150M Anniversary Celebration

h i n n - w n a ti n T e Dev e Bro Corp or o ,

2 u a n t t N . Y . 5 D e S ree , CONTENTS

w 1 936 Great Wig am ,

G ran d Sachem Dr . Thomas Darlington Foreword

Picture o f Sachem James A . Foley , Chairman , Sesqui Cen tenni al Committee o f 4 Description of the Sesqui Centennial Celebration July , 1 936 1 3 1 4 Speech of Welcome by Sachem James A . Foley 1 4 25 Chief White Eagle , 1 4 25 Frank E . Smith , Esq , M c Cullen Miss Dorothy E . uillin an Francis M . Q , Esq 1 5 President Franklin D . Roosevelt , Message o f Congratulation 1 6 Governor Herbert H . Lehman , Message of Felicitation . 1 8 Grand Sachem Darlington , Address o f H o n 20 . Samuel Levy An American ’ s Creed 20 20 Hon. James Garrett Wallace , Speech o f 23 Hon . James J . Dooling w . N e Hon Royal S . Copeland United States Senator from York

Hon . Homer Cummings , Attorney General of the United States H on . . N e w Robert F Wagner , United States Senator from York

Pictures o f Hon . Charles F . Murphy Memorial Flagpole . Tammany in the Van

Tammany in the Civil War .

Tammany in the Spanish American War and World War .

Naturalized American Citizens Groups .

Charles F . Murphy Memorial Tablet H n o . . . . N e w Royal S Copeland , U S Senator from York , Speech of H o n . . . N . ew Robert F Wagner , U S Senator from York , Speech o f

Charles F . Murphy Memorial Flag Pole Pa trons o f the Celebration

Honorable Franklin D . Roosevelt , President o f the United States H c . . f Herbert H Lehman , Governor o f the State o New gpork H o n . M . William Bray , Lieutenant Governor o f the State o f New York CO NTENT S — Co n ti nu ed PAGE

. . N ew Hon Morris S Tremaine , Comptroller of the State of York

. . N e w Hon John J Bennett , Attorney General of the State o f York 46 f i 47 48 Sachems and O f cers o f Society o f Tammany ,

. 48 Committee of Celebration , General 55 Honor Li fe Members , Society o f Tammany o f 55 Life Members , Society Tammany Society o f Tammany Celebrations 62 0 Tammany Regiment Monument at Gettysburg Battleﬁeld . 6 o f 2 . 6 Society Tammany , Celebrations o f w 64 Society Tammany , Former Wig am Ta mmanv Hall During National Democratic Convention of 1 868

Hon . Charles F . Murphy f f . o o Hon James J Dooling . Sachem Society Tammany and Leader o f the Democratic Party in the County o f N ew

- . . o f Hon Al fred E Smith . Former Four Time Governor the State o f Ne w York and Sachem o f the Society o f Tam

Tammany Patriotism N w . e Hon George Clinton , First Governor o f York , Vice President o f the United States and Sachem o f the Society o f Tammany

Ball o f St . Tammany Society . Charitable Activities o f Society of Tammany Charter and Routine o f the Society View o f Lounge at Great Wigwam i w ms VV a . . Tammany g . The m \V i wa . . Laying Corner Stone . Tammany g , Union Square Tablet Commemorative o f3 the Dedication o f the Union Square Tammany in Legend and History

Signature o f Chie f St . Tammany O rigin o f the Tammany Societies Wigwam in 1 789 - 1 790 Wi gwam in 1 790- 1 798 i 1 1 2 Certif cate o f Membership in Society o f Tammany in 8 . Liberty Cap - Symbol ' — W igwam in 1 798 1 8 1 2 . 1 2- 1 Wigwam in 1 8 868 . Tammany Commemoration in Philadelphia in 1 773 ( Cop y ri g ht by P ach Bro s . )

GRA N D SA C H E M D R . T H O MA S DA RLIN GT O N

F OR EW OR D

B Y

GRAND SACH E M TH O M AS DARLI NGTON .

The Society of Tammany or Columbian Order has been in existence for more than one hundred and ﬁ fty years . During that time many other societies have come into being , lived for a time and have gone . Though there have been many assaults on

O . the rder , it still carries on Again and again announcements have been made by those who a ime d to destroy it that the end of the organization had come , but it continues to ﬂourish . The reason the Society continues is its support by right thinking people and the obj ects for which it was formed . These obj ects are fundamental to our existence as a democracy , and so long as our country endures , so long as liberty and democracy exist , these principles will live . ’

d . To un erstand this , let us examine the Society s origin S Its beginnings are to be found in the ons o f Liberty , organized o bef re the Revolutionary War . Its members were leaders in that war .

When the war ended , two noteworthy societies were formed

- the Society o f the Cincinnati and , soon thereafter , the Tammany

Society. The Cincinnati , an hereditary organization , was formed f by the o ﬁcers of the army , and it was speciﬁed that membership in it should descend to the eldest son . The obj ects of the Tammany Society were to preserve the rights and the liberties for which its founders had fought ; to promote and cherish union between the ff States , to foster a ection and kindness for one another , and to ’ ne help war veterans families . O of its foundation principles was the annual public celebration of the Proclamation of Independence 4 on July .

i n Tammany societies had their origin Philadelphia , and spread to other cities . In the early days o f our country the white settlers fraternized a nd made treaties with the Indians , some of whose chiefs were examples o f good conduct . Such was Tamanend , or Tammany , as he was called by the Quakers . It was with Tamanend that

William Penn made a treaty . This chie f was a model of wisdom

9 N e wa s and uprightness . In w York a Tammany society formed

Pi ntard w o f by John , ith the obj ects liberty , uprightness and

friendship , modeled after the li fe o f Tamanend . From the begin ning the Tammany Society di ffered from the Society of the Cin ci nnati in that the former admitted to membership all wh o had

- . b w fought for liberty . Its y la s especially stressed help to the w wh o families , the wido s and orphans of those patriots died in

o r wh o w e defense o f liberty , themselves re incapacitated by

wounds ; and also it had as an obj ect to keep alive patriotism . ’ ’ A fter VVa shi ng to n s death both organizations kept Washington s

Birthday .

The Tammany Society was not formed to oppose the Cincinnati , though the latter was attacked by a number of persons as an order

placing those of military rank above other citizens .

The Tammany Society has al ways kept its original holidays . w The celebration o f Birthday , ho ever , has of recent

years been held with other patriotic societies . But the celebration o f the Fourth o f July has been continuous in the Tammany o r g an i z atio n buildings and the Declaration of Independence has been

read at every such meeting .

w a s two Thus , then , the Tammany Society founded on great principles — LI BERTY F OR ALL and the BROTHERHO OD

OF MAN . Liberty restrained only by a due regard for others , and no t for a favored fe w— and opposition to any species o f mon

rchi l a a i s m o r undue authority . These great obj ectives exist to

o this day . S the foundations o f the Tammany Society are as those taught by certain parables o f the Testaments — o f the man whose

w a s o f house built upon a rock , the Good Samaritan and the story

o f o f the Pharisee and the publican . These are the principles

right living and o f democracy . Perhaps one may say there have been times when undue power w was seized by some ithin an organization . and that all members

have not kept the faith . This i s true of all types o f organization .

fe w an v w o There are , i f , organizations , hether p litical , religious

o r w . business , in hich some faithless ones have not been found

o f Most the great re form s in the government of the city , nearly

fo r w . all health and social el fare , have been begun by Tammany

This book recites some o f the be n e ﬁ cent activities o f the Society . ’ Tammany s greatest aid has been to those who have needed i n

w fo r dividual or family help . Such ork is private and not pub

li cati o n . 1 0 Like many other societies , admission to its meetings , except upon

d — w Independence Day , is obtained by pass wor s the same that ere

to used by the Sons of Liberty prior the Revolution . These , and the pledges of the members and the society ’ s fundamental prin w ci les w . . p , ill continue Thus , this great organization ill go forward As in the past it continues to work fo r all people and for all generations .

1 1 Y l N . . F . h t b c u t s v o f E . P o o y o r e Fo e y, Y SA C H E M JA M E S A . F O LE Ch a ir ma n S e s q ui - C e n te n n ia l C o mmitt e e THE ONE HU ND R E D A ND F IF TIETH A NNIV E R SA R Y CE LE B R A TION

SOCI ETY OF TA MMA NY OR COLU MB I A N OR D E R Jul 4 1 9 3 6 y ,

Most noteworthy o f the great patriotic meetings o f In dep e n d ence Day in 1 936 was that for the j oint celebration of the o n e hun dred and ﬁ ftieth anniversary of the founding o f the Society o f Tammany or Columbian Order and for the o n e hundred and six tie th anniversary of the Declaration o f Independence . The dual celebration occurred in the new Union Square Wig wam o f the Society and evoked words o f hearty commendation

o f from the President of the United States , the Governor the

N ew o fﬁ State o f York , and scores of national , State and other cial s f o f , including Cabinet o ﬁcers , members of Congress and the

State legislature . Tammany Hall was crowded with members and well - wishers o f w the Society , and the surrounding streets were ﬁlled ith those unable to gain admittance . The patriotic exercises began at 9 o ’ clock in the morning with the raising o f the National emblem to the masthead o f the Charles

F . Murphy memorial ﬂagpole in Union Square Park and the singing o f the Star Spangled Banner and other patriotic airs . The w as . weather perfect Thousands o f men , women and children stood at attention during the ﬂag raising and other ceremonies in the park .

o f Throughout the celebration , both at the raising the colors w and in the Wig am , in addition to the Sachems and members of w the Society and distinguished guests , there ere present delegations o f several hundred members of the Naturalized American Citi ’ o f Car atho - zens Association including children Armenian , p Rus sian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Finnish , French . German , Greek ,

- Hungarian , Irish , Italian , Lithuanian , Polish , Puerto Rican , Rus w sian , Serbian , Slovak , Slovenian , Spanish , S edish and Ukranian

“ birth or ancestry . The participation of these groups was arranged % o f . by a committee composed in part Morri s Cukor , Francis

Mla di neo Mancuso and Ivan . 1 3 Stirring were the exercises in Union Square Park . A n honor Guard of American Legionnaires with soldiers of the United States A rmv and sailors and marines o f the United States Navy stood at attention as the ﬂag was raised to the blast of bugles and the strains o f the Star Spangled Banner .

“ ”

Chief Saint Tammany was portrayed by Chief White Eagle ,

- a full blooded Cherokee Indian who is a member o f the Society , “ ” “ ” George Washington , by Frank E . Smith , Columbia , by Miss M ll . c Cu en o f Dorothy E , a student of the School Education of N ew York University and daughter o f the Secretary o f the Tam “ ” illin a A l . u n l many Society , and Uncle Sam , by Francis M Q . ’ the guests from the N a tu raliz e d Citizens A ssociation were garbed

in the dress o f their home lands .

Following the op en - air exercises in the park the celebration w a s

W w w wa s aﬁ utte r continued in the big Tammany ig am , hich with American ﬂags and standards bearing the seals o f the States o f the Union .

Immediately a fter a brief introductory address bv Sachem James

A . Foley , as chairman of the celebration committee . messages were read from President Roosevelt and from Governor Lehman . ” “ ” There were noteworthy long and short talks by di sting uished ’ F l vnn s speakers . patriotic music by military band . reading of the “ ’ ” o f Declaration of Independence . recital An American s Creed , w w and the solemn pledge o f allegiance to the ﬂag . hich is al ays f ’ a feature o the Tammany Society s patriotic gatherings . The messages o f congratulation and felicitation from President R oosevelt and Governor Lehman were received w ith rousing cheers .

w wa s In welcoming the great gathering in the Wigwam , hich

w o f ﬁlled to overﬂo ing , despite the lure weekend holiday attrae

r : tions of eve y conceivable character , Chairman Foley stated

L M \V E CO E BY SAC H E M FOLEY .

Ladies and gentlemen , my part in the ceremonies this morning as Chairman o f the Committee o n Arrangements is extremely

— short . In this beauti ful home o f the liberty loving and patriotic Society of Tammany we celebrate today two memorable occasions The One Hundred Sixtieth Anniversary of the Declarati on o f

and o wn Independence , our birthday , the One Hundred Fi ftieth

f r e Anniversary o f the founding o o u Society . (Applaus )

1 4 ’ l t s me s s a e o f c o n a t l a i o n P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e g g r u t , w h i c h w a s r e ad f ro m th e p l at fo rm an d br o a d ca s t by

h u t h e w o d w a s a s fo l l o w s r ad i o th ro u g o t rl ,

THE WHITE HOU S E

l 2 1 6 h n D u 93 . s i o . C . W a gt n , , J y ,

M r M c C u l l e n : D e a r .

I t i s i n d e e d ﬁ tt i n g th at t h e c e l ebra t i o n o f th e o n e h u n d r e d a n d ﬁ ft i e th a n n i v e r s a ry o f t h e f o un d i n g o f t h e S o c i e ty o f T amma n y o r C o l u mbi a n O r d e r s h o u l d c o i n c i d e w i th t h e o bs e rv a n c e o f th e o n e h un d r e d a n d

r I n n n e u s t a s S i xt i e th a n n i v e r s a ry o f o u d e p e d e c . J t h e D e c l ara t i o n . o f I n d e p e n d e n c e w a s a p ro t e s t a a i n s T o r o e s s i o s o d i d th e S o c i e o f T am g t y p p r n , t y ma n y o r C o l u mbi a n O r d e r c o me i n t o be i n g t o p r e s r t h d -w o n f r u i t s o f th e R e v o l u i o a r W a r e v e e h a r t n y ,

h n w t h T r i n s t h e a e e d t e a s o b e o t e e . t r t n n , , y y r

T h e s t o ry o f F r e e d o m i n th i s c o u nt r y h a s be e n th e s t o ry o f a l o ng a n d c o n ti n u o u s s tru g gl e i n w hi ch s p e c i al p ri v i l e g e h a s s o u gh t e n ri c hme n t a n d a g g ran d i z e me n t o f a f e w at th e e x p e n s e o f t h e ri gh t s o f t h e

o mmo ma n c n .

I n th i s d a a s i n th e d a s o f i t s fo n d i t h e y, y u n g , S o ci e ty o f T a mmany i s o n th e s i d e o f p o p u l a r r i g h t s a nd a g a i n s t th e e xp l o i t ati o n o f th e ma ny for th e be n e ﬁ t o f a av o e d few I s e n d h e a i i t i o f r . rty fe l c at n s t o a ll wh o p a rti cip at e i n th e d ua l o bs e rv an c e p l anne d fo r ul F o u h J y rt .

V e s i n e e l o u s ry c r y y r ,

E d w a r d M c C u l l e n J . ,

S e e S o i e o f T a mm n c r tary, c ty a y

o r C l u mbi a O d e r o r , U n i o n S q u ar e

N w Y rk e o , N . Y .

1 5 At the very outset of these ceremonies it is proper for us to pay reverent tribute to the Divine Providence who has safeguarded

o f our country during the period its existence . In his farewell address o n his retirement as General o f the 1 783 Army o f the Revolution in George Washington , with his characteristic religious fervor , commended the young nation and

to o its people in future years the protection f Almighty God . To a greater degree today we o we gratitude to that same Provi

fo r o u r dence the preservation of our liberties , the magnitude o f population and our industries , and the happiness and high

f u o u r h standard of living o o r people . It is earnest prayer for t e future that these blessings be continued , and the recent rise from

’ Governor Lehman s felicitations to those at the cele bration were expressed in the following telegram which was read by Sachem Foley”

“ o u As I have already advised y , I very sincerely regret that other engagements o f long standing make it imp o s sible for me to be with you o n Saturday at the Fourth w o f July celebration . I assure you I ould have been very happy indeed to have had the opportunity of j oining in w the exercises of Independence Day hich have . been observed by the S o cie tv o f Tammany or Columbian Order through patriotic ceremonies over a period o f more

than a century .

“ Particularly in these days o f economic and social stress , it is important that all o f us do everything within o u r power to streng t hen and perpetuate the principles o f true patriotism and democracy which inspired the founders o f

our country in their struggle for freedom .

“ On Independence Day citizens do well to dedicate themselves anew to the ideal s and principles o n which o ur

to nation has been built . May I ask convey to your mem bers and guests my greetings and best wishes and to ex press to them the regret I feel that I cannot be with them

on this occasion .

d . ( Signe ) HERBERT H LEH M A N ,

“ Governor .

1 6 the depths o f economic depression , and the growing evidences of

prosperity will increase . In the very infancy of our Republic in the year 1 786 the Society of Tammany or the Columbian Order was founded in

was the City o f New York . It founded not only because of a w desire to perpetuate the spirit of independence , but as a cro ning protest against the restrictions on the right of voting under th e

o then Constitution in New York State . It was founded as a pr test against the Tory theory that government should be concentrated

in a military caste or in a narrow group of landed prop r ietors . the i Its early members were men o f distinction in C ty and State , f in military service , in public a fairs , in medicine , in the arts . Its “ ” “ two : mottoes were Liberty is our Rock , and Civil and Relig ” ious Liberty is the Glory of Man .

O ur Society was formed even be fore the adoption o f the Con s titutio n of the United States and even before the election o f

Washington as its ﬁrst President . Without any display o f

w a d egotism , we are proud that our history has sho n steadfast here nce to the principles of the Declaration o f Independence and the maintenance of our free institutions .

There is no mystery in the reason for the length o f our ex istence No . institution can survive through the changing times of ﬁve generations unless it uni formly attracts men , and especially

i ts young men , of high character , and attracts them by devotion to country in peace and in war , and by a human and charitable understanding of the principles of government . Through our 1 50 years the Society has been fortunate not only in its member ship but in the high character o f the men who have presided over it as Grand Sachems , and in its governing body of thirteen

Sachems . In its earlier years there was an ofﬁce known as the Great Grand w Sachem , hich was tendered to and accepted by a succession o f

the Presidents o f the United States .

f : These Presidents held that o ﬁce in our Society Washington , ff John Adams , Je erson , Madison , Monroe , John Quincy Adams a n d Andrew Jackson . Four years ago our present Grand Sachem succeeded that 102 venerable and rugged patriot who lived to be years old , and f c 20 presided over the a fairs o f this So iety for a period of years ,

. . f the late Judge John R Voorhis The present holder of that o ﬁce , 1 7 Grand Sachem , is a true American . He has distinguished himsel f by his long career in the profession o f medicine and his eminent service in public office for the improvement o f the health o f the people .

to o u f I present y as the presiding o ﬁcer of the day , the Grand

. e Sachem of our Society , Dr . Thomas Darlington (Applaus )

ADDRESS o r T H E GRAND SAC H E M .

D A R LI N G ’I‘ ON o n GRAND SACHE M , taking over conduct of the

: celebration , said

o f The Chairman our Committee is very kind . I appreciate

wa ho w . s deeply his re ference to mysel f It my understanding , ever , that he was to preside at the meeting today ; and I am sure

who that our Sachem , Surrogate James A . Foley , has the admira

f o f who tion and a fection all o f us belong to this Society , is a

who much better speaker than one like mysel f , is engaged in the practice o f medicine .

w w to w Ho ever , henever there has been a call duty I have al ays

to w . been glad respond to it , i f it ere possible to do so O f course , w unfortunately , doctors sometimes do not al ays relieve pain h d t e v . immediately ; sometimes increase it To ay , I hope , this call t will n o increase vour pain .

We have j ust come from the raising o f the Flag o n the pole in Union Square ; a to wering steel mast contributed by distin

ui s hed o f w g members our Society . and hich has , as its base , a

bv noble and beauti ful pedestal . The pedestal . ringed a great bronze bas relie f recital o f the immortal Declaration o f I n dep en

wa s to o f who dence , erected the memory one not only suggested

who wa s the ﬂagpole , but lived in the belie f that the ﬂag a symbol

o f who fo r liberty , and stood all those things pertaining to our w e . country that hold dear and sacred , the Hon Charles F .

Murphy . (Applaus e ) It is my privilege on behal f o f the Tammany Society or the Columbian Order to welcome you here to celebrate as the Chair man o f the Committee has stated to you — the l 60th Anniversary o f the patriotic declaration that brought about the great conﬂict 1 50th o f our fore fathers for liberty . and the Anniversary o f our Society ; the only Society which during a century and a hal f h a s

C o f the continually elebrated each returning Fourth July , Birthday

o f the struggle for liberty and independence . (Applaus e )

1 8

o u r i u w patriotic gem by d sting ished fello American , William

Ty ler Page .

Borough President Levy , at the conclusion o f the applause that hi m w greeted , delivered the ords , which are

A N A M E R C A N ’ R E E D I S C .

I b e l i e v e i n th e U n i t e d S tat e s o f A m e ri c a a s a G o v e rn me n t t h e P e e b t h e P e e t h e P e e o f o p l , y o p l , f o r o p l ; w hos e j us t p ow e rs a r e d e r i v e d f rom t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e go v e rn e d ; a d e mo c rac y i n a r e p ub l i c ; a s ov e r e i g n N v e e S e e e U n n o n e at i o n o f many s o r i gn tat s ; a p r f c t i o , an d i n s e pa ra b l e ; e s tab l i s h e d up o n t h o s e p ri n c i p l e s o f e e e s e w f r d o m , qual i t y, j u t i c , an d h uman i t y f o r h i c h A e e e s m eri can p at ri o ts sac ri ﬁ c d t h i r l i v s an d f o rt u n e . “ I therefore b eli e v e i t is my d u ty to my country t o l ov e i t ; t o s u p p o rt i t s C o n s t i t u t i o n ; t o ob e y i t s l aw s ; ” n n e mi t o r e s p e c t i t s ﬂ ag ; and to defe d i t again s t all e es .

“ T H E GRAND SAC H E M : Following the rendering o f Rally

’ ” Round the Flag and other p atriotic airs , it is my privilege to call

f . o . upon the President Of the Board Aldermen , Hon Timothy J

who w . Sullivan , ill lead us in our Pledge O f Allegiance to the Flag

President Sullivan led the audience in the recital of the Pledge , the text Of which is as follows :

I pledge allegiance to th e Flag of the U nit e d S tat e s R e w O n e o f A m eri ca an d to t h e p ub l i c f o r h i c h i t stan d s , ”

N w L e e a ll . ation i ndivis ibl e , ith ib rty and Jus tic for

T H E GRA ND SACH E M : It is n o w my privilege to introduce to y o u one who really needs no introduction to this Society ; o n e

w o u r wh o has al ays been found in his seat at Society meetings ,

— wh w a o n e w y o u w . o has aided us in every y. hom all kno Hon James Garrett Judge o f the Court o f General Sessions

O f the Co u ntv Of N e w York .

J UDGE TELLS HISTORY .

JUDGE Grand Sachem , honored guests ,

: 1 50th ladies and gentlemen On this . the Anniversary o f the O founding Of the Society O f Tammany or Columbian rder , it seems to be ﬁtting and appropriate that we pause for a fe w

O f o f moments to consider the history the Society . the derivation

w . its name . and the events hich preceded its birth Tammany ‘ w a s the name Of o n e Of the greatest Of American

who wa s Indians , a Chieftain at once an historical and a legendary

20 u wa s - ﬁg re . Chief Tammany a Sachem of the Lenni Lenape , or

Delaware , Indians , the most power ful tribe of the Eastern Algon ' w th e valle quin Con federacy . This tribe held s ay in y of the

Delaware River . When William Penn led his followers to America to seek a haven o f refuge in a new land . one of the ﬁrst to welcome him to these shores was Chief Tammany , and this Chief was also present at the signing O f the Great Treaty between William Penn

h k ma x n S c a a o . and the Indians under the Elm at , Pennsylvania Deeds and other historical documents signed by the great Chief

n o t tain Tammany are still in existence , but he does appear , with Of all his virtue and wisdom , to have been a very keen business

i n w w man , as nearly every trade he made ith the hite men , he w w gave a ay for comparatively little , vast acreages hich his tribes had formerly held .

