hongkong company. The build• 1979. Then Shenzhen was a small only 80,000 people travelled to ings are small and delicate, and border town with only seven Shenzhen. In 1984 there were the surroundings are quiet and country inns and a few snack 2.08 million. The zone made secluded. The well-equipped bars. There was no place to go about 30 million yuan in profit hotel is a favourite among in• sightseeing or to spend some from them. Now more than vestors from Hongkong, Macao leisure time. At that time many 4,000 people are working in the and other places. ethnic Chinese from other coun• tourist industry, and some have tries, foreign guests and com• Yinhu Travel Centre was built become experts. patriots from Hongkong and by the Luohu district government Macao passed through Shenzhen, with their own funds. It sits at but very few stayed overnight. Competitive Edge the foot of a small hill facing a In other Chinese cities the lake. The building's elegant de• Advantages of Tourism tourist industry is generally run sign and facilities can be com• by the tourist bureau or the pared with an first-rate hotel in Now things have changed. In bureau of commerce. This is not the world. the parking lot of the Shenzhen the case in Shenzhen, where there Xiangmi Lake Holiday Resort Railway Station coaches and are nine tourist agencies, includ• was built by the Special Zone minibuses from Xili Lake, Xiang- ing the Shenzhen Tourism Cor• Development Corporation with mi Lake and other holiday re• poration. Ten other units, such overseas funds. Although too sorts wait to pick up customers. as the Special Zone Development many buildings make the place a Along with everything else in Corporation, the Corporation of little bit crowded, it is still very the special economic zone, hotels Horticulture, the Bureau of Cul• impressive. In the open space and resorts are developing rapid• tural Affairs and the Youth nearby, bulldozers are roaring. A ly. There are • now almost 200 Federation are all involved in Disneyland-style park is under hotels and more than 200 res• tourism as their secondary busi• construction. taurants and snack bars, capable of accommodating 30,000 people Yinhu Trovel Centre in Shenzhen, a day. Zhang Xiuming, general manager of the Shenzhen Tour• ism Corporation, is a tall man in his late 40s. He said, "With the development of tourism, we can kill several birds with one stone. First, we can make friends both inside and outside the country. Second, more people will find jobs. Third, tourism can help give people a special skill. Fourth, the environment will be more lovely, and that will speed up the beautification of the motherland. Fifth, tourism pro•

