Chapter 2 A Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers

A publication of the Louisville Water Company Wellhead Protection Plan, Phase III Source Reduction Grant # X9-96479407-0

Chapter 2 A Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers

What is a native plant? For the purposes of this study, native wildflowers are defined as being herbaceous flowering plants, excluding sedges and grasses. A native species is one that was growing in Kentucky prior to European settlement and has adapted to certain habitats in response to specific climatic, geologic, and topographic variables. Using this definition, certain plants have been excluded from this guide, including trees, shrubs, and woody vines, (See Chapter 4). Sedges, ferns, grasses, and rushes have also been excluded, (See Chapter 3). Weeds, non-native, exotic, or alien species, (See Chapter 6), were also omitted. In order to make it easier for the amateur to identify and select plants for garden planning purposes, only the showy wildflowers were selected. In addition, to further narrow the list, (as this guide is not intended to be used as a reference book for professionals), the wildflowers selected were listed by various nurseries as readily available live plants in the Louisville, Kentucky area. By selecting native plants that flourish in the Louisville/Jefferson County area, native plants that do not thrive in this environment were omitted. During the study, weeds, non-native, exotic, or invasive species were found, and have been discussed at length in Chapter 6. Many wildflowers have the word “weed” as a part of their name, but are not considered to be a pest to the wildflower/wildlife enthusiast. For example, ironweed, a very showy, native wildflower is considered a weed by agriculturalists, because livestock will not eat it, and the plant may become invasive in plowed or otherwise disturbed fields. However, for the wildflower/wildlife enthusiast, the plant is showy, fairly easy to cultivate, and therefore a desirable wildflower.

Other plants may have medicinal or herbal uses. The Queen Anne’s Lace is a non-native, invasive plant medicinal value of the selected native plants was not introduced by the early European settlers for discussed as this was outside the scope of the project. medicinal and other uses. From the perspective of this study, the real issue is the impact that exotic, invasive, non-native plants have on the native plant community, and, by the use of chemicals, on the groundwater. Exotic plants can alter ecosystems, displace native species, support populations of non-native animals, fungi, or microbes. The exotic or non-native plants can hybridize with the native plants and alter gene pools. Exotic or non- native plants can be very invasive, and literally displace entire communities of wildflowers. Why use Native Plants? Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions where they naturally occur. These important species provide nectar, pollen, and seeds that serve as food for native butterflies, insects, birds, and other animals. Unlike native plants, common horticultural plants used in landscaping, do not provide nutritious meals for wildlife and often require pest control and fertilizers to survive.

Chapter 2 Page 1 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers If you enjoy observing nature, are concerned about the environment, or wish to make a long-term contribution to your community’s ecosystem, then using native plants is a responsible, money-saving, long- term, positive investment to both your property and your community. Native plants are advantageous, because: ♦ Native plants to do not require fertilizers and require fewer pesticides than lawns; ♦ Native plants require less water than lawns and help prevent erosion of the soils. The deep root capacity of many native Midwestern plants increase the ability of the soil to store water. Once established, native plants can significantly reduce water runoff, and, consequently pollution and flooding; ♦ Native plants help reduce air pollution. Native plantscapes do not require mowing. Excessive carbon from the burning of fossil fuels contributes to global warming. Native plants sequester, or remove, carbon from the atmosphere; ♦ Native plants provide shelter and food for wildlilfe, or, based on your selection of plants, repel some types of wildlife that you may consider to be a nuisance; ♦ Native plants provide biodiversity and stewardship of our national heritage; ♦ Native plants are often more cost effective to purchase in the long run, as the plants are hardier and more likely to survive in our community’s ecosystem; and ♦ Native plants are beautiful and increase scenic value. If you enjoy observing nature, then you will probably want to attract more wildlife to your yard. To an bird-watcher, this may mean cardinals, nuthatches, or hummingbirds. To a gardener, it may bean butterflies. To a general nature lover, it may mean deer, chipmonks, squirrels, or other wildlife. Wildlife do not just randomly appear in a given area. It is there because of a favorable habitat. To attract more wildlife, you need to apply specific wildlife management practices. To reach your wildlife goals, you must manipulate the habitat, the animal population, or manage the landowners. Keep these needs in mind when designing our backyard wildlife habitat: ♦ Food; ♦ Water; ♦ Cover; and Butterfly sipping nectar from a backyard lily. ♦ Space for wildlife to raise their offspring. Photo by T. Barnes, University of Kentucky. For further information about designing backyard habitats, see Chapter 8. Kentucky’s Plant Diversity Kentucky has over 3000 species of plants growing within its borders. The diversity of plant life is due to the state being a mixing ground on North, South, East, and West. We share many Appalachian species with adjacent states. Some Southern Appalachian species extend into our southern most Appalachian regions, and some Northern Appalachian species survive only at the highest elevations of the mountains. Other northern species that are relics of the glaciation of the Pleistocene Epoch may be found in isolated pockets. At the other extreme, we share many plants with the coastal plain found in the Jackson Purchase area, and a large number of species from the mid-western tall prairie grass region. Finally, we have species that are commonly found throughout Eastern North America.