S O w well kno n was this great Indian Chief , and so highly was he regarded by both his o wn people and the white settlers for his

O f wisdom , benevolence and nobility character , that , after his

u n o f disappearance from the historical scene , he experienced an ﬁ ci al canonization and the Colonists began to allude to him as

Saint Tammany . Like many other great men who have become legendary char acter s Of hi s , the birthplace Of Tammany and the time and place death , are shrouded in mystery . It is probable , however , that he

1 698 P e nns l died before the year , although in Bucks County , y vania , a monument to him stands , placing the date of his death 1 750 about .

1 77 1 O f As far back as , the ﬁrst May was known as Saint Tam ’ wa s many s Day , and he adopted as the patron saint of various groups and societies formed at that time , some of which called “ ” “ themselves the Sons o f Saint Tammany or the Sons O f King ” Tammany .

On the occasion o f one o f these celebrations in Philadelphia i n ’ l 770 s no t the , a p oem to Saint Tammany was read , and it might be amiss to give you part Of it here :

Some holy guardian , hence , each nation claims

Gay France her Denis , and grave Spain her James , Britons at once two mighty saints Obey

Andrew and George maintain united sway , O ’ er humbler land s the same old whim prevails

21 Ireland her Patrick ; boasts her David , Wales .

We , Pennsylvanians , these Old tales rej ect , And our o w n saint think proper to erect

O f Immortal Tammany Indian Race ,

Great in the ﬁelds , and foremost in the chase .

To Tammany let the full horn go round His fame let every honest tongue resound ; W ith him let every generous patriot vie

o r w % To live in freedom , ith honor die

N o r to o shall I think my labor severe ,

to w . Since ye , ise sachems , kindly deign bear

’ The early celebrations O f Saint Tammany s Day were simply

wh o festive occasions indulged in by groups O f Colonists , held banquets , dressed as Indians , sang Indian songs , and performed w l f . st o Indian dances In Philadelphia , ho ever , on the May .

1 772 wa s , the ﬁrst permanent Tammany Society established . Its

Obj ect was the promotion o f charity and patriotism , and it was

“ ”

o f . called the Sons King Tammany A year or so later , the name Of the Society wa s changed to The Sons Of Saint Tam ” many . Some O f the most noted and inﬂuential men in the Colonies O f Pennsylvania and N e w Jersey were members O f this

O f original Tammany Society . The names Biddle . Brad ford . w Cad alader , Hamilton . Logan , Pemberton . Penrose , Read , Ritten

’ \V ha rto n o f house and . appear on the list the Society s members as far back as 1 773 . This ﬁrst Tammany Society perfected a permanent organiza tion ; elected thirteen Sachems every year , and smoked the pipe

O f . peace . or calumet . at each meeting From this Philadelphia Society sprang various Tammany Societies throughout the Col i o n e s . In those crucial days preceding the American Revolution . groups o f men were banding themselves together under the name “ % w o f The Sons O f Liberty . These ere more or less secret

O f w wa s organizations . the Obj ect hich to resist the encroachments o f the mother country upon the liberties o f the Colonists . The

B ill eti n or B ill Stamp Act and the Act . or Mutiny , designed to establish a standing army in the Colonies at the expense O f the

Colonists , provoked bitter opposition , and the patriotic bands w “ ” kno n as The Sons o f Liberty , by their opposition to the

m fo r who Crown , beca e the rallying forces the bold spirits formed the O f the nucleus future armies Of the American Revolution . 22

Many of the members Omf The Sons O f Liberty were also mem bers o f the various Ta many S ocieties throughout the Colonies , and the Liberty Cap , which was the insignia of The Sons o f f o . Liberty , became , in time , the symbol the Tammany Societies Many skirmishes were waged by “ The Sons o f Liberty ” in w defending their Liberty Poles , which ere erected in the lower part O f New York to Show their deﬁance of the attempts at f usurpation O their rights by the British Crown . Many noted Americans were numbered among The Sons ” o f Liberty, including Paul Revere , and the Boston citizens , who ,

w o f disguised as Indians , threw into the aters Boston Harbor cargoes O f tea sent here by the British in their endeavors to make w our citizens accept the principle o f taxation ithout representation .

One o f the outstanding American p atriots of New York

— was Hercules Mulligan a member O f the Tammany Society , and

o f O f O f also one the founders the Sons Liberty . During the Revolutionary War he was “ Conﬁdential Correspondent ” to Gen eral George Washing t on and the real head o f the Intelligence

Department o f the Revolutionary Army .

o f Through the inﬂuence Mulligan and his associates , the early Tammany groups became leaders O f the revolutionary sentiment in the American Colonies , and these groups gradually evolved from mere social meetings into fraternal and patriotic societies . O ne Of the leaders in the organization of the ﬁrst Tammany

Ne w Pin tard Society in York was John , merchant , philanthropist

1 784 h e and scholar , who came here in from New Jersey , where had been active in the Sons Of Tammany . In 1 786 the Tammany Society o r Columbian Order was founded

Ne w w \V illiam in York City , ith Mooney as its founder and ﬁrst

Grand Sachem . By that time the Tammany Society had adopted as its patron , not only the great sachem Of the Indian tribes , but

o f also Christopher Columbus , the discoverer America , hence

“ ’ the Society was called Saint Tammany s Society o r Columbian ”

Order . The capital o f the young Republic was then in N ew York City and shortly after George Washington took his oath o f OITICC 1 789 w in May , . the Society had a celebration , at hich it is recorded

O f wa s o f the Father his Country the guest honor . 1 790 In , the Society held another ceremony for the purpose o f helping the Government make a treaty o f friendship with the

Creek Indians . On this occasion many o f the most prominent men in the country were present , including Governor George

M N e w Clinton , Chief Justice John Jay , ayor Duane o f York ,

ff . Thomas Je erson , then Secretary o f State , and many others

w n O f N ew De itt Clinto , former Mayor York City and Gov

rn o r O f N ew e the State o f York , the father o f the Erie Canal ,

w O f o a s a Scribe the Tammany S ciety , and George Clinton , Col

o ni al N e w - General , Governor o f York State , and Vice President

was . o f the United States , a Sachem o f the Society in its early days

Pinta rd o n e wa s John , Of the early Tammany Sachems , the

O f founder the American or Tammany Museum . the ﬁrst museum

w s ever founded in N e w York . He a also the organizer of the

ﬁrst savings bank o f this city .

w o f In the days follo ing the Revolution , the quarters the Tam many Society became the gathering place for those who believed

n who in mai taining the principles Of democracy . and realized

a s f wa s that eternal vigilance w the price o liberty . It not a political

w a s body , as it made tip o f adherents O f all schools o f thought

w O f two but gradually , ith the development political ideals , parties

- the Federal and the anti Federal party . evolved .

O ne wa s N e w by party led in York John Jay , Alexander Ham who w n ilton and Chancello r Livingston , ere advocates o f a stro g central government ; and the other party led in N e w York by

Me lanctho n George Clinton . Robert Yates , John Lansing and

t who w Smi h , , hile not averse to a confederation . resisted all attempts at the erection o f a po wer to destroy the sovereignty o f

the States . Hamilton a n d hi s follo wers wanted the President and the Sen

The ate elected for li fe . and not by direct vote Of the people . v also wanted the Governors Of the di ff erent States elected bv the

T he Congress . other group desired to maintain the balance o f w po er in the hands O f the separate States .

S o c ie tv O f hile men o f both groups belonged to the Tammany .

to the maj ority o f those devoted the sovereignty O f the States , as

O f Opposed to the domination the central government . gradually

. O f ff increased until at the time o f the election Thomas Je erson ,

the Society had become strongly Democratic . Another cause which contributed to the formation o f the early S o ci v w et . a s the Society Of the Cincinnati . This Society wa s

o f ihe f f composed O ﬁcers , and descendants o f o ﬁcers . o f the Ameri

ed new Street Wigwam was clos , and the beauti ful Colonial build ing On Union Square was begun . During the War o f 1 8 1 2 the Tammany Society was the head

o f wh o w O f quarters those ere in favor its vigorous prosecution , in contrast to many who were lukewarm in this contest with the

h war mot er country , A fter the had been concluded , and the Com

Of missioners , who had gone to Ghent to arrange the treaty peace , returned to the United States , they were entertained at a great m banquet at Ta many Hall .

A N TA M MAN Y I N TH E V .

The Tammany Society wa s active in the support o f Andrew

Jackson in his candidacy for the presidency of the United States . Since its inception the Tammany Society has been the leader in patriotic and civic movements . It has led the ﬁght for popular rule and equal rights since its organization . It wa s the ﬁrst organization to celebrate the birthday o f George

n O f . Washingto . the father our country ’ In 1 8 1 2 it held a mass meeting to approve the declaration o f war l against Eng and .

Its members , by the thousands . worked on the fortiﬁcations

N e w w around York hen invasion threatened at that time . The Society participated in the public procession at the funeral

“ ’ n w : o f Captai James La rence . who died saying Don t give up the ” ship . f It tendered a banquet to Commodore Perry , the hero o the n O f aval battle Lake Erie . It conducted a campaign for Manhood Su ffrage which resulted

the o f 2 in attainment that democratic ideal in 1 8 1 . 1 823 It recommended in , an amendment to the United States Constitution calling for the election o f the President by popular vote . It was responsible fo r reducing the term o f residence o f alien s for eligibility to citizenship to ﬁve years . ’ O f It secured the rep eal the Debtors Prison Law . It supported President Jackson and his n ull iﬁ cati o n proclama tion against secession , and adopted the slogan , which survived “ : until the conclusion o f the Civil War , O f The Union must and ” shall be preserved .

28 It passed a ringing resolution favoring the annexation O f

Texas , and aggressively endorsed and supported President Polk in the war against Mexico . It fought vigorously and successfully for religious liberty in “ ” - politics and against Know Nothingism .

V W A R TA M M AN Y I N TH E CI IL .

When the Civil War threatened to split the Union asunder , the

m n Tam a v Society raised and equipped , at its own expense , a “ 42d New regiment called The Tammany Jackson Guard , York ” n u the In fantry . This Regime t fought througho t entire Civil

’

War , and was one of the Union regiments that faced Pickett s o charge at Gettysburg . There , at the Bloody Angle , a m nument to the Regiment was erected by the Tammany Society .

O f William H . Seward , the Secretary State during the Civil

’ “ W a r O f : , said publicly the Tammany Society It has never failed t o O f Observe and honor the anniversary National Independence , and during the Civil War the Tammany Society sent its sons to ﬁght for the Union , and , with unswerving ﬁdelity , heartily supported the Federal Government . A fter the war the Society favored a tolerant and generous policy of reconstruction .

- A A R T H E SPANI SH A M ERICAN W R AND WORLD W .

In 1 898 it raised and equipped a Regiment for the Spanish

M cKi nle American War , and tendered it to President y. How

wa s . ever, that Regiment never mustered into service In 1 9 1 7 the members o f the Soci ety pledged their loyalty and u f nited support to the President and the country , and O fered to

wa assist , and did assist , in every y possible in the prosecution of the war . Many o f its members enlisted in the army , and all were united behind the national government .

In every crisis through which the nation has passed , the Tam

' many Society has been in the fore front i n ﬁghting for freedom and democracy , and its endeavor always has been to perpetuate the principles O f liberty and independence on which this govern ment is fo unded .

’ It made many contri butions to the development and up - building of our City , State and Nation ; to industry and commerce ; to charitable and social work ; to religious and personal liberty , and to civic ideals and good citizenship .

Many of its members were signatories to the Declaration of Independence ; a President of the United States ; three Vice Presidents o f the United States ; ﬁve Cabinet Members ; ﬁ fteen Governors o f the State O f Ne w York ; many United States Sen ato rs ; Judges O f the Supreme Court o f this State and other

- N e w . courts , and twenty four Mayors of the City o f York It has aided the suffering and needy from its earliest days up to the present time , not only in the City of New York , but through out the world .

It has contributed to the victims o f the Johnstown Flood ; the Galveston Flo-0 d ; the San Francisco Earthquake and similar

disasters in Italy and Japan , as well as Memorials to Theodore

Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson , and to the Bond Issue o f the

Irish Republic . 1 50th On this , its Anniversary , the Society faces the future 1 50 with enthusiasm , and in the conﬁdence that in the next years its usefulness to the community will be even greater than it has

been in the past .

ADDRESS OF ATTORN EY GENERAL CU M M I NGS . TH E GRAND SAC H E M : I have many friends and acquaint anec s who do not always believe in the Tammany Society or in “ Tammany Hall , and sometimes they have said to me , How is it ' ” that yo u love the Tammany Society P and the answer is to be found in this beauti ful address by Judge Wallace to which you

have j ust listened . (Applaus e )

w O f I al ays like these Fourth July celebrations by Tammany ,

o because we have our h me talent . Rarely do we have any one

speak at these celebrations except our own people . The man I am

o u we Of o wn about to introduce to y can feel is one our , for he

lives j ust over the line in Connecticut . I would particularly like w ’ to say j ust a ord about him . Today s newspapers print a great

deal about crime and its suppression . The man at the helm , the man responsible for the great crusade against criminals in this

no w country is the man whom I introduce to you , the Honorable u A Homer C mmings , Attorney General o f the United States . ( p la p use . )

: . ATTORNEY GENERAL CUM M I NGS Mr Chairman , members and friends of the Society o f Tammany or Columbian Order in the City of Ne w York : I am highly appreciative of those gracious 3 1 word s which have j ust been uttered by your presiding ofﬁcer and thank you most sincerely

o f When our forefathers issued the Declaration Independence , they not only established a new nation but they also recorded the triumph O f ideals O f government to which w e have ever since adhered .

« The Fourth o f July is n o t merely a date on the calendar . It is ’ libe rt the seal o f America s compact with v.

Implicit in the revolutionary phrases o f the Declaration O f Inde

en dence o f p are the sanctions all j ust governments , as well as the stirring concept that such governments are the servants and n ot the f O . masters human need O f necessity , such a government was an

wa s experiment ; but it a glorious , a success ful experiment , and it stands today as the hope o f modern civilization .

who In many quarters there are those , pointing to the swi ft and even fundamental changes that have overtaken other peoples i n

w — u o f fo un da other parts o f the orld , freely predict a break p the f tions O our government . These forebodings Of disaster were

1 932 O f 1 933 especially frequent in and during the early part , when o u r country found itsel f in a period Of unexampled industrial and h . w ﬁnancial chaos Sheer necessity gna ed at t e roots o f democracy .

w o ur For reasons hich it i s not here necessary to explore . govern f ment had ceased to be ef ective . It no longer served the people it wa s to set up serve .

O f O f In large areas our country , amongst disillusioned groups o ur w w fr people , serious outbreaks ere recurring ith alarming e w . O f queney Hunger and fear , the t in authors revolution , stared w at us ith menacing eyes . Since that time . under the inspiring

O f . leadership President Franklin D Roosevelt , hunger has been

ha s n appeased . fear has been banished , hope reentered America

- homes . orderly governmental processes have been restored , and a great cleansing and rebuilding program is proceeding toward its legitimate conclusion .

These achievements are fresh tributes to American statesman ~

an d r ship to the resilience and patience o f o u people . They ff demonstrate O f what stout stu America is made . But they

h o w w o n teach us , too , essential it is that the freedom our fathers should not be forfeited by a complacent acquiescence in the face ld n w O e . O f evils that recur in forms Indeed , the lessons o f the

32 ar e s ur Ch l F . M p hy M emo ria l T abl e t revolution would be entirely lost to us i f we imagined that all that

freedom means is political liberty .

Jefferson saw much farther than that and set up in the Declara ~ tion of Independence standards o f guidance for the government that made it not only an instrument of resistance to tyranny from m whatever source that tyranny came , but also a eans whereby the need s of our people should be satisﬁed and their safety and happi ness assured as time progressed . A fter the struggle for religious liberty had been won and the struggle for political liberty was the urgent cause o f the day , many

o f w a s w leaders , unconscious what going for ard , still talked in

N o w terms o f the previous conﬂict . that political liberty has been wo n o ur to , and fundamental rights , including the right assemble ,

to to f to to petition , vote , to aspire O ﬁce , maintain a free press , free discussion and the right o f free speech are n o longer chal

e O f lenged and no longer in p ril , there are men , and the names

o f to ou who many them will occur y , still talk in ancient phrases , w u nco ntrav erte d o ur w orry about things , vex ears ith impotent w discussion about matters already settled . and have neither ords n o r thought n o r concern for the struggle to secure a larger meas ure o f economic freedom . President Roosevelt expressed this issue with extraordinary

fe w clarity when , a days ago , he declared in a speech that is d estined to become one o f the great historic utterances O f Ameri can statesmen

“ Liberty requires opportunity to make a living— a living to o f w decent according the standard the time , a living hich gives man not only enough to live by , but something to live or . “ F o r to o many O f us the political equality we o n ce had w o n wa s O f meaningless in the face economic inequality . For too many o f us li fe wa s n o longer free ; liberty no longer real ; w men could no longer follo the pursuit O f happiness . “ Today we stand committed to the proposition that freedom I S n o ff If hal f and hal f a air . the average citizen is guaran i n teed equal opportunity the polling place , he must have

equal opportunity in the market place . No r is it strange that the necessity has arisen to stress these modern aspects O f liberty . America wa s not ﬁnished when the

Declaration O f Independence was issued . That wa s the day when

America began . We are no longer a nation whose problems are merely local . 34

w ff w today becomes the law O f tomorro . Je erson foresa this clear l y and pointed it out time and time again . Society , and even the

State , in the ultimate analysis , is li fe and not something built to w f . O a formula It gro s , it lives , it survives by virtue some inner N n force which is the life current of its era . O o e can note the superb elan with which men have met the problems and the tribu lati on s of these latter days without believing that this current is un deﬁle d still and capable Of carrying us safely to our destination .

A nd we , so turn , again and again , with increasing g ratitude , to

- O f . the Declaration Independence Its far seeing philosophy , its

o f — friendly , human touch , its faith in the destiny man these things cheer and strengthen us amid the problems O f a modern world and conﬁrm us in the faith that America is destined to enter wider

m w e ﬁelds Of freedo than have thus far known . (Applause )

’ A D D R Es SENATOR COPELAND S s .

T H E C : e GRAND SA H E M I am sure that you , like mys l f , were very much interested in the address of the Attorney General . I hope that some time he will come to us and tell us more about the

w f r f wonderful ork he is doing o the suppression o crime .

n o . The next speaker needs introduction He is one o f us . It is difﬁcult for me to think o f him as a Senator . Years ag o we to f were associated in many things in medicine . I like think o him in the great work that he did in the relief Of sickness and suffering in this city as President O f the Board o f Health : the

Honorable Royal S . Copeland , United States Senator . ( Cheers and applause . )

: . SENATOR COPELAND Grand Sachem . Dr Darlington , Governor

o f Bray , M r . Chairman . members the Society O f Tammany , ladies and gentlemen : A fter a turbulent six months in Washington I am mighty glad to come back to this peaceful and friendly place . to ( Laughter and applause . ) I am more than happy be among

e mv friends . (Applaus )

V SE NATOR COPELA ND ON GO ERN M ENT .

o ne This is the Fourth o f July , the hundred and Sixtieth anni v e rs a ry Of American independence . It is the day set apart for solemn contemplation o f those historical events that made a nation .

mm mOrate s w It co e the spiritual a akening o f a people , a people destined by Almighty G o d to be the leaders Of mankind in estab

36 li shin Of g ideal s liberty , freedom o f individual expression , and

- political sel f determination . There is something in the very atmosphere Of A merica that

- from the earliest days made for sel f reliance , independence of

spirit , unwillingness to be dominated by autocratic rulers , as well

’ as the capacity for formulation of these convictions in unmi s takable language . That immortal document , the Declaration of

Independence , will ever live in proof of this statement .

As I see it , every citizen Should take pains to inform himsel f as to those causes which impelled our forefathers to separation from

w to the mother country . It is ise do this , because we are prone d to become distracte by our personal troubles and interests , per haps to a degree that makes us oblivious to the signiﬁcance O f ff current events . To study seriously what our ancestors su ered and what they ﬁnally did to rid themselves of despotism , is good medicine for every generation . It is reasonable to believe that what those noble patriots did in 1 776 to wi n complete political freedom , may help us in this generation , and our children in suc

s iv ce s e . generations , to preserve that freedom

The inhabitants o f the world are living in an atmosphere O f dictatorships , remarkable political doctrines , and strange economic

O ur theories . most dep endable sa feguard against dangerous heresies lies in full knowledge O f the successful treatment admin i ste re d to similar ailments in other times .

The salvation of the United States lies in the fact that it i s

- indeed a Union , a union o f forty eight States . We have forty

- - eight governments , forty eight legislatures , forty eight armies ,

- - i n - - forty eight commanders chief . Red handed , stark , blood ’ I curdling revolution can t happen here . llinois or Massachusetts or Cali fornia might witness an uprising . But as long as the sov e rei nt O f g y o f the State is preserved , the solidarity the nation is assured .

The fathers saw this . They agreed to a central government limited to those powers and functions explicitly con ferred upon it . There never would have been ratiﬁcation of the Constitution and r neve could have been a Union on other terms .

I happened to be born a Protestant , but this city is largely Cath w Olic and Je ish . With the Catholics and Jews there is traditional

fo r respect authority . Consequently , it is doubtful i f in any other community in the United States is there more likelihood o f ﬁnding 37 respect for the courts , the embodiment of p olitical and social authority . No greater responsibility rests on the individual than

i ns r to maintain the letter and spirit of the Constitution . That t u ment is indeed the cornerstone o f our liberties . History is like a snowball made by a group of children ; it is rolled along until it becomes of mammoth size . With the passing years historical facts accumulate until the mass is to o great to be included , certainly in a school textbook . In consequence , most of us who live today are not so thoroughly informed of the facts of A early merican history as were our grandparents . We have more books to read and the daily newspapers to devour , so there is no time for deep study o f those stirring years , for example , between 1 763 1 4 776 . and July , It may happe n some time that another dozen years may mean more to Americans than that period in the eighteenth century . But surely it would take more than the efforts o f a dozen years to set aside the emotions , convictions , and indelible decisions , which bound o u r ancestors with hoops o f steel and will continue to to o f bind us the end time . That particular decade and a quar ter marked the crystallization o f patriotic thought . It awakened in the souls o f men the true signiﬁcance o f the only sort o f g o v ernme nt N o America could tolerate . longer would a freeborn

to people submit distant dictation and control .

o f fo r . The best government is that , by , and the people governed Ne w w York City ould never tolerate being governed from A lbany .

ff mav w What is good for Bu alo be all rong for Rochester . What

f t E o f suits Ithaca may be o fensive o lmira . Regimentation cities

o is j ust as intolerable as regimentation f States . 1 763 1 776 As I study the situation existing between and , the period mentioned , the least bearable of the complaints was the heaviness o f the hand o f a remote despot . Conditions would have been little better had that distant master been a benevolent despot .

wo rthv O ur Americans , i f the name , hate despotism . ancestors hated it ; we hate it ; w e pray o u r posterity may hate it and never be forced to endure it . Those who founded the Society o f Tammany were those who f thought with Thomas Je ferson . They frowned upon centraliza tion o f power in the Federal Government . In that respect they were like the maj ority of the Constitutional Convention whi ch had met and “ completed its labors coincidently with the founding of the Tammany Society . 38 th 1 763 i I have mentioned e date . This was an mp ortant one

in the history o f the Colonies , because it marked the end of French a power in North America . There was j oy on this , because for

century France had been a deadly enemy for the colonists . Aided b y their Indian allies , the French pillaged , devastated , and

murdered . 1 763 News of the peace of , ending the Seven Years War , ex

cited the gratitude o f Americans . The ill feelings o f the past were ff forgotten for the time being . There was a di erent attitude to

' kindl feelin ward the parent country and a y g , too , for the young prince in who se reign the end of the French terror occurred .