26 Beijing Review, No. 13 Close by, the Shenzhen Bay statue of Lin stands on the hill• tive for guests, who may enjoy Restaurant was built by the top where the fort used to be. several views while eating. Shahe industrial zone authorities, Varied entertainment also suits also with overseas funds. Its en• Something for Everyone both refined and. popular tastes. tertainment facilities have made it The Xili Lake Holiday Resort, Those who prefer quietness may an attraction for tourists from which is 15 km away from She• take a walk along the lake on a Hongkong and Macao as well as kou, is perhaps the most impres• covered walkway appreciating the mainland. sive of all. Five years ago Zhang paintings and potted miniature Xiuming, general manager of the landscapes. Those who are active Shiyan Lake Hot Spring Shenzhen Tourism Corporation, may try the disco, horseback rid• Holiday Resort competes well came to this deserted yet scenic ing, mountain climbing, swim• with, other tourist spots because place on the shore of Xili Lake ming, fireworks or electronic of its attractive Spanish-style vil• with some 20 staff members and games. las and the hot spring. workers. They had only a loan of HK$200,000. They lived in On the western shore of Xili Compared with all these hotels thatched huts, quarried stones Lake is a lychee orchard. In the and holiday resorts, Xiaomeisha and levelled land in about 20 summer all the trees are laden Beach Camp seems a bit simple. days. A holiday resort with 20 with ripening fruit, growing Its advantage is that it is close to tents, a dozen small boats, bicy• scarlet and heavy. Many people a small bay. just 25 minutes by cles and a barbecue site soon believe it is worth the trip to Xili hovercraft from Hongkong. It is a appeared. The facilities were Lake just for a taste of, these wonderful place for swimming simple, even crude, but the hills lychees. and summer holidays. The hotel and lake make the surround• Serving the People fees are lower, making it popular ings pleasant and fresh. with the young people. The camp August 25 is a public holiday Business began while con• in Hongkong. It is a time for is run jointly by the Guangdong struction continued. Within a Youth Federation and some Hong• merriment. When the day came little more than four years and an last year many people from Hong• kong businessmen. Plans for ex• investment of 30 million yuan, kong spent it in Shenzhen. Almost pansion are under discussion. Zhang and his crew have built all the holiday resorts and hotels some 50,000 square metres of Sea World, a permanently were filled to capacity. Lin, moored leisure boat, is managed housing in this 1-square-kilome• director of the house-keeping of• by the Shekou industrial zone tre resort. fice of Xili Lake Holiday Resort, authorities with three other Xili Lake Holiday Resort de• said, "We were receiving phone overseas and Chinese investors. veloped rapidly because it caters calls until evening that day, ask• Business representatives coming to the needs of different people. ing whether we could put people to Shekou may eat, be entertained Business representatives who long up for the night. Our compatriots for luxury can stay in a posh villa had already come, and we could or sleep on the boat, and can en• for HK$ 1.000 a night. Those not let them go back disappoint• joy the pleasant sight of the sea with less expensive tastes may ed. So everybody did their best, after their work. choose a double room with air- some pitching more tents, others conditioning, refrigerator, colour preparing sleeping mats and TV and a toilet for HK$200 a blankets, still others moving Historical Sites night. And people on a budget things out of meeting rooms, re• There are two places of histori• may pay only HK$30 each ception rooms and even dining cal interest in Shekou. One is the for a "holiday room" sleeping six halls to make room for more tomb of Zhao Bing, the last em• people. The resort restaurants beds. All the places with air-con• offer Chinese food. Western food ditioning were occupied by holi• peror of the Southern Song and fast food snacks. Dainty day makers. Simple and crude Dynasty (1133-1279). He was on eaters may spend 2,000-3,000 as the conditions were, people the throne only for two years. Hongkong dollars for all kinds of were satisfied. One guest said, Closely followed by enemy troops, delicacies. Thrifty ones can eat 'I offered HK$400 to another he was carried by an official to their fill for a few Hongkong hotel to let me spend the night commit suicide in the sea. dollars. in their meeting room and was re• The other site is a battery built Above the green trees on the fused. You people here charged under the guidance of Lin Zexu, hillside to the west of the resort only HK$20 and solved my prob• a patriotic general in Qing is a red spherical revolving din• lem. Yours is a real socialist Dynasty (1644-1911). A bronze ing hall. It presents an alterna• enterprise!'"

April I. 1985 27 BUSINESS AND TRADE

Yunnan Symposium Seeks Investment

In an effort to attract trade and Yunnan is situated along China's and nickel rank third; antimony, investment in Yunnan, tVie pro• southwest border. It has an area mercury, silver and bismuth, vincial government has scheduled of 390,000 square kilometres, a fourth; and tungsten, aluminium an international symposium for population of 33 million and 24 and cobalt are all in the top 10. the last 10 days of May in Hong• minority nationalities. It has — The province is a unique kong. three major advantages: place for tourism. There are — Yunnan is richly endowed Zhu Kui, deputy governor of many famous scenic spots, in• with natural resources. It has long the province, said last month that cluding the Stone Forest, a na• been renowned as the "kingdom investors and traders will be tural rock formation that resem• of animals and plants." Incom• eligible for favourable treatment bles a forest of rock; Dragon Gate plete statistics show that more in taxation, land use and market in the Western Hills; the city of than half of China's wild verte• rights in addition to the standard Kunming, known for its eternal brates are found in Yunnan. It preferential treatment extended by spring weather and beautiful has more than 15,000 species of the state. Joint ventures, co-opera• scenery; Dali, the ancient capital plants, the widest variety of all tive enterprises and businesses of the Nan Zhao Kingdom; and the provinces. Among those funded entirely by overseas in• Xishuangbanna, a tropical rain plants, there are more than 200 vestors that have US$5 million forest landscape that is home aromatic plants of commercial or less in total investment, said to several of China's ethnic mi• value. Hence Yunnan is an im• Zhu, can be approved within 20 norities. In addition, there are portant base for the perfume in• days. virgin forests, untouched lakes on dustry. the plateau, natural hot springs The deputy governor, speaking — Yunnan abounds in mineral and wonderful caves. at a March 22 meeting in Beijing, resources and is known as the said Yunnan will be seeking for• "kingdom of nonferrous metals." To encourage interest in the eign partners to help develop 110 Out of the more than 140 valuable province, said Zhu, foreign in• key projects in transportation, minerals known in the world. vestors and foreign experts and energy construction, technical Yunnan is home to more than 130. technicians who are invited to transformation of existing enter• In terms of nonferrous reserves, work in Yunnan will be rewarded prises, resources exploitation, ^Yunnan's lead, zinc and germanium for their contributions to eco• agriculture, forestry, animal hus• rank first in the country; its tin nomic, technical and social achieve• bandry and tourism. ranks second; its copper, platinum ments.