Chapter 2 Page 2 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Another factor of diversification is the underlying geologic rocks, that develop a variety and unique characteristic soils. The physiography of the state, from the mountains in the east to the coast plains in the west, determines many of the types of plants that have naturally grown within the state. While there is still a great store of wildflowers within the state, many species are becoming rare, and many are not as abundant as they were in the past. All plants have habitat needs, like animals, and we are destroying the habitats for the native wildflowers at a phenomenal rate. It is reported that Kentucky loses more than 160 acres of rural land each day to development. Other factors, including modern road construction, development of agricultural areas, development of industrial properties, improper collecting, and the introduction of more exotic and non-native, invasive species, have all had an impact on this decline. Conserving Wildflowers Collecting wildflowers from their native habitat is harmful by eliminating plants from their natural habitat, where the population falls below the minimum required to sustain the plant. With the introduction of non-native species, which are less edible, wild animals eat or trample the wildflowers until the population is diminished to where it can not continue to survive in its natural habitat. This also increases the likelihood that the area will be invaded by a non-native plant. In addition, there is no assurance that moving a plant from its natural environment will enable it to survive in other areas. For example, most orchids have a special relationship with fungi in the soil. When these plants are dug up and removed from their native soil, and transplanted into a different soil, the fungi does not exist that enable the plant to survive. Other plants may have exacting soil, acidic, basic, or other requirements that a different area may not meet. For example, azaleas and native rhododendrons require a sandy, well-drained, acid soil. These plants will not live in the limestone regions unless the soil environment is modified to meet their The Ginseng plant has become very rare in needs. Eastern Kentucky due to over collecting, and Lastly, by adding wildflowers or other plants collected replacement by invasive non-native plants that are less nutritious for wildlife. Using native plants in from the wild to your yard, you can bring in diseases, your home garden can help preserve native species fungi, and other pathogens that could harm other plants in that are endangered. your landscape. Purchase native plants from a reputable nursery or greenhouse that grows their own plants from seed. Or, you may order the seed and grow the plants from seed yourself. Either way, you can make sure that the native plant you wish to use has not been improperly collected, and will not add unwanted elements to your yard. Taxonomy For the amateur, taxonomy of plants can be a nightmare of unfamiliar latin names that almost, but not quite, make sense. In addition, there are several different classification systems currently in use, that do not always agree on the species name. Taxonomically, plants are named according to genus and species, with specific variations within the species defined. For the amateur, determining the correct taxonomic classification can be confusing and frustrating. For example, the cat family has many different types of cats that appear to be closely related, but an examination of their genus and species names shows some surprising relationships between the species. The table below lists a few well-known wild cats and their taxonomic classification.