George III , whom we think o f as the heartless tyrant of the O n n Revolution , was really an amiable youth . ascending the thro e

- he was only twenty two , a man o f courtesy and personal purity .

U n Prayer book in hand , he went to church every Sunday .

fortunately , however , his natural , stupid , stubborn , bigoted nature soon came to the surface .

e. 1 763 But , as I hav intimated , in the British had it in their power to establish with the American colonists a relationship w e hich might hav continued . It may well have resulted in a status f for our country such as is in e fect in the Dominion o f Canada .

i t - But was a short lived peace . Within a few weeks of the

Of signing o f the Treaty Paris , George Grenville became Prime M “ inister and our troubles began anew . The infamous Stamp ” A ct wa s . One passed iniquity after another followed , and in due time the tax on tea was placed . Then came the Boston Tea “ Party I n protest against what the colonists called the Intolerable

Acts .

TO HIS RY, PAST AND PRESENT .

“ n In what the heading calls it , the unanimous declaratio of the ” thirteen United States of America , we find an enumeration o f the evil acts o f George I II . His youthful amiability had gi ven way to the impulses o f his true nature . Let me quote from that immortal document “ The history of the present King o f Great Britain is a history o f repeated inj uries and usurpations , all having in direct obj ect the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States . What would be the attitude of the Ameri can people today i f one in authority presumed to repeat the acts performed by that despot o f the 1 8th century ? 39 Suppose a modern despot attempted to make j udges dependent ” n o his will alone . Suppose he were to erect a multitude o f n e w Offices and send swarms o f Offi cers to harass o ur people and eat o ut their sub stance ” ? ” Suppose he were to impose taxes on us w ithout o ur consent ? % W w o ur o ur hat i f he took a ay charters , abolishing most val uable w o f o ur n la s , and altering fundamentally the forms Gover ments ” ?

' Suppose he invested himsel f with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever ” ?

o r w to — I f these things , some o f them . ere be undertaken and I have but slightly paraphrased the very language o f the Declara ? tion what would be o ur modern - day reaction \V o uld we have

o f : the spirit to say as did the authors the Declaration A Prince , whose character i s thus marked by every act which may deﬁne a ” e ? tyrant , is unﬁt to be the ruler o f a free p ople ? Have w e grown so ft through years o f sel f - indulgence How ” ? f we o u r di ferent are from ancestors , the Fathers O f the Republic

hi s At Philadelphia the other night , President Roosevelt , in w acceptance speech said beauti fully hat I have in mind today . Let me quote : It wa s to win freedom from the tyranny o f political autocracy

s th e that the American Revolution wa fought . That victory gave

o f wh o business governing into the hands o f the average man . won the right with his neighbors to make and order his o w n hi w ” destiny through s o n government . The President continued :

“ To There i s a m ysterious cycle in human events . some genera tions much is given . O f others much is expected . This genera

w d e sti nv tion o f Americans has a rendezvous ith .

“ w o f In this orld ours in other lands , there are some people , who . in times past . have lived and fought for freedom . and seem to have grown to o weary to carry on the ﬁght . They have sold their heritage o f freedom for the illusion o f a living . They have yielded their democracy . “ I believe in my heart that o nl v our success can stir their

to w we ancient hope . They begin kno that here in America are w w r I wa r w aging a great a . t is not alone a against ant and desti tuti o n war and economic demoralization , it is a for the survival o f

40 democracy . We are ﬁghting to save a great and precious form ” o f government for ourselves and for the world . On the day commemorative of the One Hundred Sixtieth - year

to o f American Independence , it is not enough merely recite the D brave deeds o f the men who signed the eclaration . Once one of his generals told Napoleon about a great victory the former had “ ”

n . . wo the day before Never mind about that , said Napoleon “ What are you going to do tomorrow ? ” w That should be our attitude t od ay . We are proud o f hat these 4 1 776 patriots did on July , , but what are we ready to do should similar emergencies confront our people at some future time ?

Unless we have iron in our souls and steel in our nerves , we are not ﬁt to inherit the millions of advantages that Jefferson and Adams and Carroll and Rutledge conferred upon us by the act w n o t e celebrate today . We should be true to the memory o f o ur Ne w own York signers of that immortal document , William

w un Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Le is , and Lewis Morris , less we too in time o f national distress are ready mutually to “ pledge to each other our lives , our fortunes , and our sacred ” honor . (Applause )

’

SE NATOR WAGNER S ADDRESS .

T H E GRAND SAC H E M : Some years ago I sat in a restaurant with a young man and w e talked over modern housing and vari ous improvements for the com fort and health o f the working people . That man is today one of our United States Senators ,

— I — Bob Wagner beg your pardon The Honorable Robert F .

Wagner . (Applaus e )

E : Mr S NATOR WAGNER Honorable Grand Sachem , . Dooling ,

Governor Bray , Judge Foley , my friends The Tammany Society stands second to none in the history o f the struggles for American liberty . Its ﬁrst records are re w splendent ith the deeds of our early members , who participated in the world - shaking events that brought freedom and honor to the Thirteen Colonies . We feel that the atmosphere here today a e w is perv d d with their holy presence , along ith the other

N who ational heroes , through successive generations , marched forth from Tammany Hall .

i s This year there a special cause for rej oicing . We have f recently witnessed the rea ﬁrmation o f American ideals , and the reestablishment of American opportunities . We know that in 4 1 November the Nation , in a demonstration transcending all party

w O f lines , will register its over helming approval a Government that has kept faith with the immortal principles O f democracy

i 1 a conce ved 60 years g o . This meeting represents a tradition ; but it is a tradition glowing with the warmth o f o u r fri endship— a long association that strikes

e Yo u in my heart a p rsonal note . will understand why , on this w day above all others , I return with ever gro ing sentiment and f w a fection to Tammany Hall , here I began my political career .

i Here I learned that n o o ne was to o poor o r strang e o r obscure

to to win recognition , i f he had the power and the inclination

e render public service . (Applaus ) Here I tested the true mean

O f O f ing friendship , loyalty , of liberty and Of democracy . Here we have been thrilled again and again by the full signiﬁcance and purpose of the Fourth o f July . Let us pause to consider why the Fourth o f July is enshrined

u r wh forever in the hearts O f o people . Let us ask y it is that o ne o f the three o r four secular holidays that the whole civilized world knows about and intently feels ; why it is honored even by the nation fo r which it meant the loss of a \Yestern Empire .

o f 1 776 I cannot believe that the events , glorious though they w w ere , perpetuated and hallo ed as they have been in song and

o story , could alone have pr duced so lasting and universal a rev erence and devotion .

This dav is cherished for reasons deeper and wider than any o f o f single occasion o r series o f events . It i s symbolic a love w no liberty that had no beginning , and that ill have end , so long as the human spirit prevails . It is symbolic o f the struggles , both

to o f here and abroad , stretching back the dim days the pre to hi storic past , that our forerunners have engaged in create to charters o f the peoples rights , to establish Constitutions , vin dica te to civil liberties , convert slavery into liberty , to preserve n from desecration the altars o f freedom already wo . The Fathers o f our Republic were philosophers of the history

thev w wo n O f mankind , and ere aware that liberty must be every w day anew . They realized that the gi ft hich they had bestowed

. upon us could not be preserved , save by a ceaseless vigil Thomas Jefferson said that the tree o f liberty would have to be fertilized

- from time to time with the li fe blood of patriots and sages . This ve rv tree o f liberty has grown and blossomed among us because ,

42 in peace no less than in war , we have been blessed with men and women willing to spend the last drop of their energies and for i tunes to preserve the her tage of America . The new historical occasions which we celebrate are merely

dramatic episodes in a continuous pageant o f life . We single them out because they typi fy the resurgence o f the spi rit of liberty at critical periods when it seemed almost crushed — periods that reached their crises when Washing t on walked alone in the snow w at Valley Forge , when Lincoln bo ed his head amid the crosses at Gettysburg , and when Franklin D . Roosevelt took the solemn f o n 4th 1 933 A oath o f O ﬁce that dreary day o f March in . ( p la p use . ) What lessons do we learn from the events leading up to and 4th 1 933 ? following the of March , We learn that , while the o f w forms freedom change ith changing social problems , the sub

o f we stance liberty is eternal . During the present century have not faced political oppression from without ; but we have faced ff predatory oppression f rom within . We have not su ered from imperialistic encroachments abroad ; but we have su ffered from encroachments upon freedom of opportunity at home . We have no t been endangered by the dismemberment of ou r union in a war against secession ; but we have j ust avoided the disintegration

u r O f o business system in a war against depression .

o f In meeting the challenge our times , we seek freedom for capital and investment from recurrent economic disorders that paralyze industry and commerce . We seek freedom for the aver age business man from being driven into bankruptcy by cut - throat

o n competition on the one hand and monopoly the other . We seek for the home owner freedom from foreclosure and eviction . And we seek fo r the little children freedom from degrading i n

ﬂ uences in the worst o f the slums .

We seek fo r both corporate and individual savings freedom

the o f from terrible calamity bank failures , and we seek for all , f old freedom from the fear o destitution in their age , freedom from insecurity Of j obs in their prime o f li fe , freedom from the dwa rﬁ ng O f their physical and mental development in youth . We w strive for these liberties ith the same dignity , the same inspira

tion , and the same sureness that right must triumph , that drove

“ the patriots forward to Yorktown . I detect a striking similarity during all the pe riods when o ur

44 liberties have been most at stake . Always there has arisen the plea o f compromise and reaction . Edmund Burke , the Great h A B ritish orator , tried wit all his eloquence to conciliate the meri can colonies ; but the co lonists would never become reconciled to

the idea of taxation without representation . A century later the silver - tongued Clay and the logical Calhoun attemp ted to com w promise the issue bet een the States , but the maj ority of free men m could never become resigned to the extension of hu an slavery . w Within our own times , hen destitution made of liberty an

empty slogan , there were some who tried to sell the American e peopl the notion that depressions were unavoidable , that public

action was unavailing , and that poverty was a perpetual necessity

in a land of limitless wealth and plenty . The American people would no more surrender their economic rights than they would have countenanced the destruction o f their t political rights . As hey won the ﬁght for political freedom , so

A e now they are winning the ﬁght for economic liberty . ( pplaus )

They will never change their course until the victory is complete .

Great causes inspire great leaders . There were leaders ﬁt to command in 1 776 and in 1 86 1 and in 1 932 the ranks o f democracy w produced one in keeping ith our times . He has guided us from

o panic to rec very , and during the next four years he will lead us A e to heights not yet attained . ( pp laus ) We are proud of our men of heroic stature ; but the cardinal principle of our form o f government is that the success of a leader depends upon the j ustice O f the ﬁght and the strength of A the people . The power and glory of merica lies in the hands A ff o f the merican people . The Fourth of July a ords the people a glowing occasion to recall our nation ’ s inspiring history and to

fullment rededicate themselves to the of its glorious destiny . (Applause )

T H E : GRAND SACH E M Ladies and gentlemen , the program for

the day is ﬁnished , but I want to say one thing before we conclude , ’ re eati and that is to p , Judge Foley s admonition at the beginning A n d o f this celebration , that we must trust in God . now I ask

F l e Judge o v to close the meeting . A CH AIRMAN FOLEY : s Chairman of the Committee , I want to express my ap preciation to some of th o se who have contributed so greatly to the success of this celebration— and what a celebra % f tion it was First , the children and the members and the o ﬁcers

45 ’ of the Naturalized American Citizens Association who made such a beautiful picture out in Union Square and in the parade around N this hall a fter our visit to the Independence Monument . ext to the speakers : Homer Cummings— we like to call him that— the

Attorney General of the United States , for his brilliant speech and the fact that he gave up the time to come here . (Applaus e )

A e Our Senator Copeland , always popular . ( pplaus ) own Sen ator Wagner (applause) and Judge Wallace .

La G uardia Finally , I wish to pay a little compliment to Mayor ,

w to W NYC for the privilege o f allo ing us use radio station , and to the management Of Station WOR and the Mutual Broadcasting

o ur Company ; and last but by no means least , to the members of f w o u r . Committee and particularly e ﬁcient Secretary , Mr Ed ard ll . Mc Cu en e J . (Applaus )

The meeting is adj ourned . Long live Tammany %

O O F PATR N S THE CELEBRATI O N .

Success o f the anniversary celebration was due in no small measure to the very efﬁcient committees drafted by the Council of

Sachems and by Sachem James A . Foley , Chairman of the Cele bration Committee . The personnel of the various committees was as follows :

HONOR A R Y PATR ONS H I S E% CELLENCY

THE HONORABLE FRANKLI N D . ROO SEVELT President o f the United States N THE H O ORABLE JOH N N . GARNER Vice - President o f the United States HI S E% CELLENCY

TH E HON ORABLE HERBERT H . LEHMAN Governor o f the State o f New York O THE HO N RABLE M . WILLIA M BRAY Lieutenant - Governor O f the State o f Ne w York N O THE HO ORABLE M RRI S S . TREMAI NE Comptroller o f the State o f New York O . N . THE H NORAB LE JOH N J BEN ETT , JR Attorney General o f the State o f New York

E% ECUTIVE CO M M ITTEE

Gra nd S a ch m N . e THO MA S DARLI GTON , M D . ,

h i man A . C a r SACH E M JAM ES FOLEY,

M cCU LLE N S ecr e tar EDWARD J . , y

SAC H E M GEORGE GORDO N BATTLE SA CH E M DAV ID H . KNOTT ’

SAC H E M TH O MAS C . T . CRAI N SAC H E M JOH N P . O BRIEN

. O LV A N Y SA C H E M JO H N F CURRY SAC H E M GEORGE W .

SAC H E M JA M ES J . DOOLI NG SACH E M DAN IEL L . RYAN

SACH E M DANIEL E . FI N N SAC H E M ALFRED E . S M ITH

SAC HE M WILLIA M P . KEN N EALLY SA C H E M HENRY W . UNGER

R O K B R O . B . . FREDERIC W SPERLI NG BERT STA ND

B R O . V A N WILLIA M T . ALSTYNE

OFFICERS OF THE S O CIETY

T HO MAS DARLI NGTO N , M . D .

Gra nd S a che m

H M E M \V . S O R LLE N EDW I N EDWARD J . c CU Treas ur er S ecre ta ry WILLIA M O ’ S HA UGH N ESSY HUBERT KELLY S ag a mo r e W is ki nkie

SAC H E M T H O MAS C . T . CRAI N F a ther of the C o u ncil \ SA M UEL H . VANDELL S cr ibe o f the C o uncil

GENERAL COM M ITTEE

A bka rian Dr . S . H . D , Baer

w . w Hon . Le is A Abrams Frank V . Bald in

. . w Hon J Ahearn Arthur J . Bald in

h . Josep D . Allen A R . Bal sam

Hon . William T . Allen Hon . Joab H . Banton

Hon . Meyer Alterman Conrad Baratta

David Altman Miss Elizabeth M . Barry w Miss Birdie Amsterdam Ed ard V . Barton \V Hon . Charles . Appleton Miss Angela Bathe

John T . Ardis Albert A . Bautz

G w Ho n \V Hon . eorge T . At ell . George . Beal A w Hon . Thomas A . urelio Ed ard J . Beggs

\V . alter B . Austin Hon James A . Beha

48 John A . B ell , Jr . Hon . Lloyd Church

Alfred C . Bennett Jack Citroen

Issac B ermant Richard H . Clarke i B ero l z he me r . Hon . Philip John F Cogan Cohalan Dr . C . J . Billik Hon . Daniel F . h l n . . Co a a Ralph E . Bingham Hon John P

Patrick H . Bird Miss Ethel Cohen

Hon . William Harman Black I saac F . Cohen

Hon . Sol Bloom S . Howard Cohen

Hon . Owen W . Bohan Hon . William W . Cohen

Hon . Max Bolt Hon . Albert Cohn Miss Loretta Bonner John Coleman

Frederick Bouchard Hon . Cornelius F . Collins

Hon . John J Boylan John F . Collins

Hon . Edward F . Boyle Hon . William T . Collins

John A . Boyle Dennis H . Connelly

w . R . J . H . B radley La rence D Connelly

Henry B rady Jeremiah F . Conner

Hon . Charles Brandt , Jr . Harold A . Content

James E . Branigan Hon . Royal S . Copeland

Homer H . Breland Hon . Salvatore A . Cotillo w Hon . Herbert L . Bruce Louis Co an

. o Hon J hn L . Buckley Frank Coyle

. Hon Anthony F . Burke Hon , Thos . C . T . Crain

w . Hon . Thomas F . Burchill Ed ard F Croker Miss Martha Byrne Richard Croker

Hon . John A . Byrnes Hon . Michael J . Cruise ff Mrs . Elvira Ca re Hon . Morris Cukor

Hon . Joseph M . Callahan Hon . Charles W . Culkin

Hon . Hulon Capshaw James H . Cullen

r t W . Mo on Carden Howard S . Cullman

Hon . John F . Carew Richard Cummins

u ne han William F . Carey John A . C

Edward R . Carroll Hon . John F . Curry

. Hon William A . Carroll Hon . Charles A . Curtin

John J . Casey George E . Curtin

Hon . Edward Cassidy Abraham Curz an

Cau hl a . n Walter B g Hon . Charles J . Dalton

N . st r . Ce e o s Dr . J Richard F . Dalton

Harry V . Chasan Joseph P . Day George Chi ntong Maurice Deiches 49 Michael Del Balso Samuel Fassler

Hon . John H . Delaney Mrs . Margaret Fay

Edmund J . Delany Eugene Fay F h n . eat ers o Hon , James A Delehanty Hon . Maurice

M . J . Delehanty Dr . Harris Feinberg

Gus Deman Hon . William T . Fetherston

\V a rren Hon . Edward V . Dempsey Fielding

Ho n James A . Denina . Pasquale J . Fiorella

Calvin L . Dennis Michael B . Fitzgibbon

Hon . Samuel Dickstein Thomas Fitzpatrick

D i e e s Charles J . g Hon . James Fitzgerald N D i M enna icholas James R . Fitzgerald

Mrs . Mary Dobbins John J . Flaherty t F lattO J . J . Doher y I . T . H o n . George L . Donnellan Monroe Flegenheimer

Hon . Frank Donnelly Hon . P . Flood

Hon . Philip F . Donohue Morris Florea

Hon . James J . Dooling Hon , Daniel Flynn

n w . Joh E . Dordan Hon . Ed ard J Flynn H n w o . Ed ard S . Dore Frank J . Flynn

Hon . August Dreyer Hon . John Ford

S D ri b n . be . amuel E . Hon Michael A Ford f Hon . Eugene R . Du fy Jesse G . Fox

Philip J . Dunn I sidor Frank

w M D . G . Dunning ton Ed ard Frankel ,

B . Durkin Hon . Al fred Frankenthaler

w w . J . Ed ard D yer Hon . Joseph J Freschi F ru mbe r . . Hon John G . Dyer Abram M g

W . Hon . John T . Eagan illiam G Fullen Lester Easton Arthur Gallo w

Louis J . Ehret John F . Galvin

. Oscar Englander M rs , Sadie E Garland

. John H . Ertz Hon . Joseph A Gavagan

w . Frank A . Eschmann Hon . Ed ard J Gavagan w Ed . F aitt . M rs . Miriam J Gaynor \Y . Hon . Alexander A . Falk Hon James . Gerard

. Hon , Leonard Farbstein James E Gibbons

F r n . Hon . Salvatore A . a e g a Theodore M Gibbons

’

ame s . Hon . J J . Farley George J Gillespie

. Hon . A . Farrell Monteith C Gilpin Gitte rman H n . o . Saul Fassler A N , 50

M h . c ee n Frank L Kohler Hon . John E . G a

Ko tsk . e Mc l ri k Dr . Samuel J p y Hon . Edward J . GO d c Ko wacki M r h . cG at Paul Dr John J . A L . M c o u hlin Hon . nna M Kross Hon . Lamont g

h M cM aho n C arles W . Kuhns Thomas J . w L r M . e F et a . . cNab e Hon Ed ard B . Hon John J o Le o rte M c Nall Cloyd p Louis J . y H L o n . Tony auria Dennis J . Mahon Ho n Mahon ec . David Lazarus Michael

Hon . Timothy A . Leary Daniel F . Mahoney , Jr .

Norbert L . Lederer Hon . Jeremiah T . Mahoney

John P . Leo Hon . John J . Mahoney

Warren Leslie Cedric A . Maj or

w LeV a S . Sa yer y Hon . Frank Mancuso

. Hon . Aaron J . Levy Hon Samuel Mandelbaum Manico ff Hon . Samuel Levy Jacob

Miss Carolyn Lewis Timothy J . Mara

Charles \V . Lewis Hon . Albert Marinello

L . Ralph F . ewis Hon Francis Martin

A . Hon . lbert H . Liebenau Dr . Stephen H Matthews A Hon . l fred M . Lindau Joseph Meehan

Harold E . Lippincott Thomas Meeks

\V . . . Hon , George Lo ft M J Merkin

w . Hon . Ed ard V . Loughlin Charles B Meyers

Joseph Love Hon . Julius Miller

. . Hon . Richard P . Lydon J H Chris Mitchell H n Mla dine o o . Charles Lynch Ivan

H n M cA n dr ws o . e Thomas F . Miss Anna Montgomery

A rthur McA rdle Banks M . Moore

M cA rdle . . Joseph J . Hon Theodore J Moran

M cA v o . Hon . John V . y Eugene F Moran

M c Ca ff re , . John Morris Hon Francis J y, Jr J

Mc ll . . Ca Hon . John T Michael J Morris

M c Ca rro n . . Mrs . Della Michael J Morris Jr H M c Car th o n . M rs . B . y Martin Moses

Mc ar h . A . C t Hon . John y Mrs Anna Moynihan

Mc Clellan . Col . George B . John A Mullen Ho n M c o rmack . . William J . C Joseph F Mulqueen

. M cCo u hl an . Thomas J . g Joseph F M ulqueen , Jr M c D nald Edwin J . o William Mulqueen

Mc Gee . Hon . Leonard Charles E Murphy 52 . . . T . Charles F Murphy , Jr Hon heodore A Peyser

w . . Ed ard W . Murphy Maj or Gen John J Phelan N Jeremiah L . Murphy M rs . . Taylor Phillips

John H . Murphy William T . Phillips

Pi snak Mrs . Mary G . Murphy Michael John Caldwell M y ers Edgar Pits ke

Henry J . Nauer Gene Pope

N . Mrs . Anna aughton Mrs Barbara Porges h Hon . Clarence H . Neal Jr . Jo n E . Prendergast t Hon . Irving D . Neus ein Frank J . Prial m N Willia M . evin Joseph Pulvermacher

Niﬂ o t . Bernard Mrs . Mary A Quigley

illi nan N . u Mrs . Mary F , olan Francis J Q uillinan N . Hon . Thomas J . olan Walter K Q NOO- Hon . Thomas F . nan Hon . Elmer F . Quinn

. Hon . Charles C . Nott , Jr Edward J . Quinn N Hon . James J . ugent Samuel Raisler P R a en s Hon . John . Nugent Hon . Michael W . y ’ O B ri e n Hon . Duncan T . James S . Reardon ’ O B ri en Hon . Kenneth James Reeves ’

Co nn r . O o . Hon , John J . Dr Herman L Reis ’ O D o no hue Joseph J . Dr . Henry Reisman ’ D o n h s O o ue . . Jo eph J . IV Hon H Stanley Renaud ’ O Go rman Hon . James A . Edward F . Reynolds ’ O o rman . G . James A , Jr James J . Rice ’ Ho n O Neil R i fkind . John J . Albert J . ’ O R eill Thomas J . y James Roche ’ h O S ea . A William J . , Jr James . Roche A O ustin F . akes Mrs . Margaret Rogan

Obe rwa e r Charles g Gustavus A . Rogers O Herman elrichs Harry T . Rogers

Sylvan Oestreicher Hugo E . Rogers

N Ohrbach I R nm n . o se a athan M Hon . Samuel .