Zhu Kui spealdng at the Morch 22 meeting. ing the US partners with a 40 per• ization. cent share. Fast-Food Joint The maintenance of ancient The American company will sites, the coixstruction of new pro• Ventures Set Up supply the joint venture with jects and modernization efforts in technology, equipment and man• the capital are all the work of the Chinese dishes are famous the agerial expertise. The new firm China Beijing Corporation for In• world over. But Chinese diners will produce hot dogs, hamburgers ternational Economic Co-operation are now forced to make their and Chinese fast food. It is the (BIECO). choice between delicious food first fast-food company ever set According to Yang Jinbo, gen• and fast food. With the quicken• up in Tianjin and the first joint eral manager of the corporation, ing step of the modernization venture established by Orchid BIECO is a comprehensive state drive, large numbers of urban Foods, in Tianjin. enterprise under the direct lead• workers and students have raised The establishment of the two ership of the Beijing municipal the demand for more snack bars. fast-food companies should ease people's government. The corpora• Anticipating the demand for the restaurant crunch in the two tion enjoys the support of experts fast-food outlets, Japanese and cities. Beginning this January and workers from many Beijing American companies have launch• most urban offices have reduced institutions and enterprises and ed endeavours before others rec• traditionally long lunch breaks to relies on them for its equipment. ognized the opportunity. The Bei• just one hour. The shortened The Great Hall of the People, Bei• jing Suntory-Green House Snacks lunch time has made for crowded jing International Airport, Beijing Co. Ltd. and the Tianjin-Orchid company canteens and restaurants. Hotel, Beijing Railway Station and Fast-Food Co. Ltd. began opera• the Beijing subway system were tions on March 1. This fast-food all built by BIECO. In addition, company was financed by the Corporation Key the International Conference Hall China International Trust and In• in Sri Lanka and the People's vestment Corp. and two other Chi• To Beijing's Efforts Palace in Zaire were constructed nese companies, the Beijing by the corporation. BIECO has business relations with govern• branch of the Agricultural Bank of Beijing, China's capital with a ment offices, financial and in• China, Japan's Suntory Co. and long history, boasts numerous an• dustrial representatives and over• the Green House Snack Co. of cient gardens and historical sites. seas Chinese in a dozen or so Japan with a total investment of The recent completion of several countries and regions around the US$5 million. The joint venture modern hotels, including the Jian- world. has a contract life of 20 years. guo, the Fragrant Hill and the Construction is scheduled to begin Great Wall, indicated that this Following agreements between in April. It is envisaged that the city, which won Marco Polo's governments or by people- company will produce 50,000 box admiration 700 years ago, has lunches a day, and, at the same embarked on the road to modern• (Continued on p. 31.) time, it will set up a number of fast-food outlets in Beijing. Once operations begin, some 60 percent A view of the Frogrant Hill Hotel. of the meals produced will be sup• plied at low prices to middle and primary school students. Very few Chinese schools have their own food-preparation facilities, so students constitute a huge market for fast-food producers.

The Tianjin-Orchid Fast Food Co. Ltd. is jointly funded by two Tianjin companies and the United States-based Orchid Foods Inter• national Inc. The joint venture has an investment of US$300,000 and the term of co-operation will be 10 years. The Chinese side owns 60 percent of the company, leav•