Chapter 2 Page 3 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Taxonomic Relationships in Big Cats Common Name Genus and Species Leopard Panthera pardus Tiger Panthera tigris Snow Leopard Uncia uncial Cougar, (Panther or Wild Cat) Puma concolor Lion Panthera leo The table above shows that the leopard, (Panthera pardus), is more closely related to the tiger, (Panthera tigris), and the lion, (Panthera leo), rather than the snow leopard, or the cougar, which is also called a panther, because all three cats belong to the same genus, only the species varies. As an amateur, they are all wild cats, with different common names that call to mind different animals. The common names do not represent the relationships of the different breeds. To the unitiated, the same taxonomic confusion also exists in plants. In general, common names vary from region to region and are not accurate. For this reason, it is always wise to order plants and/or seeds by their taxonomic name, i.e. the genus and species. Many guides exist that show garden designs, with the various plants used in the design listed by genus and species. When comparing the genus and species of the plants used in the pre-designed gardens, it is likely that the plants listed will not be readily available to someone living outside the particular region for which the garden was designed. No doubt, this guide will offer the same degree of confusion, as there are so many species available. However, in designing your own garden, you can use the design presented, and research the taxonomic classification and the plant’s particular characteristics, substituting plants available in your region that have the same genus, if not the same species. Be sure to note the characteristics of the plants you are using as substitutes, so that they more closely match the original design. You can always ask your local Cooperative Extension Agent or university for more help. In designing your own garden, there are many available resources on-line that will make your search easier, if you live outside the Louisville area. Many of these sources are listed in the bibliography included within this chapter. Another alternative is to contact a nursery specializing in native plants in your area, and request a listing of the plants they have available for sale. These companies are usually very careful to include within their listing the taxonomic classification of the plants sold, and the plants are usually hardy for the particular region in which you reside. Or, if you find this too difficult or time- consuming, you can contact the Native Plant Department at your state government agency for help in plants that are suitable for your particular region. Native Plant garden design is discussed more fully in Chapter 8. The guide offered within this chapter was written by an amateur, who is also learning, and has experienced the same degree of humiliation, confusion, and frustration that most amateurs experience when confronted with a new field of study. However, the taxonomic names and plant characteristics have been checked by professional horticulturists and botanists, and are as accurate as possible, given the many variables within the Plant Kingdom. In many ways, a guide written for amateurs by an amateur is likely the best way to anticipate potential problems, and answer potential questions. Sources of Information A variety of sources were used to determine the types of native flowering plants to list in this selection, to confirm plant characteristics, and to check taxonomic classification. First, to select the plants to be spotlighted, the listings from several “local” companies, (as well as state and local agencies), of native plants available for sale as live plants were used. This provided a base for the general guide. There are many companies in Kentucky that sell native plants to the general public, as live plants or as seed. Some of the companies will deliver live plants, or the customer may visit the green house and choose live plants from the nursery for use in native plant gardens. Other areas of the state and other states also have companies that specialize in the sale of native plants, either as seeds or live plants, that