Olvan m ff William J . y Sa uel R . Roso

Morris H . Panger Miss Rose Rothenberg

Peter Pappas Frank R . Rubel

. A Mrs Sara Paul Hon . Stephen . Ruddy

. Co l Hon Ferdinand Pecora . Jacob Ruppert

Maj . William J . Pedrick Mrs . Mary Russell N R u n r . tte be Hon Michael E . Pellegrino Hon . elson g

k n Jac Perlman Francis J . Rya

Hon . Harry C . Perry Edward C . Rybicki 53 Hon . Leon Sanders Hon . Christopher D . Sullivan

Hon . J . God frey Saxe Hon . Edward J . Sullivan ff ' H . Schie elin Sayers Hon . Francis K . Sullivan

h tki n S c a . Sidney B . John J Sullivan Christian Schierloh Joseph Sullivan

Hon . Peter Schmuck Hon . Patrick H . Sullivan

Hon . Charles A . Schneider Hon . Timothy J . Sullivan

Henry S chneider Hon . Myron Sulzberger

illiam w Hon . W Sch artz Hon . Al fred J . Talley hall ck . S e . Hon Joseph Edwin A . Tennant , Jr k k . Te ul s Mrs . Abbie G Sheehan Sol y

Hon . John E . Sheehy John Ambrose Thompson

Hon . William J . Sheldrick Herman H . Torborg

Andrew Sheridan Hon . James H . Torrens

Ho n . Charles P . Sheridan Hon . Alfred H . Townley

Hon . James C . Sheridan Claude L . Turner

Ho n l . . utt e Thomas I Sheridan Peter H . T

S hienta Hon . Bernard L . g Albert B . Unger Hugo Siegal Samuel U nte rmyer

Ho n Jerome Siegal . George Van Namee

w ac z Dr . Carleton Simon Ed ard V y i Hon . George S mpson Hon . Louis A . Valente

S i ro v ich V a nn eck Hon . I . John

a s illa ro s John Sloan John A . V

Amos T . Smith S . H . Vega

Hon . Earl A . Smith Hon . Robert F .

-V Frank . Smith David

lk r . \V a e Furlong T . Smith Hon . James J h \V alli n v t . Cornelius J . Hon . William A g

i l hm . \ \V l iam S o e r . . , Jr Hon John L Valsh \V illiam \ Hon . Solomon Nicholas F . Valsh

\V illia m Albert H . Spence E . \ James F . Stack Thomas F . Vard , Jr . \V' \V a z ter Hon . Murray . Stand Francis 7 \ rz nek . \ e James B . Stephens M F . g y \ Maurice A . Stephenson Miss Jeane Vells

o H n . o . Adolph Stern Hon L uis Wendel

Ho n W e ntwo rth . Aron Steuer Harold H o n . Max D . Steuer . Grover A \ Hon , Percy Straus Herman Viener

Montrose Strasburger Adolph G . Will

H o n S adita . Saul S . Streit Mrs . Wilson 54 Za retz ki Dr . James C . Wing Joseph Z Harry O . Winsor August immerman

Herbert J . Yates HO NOR LIFE M EMB ERS

William Allen Herbert H . Lehman

George J . Atwell Samuel Levy Mc Carth W illiam B . Austin John A . y M cMaho n Arthur J . Baldwin Thomas J . B e ro l z heimer Philip Charles B . Meyers

Henry Brady Jeremiah L . Murphy ’ O B ri en John F . Cogan Kenneth

Thomas C . T . Crain Sylvan Oestreicher Olvan John F . Curry George W . y Olvan Thomas Darlington , M . D . William J . y

Joseph P . Day Gene Pope

Calvin L . Dennis Frank J . Prial R a en s John H . Delaney Michael W . y ff James J . Doherty Samuel R . Roso

John E . Dordan Daniel L . Ryan

' Philip J . Dunn Peter Schmuck

Louis J . Ehret Andrew Sheridan Mark Eisner John Sloan

Daniel E . Finn Al fred E . Smith

Edward J . Flynn Max D . Steuer

James A . Foley Al fred J . Talley

James E . Gibbons Henry W . Unger

William H . Hickin Lewis A . Valente

Nathan Hirsch Robert F . Wagner

William F . Kenny James J . Walker

Samuel Klein William E . Walsh t David H . Knot Herbert J . Yates LIFE MEM BERS

. Lewis A Abrams John J . Casey

John T . Ardis William T . Collins

Joab H . Banton William W . Cohen

George Gordon Battle Jeremiah F . Connor

Sol Bloom Royal S . Co peland

Owen W . Bohan Louis Cowan

John J . Boylan Edward F . Croker

William F . Carey Richard Cronin 55 . James H . Cullen Timothy J Mara OS G h Charles J . Dalton J P Meehan Richard Dalton Juli u S Miller

Michael Del Balso Eugene F . Moran

Michael J . Delehanty Michael J . Morris D i Me nn a Nicholas Michael J . Morris , Jr .

. Philip F Donohue John A . Mullen

James A . Farley Charles F . Murphy , Jr .

Samuel Fassler Joseph F . Mulqueen

\ . Varreu Fielding Joseph F . M ulqueen , Jr ‘W Isaac T . Flatto illiam Mulqueen

W . illiam G Ful len M . Nevin

George J . Gillespie James J . Nugent Hartﬁ eld Joseph M . Austin F . Oakes Charles Harwood Samuel Raisler

. S Arthur J Hilly James . Reardon John Horn James Reeves

Abraham Kaplan Gustavus A . Rogers

\V illi am F . Kenneally Jacob Ruppert Frank Kiernan John Godfrey Saxe

Tony Lauria John E . Sheehy w Ralph F . Le is Thomas I . Sheridan

w \V o hme r . S Albert H Liebenau Ed in .

Richard P . Lydon Aaron Steuer

M A n d r w s c e . Thomas F . Nathan Strauss , Jr \V illi am Mc Co r mack J . John Ambrose Thompson M c o u hla n w n t rm e r Thomas J . C g Ir in U e y % M c ua de Francis . Q Albert B . Unger

\V halen Daniel F . Mahoney , Jr . Grover A .

Jeremiah T . Mahoney Harry O .

Z OR GA NI E D , U NF ALTE R I NG LOY ALTY The o ne hundred and ﬁ ftieth anniversary celebration o f the

c w o n e birth o f the Tammany So iety . merged ith the hundred and

o f o f wa s Sixtieth anniversary the Declaration Independence , but one o f the notable public evidences o f the patriotic and loyal prin

ci le s o f p o f the organization . In the closing years the eighteenth century and throughout all the nineteenth century the Society in

o wn w its headquarters . humble in the beginning , but ith ever t increasing streng h and vigor , has espoused the cause o f liberty

and progress . 56 1 8 1 2 In the war of , in the cause of the Republic of Texas , in the Mexican war , in the struggle between the States , in the Span ish - American war and in the great world war the S o ci etv of

Tammany and its leaders , by great public meetings , by volunteer ing to bear arms and by contributions o f money and supplies has w b al ays , pu licly and privately , upheld the constituted authorities

f war o the Republic . In the darkest days o f the civil Tammany again and again proclaimed that the Union o f the States must be preserved . w At the most critical period of the civil war , hen Southern soldiers were already in the State o f Pennsylvania and feeling in the N ew w a s State of York most tense , the Society of Tammany issued o n e o f its most stirring calls for the preservation o f the Union and fo r public demonstration o f loyalty by attending the Independence Day patriotic mass meeting o f the Tammany

4 1 864 . Society on July , The text Of that call , signed by all the

wa s w : Sachems of the Society , as follo s

T H E U N I O N M U S T A N D S HA L L B E P R E S E R V E D 1 776— 1 864 T A M M A NY S O C I E T Y O R C O L U M B I A N O R D E R

24 1 4 86 . Tammany Hall , New York , June , Dear Sir

o r wa s The Tammany Society , Columbian Order , organized in

1 786 who the year , by patriotic men had shared in the dangers

w o u r wa s and trials by hich National Independence achieved , and who were fervently devoted to the great principles o f Republican w government , on hich the Union of the States was founded . It wa s the ﬁrst po litical organization formed in this country “ ” devoted to the cause o f the Union — it has never faltered in the , and per formance o f its high mission , , from its inception , has never failed to celebrate with becoming ceremonies the anniversary o f

“ ” the day o f our National Independence . The patriot ﬂame has ever burned on its altar . The Sons o f the Tammany Society today are animated by the same zealous devotion as their Fathers to their country— the w preservation o f its Union , and its on ard progress as a great nation— i n vindication o f the right and capacity of the people to

- — sel f government to civil and religious liberty— and the main tenance o f the principles o f Progress and Freedom , asserted and

beneﬁ cent established by its wise and Constitution . 57 e In the times o f National peace and prosp rity , our Annual Celebration was signalized by our Society with rej oicings which

ﬁ ttin l advanc g y proclaimed our growing progress as a nation , and ing happiness as a united people .

o f S ince the breaking out this unhappy and unnatural rebellion , our meetings o n the anniversary have been held in a spirit of

to rea li z fervent devotion the perpetuity of the Union , but with a ing sense of the solemn danger with which our Government and the cause it illustrates was menaced . Believing that a perpetual Union was formed by the people of the United States , and that that Union , in the Democratic principles o f w — its Constitution , is the best government kno n to man j ustly b controlled y no section , and producing the greatest happiness to the greatest number— is the heritage o f the citizens o f this gen erati o n en o ved w ben eﬁ cent , to be j ith all its attributes , a solemn w and irrevocable trust , to be transmitted by them ith all its powers

d . unchanged and all its glory untarnishe , to succeeding generations

O ur w Society ill meet . in accordance with its invariable custom , to w 4th which we have re ferred . in the great Wig am , on the day M f n . u N o o e . o r July next , at P , to commemorate ational Inde

e n den ce p , and to counsel together upon the dangers which threaten o u r National existence . RECOGNI ZI NG YOUR PATRI OTI S M AND FIRM DEVOTI O N TO THE UNI O N AND THE CO NS TITU TO TI O N , AND BELIEVI NG YOU BE I N SYM PATHY \ VITH THE SE PRI NCI PLE S . WE EARNESTLY I NVITE YOU TO ATTEND AND PARTICI PATE I N OUR CERE N M O NIES O THE APPROACHI NG AN NIVERSARY .

e Very resp ctfully ,

V SAC H E M DAN IEL E . DELA A N , S AC H E M DOUGLAS TAYLOR ,

SAC H E M JOH N T . HOFF M A N SAC H E M C HARLES G . CORNELL ,

V SAC H E M I SAAC B ELL . SACH E M JOH N E . DE ELI N ,

SAC H E M PETER B . S WEEN Y . SAC H E M JOH N CLA NCY , Z S AC H E M ALBERT CARDO O , S AC H E M EDWARD COOPER ,

SAC H E M MATTH EW T . BREN NA N .

\ A N E . i ki V D W T ER . . \V nki s e . HENRY , S C DURYEA ,

VV I N N E Treasurer . RIC H ARD , Scribe .

M E . . S S ER V E . G S , Sagamore

SAC H E M JA M ES B . N IC HOLSON , Father of the Council . H . C I LD s . . . CASPER C , Secretary ELI J A H F PURDY, Grand Sachem 58

S v r n c h t i n . e e e e . . n t . J B Lyo Pr F J , P o o E Y K Y 42D N W O R INFA N TR M EM O RIA L, GETTY S B U RG B ATTL EFI ELD “ me R i e e ar um o f re e s O n C e terv d . N th e Cl T According to the ofﬁcial record not only at Gettysburg but at m ’ ff Chancellorsville , Antieta , Ball s Blu and elsewhere the reg iments recruited by Tammany rendered conspicuous service . The Tammany battle monument was dedicated at Gettysburg 1 1 24 89 . on September , The chief orator at the ceremony was ff Maj or General Daniel E . Sickles , who had su ered great physical disability on the ﬁeld of battle . In reviewing the deeds of the Tammany warriors General Sickles said :

“ The Forty - second Regiment took part in thirty - six battles

or engagements , of which nineteen were maj or conﬂicts . The largest losses of the regiment were in the great battles at n f Antietam and Gettysburg , in which it lost eightee o ﬁcers ” - and two hundred and twenty three enlisted men . In the Chancellorsville campaign the Forty - second (Tam

many ) Regiment , then under command of Colonel Mallon ,

was present at the assault and capture of Frederick sburg . In the first and second days of fighting at Gettysburg the regiment rendered distinguished service and on the third and n m final day of the battle , Colonel Mallo , then com anding a own— - brigade , was killed while rallying his Forty second ” — Regiment under heavy fire . “ - The Forty second Tammany Regiment at Antietam , then ’ w Of ith Sedgwick s Division the Second Corps , in its charge lost one hundred and eighty out of the three hundred and - fi ve . forty men who were engaged Colonel Edmund C . Charles o f the Forty - second was critically wounded at N el ’ h t e . son s Farm , one of positions o f the seven days battle “ ’ ’ Meagher s and Nugent s Sixty - ninth regiment lost more

men in battle , killed and wounded , than any infantry regiment

in the State o f New York . Sickles First Excelsior Regiment suffered at Williamsburg seventy - nine killed and one hundred - f and sixty eight wounded , including seven O ﬁcers killed and - - f twenty two wounded out o f eighty three o ﬁcers present .

At Antietam , eight color bearers of the Irish Brigade were

shot down at Bloody Lane , but the brigade carried the posi

tion . At Fredericksburg the color sergeant of the Sixty

ninth was found dead with his ﬂag wrapped around his body ,

a bullet having pierced the ﬂag and his heart . “ There is a day and an hour in the annals of every nation when its li fe hangs on the issue o f a battle ; such a battle s was Getty burg . Right here in the thickest of the combat stood your o wn gallant Forty - second regiment under the eye M ” o f the young and gi fted allon .

The Tammany monument at Gettysburg is a splendid shaft

In surmounted by an dian brave , standing , with bow in hand , at

6 1 O n the entrance to his tepee . the main face of the column , in Of addition to the inscription , are a shamrock and the seal the

State of Ne w York . The inscription on the main face reads

42n d New York Infantry 3rd Brigade 2nd Division 2nd Corps TAM MANY REGI MENT

O n the reverse face is inscribed This Regiment was raised and organized by Colonel

William D . Kennedy under the patronage o f the O TAM MANY S CIETY , and o f the Union Defence Committee o f New York City ( Left side ) (Right side ) 2 1 863— Mustered into U . S . July , Went to 6 1 22 1 8 . o f 3rd service , June , Support Corps .

5 . . Total enrollment , About P M Participated Held this 1 3 9 . in Battles Position July , and Killed 92 Assisted in repulsing Wounded 328 The assault of ’

Missing 298 Pickett s Division . Mustered out Casualties 1 5 w 5 1 3 1 864 . 5 July , Killed , ounded ,

Missing 4 . The Tammany Society was well represented at the dedicatory exercises . In addition to the principal oration by General Sickles ,

. . . V . w addresses were made by General Ely J Parker , U S , Barto

- . i n S Weeks , a leading member o f the Society and commander

M c Phe rs o n chie f of the Sons of Veterans , Senator Edward , rep resenting the Gettysburg Memorial Association , and others .

\V illiam A patriotic o de was composed and read by Geoghegan .

A NOTABLE T M MA N Y CELEBRATIONS .

Immediately the war between the States was at an end the

Society o f Tammany led the nation in extending aid , fellowship and renewal o f brotherly love to the leaders and to the people o f

62 the Southern States . Tammany insisted that there must be no policy of reprisal and that the statesmen of the Nation must

- d co - rebuild a re Unite States based upon j ustice , operation and

u eq ality . It was with these principles in mind that the Society o f Tam many held a great celebration incidental to the laying o f the corner

O f 1 4th 4 stone a new Tammany Hall in East Street on July , 1 867 w , and , hile this splendid building was still being erected , invited the National leaders of the Democracy tol hold the ﬁrst National convention following the close o f the Civil War in the 1 new New York Wigwam in 868 . The Democratic National Com mitte e accepted the invitation and the consequent gathering here o f political leaders from every State in the Union did much to lessen the tension that followed the epochal struggle . The Independence D ay celebration of the Tammany Society in

1 867 - , of which the laying of the corner stone o f the new great

- w n . Wig am was an incide t , attracted nation wide attention Mayor ff w John T . Ho man , after ard Governor of the State , was at that time Grand Sachem o f the Society and a leading ﬁgure in the cele bration . F o r hal f a century the members of the Tammany Society had been meeting in their own headquarters at the corner o f Nassau

New S un s ubse and Frankfort Streets , where the York was quently located . Many o f the active members of the Society were

to to reluctant abandon the old building , which was adj acent the ’ ’

City Hall , French s , Leggett s and other big hotels . and was really in the nerve center o f the city . They agreed , however , that the trend of business an d social li fe% was northward and so selected a site in East Fourteenth Street . The report of the Independence Day celebration and setting of

- new w the corner stone of the great Wigwam , hich follows , is from the N e w York H erald of that day : “ The laying of the foundation stone of the new hall o f the Tammany Society between Third and Fourth Avenues o n Four ’ eenth t Street took place yesterday morning at ten o clock . “ A t ’ nine O clock the Sachems , Braves and Warriors assembled in a temporary council chamber in the Masonic Hall and soon a fterward the doors were thrown open for the admission o f invited

New guests , friends of the Society and the Democrats o f York . At 1 0 o 'clock the assemblage formed in procession opposite M asonic Hall and , preceded by the Seventh Regiment band , 63 T mm H E 1 4 S a any all , i n as t th treet O ccupi e d by th e S oci e ty of T ammany and the D em ocrati c O m 4 1 868 4 1 928 rganization fro July , , to July , marched to the site upon which the Society proposes erecting the n e w council chamber . “ The Tammany Hall that is to be will be erected under the supervision o f Thomas R . Jackson , architect . It is to contain committee rooms , concert rooms , library and club rooms . The structure wa s to be three stories high with a frontage of 1 1 6 feet 1 22‘ on Fourteenth Street , with a depth of feet . It will be of red 32 40 brick and marble . It p rovided for a library x feet , a con 52 74 32 cert room x feet and a ceiling feet high with a stage , Th gallery and about hal f a dozen private boxes . e auditorium 8 will comfortably seat from 00 to persons .

The principal hall is to be 1 04 feet front and 1 10 feet deep . w 1 00 A platform at one end ill accommodate about persons , and a gallery running around three sides o f the building will add to its

n n ew utility for public meeti gs . A pediment in the center o f the Structure will bear the words ‘TAM MANY SO CIETY ’ and on either side ‘1 786 and 1 807 while a niche will display the statue o f an Indian of more than li fe size . The cost of the building is esti mated at about “ ’ ff Soon after ten o clock Mayor John T . Ho man , wearing the w insignia o f the Society , follo ed by the members and guests

an arrived at the site for laying of the foundation stone . The no uncement that the ceremony would take place on the anniversary o f the nation ’ s independence drew together a great crowd o f

at 1 4th 3 spectators Street and d Avenue . The band discoursing music at intervals .

“ Deposited in the casket placed in the stone were gold and silver i n 1 867 coins o f the United States minted History of the Society , by R . G . Horton , Program of the day and copy o f the invitation ,

New L ed er copy o f the York g , manuscript of the oration that was delivered by Gulian C . Verplanck , photographs of the Sachems , ’ ’ M a nu al Valentine s , Mayor s message , copies o f the daily papers

4 1 867 - o f July , , photograph of the old corner stone , report by

Co . White , Morris and , bankers , on price of gold and United 3 1 867 1 800 1 803 States securities on July , coins of and , Manual o f the Board of Education , portrait o f Washington , Constitution o f the United States , Declaration o f Independence with a biog ra h p y of its signers . “ Upon laying the corner - stone Grand Sachem Hoffman in addressing the assemblage said

65 ‘ B rothers and friends — in the name o f the Tammany Society or Columbian Order and by direction o f the Council o f Sachems

- a w fo r I proceed to lay the corner stone of new Hall , hich will ,

he the next hal f century , the headquarters of the Democracy of

New York , where the great principles o f civil and religious liberty , w constitutional law and national unity , hich form the great corner w stone o f the Republic will al ays be advocated and maintained . The anniversary o f the birthday of American Independence has been well chosen for the ceremony . Standing here today and “ ” recollecting that liberty is our li fe let us reafﬁrm and re — declare

o f the sentiments the great Declaration , and renew our pledge to d erect here , before the next anniversary , an e iﬁce which , in the

o f O f greatness its proportions and the perfection all its parts , shall be emblematic of that perfect union of the States and o f the w people upon hich depends the peace . prosperity and happiness ’ o f the American nation . “ At the conclusion o f his address the Grand Sachem announced w w that all ould proceed to Irving Hall . nearby , here the Declara tion o f Independence w ould be read and speeches delivered by eminent speakers . “ As the members and guests entered the hall the Seventh Regi

wa w ment band played national airs . The hall s decorated ith ﬂags

o f and bunting , and an immense ﬂag was spread across the rear

wa the platform . To its right s this motto :

T h e e n s e D m o c rat i c part y, u p o i t s u n i o n an d u c c s s e e t h e t h e R e H e w h o w e e d p nd s f ut u re o f p ub l i c . o u l d s k t o l ow e r i ts s t a n dard o r d e t r a c t i t s c o un c i l s i s an e n e my t h e o o f c un t ry . To its left another read

T h e T a S o e 1 786 e mman y c i ety, f o u n d d i n , i n i t s v ry f o un dat i o n i d e n t i ﬁ ed w i t h t h e e s tab l i s hm e n t o f t h e U e e o s h e e n i o n ; v r fa i th f u l t o i t s ob l i gat i ns , has ad d d a no t h e r p ro o f o f h e r d evo t i o n by s e n d i n g h e r so n s fo rt h a a e t o m i nt i n an d p ro t c t i t . Mayor Ho ffman and his fellow Sachems in the regalia o f the Columbian Order were seated on the dais . Among those w A lke r ith them were Judges Monell , Garvin , Ahearne , , and

Russell , General Frederick Conkling , Isaac Bell , John Burrill ,

Douglas Taylor , A . Okey Hall and many others . “ The Declaration of Independence was read by John Burrill a fter which Grand Sachem Hoffman in presenting Gulian Ver

the Federal government in new hands , established the foundation of that political faith Tammany has never forgotten nor aban do ned f

“ After referring to the sterling probity of Elij ah F . Purdy ,

Walter Bowne and o ther Grand Sachems o f the past Mr . Ver planck continuing said ‘loud clamors have been raised and angry charges made that this probity has n o t descended to later days ; w tem ta nor is to be denied that in the gro th o f wealth , and its p tions the same Old purity has not always been preserved . The brus h il in ﬁrmi ta o f St . Tammany gives no one exception from the ties of human nature . Artful men at times have won your con

ﬁ dence and betrayed it . But you have men as able and as honest as in past times and recent elections to our highest station have proved it .