April 1. 1985 29 FROM THE CHrNESE PRESS

change as China's economic and Socialism Enters a New Phase trade relations with the rest of the world become closer every day. US$800 by the end of this cen• from "JINGJI CANKAO" tury, making life easier for every 4) After 70 years, China's so• (Economic Reference) Chinese. cialist economy will be stronger ONG Dalin, chairman of the and more immune to negatives. T China Economic Structure 2) By the year 2050, China Tong concluded that the dif• Reform Society, recently stated wants to catch up with the ference between socialist and cap• that the convening of the third world's developed countries. italist economies lies not in the plenary sessions of both the 11th 3) The open policy is China's choice of a commodity economy Party Central Committee in 1978 long-term policy, and will remain or a planned economy, but in the and the 12th Party Central Com• in force even into the next cen• adoption of a corporate labour mittee in 1984 marked the begin• tury. It will be impossible to system or a wage labour system. ning of the third 70-year stage of scientific socialism. Tong argued that the first 70- Primitive Pictographs Still in Use year stage began with the publi• cation of The Communist Mani• them on from generation to genera• festo in 1848 and continued to from "JIEFANG RIBAO" tion. With the development of the October Socialist Revolution (Liberation Daily) pictographs, religious classics, in Russia in 1917. Marxism rose EOPLE of the Naxi nation• fairy tales and fables were record• during that stage from a socialist P ality, who live in remote re• ed in the picture characters. As school of thought to the greatest gions of Yunnan Province, still use it developed, the pictographs be• vveapon in the global proletarian primitive pictographs in a religious came the language of the Dongba ' revolution. worshippers, and they were rarely book called Dongba. recognized by common people. The second 70-year stage of rev• The Naxi people call their pic• That accounts for another name olution and war lasted from tographs sen jiu lu jiu in their na• of the pictographs, Dongba lan• 1917 until now. On the one side, tive language. The name can be guage. revolutionary movements guided roughly translated as "trail study" by scientific socialist ideology suc• or "signs study." The pictographs Dongba scriptures recorded in ceeded and socialist countries ^re developed into a kind of writ• these pictographs were preserved were established one by one ten characters, which are also and their existence helped develop during this period, opening up a called "painting words." the religion and the language. new era in human history. And With its long history, the Dongba socialist economic systems were The Naxi people previously scriptures serve as a kind of Naxi established. On the other, social• worshipped a wizard known as encyclopedia, containing the Naxi ism suffered serious setbacks in Dongba. They had no written culture's fairy tales, legends, epics, politics, and the economies of al-' scripture at first, but the wizard ballads, dances, paintings and most all socialist countries have recited oral scriptures and passed proverbs. slipped into rigid forms. In the coming 70 years, social• ist economy must be invigorated, which, in turn, will give full Shanghai Favours Quality Books play to the superior socialist system. Structural reform of. the from "WEN HUl BAO" People are buying more books economic system in China and in (Wenhui Doily) on high-quality subjects. For ex• other socialist countries signals ample, books teaching how to the new phase. OW-TO books and guidebooks, cook sophisticated dishes and Tong outlined China's social H such as books on cooking, Western dishes have replaced sim• strategy for the next 70 years: cosmetics and entertainment, have ple cookbooks like Common Re• 1) The nation must eliminate become more and more popular cipes. Shanghai published more poverty. China's goal is to reach among Shanghai's 11 million res• than 20,000 high-quality cook• an annual per-capita income of idents. books in 1984, five times the num- 30 Beijing Review, No. 11 ber in 1983. Books on making Liu's case began when his order woollen garments sell well. A Prison Officer was ignored by a prisoner named bookstore on East Nanjing Road Li Yuhou. Angered, Liu kicked in Shanghai sold more than 2,000 Regrets Abuse the prisoner on a sudden impulse. sewing books in a single month. Realizing his mistake, Liu asked Gardening books have also been for Li's forgiveness and criticized welcomed. from "^R^NMiN^IBAO^ himself before meetings of both prison officers and prisoners. (People's Daily) Another favoured pursuit of "As a regiment commander, it Shanghai people is fashion. LIAONING Province prison was a serious mistake for me to Books introducing new-style A officer. Regiment Command• beat a prisoner. I beg you here clothing and furniture have sold er Liu Guangtao, has expressed for your criticism, forgiveness well. For example, a book in• regret that he violated regulations and supervision," said Liu at the troducing 500 new knitting pat• against mistreating prisoners. terns sold more than 310,000 meeting of prisoners. Many pris• Prison regulations of that reg• oners were deeply stirred. Pris• copies in Shanghai last year. oner Li liangling told the other in• Another book introducing furni• iment stipulate that if a prison guard scolds or beats a prisoner, mates, "I turn 63 this year and ture sets is a favourite of many have heard a lot about the vio• readers. he must first criticize himself at a meeting of prison officers. The lence aiid maltreatment in the Beauty is a perennial pursuit of guard should then apologize to prisons before 1949. Only in the young people. They seek out the prisoner and criticize himself new society are we prisoners re• books on hair styles, cosmetics before a meeting of prisoners. In garded as men. That a regiment and applying makeup, as well as addition, the situation may call commanddr apologizes to a pris• books on interior decorating. for additional punishment. oner is unprecedented in China."