Chapter 2 Page 4 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers specialize in plants for that particular region. The plants listed here are readily available as live plants to the population of Louisville, Kentucky and the surrounding area. They may also be available in other states, or other regions of Kentucky. A bibliography listing the sources of information used to prepare this chapter may befound at the end. Location maps were found on the USDA plant finder website, (listed in the bibliography). Pictures used in the body of the guide were indicated as copywrite free. Explanation of Table Abbreviations The key listed below shows the various abbreviations used to condense data for inclusion on data tables. A removable copy has been provided within the booklet to facilitate table use. This key may be used for all tables within this chapter ♦ Type – “P” means general herbaceous plant. S = shrub, T = tree. ♦ Height -– Height of plant, in feet – varies from state to state, depending on soil types, growing season, sunlight, and other factors. H1 – Smallest average height, H2 – Largest average height Quick Conversion, Inches to Decimal 1” .08’ 2” .16’ 3” .25’ 4” .33’ 6” .5’ 8” .66’ 9” .75’ 10” .83’ ♦ Spread – Diameter of the entire plant from side to side, listed in feet. This varies a bit from site to site depending on conditions at the site. Use of this number helps to determine spacing needs while planting. See Quick Conversion table above for conversion from inches to feet. Spr1 – Smallest average spread, Spr2 – Largest average spread ♦ Sunlight – The amount of sunlight preferred by the plant during the day. Plants may have a range of sunlight requirements. Follow requirements carefully. Usually, plants preferring Partial Sun prefer morning shade and afternoon sun. Plants preferring Partial Shade prefer morning sun and afternoon shade. S – Sunlight preference. Sunlight Preference FS Full Sun PS Partial Sun, (afternoon sun) PSh Partial Shade, (morning sun) FSh Full Shade ♦ Bloomtime – Usual time that plant blooms, may vary from state to state or site conditions, listed by month

Chapter 2 Page 5 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers ♦ Soil Type – General type of soil preferred by plant.

Soil Type A Average soil D Dry soil, average type Cl Clay soil, poorly drained M Moist soil, average type W Wet soil, average type Wa Water’s edge or in water Wd Well-drained soil ♦ Tolerance – Listed for plants that are able to withstand times of more extreme dry or wet conditions T – Tolerance, DT – Drought Tolerant, WT – Wet Tolerant ♦ Color – Color of bloom or flower, additional descriptive colors may be seen on Comments section of tables.

Color A All colors, see description B Blue Br Brown G Green O Orange Pn Pink Pr Purple R Red Y Yellow W White ♦ Attraction – Attraction to wildlife, Y = yes B – Birds, H – Hummingbirds, Bt – Butterflies, (Y = Butterflies, Y1= Moths), GW – General Wildlife, (Y = attracts general wildlife, N = may actually repel wildlife) The following table is a parital listing of the wildflowers found in Kentucky. Primarily, the wildflowers shown are those that are best suited for the Louisville, Kentucky area, but may also be found in other parts of the state as well as the surrounding states. Nearly every wildflower has a map showing the states where the wildflower may also be found. Data from this section may be used in Chapter 8, which discusses the design of native plant gardens. A partial listing of the native grasses found within the State of Kentucky are listed within Chapter 3. These grasses are native to the state of Kentucky and other surrounding states and may be used in decorative landscaping, meadow settings, prairie settings, and other settings.

Chapter 2 Page 6 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P American Aloe, False Aloe Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 1'-2' Agave virginica Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: DT Color: G, Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: fragrant

Type: P Height: .75' to 2' Alumroot, Coral Bells Spread: 1'-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Heuchera americana Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M Tolerance: DT Color: G, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: many varieties, needs

constant moisture in FS, good ground cover

Type: P Anenome, Canada, Meadow Height: 1’ to 1.5' Anenome Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: FS/FSh Anemone canadensis Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: favors locations near water

Chapter 2 Page 7 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Anenome, Rue Height: 2" to 6" Spread: 05-.75' Anemone thalictroides Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: may have slug predation when young

Type: P Height: 1' to 4' Arrowhead, Duck Potato Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Sagittaria latifolia Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: needs full sun to flower

best, does well near ponds, edible tuber, may have mites, aphids

Type: P Height: 1.5' to Aster, Aromatic Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Aster oblongifolius Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: Pr/B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking,

ingrequent to powdery mildew, tolerant to poor soils and drought

Chapter 2 Page 8 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Aster, Arrow-leaved Height: 3' to 4' Spread: Aster sagittifolius Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: DT Color: B, W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: found in wet woods

Aster, Calico, Lady in Type: P Black Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 2-3' Aster laterifolius Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking

Type: P Aster, Crooked Stemmed Height: 1' to 2' Spread: 1' Aster prenanthoides Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: M, We Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: small flowers

Chapter 2 Page 9 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Aster, Golden Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 2'-3' Chrysopsis mariana Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: G Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: not a true aster, just looks like one

Type: P Height: 4' to 5' Aster, New England Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Aster novae-angliae Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking,

ingrequent to powdery mildew, critical late season nectar for Monarch B.