‘

The Hall you are about to rear is , I trust , destined to witness the festive anniversaries o f our Society and the great gatherings o f our electors during many years o f peace and prosperity , under the guardianship of recovered and unimpaired constitutional free d o m — . Yet happy it may be May Heaven avert so fearful a calamity — that hereafter some widespread delusion may for a time separate you and the principles you maintain from the conﬁdence o f a maj ority o f the people o f our land ; that these sacred prin cip l es and the rights and liberties which they proclaim and support be for a time prostrated in the dust and trampled upon by the foot o f usurping and unscrupulous power ; in such a crisis that Hall will become as it were , a lo fty watch tower on the works of some

n w d . O impregnable fortress , efying every assault that to er your w Chief and mighty men ill stand to watch and guard , to raise the ’ loud alarm on every approach of danger . “ Following the oration Mayor Hoffman read the following letter from President Johnson :

Executive Mansion , 2 1 . C . 86 7 . Washington , D , July , ff Hon . John F . Ho man ,

Grand Sachem . Sir : I have received the invitation of the Tammany S ociety or Columbian Order to participate in the ceremonies o f that - ﬁ rst order on the fourth instant , the ninety anniversary o f

our national independ ence . I would be very happy to comply with the invitation but 69 the time I have already spent from the capitol renders my

presence necessary here at this time . I heartily unite with the Society in the hope the day is not far distant when the whole people will be once more united b w in the onds of concord , unity and fraternity on hich our w nation was founded by the fathers , and on hich alone it can

be great . Trusting that the celebration will be as pleasant and

successful as you desire . I have the honor to be with great

respect , Sincerely yours ,

( Signed ) ANDRE W JO H NSON . Mayor Hoffman also read the following letter from Secretary o f State Se ' ard : State Department , 1 t C . 2 86 . 7 . Washing on , D , July , H o n . f John F . Hof man , Grand Sachem o f Tammany Society Y City Hall , N . . Dear Sir I desire that yo u will accept my thanks for your kind i nvi f o f 24 h t . to w ta ion the ulto , meet ith the Tammany Society o n o f to the fourth July , and participate in the interesting n w o t o n . ceremo ies hich are take place that occasion . I sin ce rely regret that ofﬁcial cares will d eprive me Of the enj oy ment I should derive from hearing the discourse O f my vener M r . able friend Verplanck . I am , dear sir .

Your very obedient servant . \V I LLI A M H . SEWARD . Mayor Ho ff man also read letters from Governor English o f

F lo vd Connecticut , Hi ram Denlo , Montgomery Blair , David R . \Yilli m w f a . Jones , B . La rence . Samuel Sloan , A . K . Ho fman , J Ca mbre lli n \Y K g and C . . Clinton . The ceremonies concluded with Grand Sachem Ho ff man call ‘ fo r old ing for three cheers the Union . the Constitution and the

’ Democracy — that had never betrayed the Flag which the large assemblage responded to with the cheers and a tiger . To the ‘ ’ strains o f the Star Spangled Banner rendered by the band the ” meeting dispersed .

NOTABLE NATIO NAL CON V ENTION S HERE .

Although Horatio Seymour o f New York and Francis P .

a . Bl ir Jr , candidates named respectively for President and Vice o f 1 868 President by the Democratic National Convention , in

ne w W w the Tammany ig am , polled an enormous vote throughout

o f the country , General U . S . Grant , hero the war between the

wa s . States , elected The p opular vote o f the nation that year was Seymour and Grant 70 The Tammany Society , a fter rendering a great National service in reconciling the social and political factions that cropped up after peace had been restored to the States , went placidly

n ew on its way in the succeeding years . The home of the Society in East l 4th Street became one of the focal points o f interest to sightseers from all parts of the country .

When the Democratic National Convention met in New York City once more in 1 924 the Tammany Society kept open house e for convention del gates and their friends . Women delegates seemed particularly interested in the Society and its history .

When a Sachem of the Society , Governor Alfred E . Smith , wa s nominated for the Presidency at the Democratic Nati onal

' 1 928 oli ci e s and Convention , held in Houston , Texas , in the p per fo rman ces o f the Tammany Society at once became matters o f w w nation ide debate and interest . They ere discussed in a thou sand forums .

’

SACHE M STATES TA M M ANY S STATUS .

‘ In response to g e neral inquiries and on invitation o f the pub li sh r Olvan e s cr ibner M az i n e . o f S s ag Sachem George W y, then leader o f the Tammany political organization , contributed to and had published in that monthly at the height o f the Presidential campaign a scholarly and thorough explanation o f the Tammany t i Socie y and the Tammany political organizat on , setting forth their separate and combined purposes and aims .

’ In Sachem Olvany s Contribution to S cri bners M ag az i ne he wrote “ Because the Democratic organization committees meet in the m building of the Ta many Society , the New York Democratic organization has been known for a century past as Tammany

Hall . “ 1 786 The Tammany Society came into being in , and has been conspicuous in public affairs since the birth o f the Democratic

party . The Society has kept alight the ﬁres of democracy . It is more respected , more militant and more active today than it

. n has ever been It occupies an unique place in America history . It has been since its incorporation a patriotic and fraternal i n stitu

tion . Its membership has included Presidents , Governors , Cabinet f O ﬁcers , United States Senators , Ambassadors , j urists , bankers , university leaders and men in all walks of li fe down to laborers for a daily wage . 7 1 C a r e M ur S a n n b th e En r o s s e C o o f th e h l s F . p hy t di g y g d p y D e c lara ti o n o f I n de p e n d e n c e i n Tamma ny H a ll i f The Tammany Soc ety , although O ﬁcially wholly apart from politics , espoused the cause of democracy from the foundation o f the present national form o f government . It has been for dem

cr ti ff o a c and liberal principles , as Thomas Je erson enunciated ff them , since Je erson challeng ed the aristocratic and undemocratic pri nciples laid down by Alexander Hamilton and his Federal party associates at the beginning of the li fe of the nation . “ ff ‘ ’ Je erson found in the Liberty Boys of Revolutionary days . w and in the Tammany Society , hich succeeded the Liberty boys i ff at the close of the Revolut on , advocates o f manhood su rage , freedom of speech , and freedom o f religion , upon which the Dem ’ r o c atic party was founded . The New York Tammany Society s espousal o f Jeffersonian Democratic principles wa s taken up i by Tammany societies in Ph ladelphia , Ohio , Kentucky and New A ff Jersey . fter Je erson had vanquished the Federalist party the

Tammany Societies , except that in New York , dwindled , and because of lack of activity ceased to exist everywhere excep t i n N w e York City .

“ The Tammany Society of New York has had a home O f its 1 7 0 9 . own since Its ﬁrst home was called a wigwam and museum . The society has since then had a permanent meeting place and since 1 8 1 7 the meeting place o f the society has also been the meet ing place o f the Democratic party committees in New York

County .

“ In the one hundred and forty - two years of its active existence the Tammany Society , as has been the case with practically every i act ve organization , whether it be political , social , or other , has not been able to keep a few scamps from membership . The Tam many Society and the Democratic organization in New York w City . ho ever , promp tly proscribed , prosecuted and punished

- o o w every evil d er found in its ranks . In the days f llo ing the

Ofﬁ ce - Civil War a clique o f local holders was proven faithless .

The leaders of the party promptly disowned and prosecuted them . It was these loyal leaders who came into power in Tammany fol

’ n lowing the party housecleaning . Charles O Co o r and Samuel J . co n s i ci o us Tilden , p members of the Society , and Horatio Sey mour , a Sachem o f the society , were all honored by Tammany and the Democracy o f New York for their activity in ridding the Democratic party and the society of the evil faction that for a short time fastened itsel f on the membership . Tilden , Seymour

73 SA C H E M JAM E S J . D O O LING and accomplishments have attracted n ot only the native sons of

who New York but thousands o f those . born abroad and in other

o f N e w sections the country . have become Yorkers . “ In troublous days following the close of the Civil W ar it wa s to N e w York and Tammany that the leaders O f the distressed and

SA C H E M A LFRE D E . S M IT H

N rk r f e rms e m ra Go ve rn o r o f e w Y o fo o u r t . D o c tic N o min e e fo r P r e s id e n t 1 928

almost prostrate South looked for sympathetic guidance . The ﬁrst Democratic national convention following the struggle be tween the North and the South wa s held in Tammany Hall . At that time leaders o f the Southern cause were still being harassed

u o f and proscribed . A disting ished leader Tammany , Charles

' O Co n o r , had been the leading counsel in the defense o f the

President o f the Con federate States . Congress had enacted sev

76 eral measures for the punishment o f the south and republican members of both the Senate and House o f Representatives were still bringing forward new proposals of oppression . When the Democratic convention met in Tammany Hall one o f the bills under debate in Congress w a s to d etermine what fur ‘ ther measures w ere to be enacted against those who endeavored ’ in the late conflict to dismember the republic . A similar repub ‘ lican measure w as entitled An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States ’ providing that Southern States should be divided into five zones , each under a military form of government to be operated under authority of presidential ap

i n p o tee s .

It wa s to Tammany Democrats of N e w York that Southern delegates looked for sympathy and friendship . August Belmont ,

who a Tammany Sachem , had been a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1 860 and chairman o f the Democratic 1 864 1 872 w national committee from to , cordially elcomed the ‘ Democratic hosts , particularly the Southern delegates , to the home O f the S o ci etv o f Tammany and to the temple erected to the god dess o f liberty by her stanchest defenders and most fervent ’ worshippers . The convention wa s marked by a resumption of

cordial relations by delegates from all sections of the country ,

many of whom , for years prior to the gathering , had been on opposing sides . The Southern delegates j oined heartily in the

of selection Horatio Seymour , chairman of the convention , Tam

many Sachem and Democratic Governor , as the candidate for

President . Tammany and The New York Democracy made a

. and gallant ﬁght in the national campaign , the electoral vote o f Ne w York was cast for Seymour

“

It is the human element in Tammany that has given it strength .

N ew The people o f York are the largest hearted in the world . and when they put their stamp of approval upon an organization it is

because that organization is entitled to approval . “ The service rendered by Tammany is well described by Charles

. o n f A Beard , a leading authority political a fairs in the United States and a long- time director of the New York Bureau of

Municipal Research , which has been one o f the most aggressive

and unrelenting critics o f Tammany and its policies . Mr . Beard ‘ in a review o f Tammany said : Tammany i s our greatest social

77 service agency , and i t holds its power because it understands sym

pathetica lly the needs and trials of the masses . Its leaders visit

those who are sick and in distress . Tammany asks no questions

f e and ﬁlls out no pink and green cards . Its o ﬁc hours are not from

ten to four , but continuous Its virtue is its humanity , its under standing o f the human needs of the common man Under Tam many Mayors the Health Department of New York was trans ’ formed into the greatest single service o f its kind in the world . “ w Tammany , since its inception , has maintained and ill continue to maintain the principles o f democracy laid down by Thomas f Je ferson . They are

E a n d E e me n w e e s a e qua l xac t J u s t i c t o al l , o f hat v r t t u rs u a s i o n e o r p , r l i g i o us o r p o l i t i ca l ; “ P e e e e n e e w al l ac , c omm rc an d h o s t fr i n d s h i p i t h na t i o n s — e n t a n g l i n g al l i an c e s w i t h n o n e ; “ T h e p r e s e rv a t i o n o f t h e g e n e ra l go v e rnme nt i n i t s w e s a s t h e e e n h o l c o n t i t u t i o na l v i go r , s h t a c h o r o f o ur p e ac e at h om e an d sa f e ty ab road ; “ T h e s up p o rt o f t h e s tat e go v e rnm e n t s i n al l th e i r t h e e e s ri gh t s , as mo st c omp t n t ad m i n i st rat i o n f o r o u r d ome s t i c c o n c e rn s an d t h e s u r e st b u l w arks agai ns t ant i r e p ub l i ca n t e n d e n c i e s ; “ Th e di ff us i o n of inform a ti o n a n d th e a rraignme n t of al l a bu s e s at t h e bar o f p ub l i c r e aso n ; Fr e ed om o f p e rs o n u n d e r t h e p ro t e c t i o n o f th e e b e e e e hab as c o rp us , an d t ri al y j u ri s i mpart ial l y s l c t d ; f r e e d o m o f r e l i g i o n an d f r e e d o m o f t h e p r e s s ; “ T h e s u p r e mac y o f t h e c i vi l ov e r t h e m i l i tary a uth o r i t y ; a w e l l - d i s c i p l i n e d m i l i t i a— o u r b e st r e l ianc e i n e t h e e w a r e ma p ac e an d f o r ﬁ rs t mo m nt s o f , t i l l r g u l ars y r e l i e v e t h e m ; “ E a e e a e e e n c o ur g m n t o f gri c u l t u r , an d o f c omm rc as i t s han d mai d ; “ T h e h o n e s t p a ym e nt o f o u r d e b ts an d sac r e d p r e s e rv a t i o n o f t h e p ub l i c fai t h ; “ A j e al o us car e o f t h e ri gh t o f e l e c t i o n by t h e p e o p l e — a m i l d a n d sa f e c o rr e c t i v e o f a b us e s w h i c h a r e Io p p e d by th e s w o rd w h e r e p e ac e f u l r e m e d i e s a r e u n p ro v i d e d ; A b s o l ut e acq u i e s c e n c e i n t h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h e maj o r i t — th e n e i w i t e e y vital pri cipl of republ cs , fro m h ch h r e e t h e e e i s n o ap p al b u t t o f o rc , v i tal p r i n c i p l an d i mm e e e s m d iat par nt o f d s p o t i .

e ha s With th se principles for guidance , Tammany no mis ”

to o r . givings as past , present future

78 A M T MAN Y PATRIOTIS M .

T amm a n y s i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n h a s be e n th e l e ad e r i n p a t ri o t i c n m v e me n s T h e o w i n i s a br i e f o i e a d c iv i c o t . fo l l g ut l n o f i t s c o nt ri bu t i o n s t o A me ri c a n i d e al s % l 772- 1 782— Tammany Societies in the Colonies were the rallying point o f opposition to England and were leaders of revolu

ti o nar y sentiment .

— The Tammany Societies in the U . S . led the struggle

for pop ular rule and equal rights . 1 790— Conciliated the Frontier Indian Tribes who were hostile to

the new Government . Established the American o r Tammany M useum — the ﬁrst Museum in New York and the forerunner o f our Historical Z i societies , oological gardens , and publ c museums .

2 1 2— h 1 79 Oct . 300t v , Celebrated the anni ersary of the Discovery

O f America with elaborate ceremony . l 792- 1 796— Supported the French Revolution and the Freedom

o f France .

1 794 29 30— o n F o rtiﬁ cati o n s , April , Worked the around New l York Harbor when war with Eng and seemed imminent .

1 803 — 1 804— Advocated the Louisiana Purchase .

1 806 — o f , April Society marched in procession at the funeral John i Pierce , an American sa lor , who was killed by a shot from the

o ff British sloop Leander Sandy Hook .

1 807 — , July Public Mourning for the Sailors o f the U . S . frigate Chesapeake who were killed by shots from the British sloop

Leopard . July 22— Organized the Tammanial War Band and offered their services to President Jefferson in anticipation o f

war with England . 1 808— Erected a vault at the Wa llabo ut ; collected from the beaches and interred the bones o f Soldiers and Sailors who perished o n the B ritish Prison Ships during the R ev ol u

tion .

1 8 1 2 26 — , February Adopted a resolution recommending imme

diate war with Great Britain .

1 81 2 7— , July Held mass meeting to approve the Declaration o f

War against England .

l 8l 3— Supp orted Daniel D . Tompkins for Governor on a platform “ ’ o f - Sailors Rights , Union of the States and Freedom of ” Tr o ade n the Hig h Seas . 79 1 1 3 1 6— 8 . , September Public procession at the funeral o f Capt w “ ’ James La rence , who fell exclaiming , Don t give up the ” ship .

1 — December Tendered banquet to General Harrison .

1 8 1 4 l l — to , January Tendered banquet Commodore Perry , the

o f who hero o f the naval battle Lake Erie , sent the laconic ” message , We have met the enemy and they are ours . August 3 1 — One thousand ﬁ ve hundred members o f the Tammany Society worked o n the fortiﬁcation around Brook w lyn under the direction of Matthe L . Davis , the Grand

Sachem .

1 8 1 5 — w w , February Celebrated the ne s of Peace , ith illuminations

and transparencies that attracted national attention . Enter ta i n e d elaborately the American Peace Commissions o n their

return from Ghent .

wa r During the , its members subscribed heavily to the bond issues for wa r funds ; they ﬁlled with distinction many posi

- tions in the army from private to Maj or General .

1 8 1 9 S— 30 o f , October Adopted mourning for davs on the death

Commodore Perry .

l l — October Published an address on National Economy , w w Home Industry and Public Schools , hich attracted ide

attention for its sound principles of political science . 1 820- 1 82 1 — Conducted a campaign for Manhood Suffrage which 1 21 resulted in victory in the Constitutional Convention o f 8 .

1 82 1 1 4— o f . June Celebration the Victory o f election re form .

1 823 3— , October Recommended an amendment to the U . S . Con

s i u i t t t o n to elect the President by direct vote .

1 824— Tendered reception to La fayette on his visit to the U . S .

1 825 4— w . July Sympathized ith Bolivar , The Great Liberator , who established the indepe ndence o f Peru and Spanish

Colonies o f South America . 1 826 - 1 827 -Reduced the term o f residence for eligibility to citi

z en shi 5 p to years .

1 830 26— o f . November Held a large mass meeting in honor the % French Victories over Charles , presided over by President

Monroe .

’ 831 — L w 1 Secured the repeal o f the Debtors Prison a . 1 832— Supported President Jackson and his n ulliﬁ catio n proclama tion against secession ; it adopted and used as its slogan until

80 ’ i the conclus on o f the Civil War Jackson s famous words , “ ” The Union must and shall be preserved .

— 1 835 The Common Council o f the City , under Tammany Hall , loaned at 5% to rebuild the part o f the city de

stroyed by the great ﬁre of 1 835.

1 839 - 1 857— Conducted a strenuous ﬁght for religious liberty in

- N New politics , and fought and destroyed Know othingism in

York City .

1 842 — , May Sympathized with Dorr in his struggle for political i “ liberty in Rhode Island and endorsed his tocs n , Liberty shall ” be restored to the people .

1 845 1 3— , January Passed resolution favoring the annexation o f

Texas .

1 846 1 - M , June Held an enormous ass Meeting on the impending

M exican War .

’ 1 847 27— , February Endorsed Polk s War policy against Mexico

and volunteered their services during the war .

1 86 1 - 1 865— During the Civil War Tammany raised and equipped ,

at its own expense , a regiment , The Tammany Jackson Guard , 2n 1 1 4 d New . 89 York Infantry In , a monument to the Regi ment was erected by the Tammany Society on the battle ﬁeld

o f Gettysburg . w William H . Se ard , Secretary of State during the war , paid the following tribute to Tammany for its patriotic attitude in the great conﬂict I have had some difference in my time with the Tammany

Society , but I long ago forgot them all , when I recall the fact that the Society has never once failed to observe and honor n the anniversary o f Natio al Independence , and the further fact that during the recent Civil War the Tammany Society w sent its sons to ﬁght for the Union , and , ith unswerving

ﬁdelity , heartily supported the Federal Government .

1 866 - 1 873— Favored a tolerant and generous policy for recon structi n g the states that seceded from the Union .

1 892 O 1 2— 4 h , ctober Celebrated the 00t anniversary o f the d i sco v

ery o f America with appropriate ceremony .

1 898— Raised and equipped a regiment for the Spanish - A merican

a nd M cKi nle War tendered it to President y, it , however , was

never mustered into service .

8 1 1 9 1 7— A fter the United States declared war upon Germany (April Tammany Hall unanimously passed the following resolution

Whereas , the President , acting under the authority granted

him by the Congress o f the United States , has declared this country to be in a state o f war and has called upon the citi zens to render such aid as may be w ithin their power ; and

Whereas , It therefore becomes the privilege and the patriotic duty o f every citizen to tender to the Nation such o f support as he may be capable , for the energeti c prosecution o f the war and the achievement of an honorable and decisi ve victory ; no w therefore be it

Resolved , That the Democratic County Committee o f the County o f New York hereby pledges the loyal and united sup O f o f d port its members to the President the Unite States , and tenders to the Government the free and unrestricted u se o f the buildings constituting the headquarters o f the District Committees in the thirty — o ne districts in the County o f New w York , as ell as all services that this Committee numbering w six thousand can render , hether for the recruiting

o f men , the development of economic resources or the relief w war w o f those to hom the ill bring distress , in order to sus tain the President in the maintaining o f the honor o f the d Nation . the efense o f our citizens by land and by sea , and the establishment throughout the world of those principles o f O f w j ustice , freedom . and democracy hich this country is the

impartial advocate , and for the promotion and maintenance o f which this party w a s organized ; further o f w Resolved , That a Committee four , o f hom the Chair o f man this County Committee shall be one , be appointed by the Chairman for the purpose o f delivering to the President

at the Capitol o f the Nation a copy o f this resolution . together with a statement O f the location o f such assembly district w w headquarters , and o f such facts as ill sho the available

resources o f the Democratic County Committee . It is needless to say that Tammany Hall had a great many o f its members ﬁghting the cause o f d emocracy in the trenches over

a i b seas , and that it chieved a great record in the sale o f L erty

Bonds . 1 9 1 9 Favored sel f - determination for Ireland at the Paris Peace

Con ference . In every crisis through which our American Government has passed , Tammany has been in the fore front o f the ﬁght for free dom and Democracy . Its labors have perpetuated the principles of liberty an d independence on which our government wa s founded . 82

o w all debts . This gave full p litical po er to the rich Loyalist w Tories who monopolized trade and banking privileges , hile it disqualiﬁed the bulk o f those who fought in the patriot army and those who were punished by p overty fo r nobly sustaining the

Revolutionary cause . The founding of the Society o f the Cincinnati augmented the

ff ut existing bitterness and hatred . Je erson and others pointed o its menace to the liberties o f the people and its monarchial plan

to w . found an order of hereditary nobles , ith militarism as a basis The Tammany Society wa s founded as a crowning protest to these portentous happenings and to discredit Alexander Hamilton ’ s prophecy that the democratic - republican scheme of government wa s doomed to disastrous failure . E a rly H is to ry — The Tammany Society wa s divided into 1 3 1 3 tribes corresponding to the original States . The Society adopted Indian titles and ceremonials and the forms and usages o f the aborigines to the fullest extent practical . The wigwam

’ wa s o the term applied to the Society s place f meeting . Indian symbols and mottoes were used to designate the 1 3 tribes as follows : N w e . The Eagle Tribe . York State N w e . The Otter Tribe , Hampshire

The Panther Tribe , Massachusetts .

The Beaver Tribe , Rhode Island .

The Bear Tribe , Connecticut . N w e . The Tortoise Tribe , Jersey

w . The Tiger Tribe , Dela are

Kattle s na ke P e n n s vl va n ia . The Tribe .

The Fox Tribe , Maryland .

The Deer Tribe , Virginia . ff The Bu alo Tribe , North Carolina .

The Raccoon Tribe . South Carolina .