BIECO offers complete sets of be used to open up coal, lead, equipment, including production zinc and antimony mines and Corporation a Key Factor lines, single machines and spare develop the abrasives, paper-mak• parts. It has joined foreign com• ing, tanning and building in• (Continued from p. 29.) panies, overseas Chinese firms and dustries. Funds will also be used to-people methods. BIECO has Hongkong-Macao businesses in set• to build transportation facilities, undertaken to build engineering ting up joint ventures and co• hydropower stations, tourism, agri• projects in industry, agriculture operative enterprises in other culture and commerce. and transportation. It has built countries. Last year Guizhou signed 21 gardens and parks, cultural facili• The corporation has trained agreements with foreign investors ties, schools, hospitals, gymna• technicians, technical workers and and business representatives in siums and stadiums, commercial managerial personnel. It has Hongkong and Macao. trade facilities and other public undertaken foreign-aid projects • China will receive loans utilities. BIECO can handle all assigned by the Chinese govern• totalling US$1 billion from the or part of the above-mentioned ment. In addition to the Beijing World Bank in fiscal year 1985. projects by contract or subcon• head office, the corporation has Of the total, US$400 million will tract. It can also co-operate with representative offices in Libya, be granted by the International foreign enterprises, companies or Sri Lanka, Iraq and Kuwait. Development Association (IDA). overseas Chinese businesses. Address: Evergreen Garden. This is the first time China has The corporation can provide Zhongshan Park, Beijing, China received loans from the IDA. architects, engineers, economists, Since China's representation was agronomists, horticulturists, ac• Cable: BIECO Beijing restored in the World Bank, the countants, doctors, teachers, cooks, Telex: 22470 BFTCC-CN nation has received loans totalling skilled workers and specialized US$1.9 billion. Of that sum, managerial personnel for design US$759 million was in long-term, work, manufacturing, construc• News in Brief interest-free loans extended by the tion, installation, maintenance, IDA and US$1,179 billion was production, cultivation, breeding • US$100 million in foreign extended by the International and providing medical treatment capital planned to be imported by Bank for Reconstruction and and other services. Guizhou Province this year will Development.

April 1. 1985 51 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

Lantern Festival Lights Up Ancient City

China's Lantern Festival, the times the Chinese have gathered festival in Kaifeng, there were 15th day of the first month on the the family together on the first lanterns in the form of many lunar calendar (which fell on full-moon night after the lunar new animals, including those in the March 6 this year), was celebrated year. Together, they eat round shape of the ox. The ox ,was a in Kaifeng, an ancient city in cen• sweet dumplings made of glutinous favourite because this lunar year tral China. rice flour, which symbolize the full is the Year of the Ox. There were union of people like the full moon. also lanterns shaped like pandas, The streets and lanes of the city After eating, they go out to enjoy peacocks, lions and fish. But most were flooded with people, and the the lanterns. were portrayals of dragons, the age- silence of night was broken by old symbol of the Chinese nation. shouts of joy and hearty laughter. The Lantern Festival is both a One such large dragon lantern, Multi-coloured lanterns which lit folk custom and a form of social titled the "Giant Dragon Leaping up the night sky lined both sides entertainment. In ancient times, Forward," was more than 30 me• of city streets, extending as far as the gate of the city was kept open tres long, and its head was 7 a dozen kilometres. It looked as throughout the night at festival metres high. In its mouth there if the Milky Way had fallen to the time. With the bright moon shin• was a large sphere which emitted earth. Th' sounds of drums and ing, gaily dressed men and women light as it revolved around and gongs and the crackle of firecrack• would rush out to view all kinds around. On the dragon's back ers were heard from time to time. of lanterns, attend lantern fairs, were eight humorous models of The lanterns of various forms and answer lantern riddles and watch ancient naughty boys wearing colours and dazzling fireworks that performances. simple costumes. Each wore on traced paths across the sky com• Made of bamboo, wood, cane, his chest a golden lock, a symbol peted with a bright moon, making wheat stalks, animal horns, metal, of longevity, and each held a for an exciting spectacle. silk, satin and other materials, square lantern which swayed Decorating with lanterns and China's lanterns combine the arts with the movement of the coloured streamers is a traditional of painting, papercutting, paper- dragon's head. way Chinese people celebrate their folding, weaving and embroidery. Spectators take a close look at happy occasions. Since ancient Among the lanterns shown at the the Intricate designs.