Type: P Aster, Short's Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Aster shortii Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: may need staking

Chapter 2 Page 10 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Aster, Silky Height: 1.5' to 2.5' Spread: 1.5-2' Aster sericeus Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn/Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: more common in other states than KY

Type: P Aster, Sky Blue Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 1.5-2.5' Aster azureus Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D. Cl Tolerance: DT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: leaves feel like sandpaper

Aster, Smooth, Blue A., Type: P Stoke's A. Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 1-2' Aster laevis Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D. Cl Tolerance: DT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking

Chapter 2 Page 11 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Aster, Stiff Type: P Height: 1' to 2' Aster linarifolius, Ionactus Spread: 2-3' linariifolius Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking

Type: P Aster, Swamp Height: 2' to 6' Spread: 2-3' Aster puniceus Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: M, A Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: glossy leaved

Type: P Aster, White Wood Height: 1' to 2.5' Spread: 1.5-2.5' Aster divaricata, Eurybia Sun Requirements: FS/PS divaricata Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: D. Cl Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: good for wooded areas,

(PS)

Chapter 2 Page 12 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Aster, Willow Height: 3' to 5' Spread: Aster praealtus Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: infrequent leaf spot

Type: P Baneberry, White Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1' Actaea pachypoda Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: white berries slightly toxic

Type: P Beardtongue, Foxglove Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 1.5-2' Penstemon digitalis Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may have root rot in poorly drained soils, may have Leaf Spot

Chapter 2 Page 13 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Beardtongue, Hairy Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Penstemon hirsutus Sun Requirements: Fsh/Psh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: B, W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N

Comment: deer resistant

Type: P Beardtongue, Purple, Height: 1' to 2' Dewflower Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Penstemon cobaea purpureus Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: W, R/Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: may have root rot in poorly drained soils

Type: P Beardtongue, Showy, Height: 1' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Penstemon cobaea Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: very showy flowers

Chapter 2 Page 14 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Beardtongue, Small's Height: 1' to 2' Spread: .75' Penstemon smallii Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: deer resistant, must self- seed, easy to grow, good border

Type: P Height: 2' to 6' Bell Flower, American Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: PS Campanula americana Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: consistantly moist soil,

may be invasive, milky sap, annual or bi-annual

Type: P Bellwort, Large-flowered Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: 1-1.5' Uvularia grandiflora Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: young plants susceptible to slugs

Chapter 2 Page 15 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Bergamot, Wild Height: 3' to 5' Spread: 2-3' Monarda fistulosa Sun Requirements: PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: WT Color: Pr, R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y1 General Wildlife: Comment: deadhead to promote blooms, may have powdery mildew

Type: P Bishop's Cap, Miterwort Height: 8" to 18" Spread: 2-2.5' Mitella diphylla Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: resembels white Coral Bells

Type: P Black Cohosh, Snakeroot, Height: 2' to 3' Bugbane Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Cimicifuga racemosa Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT, WT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: drought tolerant, young/slugs, powdery mildew, semi invasive, foul odor

Chapter 2 Page 16 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Black-eyed Susan Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Rudbeckia hirta Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: slightly smaller center,

short-lived, deadhead, profuse blooms

Type: P Blazing Star, Dense, Height: 2' to 4' Spiked Spread: .75-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS Liatris spicata Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: heat, humidity tolerant, slow to establish, spikes require staking

Type: P Blazing Star, Dwarf, Height: 1.5' to 2' Grayfeather Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FS Liatris cylindracea Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: heat, humidity tolerant, slow to establish

Chapter 2 Page 17 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Blazing Star, Prairie Height: 2' to 5' Spread: 1-2' Liatris pycnostachya Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: flowers open top to bottom, spikes need staking