The Tribe . Georgia . The 1 3 sachems (or trustees ) annually elected a grand sachem

kite/t i o ke i uaw o r o r . president The , great grand sachem , was an honorary Ofﬁce conferred upon the following Presidents o f the

: f United States John Adams , Je ferson , Madison ,

f wa s Monroe , John Quincy Adams and Jackson . The o ﬁce

’ abolished a fter General Jackson s incumbency . The Sagamore wa s the master o f ceremonies and the the sergeant

84 - at arms . According to the true Indian fashion the vear was i divided into seasons and these subdivided nto moons . The era began with the discovery o f America by Columbus and included the year of the Declaration of Independence and o f the founding

GE O RGE CL IN T O N Fir s t Go vern o r o f N ew Y o rk an d V i c e -P re s id ent o f th e U n ite d S tate s i n 1 809 mm n c 1 801 -1 802 S a c h em o f th e T a a y S o i e ty,

1 03 3 . 9 of the Society . ( New York City , Dec , is written by the

: M w 1 2th Society thus anhattan Season o f Sno s , moon , year of 1 1 h 27 h 1 l 4th 4 t 1 t . discovery , o f Independence and of Institution ) “ ” The Society motto is Freedom our Rock . The following ’ toasts at the 4 July 1 789 banquet illustrate the Society s sen

85 timent i s from its format on . Thirteen cannon shots followed each 1 “ . : toast These are the two ﬁrst toasts ( ) May honor , virtue and patriotism ever be the distinguished characteristics of the Sons 2 “ o f Saint Tammany . ( ) The head men and chiefs of the Grand Council o f the Thirteen United Fires— may they convince our foes not only of their courage to lift , prudence to direct , and i clemency to withhold the hatchet , but o f their power to nﬂict ’ it in their country s cause . A chi evements — The national government repeatedly failed to conclude a treaty o f peace with the warlike Creek Indians whom the Federal government was anxious to placate . The Tammany

- Society undertook the conciliation . The Celtic hal f breed chief

M cGillivra o f 28 y, who led the Creek tribe Indians , with of his chie fs and warriors were brought to New York by Tammany and 2 1 7 w 90. given a banquet Aug . The Tammany braves ere in full Indian costume when they escorted McGilli vray and his warriors n 1 1 0 3 79 . to President Washington . The treaty was sig ed Aug . “ The Society in June 1 790 founded a museum fo r the pre ” 1 7 1 o f . 9 servation , collection , and study Indian relics , etc In

o f Pi nta rd the Society , under the direction John , its ﬁrst sagamore , founded many educational and progressive institutions which later ’ develope d great efﬁciency under the Society s fostering care . Two of these institutions have since merited national recognition ,

New namely , York Historical Society and the Academy O f Design 1 793 In , when France in desperation struggled to overthrow

’ feudal oppression , the Tammany Society s sympathy and moral support was prompt , enthusiastic and enduring . Sentiments and sympathies of political and other associations were usually ex pressed by toasts a t a banquet specially held for that purpose . Until about 1 840 these “ public dinners were the chief means o f announcing the policies , booms and sentiments of political and

n 1 2 1 793 social bodies . O May the Tammany Society , at its “ to o f annual dinner , gave the toast , Success the Armies France , and wisdom , concord , and ﬁrmness to the Convention . This

f fo r was greeted with roars o applause many minutes . The

ff o f o f society su ered a ﬂood vitup eration , abuse and threats grave harm from the Tories and Federalists . In 1 800 the society bought real estate collectively to comply w ith the property qualiﬁcations imposed on the voter . 86 On 1 3 April 1 808 the society marched in a body to W allabout ” W allabo cht e ) Bay , where the foundation stones wer laid by them of the receiving vault , for the bones of patriots , ’ 1 1 victims of England s brutality . The society collected hogsheads of bones along the beach of W allabo ut Bay o f those who died

f . o hunger , disease and cold in the awful English prison ships Tammany interred these bones in a tomb near the present navy yard with imposing military and civil ceremonials . In 1 81 2 the Tammany Society loudly called for wa r with Eng

“ ” n la d , pledging this lives , fortunes and sacred honor in support o f the government for the waging o f “ that j ust and necessary war . At every stage o f the conﬂict the Society gave full and loyal support .

Tammany Hall in Nassau street , became the headquarters o f w the war party here they hoisted the ﬂag to proclaim each victory , an d celebrated the success o f the American forces in loyal manner .

o a Tammany als g ave ﬁghting force to the nation , which de

e IO e d 1 81 4 v p later three able generals and a colonel . In August about members of Tammany Hall went in a body to Bro o k lyn and erected earthworks and other defenses . On 29 June 1 8 1 4 members Of the Tammany Society mobbed a large Federalist meeting gathered to celebrate the return o f the Bourbon dynasty to the throne o f France . In 1 8 1 7 the Society with high patriotic speeches and ceremo nial made imposing interment o f General Montgomery in Saint Paul ’ s churchyard . 2 1 1 3 . 8 On Feb 9 Tammany gave a banquet in honor o f Gen . Andrew Jackson at which they launched a boom in his behalf for the Presidency .

M anho o d S u ra e— ff g From the moment of its foundation , the Tammany Society fought for manhood suffrage and against im ” On 1 1 820 prisonment for debt Dec . a Tammany Hall mass meeting resolved : That the distinction of the electoral rights ; the mode o f appointment to ofﬁce and the union o f the j udiciary

w ectio nable and legislative functions ere obj and highly pernicious . The meeting urged the legislature to pass the reform measures they advocated an d when the legislature overwhelmingly advocated ff b the extension o f the su rage , Tammany cele rated the victory for

87 1 4 1 82 1 reform June , , at Tammany Hall with democratic j ubila tion . The sentiment dominant at this gathering is tersely expressed

“ by one of the members : We would rather be ruled by a man ” without an estate than by an estate without a man . On 4 March 1 822 a banquet was given at Tammany Hall for the purpose o f expressing the utmost j oy at “ the extension of the right of suffrage and the abolition of those cumbersome relics of old centralizing methods , the Council of Appointment and the ” Council of Revision . The function o f the former was expressed in its title ; that o f the latter w as to give ﬁnal approval or di sap proval o f all legislation .

“ % The Toasts at this banquet appropriately expres s the Tam f many sentiment O the participants . Here are two illustrations “ The right o f suffrage— c orruption in its exercise most to be ” : apprehended from its limitation to a few . This was another “ The young and rising politician— mav integrity and principle ” — n o t . guide him studying the public good , popularity The extension o f the su ffrage greatly increased the voting

w o f 1 820 po er Tammany and augmented its political prestige . In

’ manhood suffrage in full became a fact ; Tammany s political w po er having vastly increased . in this year Tammany succeeded in abolishing the last vestige o f property qualification to the right o f f w 1 82 - 27 su frage by an over helmingly large popular vote . In 6 Tammany forced the fi ght for the five - year limitation fo r the f acquisition o citizenship . In 1 827 a Tammany delegation visited General Jackson at New Orleans to present an anniversary address o n the famous battle

hi s in which he humbled England , and to urge candidacy for the

Presidency in the coming year . Martin Van Buren (who was a member of the Tammany Society ) visited New York later in the o f r year and organized the sentiment the Society fo Jackson .

ff o f To o set this sentiment and the then large vote Tammany , the “ ” wa s Native American Party formed , whose battle cry was Political privileges should belong exclusively to the natives o f ” the country .

In 1 828 Tammany gave General Jackson nearly maj o ritv in a total vote o f nearly This was the ﬁrst national elec tion held wherein the State of Ne w York chose Presidential electors by po pular vote . 88

From the foregoing quotation from a recognized standard pub li cati o n there can be no doubt about the importance of the place in public service and in public affairs that is and should be given to Tammany and its guiding spirits .

T H E TA M MANY WELCO M ES PERSECUTED .

From the day o f its organizationto th e present the Society of

Tammany has been outstanding in its public , active , wholehearted espousal of the cause of the oppressed , the persecuted and the unfortunate . Through more than a century conspicuous ser vice o f this character has endeared the Society to the lovers of liberty in all lands . Less than ten years after the organizers o f the Society banded themselves together in the interests of the

’ s o - o n called common people , the British government s ban one of its most notable and learned pro fessors , Dr . Joseph Priestley ,

o f discoverer oxygen , created a stir in America as well as in

o wn 1 7 4 Europe . When banished from his country in 9 the Tam many Society welcomed him to New York . This arresting display o f tolerance was recalled recently in one o f the leading social

o n science reviews the occasion of the coming o f Pro f . Albert

Einstein to the United States under similar conditions . The comment of the contemporary writer wa s as follo ws “ A great chemist shook the dust of England from his feet and came over as an immigrant to America . He was Dr . Joseph w o f . a s Priestley , the discoverer oxygen Priestley born in March 1 733 1 804 , and died in February , his discovery o f oxygen being 1 7 hi made in 74 . So this is the appropriate time to recall s memory . “ ? Why did Dr . Priestley leave his native country , England Why did he migrate to the United States ? What led to the

o f casting a medal upon which was inscribed , in Latin , a legend translated as follows

: 8 Joseph Priestley April , Leaving shores o f Britannia ,

4 1 794 . he went to Columbia June , l w Dr . Priest ey had been mobbed , his house burnt do n , in

n wa s E gland . He was persecuted because he a liberal , liberty loving scientist . >l< >x<

D i i wa ri E nste n . s Like , Dr Priestley an ardent democrat , lover f o . human liberty He was a heretic in religion , although he had

90 been brought up as a minister . English Church and English

Government hounded him out of the country . America , in those w days the gateway to freedom , elcomed Dr . Priestley with open a n us “ w Tammany in New York City . together ith other prominent political and learned organizations , presented to him an address w . N o f : of welcome Dr . Lyman C . e ell , Boston University , wrote w The Tammany Society presented Dr . Priestley ith an w address of elcome o f a thousand words . In it the Society ’ mention s Priestley s industrious pursuit of knowledge and

his numerous discoveries in Nature , calls him a friend o f

mankind , asserter o f the rights of conscience and the champion of civil and religious liberty ; and expresses regret for the

destruction of his scientiﬁc apparatus , library , and manu

scripts by the ( British ) spoilers .

i n Dr . Priestley his reply greeted Tammany thus

do I think mysel f greatly honored , ﬂying as I from ill

treatment in my native country ( England ) , on account o f my to attachment to the cause o f civil and religious liberty , be received with the congratulations of a Society o f Free men associated to cultivate the love o f liberty and the e u ” o me nt j y o f a happy republican government . w In the troublous days hen liberal thinkers , and champions o f the causes o f j ustice and humanity were harassed , hunted , exiled and condemned in France , Poland , Ireland and other nations , the warm and substantial sympathy o f the Tammany Society always was extended . Tammany representatives in the American Co n gress , in the State legislature and in city authority never failed f to have the O ﬁcial records made that here , through the warm .

wa s sympathetic hearts o f Tammany men , there haven and sym pathy for the victims o f tyranny and Oppression .

DISTI NGUIS H ED SONS OF TA M MAN Y . The Tammany movement from its inception attracted to its membershi p men o f substance and inﬂuence . The roster of the early Tammany Societies is embellished with the names o f eminent

o f scholars , scientists , men letters , publicists , members of the Pro fessions , and Patriots o f the Revolution . These men passed to the

o f later day Tammany Societies a glorious heritage patriotism , o f civic ideals , progressive thought and sound principles conduct n in the natio al li fe o f o u r Country .

was This heritage , in its fullest signiﬁcance , accepted by the

92 New York Tammany Society and made the foundation of its A rticles o f Faith ; for one hundred and ﬁ fty years the impelling power and achievements of its membership has been a construe tive force in the development o f the Nation . From its ranks were drawn men of action and character to solve the political and eco nomic problems of their time .

B R A VE S F I NE D FOR NON-ATTE ND A NCE

1 8 19 Herewith is the text o f a notice sent in the year ,

more than a century ago , to Sachems and members , to attend a special meeting of the Society

TA MMA NY SOCI ETY OR COLU MB I A N OR D E R Sachem : A n extra meeting o f the Tammany Society or Colum 1 O . bian rder will be held at the Great Wigwam , No , on w Monday evening next , here your punctual attendance is

requested , precisely half an hour a fter the setting of the

By order , ( Signed ) JOH N WH ITE

Scribe of the Council . Manhattan Season of Blossoms 4th Moon Year o f Discovery 328

- 1 5 . 1 50 . 1 8 . Fine for non attendance cents Apl , 9

During this long span of time the membership o f the Society w which is dra n from the enterprising citizenry of the City , has made momentous contributions to the development and up - building N o f our City , our State and our ation ; to industry and commerce ; to charitable and social work ; to religious and personal liberty ; to civic ideals and good citizenship ; to Statecraft and Internation al comity ; to literature ; to arts and to the sciences . Their great public service in crystalizing the sentiments and traditions of American patriotism and in the championship of the principles o f

93 true democracy have aided in no small measure our National growth . To the Constitution o f the New York Tammany Society is ” afﬁxed the signatures o f members of the Sons O f Liberty ; o f the Revolutionary Committees on Correspondence , Resistance and Safety ; of the Boston Tea Party ; o f the Provincial and Continen f tal Congress , and of o ﬁcers and soldiers of the American army of the Revolution .

TA M M ANY AND COLUMBUS .

d 1 789 two The Tammany Society , as reorganize in , had patrons

Saint Tammany and Columbus . Its original constitution p ro vide d that on the ﬁrst Monday o f October in each year a brother should deliver be fore the Society a “ Long Talk ” in honor o f 6 1 79 1 Pi ntard Columbus ; and as early as April , , announced the intention o f appropriately celebrating the tercentenary o f the 1 2 1 7 2 9 . discovery Of America on October , A t Tammany ’ s reception to the Creek Indians in New York o n 2 1 790 . . o f August , , Dr William P Smith , Grand Sachem the Society , explained the dual system o f patrons as follows

O f Although the hand death is cold up on their bodies , yet the spirits o f two great Chie fs are supposed to walk back w w W w to ards and for ards in this great ig am , and direct us in

— all our proceedings Tammany and Columbus . Tradition

has brought to us the memory o f the ﬁrst . He was a great w w and good Indian Chief . a strong arrior , a s i ft hunter , but 7 w “ ur . o hat is greater than all , he loved his country e call

selves hi s sons .

In all pageantry and ceremonial o f the Society the two were 1 8 1 2 linked in equal importance . and , as late as . no Tammany

wa s procession complete without a ﬂoat as its central feature , presenting in allegorical signiﬁcance the two great patrons o f the

i Society— Col umbus bearing the emblem o f c vilization ; Tam many bearing the constellation o f the thirteen American stars .

o f u The two alternately smoked the Calumet peace . The ﬁg res w w were sho n seated on an elevated car , over hich presided the Genius of America bearing the great standard o f the United

c States . At the conclusion o f the pro ession the car of Tam many and Columbus moved up to the head o f the line and the w two patrons ere presented to the Genius o f America , who de scended from the pedestal to receive them . 94 CHA R TE R A ND R OU TI NE OF THE SOCI ETY The Tammany Society had been functioning for several years be fore application was made to the State legislature for a charter . 1 800 i ts activities became so widespread after that , after years

. of debate and deliberation , a State Charter was granted The original charter wa s as follows ' “ OF A A N An act to incorporate the S O CIETY T M M Y , or A Y . COLUMB IAN ORDER , in the city of New ork Passed pril 1 805. 9 ,

“ O f Whereas , William Mooney and others , inhabitants the City

Ne w to o f York , have presented a petition the Legislature setting forth that they , since the year one thousand seven hundred and

- eighty six , have associated themselves under the name and de scription o f ‘THE SO CIETY O F TAM MANY or COLUM ’ f BIAN ORDER , for the purpose of a fording relief to the indi r gent and distressed members o f the said association , thei widows

who and orphans and others , may be found proper Obj ects of their charity ; they therefore solicit that the Legislature will be pleased by law to incorporate the said Society , for purposes aforesaid , under such limitations and restrictions as to the Legislature shall seem ﬁt ;

“ B e i t enacted N e w re re by the people of the State of York , p sented in Senate and Assembly , That such persons as now are , or shall from time to time become , members of the said Society , shall

hereb d be , and v are ordained , constituted and eclared , to be a body n corporate , and politic in deed , fact and name , by the ame of ‘ O THE S OCIETY O F TAM MANY , or C LUM BIAN ORDER ’ in the City of New York and by that name they , and their suc cessor , shall have succession , and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued , pleading and being impleaded , answering

i n and being answered unto , defending and being defended , all

Courts and places whatsoever , in all manner of actions , suits , com plaints , matters and causes whatsoever ; and that they , and their successors , may have a common seal , and change and alter the same at their pleasure ; and that they and their successors , by the same name , shall be persons capable in law to purchase , take , receive , hold , and enj oy to them and their successors , any real w estate in fee simple , or for term of li fe or lives , or other ise and any goods , chattels , or personal estate , for the purpose of enabling them the better to carry into effect the benevolent purpose of

95 affording relief to the indigent and distressed , provided the clear yearly value of such real and personal estates shall not exceed the sum o f ﬁ ve thousand dollars ; and that they and their suc w ce s so rs shall have full po er and authority to give , grant , sell ,

o f lease , demise , and dispose the said real and personal estates , or w any part thereo f at their ill and pleasure ; and that they , and

w to their successors , shall have po er from time to time make ,

B — w constitute , ordain and establish , y La s , Constitutions , Ordi

fo r nances , and Regulations , as they shall j udge proper the election

r f o f n e w o f thei o ﬁcers , for the election and admission members o f the said incorporation , and the terms and manner o f admis f sion , for the better government and regulation of their o ﬁcers and

fo r m members , ﬁxing the ti es and places of meeting of said cor

o rati o n n ff p , and for regulati g all the a airs and business o f the

P r ovid ed b — said corporation ; , that such y laws , and regulations shall not be repugnant to the Constitution or Laws of the United

States , or o f this State ; and for the better carrying on the business

ff the and a airs o f said Corporation , there shall be such number of

f o f o f O ﬁcers the said Corporation , and such denomination or denominations , to be chosen in such manner , and at such time and

n o w o r places , as are , shall from time to time be directed by the

B y - w O f o r Constitution and La s the said Corporation , made to be

fo r made , that purpose ; and that such number , and description o f f members , shall be su ﬁcient to constitute a legal meeting o f the

n o w o r bv said Corporation , as are , may hereafter be directed the

B — w said Constitution and y La s o f the said Corporation .

“ A nd be it ur ther e na cte d f , That this Act be , and hereby is declared to be , a public act , and that the same be construed in all

fo r eve rv Courts and places , benignly , and favorably , beneﬁcial ” purpose therein intended . Immediately after the grant of the charter the Society created

b - w standing committees for the purpose of devising y la s , caring fo r o f the needs indigent members , providing for a ﬁxed meeting w place , for publi c elfare and civic improvement , promoting patriotic gatherings and other similar purposes . At the time the

wa s n charter was granted the Tammany Society a ﬂourishi g , w active and ell established organization in the li fe o f the city . Minor changes have been made in it from time to time but the patriotic obj ective and purposes o f the Society have al ways been maintained .

97 b — w o re ced ure w ro mul Brief y la s , setting f rth rules o f p , ere p gated immediately after the charter grant and have continued as

b - w the guide lines O f the organization ever since . The ﬁrst y la s provided that the ofﬁcers of the Society “ shall consist of as many Sachems as there were States in the American Union at the time w o f the adoption of the national constitution , hich Sachems shall w w compose a council ith po er to elect a Father of the Council , a

S cribe to record their proceedings , a Grand Sachem , a Treasurer , a Secretary , a Sagamore , and a Wiskinkie .

w to The Grand Sachem , hose duty it is preside at all closed meetings of the Society , is also charged with setting forth and f f “ administering to the o ficers o f the Society o ﬁcial obligations . These “ obligations must be repeated aloud by the ofﬁcers as they are installed . Every candidate for membership in the Society must be vouched for by at l east two members and before acceptance must assert that he does an d has a sincere intention to support the Constitution o f the United States and the purpose and intention o f the Society

T mm n o f a a v . Ofﬁcers o f the Society are elected annually or until their suc

r - ce s s o rs are chosen . The Grand Sachem is not eligible for e elec tion . He is chosen by the Council o f Sachems and for more than a hu n dred years it has been the custom to retain the Grand Sachem

T t - for long periods . hi s is accomplished by failure o re elect his successor .

D E I NITIATIO N O .

O ne o f the provisions o f the by- laws o f the Society is that it have an Ode and the by- laws also set forth that the Ode should be chanted or sung at each initiation ceremony at the Society meetings . This obligation is scrupulously lived up to , the Saga d more lea ing . The ode follows :

I .

’ ' S a cre d s the ground where freedoms found And virtue stamps her name ; ’ O u r w hearts ent ine at friendship s shrine , A n d Union fans the ﬂame .

Our hearts sincere , Shall greet you here ; With j oyful voice

Conﬁrm your choice , Et- hoh Et- hoh % Et- hoh % 98

In order that the Society might have a home . of its own the 1 2 New York Tammanial Tontine Association was organized in 79 . The Tontine was a common device of the day for raising funds for popular enterprises and in a measure performed the functions of the modern building loan association . The purpose of this asso “ ciati o n was to erect a great wigwam or Tammany Hall for the 1 3 1 8 1 1 convenience of the meetings , but it was not until May , ,

- that the corner st o ne o f the ﬁrst Tammany Hall was laid . The building was located at the corner of Nassau and Frank fort Streets and was erected for the purpose of “ preserving and strengthening that patriotic chain which unites its members and fo r acco mmo ” dating their Republican Brothers . Funds for the enterprise were raised by issuing stock upon f th which dividends were to be paid from the income o e building . A large room was reserved for the use o f the society on certain evenings and the remaining space was rented as a hotel . The Society reserved in the lease the use of the large room for every 1 2th 4th 25th Monday evening and also for May , July , November , and the days on which the General Committee and nominating con venti o n s should meet . The Society further stipulated that the “ ” tenant must be attached to our republican principles . Soon a fter its occupancy of the new building the Society encouraged the use of the Hall for p ublic entertainments , receptions and amusements , and in January of each year the Society itself conducted an annual ball .

4 1 867 - On July , , the Society laid the corner stone o f a new A Tammany Hall in East Fourteenth Street , near Third venue , with elaborate public ceremonies .

o n 4 1 868 The Hall was publicly dedicated July , , by the opening O f N w i t the ational Democratic Convention ithin s walls . The

New Convention selected Horatio Seymour , twice Governor of

York , as Presidential Nominee .

A TWENTIET H CENTURY WIGWA M . For sixty years the W' igwam in Fourteenth Street was the home o f the Tammany Society and the headquarters of the Democratic

n New - organizatio o f York County . It has been the nerve center o f Democratic activity in the metropolitan district . Many notable c w political conﬂicts o curred within its alls . New party history was made there . The organization was rej uvenated . The advent o f the twentieth century brought new life , new blood and new view 101 points . For more than two decades the hand o f Charles F .