The "Giant Dragon Leaping Forward" lantern.

32 Beijing Review, No. IS With a history of more than The festivities went on well past different subjects, were filmed in 2,000 years, Kaifeng served as the midnight. And after hours of light- China's unique landscape and re• capital of seven dynasties and was hearted excitement, the viewers flected its culture and history. especially prosperous during the went home to dream fond dreams. These productions, thanks to the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). efforts of famous actors and ac• Because of its glorious past, there tresses, martial arts masters and experienced filmmakers, have are many scenic spots and histori• Filmmakers Join won over audiences. cal sites. Many of this year's lan• terns depicted historical figures, To Produce Movies More joint productions are be• legends, stories and scenic spots ing filmed today. King Gesar, in Kaifeng. For example, a large The first movie of 1985 co- produced jointly by moviemakers lantern showing the ancient "Gar• produced by Chinese and overseas in northwest China's Qinghai Province and Hongkong, is based den of Bao" was designed to com• film studios, Cotton Robe, has on a lO-million word Tibetan folk memorate Bao Zheng, an honest broken box office records in Hongkong. epic. The story tells the history official during the Song Dynasty. of the Tibetan people, describing Another lantern titled "Night Rain The movie tells the story of theiir customs and lives on the in the Golden Pool" depicted a how a group of Buddhists pre• plateau of west China. The scenic spot during the Song Dy• served their master's ceremonial Romance of Three Kingdoms, nasty. Other historical stories and robe. The film portrays remark• adapted from the novel of the legends also inspired lanterns. Tales able wushu (martial arts) tech• same title, reveals the contradic• from the classic novel Outlaws niques, and the camera sweeps tions and conflicts of the Chinese of the Marsh; the stories of Gan- across a broad landscape of fa• ruling class over three centuries. jin, an eminent monk in the mous temples, mountains and The film is produced jointly by grasslands, including scenes of a moviemakers of Shanghai and eighth century who carried the Bud- horse stampede. Within two weeks Japan. Daughter of Earth tells dhist sutras across the sea to Japan; of its, February 15 release, the the story of American jour• and the legend "Chang'e Flying to mainland-Hongkong produced film nalist Agnes Smedley supporting the Moon" were all reflected in the had grossed a record HK$11 mil• the Chinese revolution during her lanterns. Still other lanterns were lion at Hongkong theatres. years in China (1929-38). Some shaped like the lotus flower and important historical figures, in• With a five-year history, the mandarin ducks, designs that cluding Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, China Film Co-production Corp. showed rich folk tradition. Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Ching has turned out 80 movies co- Ling, will be depicted on the In addition to such traditional produced with overseas filmmak• screen. Other feature films now lanterns, there were also a number ers. The first, an epic production in progress include Women Vol- of lanterns made with modern of Marco Polo jointly produced leyballers — Three-Time World technology, including robot lan• by Chinese and Italian film com• Winners and Snuff-Box. The for• terns. One lantern titled "Dance panies, has been shown in 95 mer ,chronicles the success of Hall" showed the luxurious decor countries and regions, and some China's women's volleyball team of a dance club filled with people too million cinema-goers have seen and the latter is about the customs waltzing. Another design depicted it. and traditions of people in Bei• jing- a young couple dancing to disco Mainland-Hongkong joint pro• numbers. ductions have included Shaolin In addition, there is a documen• Temple, The Burning of Yuan- tary film entitled Chinese Wildlife In addition to the major theme mingyuan and Reign Behind the under co-production by the Chi• lanterns, there were thousands of Curtain. Shaolin Temple is a wu• nese Film Co-production Corp. small ones. Modeled on the lan• shu (or gongfu) film, and the and a Hongkong studio. terns of a few hundred years ago, other two are feature films de• picting historical stories from the the palace lanterns, framed with Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). red wood and painted with flowers, birds, landscapes and figures, were An Unfinished Game to Go, co- exquisite. Shaped like pavilions, produced by China's Beijing Film the papercut figures of men and Studio and Japan's Toko Tokuma animals inside the lantern revolved Co. Ltd., portrayed the lives and continuously. There were also nu• sufferings of the two peoples dur• merous lanterns made to resemble ing the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45). grapes, melons, gourds, bananas and tomatoes. All these movies, focusing on