Murphy was at the helm . He discarded many of the old methods and policies and under his leadership the organization wo n more popular favor than it had ever previously enj oyed . His sudden 1 924 death in April , , brought the Democracy o f the state and nation to a realization o f the marvelous work he had accomplished . for the betterment o f the party in New York . w ’ For a brief period follo ing M r . Murphy s death the organiza tion wa s directed by a provisional committee . This committee was i n O succeeded leadership by George W . lyany , then Judge o f the

O f Court General Sessions , who had previously been an assembly district leader and chairman o f the Tammany Law Committee .

o f 4 With the close the Independence Day celebration , July ,

1 928 wa s . the Fourteenth Street Wigwam closed , and the Society o f Tammany began the erection of a larger Wigwam at Union 1 Square and 7th Street . In the interim between 1920 and 1 927 there was constant agita tion o n the part O f members O f the Society for the erection o f a more modern wigwam than the one erected in East 1 4th Street in 1 8 7 o f 6 . Thi s agitation resulted in the purchase a site at Union 1 927 Square . late in , and the building of the splendid edifice at the northeasterly corner o f the Square in 1 928 . 7 The ne w building has a frontage o n Union Square o f 9 feet and on Seventeenth Street o f 1 50 feet . The main lobby , approached to from the entrance on Seventeenth Street . gives access the upper floors by mean s o f a stairway and elevator . Recessed in ” the west wall o f the lobby is the “ Flag Case with its display o f w 1 5 early American flags , and on the opposite all a doorway feet wide opens into the Auditorium foyer .

The Auditorium . reached from thi s foyer and also by means o f separate entrances on Seventeenth Street , occupies the entire

easterly hal f o f the building and extends through three stories , providing seats for more than 1000 persons . In the space below the Auditorium is a waiting room for

, speakers , easily accessible to the Auditorium p latform and reached by means O f a passage from the elevator lobby . On the second floor are the offices o f the Democratic County Committee ; the main office and private offices fronting on Union Square ; and the Conference or Delegation Room fronting on o f Seventeenth Street . The remainder this floor is occupied by the

1 02 balcony of the Auditorium , approached by means o f separate stairways from the Auditorium foyer , but also accessible through w door ays from the main hall of the second ﬂoor .

The third ﬂoor is devoted to the use of the Tammany Society .

A large central lounge , fronting on Union Square and furnished as a club room is the central feature . Opening from this lounge ’ ’ ’ are the Grand Sachem s room , the Secretary s room , candidates waiting room and the room of the Committee of Sachems . The meeting room of the Tammany Society is lighted by clere story windows above the roo f o f the adj oining lounge . In a seat ing arrangement similar to that in the old meeting room o f the 1 4th t Stree Building , it provides seats for a large number of w persons . The entire building is used by the organization ith the exception only of the Union Square frontage on the ﬁrst ﬂoor .

The architectural style in which the architects , Thompson ,

8: Holmes Converse . and Charles B . Meyers . associated , have

n o f desig ed the building is Georgian , the style the American Col i o n al and Federal buildings o f the early days o f the Society . w w Above a ﬁrst story o f limestone , the alls are faced ith an over sized red brick exactly reproducing in color and texture the brick used in the construction o f Thomas Je fferson ’ s home at Monti f . o f o cello The seal the Society , ﬂanked by medallion heads

Columbus and Chief Tammany . adorn the central architectural feature o f the Seventeenth Street front . The architectural motive o f the Union Square facade is strongly

' r eminiscent o f the old Federal Hall . formerly on Wall Street near w Broad . In the pediment cro ning this motive i s a medallion in

o f polychrome terra cotta the Liberty Cap . the device of the Tam

i w as many Society . Record time n constructing the building

. 81 . made by John T Brady Company . the general contractors

The corner - stone o f the ne west was not set in place

8 1 929 wa s until January , , although the building occupied some

- V time prior to that date . Portions o f the corner stones o f the V ig wa m at N a ssau and Frank fort Streets and o f that in East 1 4th

- Street were cemented into the new corner stone .

. o n e Great Grand Sachem John R Voorhis , then hundred years o f age and the ﬁrst to bear that title in more than one hundred

tw vea rs years , presided at the exercises . Sachem Voorhis died o later shortly after attaining the age o f o ne hundred and two years .

1 04 TA MMA NY IN LE GE ND A ND HI STOR Y The American Indian has contributed to history and literature H w two heroic characters , ia atha , a chief of the Onondagas , and w o f w . v Tammany , a sachem the Dela ares Hia atha concei ed and ’ founded the great Iroquois Confederacy , America s ﬁrst Republic , a potent inﬂuence for the promotion o f peace and amity among the Indian nations ; history and literature have accorded undying fame to this great lawgiver and reformer of an aboriginal race . The name of Tammany is preserved in history by a series o f u nusual events , while in literature , as the patron saint o f our b country his fame is perpetuated y legends , odes and poems . He is also honored as the patron and guiding spirit o f a patriotic and fraternal movement that gave rise to a society which has developed into a powerful patriotic and political organization .

Tammany , tutelary saint o f America , as a character stands w . w unique Much has been ritten concerning his virtue , pro ess and achievements ; and about his memory a kind and bounteous tradition has woven numberless romances which rival the tales o f Heracles and Theseus , and give him a place in the Indian lore of America analogous to that held by those demi - gods in ancient Greek mythology . This Nestor of the American

Indians , whom tradition pleasingly describes as the embodiment b o f wisdom and honor , and whose ability , enevolence , nobility and diplomatic savoir faire brought to him immortal renown , was a

- sachem of the Lenni Lenap e or Delaware Indians . His achieve

ments and his death are shrouded in mystery , while only a short period of his li fe is actually open to the scrutiny of research . He is known to have been in contact for years with the whites w but during that period the early settlers left no ritten record . His accomplishments and importance have passed on to posterity by reason o f the pro found impression his force o f genius and charm o f personality made upon his contemporaries .

The authentic history o f Tammany is short and simple , and the events recorded relate solely to land transactions with the white settlers . His name is ﬁrst presented in writing, to the 23 1 683 civilized world , on June , , when he ﬁxed his mark to a deed of that date , granting to William Penn , Proprietor ,

all my Lands Lying betwix Pe mmap ecka and N e s s aminehs N e she mi n eh Creeks , and all along s Creeks for ye

Consideration of so much Wampum , so many Guns , Shoes ,

1 05 L - Stockings , ooking glasses , Blankets and other goods as s d he , ye William Penn shall please to give unto me .

M etame uan On that same day , Tammany and q , another Sachem , f executed a j oint deed and a ﬁxed their respective marks thereto , granting to William Penn the identical lands that Tammany had conveyed in the previous deed ; and at the same time executed a

doe receipt for the consideration received , with which We hereby ” i s f hold ourselves fully contented and sat yed . 25 1 683 On June , , the name of Tammany appears with four other Indian names in witness to a deed given by W i ng bo ne to William Penn for

La nds Lying o n ye \Vest side of ye S kolkill River begin ning from ye ﬁrst Falls o f ye same all along upon ye s d

o f . River and Backward ye same , so farr as my right goeth His name is again presented for our consideration in a letter written by William Penn to the Society o f Traders on August

1 6 1 683 a e o r , . In speaking o f the Len p Delaware Indians , Penn says : Their language is lo fty yet narrow I must say w that I kno not a language spoken in Europe , that hath w words o f more s eetness , in accent or emphasis . than theirs ;

M ena s e S e cate r i us . for instance , TA MENE , Secane , , , are the f names o persons .

O n 1 5 1 692 June , , the name , with those o f three other Indians ,

- B a ckn o wl appears on a quit claim deed . y this instrument they edged

full Satis fa ction for all that Tract o f Land formerly be longing to TA MI NE NT and others which wee parted with w ee D OO unto Penn , Proprietor There fore a c u itt di s cha r hi s hereby q . release g the said proprietor S ucc e s s r s Heirs from any further claims , dues de d w man s hatsoever , Concerning the said Lands or any other Tract o f Land claimed by us from the beginning of the \ to Vorld the date of the date hereo f .

Thi s sweeping conveyance in legal e ffect wiped o ut all o f Tam

’ many s land claims in Pennsylvania . In this business transaction w his native shre dness , as might be exp ected , was apparently over m atched , for the white representatives o f the Proprietor out

traded him and drove a good bargain . The name o f Tammany next appears in the minutes o f a meet

ing o f the Pennsylvania Provincial Council , held in Philadelphia

106

1 6 694 . on July , The particular business o f the Council was to confer with the Delaware Indians concerning a proposition made w by the Seneca Nation , to have the Dela ares j oin the Senecas in

o f a war against the French . The minutes this meeting contain the only record o f a speech made by Tammany that may be con

s idere d . authentic During the conference . according to the Coun w cil record , Tammany spoke of the hites as follows

W e and the Christians of this River have allwayes had a ’ wa to free rode y one another , tho sometimes a tree has fallen across the rode yet wee have still removed it again f Old kept the path clean , and wee design to Con inou the

fri en ds hip p that has been between us and you . The Council assured the Indians that the English were their friends and would protect them from both the French and the “ veri e Senecas , So they all departed well satisﬁed with the Lt . ’ ” Governor s answer .

o f e Again , the names of Tammany and four members his hous

— two — to hold his sons , his brother and the heir apparent the chie fta ncy o f the Delaware Nation — appear in a deed dated July 6 1 697 w w , , o f hich the follo ing excerpt is pertinent

S achima ch We , TAM I NY and my Brother and \V e ehe e ueckho n w who m q . alias Andre , is to be King after y Ya ueekho n ueneme ck uid death , q alias Nicholas , and Q q , Alias s o nn s w Charles . my . for the Consideration o f T enty Match w coats , T elve Blankets , Ten Kettles , Twelve Guns , o f R unle tt w Thirty Yards Shirting Cloth , one of Po der , Ten ffo rt o f Barrs o f Lead , y yards Stroud Waters , Twenty Parrs S to ckin s ffi ft o f , one Horse , y pounds o f Tobacco , Six Dozens

o f Pipes and Thirty Shillings in Cash Do give , grant , ff fi \V illiam alien , sell , enfeo and con rm unto the said Penn , w his Hei rs and Assigns . All the Lands , Woods , Meado s , VVhatso ever Rivers , Rivulets . Mines , Minerals . and Royalties , situated lye i ng and being Between the Creek called Pemo p eck Ex ten d and the creek called Neshaminy , in the said Province i n in L e n th r o m the R iver D elaware s o arr as a hors e g g f , f ca n Travel i n Tw o S u mme r da es a nd to carr i ts brea dth y , y a cco rdi ng ly as the several Courses o f the said two Creeks will w do Admit , And hen the said Creek so branch that the main o r Branches bodies thereo f cannot be discovered , Then the o f Tract Land hereby granted , shall stretch forth upon a direct course on each side and s o carry o n the ff ul Breath to

the extent o f the Length thereof . We again ﬁnd the name o f Tammany in print in 1 698 in an

who article by Gabriel Thomas , arrived in America shortly a fter 1 08 the landing of William Penn and spent some ﬁ fteen years among the early settlers . On his return to London he published an inter w esting account o f his experiences in America , in hich he alludes to Tammany . This brie f record of Tammany ’ s dealings with the English settlers completes his authentic biography . It discloses merely a series of business relations in each of which the Chief appears to have been outbargained by the business tact and shrewdness o f his white neighbors . With the mere reference to his name by 1 698 Ta me nen d . Thomas in , Tammany or passes from history In the year 1 771 Tammany is introduced to the American w colonists in the guise o f a Saint , ith the First day of May set

H o aside as sacred to his name . w this remarkable trans formation e wh took plac , and y Tammany , the chief o f an Indian Tribe , was selected for colonial canonization , are debatable questions . In the reports o f festal gatherings held in Philadelphia it is ’ 1 related in the Freeman s Journal o f that city that on May , 1 783 r , the portraiture of our t ue old Saint with his well known ‘ ’ motto Kawa ni o Chee Ke te ru was displayed at the head o f the 1 1 785 “ banquet table and that at the celebration of May , , the flag of the United States ornamented with a fine figure of St . Tam ” “ i n Wa s 1 1 786 y displayed in the centre ; and on May , , The stand d ard o f St . Tammany was displayed , supporte on the right by the

ﬂag o f France , and on the le ft by that of the United States o f

P e nn l Holland . Local tradition is that during the revolution sy vania Troops carried a bag that bore the portrait o f St . Tammany .

\V illiam Penn , thus depicted the Chief

We found him an old man , but yet vigorous in mind and od w w o n b y , ith high notions o f liberty , easily by the suavity

and peaceful address of the Governor .

des cri James Fenimore Cooper , gave what purports to be a full p tion of Tammany and reveals him presiding over a Council of the

w N ew Dela ares in the neighborhood of Lake George , York , in 1 5 the year 7 7 . “ I am Tamanend o f many days the Chief is credited with stat ing in the story to emphasize Cooper ’ s idea o f the great age of

Tammany . The description , however , is based on legends and traditions current when Cooper wrote in 1 825. Tradition has it that Tammany wa s the ﬁrst Delaware Chief w 27 1 682 to elcome Penn on his arrival in America , on October , ,

109 wa s 1 683 and that he present , in June , , at the Great Treaty under

lm h k x n w e E S c a ama o . the at History , ho ever , has l ft no record of the persons who were present on these two occasions . Indians in attendance at the Treaty were the entire tribe o f the S u squehan nocks and the Unami and Unalachtigo clans of the Delawares . The obj ect o f the meeting was to conﬁrm the land grants pre vio usl d y made to William Penn , and to negotiate a treaty o f frien “ n ship , to last as lo g the sun should shine and the waters run into ” the rivers . The abiding place of Tammany has been assigned by history to

Wilmington , Delaware ; Princeton , New Jersey ; Easton , Scranton O and Delaware Water Gap , Pennsylvania ; the upper hio Valley ;

N ew D ama scas Northern York ; and Tammany Flats , Township , w Wayne County , Pennsylvania . It is kno n that at one period his abode wa s o n the lower Delaware River and along the fertile banks of the Neshaminy creek in Bucks County , Pennsylvania , on the 1 683 1 697 land which , between and , he conveyed to William

Penn .

T . Three places , widely separated , claim the grave o f ammany The V iew that he was buried on the spot where no w stands Nassau

N e w to . Hall at Princeton , Jersey , has no reliable data support it

wa s For the story that he buried at Muskingum . Ohio , and a huge

n o w mound erected over his grave , conﬁrmation hatever can be found . An elaborate set o f circumstances i s advanced as evidence o f hi s burial beside a spring near the bank o f the Neshaminy creek N e w w in B ritain to nship , Bucks County , Pennsylvania .

MAN Y LEGENDS ABOUT TA M M A N Y

Tradition o f that vicinity relates that about 1 740 o r 1 750 an aged chie f with his followers wa s proceeding to attend a con fer

w P nn l v n i ence ith the e s v a a Proprietaries at Philadelphia . The

to o w Wa s chief . inﬁrm to alk . carried by younger members o f the

. w wa s party They halted near a spring , here a hut built for the o ld . o ld man When night came on they decamped , leaving the O n w w man under the care of an Indian girl . a akening the follo ing morning , he became so distressed and enraged at ﬁnding him sel f d eserted that he sought death by stabbing himsel f ; but his weakness frustrated this attempt . Persevering in his endeavor to

Own to o f take his li fe , he set ﬁre his bed leaves and threw himsel f upon it . 1 10

An interesting phase of the research concerning Tammany i s presented by the Walam Olum , a record purporting to preserve

— the primitive legends and traditions of the Lenni Lenape Indians . The legends were recorded in pictographs or hieroglyphics to perpetuate the chants by which the tribal legendary had been kept w alive . As a hole it represents the traditions of the . Delawares with re ference to the Creation , and the tribal migration from the north or west to the Atlantic Coast line . From the beginning o f w this migration to the advent o f the hite men , the nation was ruled

- tw o w — ﬁ r st s ev entv by ninety four chiefs , of hom , the thirty and

Ta ma n e d sixth . respectively . were named . The re ference in the

O u - ﬁ fth w l m to Tamanend , the seventy chief , follo s “ f w Again an A fable was Chief , and made peace ith all , w w All ere friends , all ere united under this great Chief . Careful research reveals that the canonization of Tamman v

o r may be traced to the Schuylkill Fishing Company , a society 1 732 club established in by Quakers o f Philadelphia . According to the records o f this club , certain Indian chie fs , including Tam many . granted to its members and their successors the right to fish and hunt w ithin defined limits in the waters o f the Schuylkill w and the adj acent oods . Each vear the sporting season op ened w on May first , hich became a day o f festivity to members o f the

club . The society adopted Tammany as its Patron and Saint ,

Ma v w a s hi s da v 1 1 78 . 1 2 w and ﬁrst assigned as On May . . hen w victory for the American colonists seemed assured . the Club . hich

“ ” had w become kno n as the Colony in Schuylkill . changed its name “ ” the n e w bv- w to State o f Schuylkill and adopted la s . among which w e note the following : h w l 0th . There shall be t e follo ing meetings o f the Governor ’ O ne o n th e rs t o lll a to co m and Council annually . ﬁ f y,

memo ra te the da o o ur ill us tr i o us S a i n t a nd P a tr o n S t . y f , m n Ta m a y.

This custom o f adopting patrons i s o f remote origin , practiced among the guilds and trade s O f ancient Greece and Rome . and ,

bv w in the Middle Ages . adopted governments , hich denominated

Saints of the Church as their patrons . Later societies al so selected w w w saints . from hom their ideals ere derived . and to hom their activities were dedicated . The Schuylkill Fishing Company . in w con formity ith this custom . most naturally selected as its patron

1 1 2 saint the Indian chie f , who had inhabited that region , and who sold to William Penn the very ground on which stood the State ” its House o f the Society . It also adopted as motto the words said to have been the favorite maxim o f the Chief .

two Following the success o f this society , other fishing clubs were organized on the banks o f the S chuylkill prior to the R evo l u w tion . and on every first o f May the fishing season was opened ith much ceremony . As the clubs grew in importance and prestige their celebration gained in social splendor and spread through Philadelphia and its vicinity the fame o f the original club ’ s saint and patron .

From the meager data at hand , it would seem that the appella “ ” 1 773 tion Saint was not generally accepted at Philadelphia until , 1 772 for in May , , the name ﬁrst appeared in print in Philadelphia “ ” “ ” as Ki ng Tammany when the Sons of King Tammany held w 1 1 2 . 4 77 their ﬁrst meeting Ho ever , on June , , the name appears “ ” 1 773 in the public press as King (or Saint ) Tammany , and by his claim to canonization was well established .

O n 28 1 773 w April , , the follo ing notice o f a meeting o f the Sons o f Saint Tammany made its appearance

“ As all nations have for seven centuries past , adopted some

great personage , remarkable for his virtues and love for Civil

and Religious liberty , as their Tutelar Saint and annually N O f assembled on a ﬁxed day to commemorate him , the atives s o this ﬂourishing Province , determined to follow laudable t an example , and for some years past have adopted a Grea

Warrior Sachem and Chief , named , St . Tammany , a fast

friend to our forefathers , to be the tutelar Saint o f this

Province , and have hitherto , on the First of May , done the accustomed honors to the memory o f so great and celebrated ” a Personage . 28 1 773 The invitation of April , , indicates clearly that Tam ” w a many had been kno n as Saint for some years , despite the p parent lack o f recognition in the public press and that he had been unofﬁcially adopted as the titular Saint o f the Province o f

Pennsylvania .

In pre - revolutionary days Philadelphia was the center of heated

’ n discussions of England s tyra ny , and when the revolution broke out the Pennsylvania troops quite naturally adopted their Pro vincial t Sain as Patron and Guide . This example was followed A by the Continental rmy , and during the revolutionary war the 1 1 3 natal day o f Saint Tammany wa s celebrated both at home and on the ﬁeld . This Observance was continued by the army long after

o f the conclusion war , until discontinued by order of General

o f Dearborn , and then only as a part the policy o f retrenchment ff instituted by President Je erson .

Many o f the legends o f Tammany and his remarkable perform a nces obtained currency through an oration delivered by Samuel o L . Mitchell , an eminent scholar , before the Tammany S ciety or

o f N ew 1 2 1 795 Columbian Order in the City York on May , , and

o by the rep rts of missionaries among the Delaware Indians , as

H k l d r . we e . e c e . exempliﬁed by John G B , a Moravian

H e cke welde r who wa s Dr . , long a missionary among the Dela

w o f . w ares , has recorded many their traditions His ork on the Delaware Indians contains the following lofty estimate o f Tam many :

The name o i Tamanend is held in the highest veneration w among the Indians . O f all the Chiefs and great men hich

a e o n . the Len p Nation ever had . he stands foremost the list But although many fabulous stories are circulated about him

n w . amo g the whites . but little o f his history is kno n w a s w w . All e kno , therefore . o f Tamanend is that he an w a s w who . ancient Dela are Chie f , never had his equal He in w w w the highest degree endo ed ith i sdom , virtue , prudence , ff w charity , a ability , meekness . hospitality . in short , ith every

g ood and noble quali fi cation that a human being may possess . He w a s supposed to have had an intercourse w ith the Great and Good Spirit ; fo r he w a s a stranger to everything that i s

bad .

This app “ a i s al by a n oted missionary will serve as an explana tion O f wh v the white settlers and their successors so revered and honored Tammany .

ORI G I N o r T II E TA M MA NY SOCIETIES .

“ ’

The celebration o f May 1 as St . Tammany s Day led to the establishment o f Tammany Societies in the American Colonies .

The Schuylkill Fishing Company , a social club , organized in 1 732 Philadelphia in . inaugurated the outdoor season on the ﬁrst

day of May o f each year with festive social functions . These

celebrations attracted public notice and inspired emulation . Two

other societies were formed shortly afterward . Their members

disported alo ng the banks o f the river , closely following the forms

and ceremonies o f the original club .

1 1 4

S PREAD OF TH E TA M M AN Y IDEA .

The Philadelphia Society was the parent stem o f the Tammany h Societies in t e United States . From Philadelphia the movement spread into New Jersey , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , ’

South Carolina and Georgia . The Society s celebration in the City o f Richmond in 1 785 was made notable by the presence o f \ t wh o . General Vashing on , recorded the occasion in his diary

1 779 w e In , ﬁnd the ﬁrst notice o f a Tammany celebration in

. t New Jersey Because o f the streng h of a Tory sentiment there , however even the press w a s loth to give publicity to the affairs

f w D Ha rt o . e the Society It is recorded . ho ever , that , an ofﬁcer in the American Army and later a prominent attorney o f

w N e w was Morristo n , Jersey . elected President . and Ebenezer

wa s certiﬁ Elmer , an army surgeon , chosen secretary : an elaborate cate o f membership wa s adopted with a seal containing the famous “ quotation from Horace : I have built a monument more lasting % w than bronze . sho ing that the scholarly gentlemen that organized the S o cie tv believed that the institution which they founded w ould

l s t 1 782 C n stitu o f . o prove a monument lasting fame On May . . a tion wa s adopted deﬁning the social and charitable purposes o f

y w the Societ . This Constitution i s the oldest ritten Constitution o f a Tammany S o ci e tv in existence and bears the signature o f

Pintard who s o John , later played prominent a part in the organi z ati o n rl f N w and ea v development o the e York Tammany Society . opposition to British oppression began to mani fest itsel f

o f 1 765 w upon the passage the Stamp Act . in . and bet een that date

1 774— and the convening o f the ﬁrst Continental Congress . in the Tammany Societies in the middle A tlantic colonies became leaders

The v n o f revolutionary sentiment . thus gradually cha ged from

t o fo r purely social fraternal and patriotic bodies . at thi s time

w a s ho t Philadelphia , the birthplace o f the Tammany Societies . a bed o f American patriotism and O f the political unrest that led to

American Independence .

TA M M A NY SOCIETY POTEN T FIGURE .

The momentous political co ntro ve rs v over the adoption o f the Federal Constitution overshadowed I n I nterest and importance the activities o f unofﬁcial organizations and agencies every where and even the Sons o f Tammany in Philadelphia went into eclipse . the seat o f the National Government w as trans ferred from

1 1 6 N e w Philadelphia to York , the Society o f Tammany or Colum bian Order in N e w York at once became a potent ﬁgure in public ff a airs . f At the dinner o f the Marine Society , held at the Co fee House “

25 1 786 f . in New York , on January , , the toast was o fered St w Tammany and the N e Constellation . The other toasts proposed at this banquet bear a striking resemblance to those drunk at the

St . Tammany Day banquets in Philadelphia and elsewhere . This

Pi ntard was probably due to the inﬂuence o f John , who four years before had been prominently associated with the Society of the

Sons of St . Tammany in New Jersey . Soon after the B ritish

w to N e w 1 784 evacuation , ho ever , he came York , and in became f a member o the Marine Society . The Society of Tammany has preserved the corner - stone of the 1 8 1 1 ﬁrst Tammany Hall , erected in at Park Row and Frank fort

w n o w Street , here the reconstructed Sun building stands . The stone bears this inscription :

r Tammany Society o Columbian Order . 1 7 Founded by William Mooney in 86 . Organized under w a Constitution and La s in 1 789 . 1 n . N . w 1 h 1 st e 2t 789 . Wm Moo ey Grand Sachem York May ,

The inscription may be accepted as evidence o f the date of the founding . Corroboration of this fact is found in the press notices relating to the Societies ’ early celebration and from contemporary f w 7 reports o the activities immediately follo ing 1 86 .

10 1 8 1 7 w to In a statement dated November , , hich is preﬁxed

a nd the constitution adopted by the Society in that year , signed “ ” 1 776 o n e ~ o f 1 786 by A Brother o f and the surviving Founders , is given as the date of its founding . In that year , the statement “ ” few — a reads , a genuine Whigs very few assembled together and formed a National Society . I f the Society held a celebration in 1 786 no account of it is w f found in the ne spapers of that year . It gathered su ﬁcient w 1 787 strength , ho ever , to attract attention to its meeting in May ,

w N e w D a il A dverti s er The follo ing notice appeared in York y , 30 1 787 April , ’ The members of St . Tammany s Society in the City of Ne w York are requested to meet at their wigwam , held at ’

. tl . 49 Co r andt M r Talmage Hall s , No Street , on Tuesday ,

the ﬁrst day o f May next , at Sunset , to celebrate the annual

meeting . By order of the Sachem . ’ Putticatwamina , See ry . 1 1 7 The celebration appears to have been a great success , for it

was elaborately described in the j ournals of the day .

1 2 1 789 e On May , , the Tammany Society held a gala cel bration o n the Banks o f the Hudson about two miles from the city . “ Strangers who are now in this city , and who are members o f this ”

Society in any other state were invited to j oin in the celebration . Patriotic speeches were delivered and according to the newspaper accounts

A fter singing numbers of Songs adapted to the occasion ,

and smoking the Calumet of Peace , each member retired to

his own Wigwam and Hunting Ground , in hopes of meeting ff on the next anniversary , in the same brotherly and a ectionate d manner , to commemorate the glorious eeds and achievements

o f their renowned Patron .

Thenceforth , regular meetings were held at intervals varying o from one week to one m nth , at which the policies and purposes f o the Order became crystallized and its ritual elaborated . In

1 789 . , it adopted its first written constitution With the election of f O ficers , the Society was thoroughly and permanently organized , and has since continued its notable and dignified career , adj ust

o ing its customs and ceremonies t conform to the changes , taste ,

o f and fashion each decade , but clinging tenaciously to the ancient traditions that inspired its foundation .

’ A O T M M AN Y SOCIETY S BJ ECT .

’ \V illia m Mooney s name appears as the Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society in 1 789 ; a fter t h is date he occupied positions o f prominence in the Society continuously for upwards o f thirty years , as Grand Sachem , Sachem , or chairman o f imp ortant com mittee s .

A guiding inﬂuence in the establishment o f the Society O f Tam many o r Columbian Order in New York is readily traceable to

Pi nta rd a n d John , merchant , philanthropist scholar , who came to Ne w York from Ne w Jersey soo n a fter the Treaty o f Peace in

1 783 . 1 788 1 789 In and he was an assistant alderman , and in

1 790 was t elected o the state legislature . The scope of his activity was so broad that he became a participant in every movement

New at . o f importance in York , this period still the State capital It is said that be dra fted the by- laws for every S o cietv o f import

1 1 8 o f the Tammany Society , were forced on the statute books . the

Society turned its charitable attentions in other directions . This

h a phase o f the Society became a distinguis ing fe ture , which still endures .

’

TA M MA NY S OFFICERS AND SYM BOLS . The Tammany Society elects its officers annually on the Third f Monday in April . These O ficers are thirteen sachems , who act as a Board of Directors , a Secretary , a Treasurer , a Sagamore , k ki and W i s i ns . The Sachems organize the Grand Council o f f Sachems by electing a presiding o ficer called the Grand Sachem , who presides at all functions o f the Society , as well as of the

T h e W w a m B r o a S r e e 1 789 -1 790 ig , d t t ,

Council . The Sachems also elect a Father o f the Council , and a Scribe to the Council . who records its proceedings . The Sagamore is the master of ceremonies at all functions o f

has o f the Society . He charge o f the badges and other gorgets the Society , and is its Marshal at its public processions . The VVi s ki n ski (the eyes o f the Society ) is the doorkeeper or outer

o f guard . He is also the Custodian the ornaments , banners , and standards o f the Society . The Society in the last century wa s divided into thirteen tribes and each member upon his admission was assigned to a tribe .

1 20 1 0 1 8 1 7 Under the Constitution adopted November , , the tribes were allotted as follows :

S ta te Tr ibe S ta te Tribe w N e w 8 . 1 . Hampshire Otter Dela are Tiger

9 . 2 . Massachusetts Panther Maryland Fox

10. 3 . Rhode Island Beaver Virginia Deer 1 f t 1 . 4 . Connecticu Bear North Carolina Bu falo

5. New York Eagle South Carolina Raccoon 1 New 3 . 6 . Jersey Tortoise Georgia Wol f

7 . Pennsylvania Rattlesnake w Each tribe had a separate organization , over hich a Sachem , designated by the Grand Sachem , presided . It also selected by

h e W w a m m f amm n o e B tree T ig an d M u s e u o T a y S ci ty , ro a d S t. 1 790- 1 798

f ballot three o ﬁcers , viz . , a Standard Bearer or Warrior , called an Okemaw ; a tribe hunter called a M ackawala w ; and a Scribe or

A lank who tribe clerk , called an , kept the roll containing the tribal proceedings . Each of the tribes was named after one o f the original thirteen states , and as indicated , was dedicated to some

- N animal , a common and wide spread custom among the orth A merican Indians . In the public processions the tribes marched in a body bearing the arms o f their respective states . The custom ,

1 21 h amman o c et 1 81 2 C e rtiﬁ cate o f M embers hip in t e T y S i y,

The Grand Standard o f the Society is the arms of the United

States properly emblazoned . The Society originally adopted as “ ”

: . its motto , the phrase Civil Liberty , the Glory o f Man In w recent years , ho ever , this has given way to the inscription on the “ ” — Great Seal o f the Society Freedom our Rock . The latter phrase by custom is now generally accepted as the motto of the

Society . f Each o ﬁcer o f the Society has a specially designed badge , sus

a pended by ribbon worn over his shoulders , bearing a patriotic motto .

- an d . The meetings are called Council Fires , and the tomahawk calumet , or pipe of Peace , are given a place in the councils . The Society in its early career had a well deﬁned order of p ro w cession at its public celebrations . The procession was al ays headed by the Cap o f Liberty as the Grand Standard of the

Society , and the Father of the Council carrying the Calumet or w pipe o f Peace , and the Sagamore carrying the tomaha k . In 1 8 1 3 the practice o f appearing in Indian costume at public

wa s 4th functions abandoned , and in the celebration of July of that year the Society paraded in civil attire , its membership dis tin ui she d g by an appropriate badge . The abandonment o f the Indian regalia w as induced by an intense feeling both in the Society and by the public against Indians because o f the atrocities pet pe trated 1 8 1 2 in the border conﬂict incident to the War o f .

UN I Q UE HISTORY OF T H E SOCIETY .

The Tammany Society o f N ew York occupies an unique place in the history of American politics . Its development includes its activities as a patriotic and fraternal institution with relationship to an organized force in party politics o f such virility and public conﬁdence that for a century and a quarter it has dominated the public li fe of the American Metropolis . Tammany was never

- higher in public esteem than it is to day. 1 789 After its reorganization in , the Society rapidly gained a place of prominence in the social and patriotic activities of the city . Its growth was favored by the broadening metropolitan li fe ’ w wa s o f hat then the nation s capital . Its principles early attracted the attention and received the recognition o f men prominent in ff municipal . state and national a airs . Substantial and distin g ui shed citizens were attracted to its membership and so noted

1 25 were its public ceremonies and pageants that the whole city was accustomed to view them with genuine pride . 1 90 In 7 , the population of New York , including the City of New York and the several towns and villages located on the Island

w a s n ot w of Manhattan , more than Green ich Village , located in the neighborhood of Christopher Street , was a remote

T H E W IGW A M F RO M 1 8 1 2 T O 1 868

o f , , suburb . The surrounding counties Kings Queens and Rich

w . n o w . mond , a part o f the city ere sparsely settled With the '

city s growth . the Tammany Society kept pace , enlarging its mem

hership and extending its inﬂuence . Early in its career the Society wo n prestige by the per form ance o f signal public service in conciliating the representatives o f the Indian Tribes who came to New York to treat with the

1 26

That e vening the visiting chiefs were entertained at dinner in

w o f the Wig am the Society at the City Tavern . There were

o f present , beside the Creeks , General Knox , Secretary War , the Senators and Congressmen from Georgia and Ofﬁcers of the

2n d 1 7 wa . 90 s Army On August , , a conference held between m the Tammany Society and the Creeks , attended by Tho as Jef fe rs o n , Secretary o f State ; General Knox , Secretary of War ; o f ; John Jay Chief Justice the United States George Clinton , N e w Governor o f York , and James Duane , Mayor o f the City

True to Indian custom , the Calumet o f Peace and Friendship was smoked and congratulations were exchanged upon the felicitous

w u . relations bet een the Indians , g ests and their hosts Patriotic songs were rendered and the Indian chiefs sang and danced . The

w wa s conference , hich open to the public , delighted the spectators

rilli ncv with its novelty and b a .

’ The Society s prestige wa s enhanced among men o f learning

the 1 790 by establishment under its auspices in June , . o f the American Museum for patriotic mementos and material of historic value . The Common Council assigned it a room in the City Hall . Under the guidance o f Pi nta rd it grew rapidly in importance and

1 794 wa e became one o f the show places o f the city . In it s r moved from the City Hall to the Exchange in Broad Street . Later h 1 8 wa s t e Museum passed to the cu sto d v o f others . In 65 it

’ destroyed when Barnum s Museum wa s burned .

V ’ F I R s H I N TON T To CELEBRATE Y A S G S B IRTH DAY .

7 2 1 790 Ta mma n v On February , the Society celebrated the bi rthday o f President A song suitable to the occa sion wa s sung and great patriotic fervor was evinced by the participants . The Society then by formal motion

22nd Resolved , unanimously that the day of February be thi s day and ever hereafter commemorated by \ this Society as the birth o f the illustrious George Vashington ,

President of the United States o f America .

’ This wa s the ﬁrst anniversary o f Washington s Birthday after

a n d his inauguration as President , its recognition by the Society wa s the ﬁrst formal notice taken o f the event . Even the Order

— w \ w a s , o f the Cincinnati . o f hich Vashington President General took inspiration from the action o f the Tammany Society , and t 1 1 790 seven days hereafter , March . . decided in the future to

i y celebrate the anniversary o f h s birthday . The Tammany Societ 1 28 A Ta mman C o mme mo ra o n i n P a e a 1 y ti hil d lp hi , 773 for many years faithfully observed the occasion with appropriate patriotic ceremony . The Society early adopted the celebration of July 4th as one h o f its principal annual functions , and the custom in t is state o f reading the Declaration of Independence as a part o f the 4th o f July program was instituted by the Tammany Society . It 4th 1 790 is the only institution in America that has since July , , continued this custom without a single interruption . The establish

to Pi ntar d ment o f this ceremony has been attributed John , and his strong patriotic sentiment and far - seeing appreciation o f the

to signiﬁcance of American Nationalism gives weight this opinion . The ﬁrst four celebrations o f Independence Day were conducted by the Tammany Society alone with its usual pageantry and

4th o f 1 794 w con ceremonials . On the July , , ho ever , there was a certed public recognition o f the day and the leading civic and patriotic bodies in the city combined in the arrangement o f an ostentatious ceremony to take the place o f the separate functions which had theretofore characterized the day . The Society included in its list of celebrations that o f November

25th o f w , Evacuation Day , in honor the ﬁnal ithdrawal o f the

N w o n 25 1 783 e . British troops from York City November . In conj unction with other civic bodies it frequently participated in

o f parades in honor this occasion . but for the most part the w ceremony was conﬁned to a banquet at the Wig am . This observance wa s continued until the outbreak o f the Mex

W a r w . ican , after hich the event lost public interest The calendar o f the society issued with the public constitution 1 790 1 2 in included October . the anniversary o f the discovery o f America as the dav sacred to the memory o f Columbus — the '

Society s second patron . As a feature of the occasion . a Long w Talk usually delivered in conj unction ith a banquet , was pre It to scribed . early became customary include in the program an

Ode o r poem dedicated to the Great Discoverer . The Society ’ s patriotic zeal found expression in tributes to departed statesmen and heroes o f the nation . This custom was 1 790 w inaugurated upon the death of Benj amin Franklin in . hen the society wore its badge o f mourning for thirty days . The Society shared the grie f which pervaded the entire country l o f “ a shi n to n o n the death g . and conducted commemorating ex

e rci s es .

130

Th e B e gin n in g o f O ur Fi r s t Z o o l o gic a l Ga r d e n s ; I n s tit ut e d un d e r m c a a mman us e um 1 794 th e a u s p ic e s o f th e A e ri n o r T y M , TA M MA NY E NTERS POLITICAL ARENA .

While the Society was slowly circling into the whirlpool o f

i N e w 1 793 politics , there arr ved in York in the fall o f Citizen

was Genet and Mrs . Ann Julia Hatton . The former spokesman for France and the latter sprang into immediate prominence as the ha r d of American Democracy . She championed the cause of Republicanism and dedicated to the Democratic Society a patriotic ode embodying the French ideas o f liberty and equality with which she was imbued . Mrs . Hatton was patronized by the Tammany “ Society and wrote an opera called Tammany , or the Indian ”

Chief , based upon the legends of its patrons . The Society in its

n the i n zeal secured the productio of piece in New York March , 4 1 79 . Its expressions of liberty and equality created a sensation ; the prologue and epilogue were characterized by their strong lean i ng toward the principles of the French Revolution . The Federalists severely criticized the piece and condemned its sentiments , but it met with great favor among Republicans . This incident tended to widen the gap between the Tammany Society and the Federalists , and the bitterness engendered brought it into w closer allegiance to the Democrats . The big breach , ho ever , between the Federalists and the Democrats , the policy that caused

n reci i the active , open e trance o f Tammany into politics was p p tated o f by the controversy over the national excise tax , one ’ Hamilton s ﬁscal measures . The ﬁnal steps of the S ociety towards politics are directly due to the oppressive measures passed by the Federalists during the administration of John Adams ; these measures carried to the extreme Hamilton ’ s doctrine of a national Government with highly

centralized powers . Availing themselves o f their sudden suprem

i n acy . both houses of Congress , the Federalists placed upon the

statute books , the Naturalization Act , the Alien Act and the Sedi

tion Law . Under the Naturalization Act the requisite term o f residence in the United States preliminary to quali fying for citizenship was

extended from ﬁve to fourteen years , and the process of natural

i z ati n a o w s rendered unusually stringent .

A ct All aliens , by the provisions o f the new Alien , were placed

to under a system o f surveillance , by requiring them be reported and registered ; they were subj ect to summary deportation at the

whim of the President , without cause assigned or the right of

1 33 ’

w . i w j udicial revie The President s orders , in th s respect . ere to

o f be executed by the Marshals the United States , without any

w to recourse , hatever , the courts . L he Sedition a w wa s a direct blow at free speech and liberty

o f . o r the press Under this Act a person could not , in speech by w f riting , have criticized a Federal o ﬁcer , including the Chief

o f o r Executive , a member Congress an act passed by that body , w t o f ithou incurring the risk public prosecution . The Federalists ,

r o f dist u sting the forbearance State Courts and prosecutors , in cases of libel against the National Government and kindred politi

f o i cal o fenses . gave j urisdiction the crimes under the Sedition Act to Federal ofﬁcers and tribunals in order to insure a direction o f

to prosecuting machinery favorable their party ends .

tt w w o f w The Federalist Pa y eighted ith the odium these la s , w w f a s doomed . Public sentiment turned against it and a ave o

o f indignation stormed the country . the phrases freedom ” “ o n w speech and liberty Of the press their lips , and ith the fervor

r u ff o f c saders . the Republicans . guided by Je erson , organized throughout the United States for the overthrow of the Federal party .

N e w Cit v Ta mma n v S o c i etv w In York . the hose basic prin ci le s Libe rt v O f p are and Equality , became the rallying point the

o f co - supporters personal liberty and p opular rights , and operated w ith the Republicans for the election o f Je fferson to the Presi d e nc y

In this election . the Society enrolled and canvassed the voters

o f with ordered preci sion . To meet the property qualiﬁcations

o f w o f voters , i t united a number men in the o nership the same p o r iece of property . thus increasing the number o f freeholders

w fo r e ff e rso n a n d voters . The Presidential Electors ere carried J

Tammany Hall had entered and wo n its ﬁrst political contest . So effective w a s its w ork and so well organized was its method

o f of attack that a fter this de feat the Federalists . Hamilton adyo cate d that a s o ci etv similar to the Tammany S o c ietv in scheme o f organization and activity be organized to support the Federal party .

ff f 4 1 801 w a s The day Je erson assumed o ﬁce , March , , observed

w wa s w - as a holiday . The hole country noisy ith bell ringing and

in o f cannonading - honor of the Triumph Democracy and the w inaug uration o f the Man o f the People . Since the ne s o f peace

1 34

o . that the Tammany Society is a p litical organization Indeed ,

its political fame is too extended to need mention , much less

proof of its existence . Our Society owns Tammany Hall— the Great Wigwam ; and by its control of the political use of this building has exercised a material inﬂuence in respect to the Democratic

O rganization . Tammany Hall has been identiﬁed with every Democratic struggle from the time of its erection to the pres

ent . Alike in victory and defeat , it has been the home o f

sound principles . Whatever may have been the o r divisions in the Democratic rank , either in the Union in the

State , the Democratic Organization in Tammany Hall has

adhered to the regular Democratic standard . The credit of these g rati fying results may in a large degree be ascribed to r the inﬂuence o f o u S ociety . The power to determine absolutely as to the occupancy of the Hall is vested in the Grand Council o f the Tammany

Society . The Sachems have so j udiciously discharged this o f delicate duty . that the decisions the Council have not onl y w w been proven by time to be ise and salutary . but have al ays been cheer fullv sustained by the masses o f the Democratic

party .

Following the reorganization o f the Democratic County Co m mitte e 1 87 1 the w as in , when Assembly District adopted as the w basis o f representation , the Society slo ly relinquished its hold upon the party machinery and the evolution o f state election laws

r regu lating p a tv control completed the separation . Thus by a

oc w singular metamorphosis the S iety , hich for so many years had been the absolute dictator o f Democratic p o litics in N e w York

Co u ntv o f was w and the arbiter party regularity , holly divorced from Its partisan control and resumed its original character as a fraternal and patriotic bo d v . The political organization known as Tammany Hall and the Society o f Ta mma nv or Columbian Order in the Citv of N ew

n o w — bodv York . are , separate and distinct entities , the former a

o f created and regulated by statute . a legalized functionary party government : the latter the continuation o f an ancient and honor able patriotic movement tracing its traditions and public service 1 through nearly 50 years o f active li fe .

E a rl v 1 799 f in the Republicans , under the guidance o f Je ferson , began to inaugurate a system o f party machinery throughout the

a ff 1 00. United States . This system w s e ectively installed in 8 The basis o f the scheme wa s a Party an association o f citizens

1 36 — aiming at the expression o f legislative or administrative policies through control of governmental machinery . Its obj ects were the

o f nomination candidates , the promotion of unity inspiring enthusiasm and energy , and the political education of voters with

' r nk the view o f adding them to the p arty a s . The organization

in each state consisted o f a General Committee , a County Com

mitte e - \Y w , and o f sub Committees in the towns and ards , ith various Committees on correspondence .

N e w wa s o n w In York City , the organization based a City ide General Committee and sub - Committees know n as YVa rd Com

mittee s 1 803 o f . As early as , traces the General Committee are h found . In that year t e Republican voters assembled in each o f the ten wards in the City and elected a Ward Committee of

o f e three . These Ward representatives , consisting thirty m mbers , constituted the General Committee which had full control o f the

party affairs . In addition there was a nominating Committee of t \ w Seven y , seven delegates from each Vard , hich met in the as s embly rooms o f the Society and nominated the candidates fo r f public o ﬁce . ’ The Committees nominations had to be submitted fo r approval

to the Republican electors , called in mass meeting in the wards ,

- o f or in general mass meeting all the electors in the City . These

w the meetings became kno n in time as ratiﬁcation meetings . In

early development of the general or ratiﬁcation meetings , Com mittees w to to w ere appointed prepare addresses the voters , hich

’

« i n f became e fect the Party Platform in the Campaign . Com mittees o n Correspondence were also designated with power to 1 822 w carry on the Campaign . By , ho ever , these functions had e w been absorbed by the G neral Committee , hich assumed full

o f control the Party management . The General Committee started in 1 803 with a membership

— 1 853 of thirty three from each Ward . As late as this unit o f

% w o representation was preserved , hen the C mmittee consisted of sixty members — the number of Wards having been increased to

twenty .

D SAFEGUAR I NG T H E BALLOT .

Between 1 853 and 1 869 the membership was increased to 400;

while the Ward was still the unit of representation , the members of the Committee were selected fromthe Election District within

the Ward . This Central o r County Organization wa s charged with

1 37 the the general party management during year , such as calling public meetings , nominating conventions and primary elections . There wa s a Organi z ation consisting o f delegates from each l wh w “ o . Election District in the ard , ere in permanent session These District representatives w ere considered the captains who marshalled and led into act ion the rank and ﬁle o f the Democratic

f i tv hos t o the C .

TH E BASIS OF REPRESENTATION .

The Democratic General Committee o f the County o f N e w York w a s organized in accordance w ith party policy set fo rth by

1 87 1 re re the Democratic State Convention o f . and the basis of p sen tatio n in the Committee w a s changed f rom the to the

v A s s embl District . The increase in the number o f voters brought a corres p onding increase in the numbe r o f the General or County

no w u Committee . so that the number is reg lated on the basis of ' r the Democratic vote cast for the pa ty s candidate for Governor , at the preceding Gube rnatorial election .

Pa rt v machi ne rv be be a from meagre ginnings . c me more de ﬁnite and more complete from generation to generation : and w hile its enormous p o wer wa s ea rl v recognized for a long time it w a s regarded as a p u re l v private assoc iation not withstanding its emi uentl y public character . realization o f the relationship of f party machinery to public a fairs . the State adopted a policy o f regulating parties bv statute and the party in the State is no w recognized by la w and made a p art o f the regular mechanism of government .