April 1. 1985 55 BOOKS

Almanac Charts Economic Changes The Almanac of China's Econ• With this principle in mind, the energy resources, machinery, elec• omy 1984 (Chinese edition) was editors open the almanac with a tronics, chemistry, metallurgy, do• recently released fay the Economic "Special Reference Materials" sec• mestic trade, foreign trade, ma• Management Publishing House in tion, which acquaints the reader terials and goods management, Beijing, and an English edition with typical enterprises in the finance, science, technology and published by the Modern Cultural fields of agriculture, light industry. education. Co. Ltd. in Hongkong is due out later this year. Commercial Press Releases Win Praise In a section entitled "New Eco• nomic Development in Various China's Nature Preserves and A dium-sized dictionaries. But this Provinces, Municipalities and Au• New English-Chinese Dictionary, new volume gives more definitions tonomous Regions," the almanac both published by the Commercial than an ordinary dictionary. The acquaints the reader with the eco• Press in 1984, have received the new publication quickly won the nomic changes that have occurred praise of readers throughout the regard of specialists and scholars. since China opened its doors to country. The Commercial Press Last year the Commercial Press the outside world. The almanac last year released hundreds of printed 200,000 copies of the dic• also chronicles recent economic titles on a wide variety of topics. tionary, but bookstores throughout developments in the Shenzhen the country have already ordered ii. Special Economic Zone and in the China's Nature Preserves (Chi• 2 million copies. Hu Yaobang pre- ^ 14 coastal cities opened to foreign nese edition), as the first volume in sented British Prime Minister Mar- ^j. investors, as well as construction the "China's Geography Series," garet Thatcher with a copy of die- * and reform measures undertaken is the first book published since tionary when she visited China last ^ across the nation. The almanac in• liberation devoted to describing December. ^ cludes major economic documents, China's nature preserves and the economic policies, laws and decrees preservation theories concerned. Tianjin Release ^ that illustrate how the socialist The book describes the role of na• Encyclopedia of Literature (Chi- economy is "ruled by laws" under ture preserves and describes the na• nese edition), a medium-sized ref- ^ the guidance of Marxist theory. tion's more than 100 preserves in a systematic way. It gives more erence book, is scheduled to be ,v Some reference materials in the detailed accounts of 30 major pre• released this July by the Tianjin ^ 1984 almanac were published for serves and the animals and plants Baihua Literature and Art Publi- g the first time, such as sections on found there. The volume also of• shing House. ^ "China's Cold Industry" and "Chi• fers views on how China can build The encyclopedia will contain ^ na's Rare-Earth Industry," and up more protective preserves. six sections: (1) Literary Theory; sections on the rehabilitation of (2) Chinese Classical Literature; ^ A New English-Chinese Dic• (3) China's Modern and Contem- ^ land, on land resources and on tionary has been welcomed because cultivated plant resources. In ad• of its extensive vocabulary entries porary Literature; (4) Foreign Lit- ft dition, the book includes a syste• and Its wealth of new materials. erature; (5) Writing Techniques; t matic introduction of new trades, With a vocabulary of 120,000 and (6) Knowledge of Culture and | new products and new technology. words, the dictionary is the most History. In addition, several ap- ^ New achievements and problems comprehensive and up-to-date volu• pendixes are to be added, includ- ^ concerning production, construc• me published in China. It also in• ing "Chronicles About Events of • tion, economic readjustment and cludes more words than most me• World Literature" and "Table of ^ reforms are also covered in the dium-sized English dictionaries famous Chinese and Foreign If volume. published in Britain or the United Writers and Their Works." To ensure that the almanac pro• States. (Such volumes usually The volume will also acquaint * vides a realistic view, it is impera• contain 70,000-100,000 entries.) the reader with some knowledge a tive that representative materials The examples and instructions on of contemporary literature in Tai- * be carefully chosen rather than col• how to use words in the new dic• wan, Hongkong and Western s. lect all the materials available. tionary are similar to those me• countries. 34 Beijing Review. No. /3 Zheng Chenggong, (1624-1662), a Ming Dynasty General Who Recovered Taiwan From the Hands of the Dutch.

Karl Marx.

Sculptures by Cheng Shuren

Cheng Shuren, born in 1 942 in the city of Guangzhou, works in the sculpture studio at the Shanghai Horticulture Bureau. His statues and monuments are high-spirited, vigorous and magnificently conceived.

ART PAQE Ne Er, (1912-1935), Composer of the National Anthem. Do You Plan to Travel China?

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