Type: P Blazing Star, Rough Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Liatris aspera Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking, stalks bloom all together

Type: P Blazing Star, Southern Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Liatris squarosa Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: showy flowers

Chapter 2 Page 18 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Blazing Star, Tiny-headed, Height: .5' to 2' Button Snakeroot Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Liatris microcephala Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, heat and humidity tolerant

Type: P Height: 8" to 10" Blood Root Spread: .25-.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Sanguinaria canadensis Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: each plant has one flower,

bright reddish-orange sap, toxic root, dormant in summer

Type: P Blue Star, Eastern Height: 3' to 4' Spread: .75-1' Amsonia tabernaemontana Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M Tolerance: DT,WT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: low maintenance

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Type: P Bluebells, Virginia Height: 1.5' to 2' Spread: 1-1.5' Mertensia virginica Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M, Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: found in moist shady woodlands, dormant in summer

Type: P Bluets, Canadian Summer Height: 6" to 8" Bluet, Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Houstonia canadensis Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: Color: B, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: aka Long Leaf Bluet, may be susceptible to fungus

Bluets, Purple, Venus' Type: P Pride Height: 6" to 8" Spread: Houstonia purpurea, cerulea Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: small flowers

Chapter 2 Page 20 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Boltonia, False Aster Height: 2' to 6' Spread: 2-4' Boltonia asteroides Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W, Pn, B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: profuse bloom, susceptible to powder mildew

Type: P Height: 3' to 5' Boneset, Thoroughwort Spread: 3-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Eupatorium perfoliatum Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: needs constant moisture,

all parts of plant very toxic and bitter

Type: P Bradbury's Monarda Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-2' Monarda bradburnia, M. Sun Requirements: FS/PSh bradburniana Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: Color: Pn, W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y, Y1 General Wildlife: Comment: deer resistant, foliage has

scent of oregano, may have powdery mildew

Chapter 2 Page 21 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Bundleflower, Illinois, Height: 2' to 3' Prairie B. Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Desmanthus illinoensis Bloom Time: Jun to Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, high protein content of seeds, (good for birds) Type: P Height: 2' to Cactus, Prickly Pear Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Opuntia humifusa Bloom Time: to Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: over 200 species, milk

from succulent leaves tastes like watermelon, sweet edible fruit

Type: P Cardinal Flower Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 1-2' Lobelia cardinalis Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: likes PSh in Ky area, needs constant moisture

Chapter 2 Page 22 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Clover, Purple Prairie Height: 1' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Dalea purpurea Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant,

nitrogen-fixing plant Type: P Clover, Round-headed Height: 2' to 4' Bush Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Lespedeza capitata Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: D, A Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: well-drained soil is necessary, drought tolerant

Type: P Columbine, Wild Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Aquilegia canadensis Sun Requirements: FS/FSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: R, Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: freely self seeds, disease resistant

Chapter 2 Page 23 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 5' to 9' Compass Plant Spread: 1.5-3' Sun Requirements: FS Silphium laciniatum Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: flower to 5" wide, gummy

sap, leave seeds for birds, slow to establish, bloom year 2-3

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Coneflower, Glade Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Echinacea simulata Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: goldfinches eat seed in

winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle, powdery mildew problems

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Coneflower, Orange, Spread: 2-2.5' Rudbeckia fulgida Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: tolerates hot, dry summers, deadhead

Chapter 2 Page 24 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3' to 4' Coneflower, Pale Purple Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Echinacea pallida Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: goldfinches eat seed in

winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle, powdery mildew problems

Type: P Height: 3' to 4' Coneflower, Purple Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Echinacea purpurea Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn-Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: goldfinches eat seed in

winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle, powdery mildew problems

Type: P Height: 3' to 5' Coneflower, Sweet Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Rudbeckia subtomentosa Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking, fragrant

flowers, tolerates hot, humid summers, save seeds for birds

Chapter 2 Page 25 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3' to 5' Coneflower, Yellow Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS Ratibida pinnata Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: tolerates poor dry soils,

may need staking, leave seeds for birds

Type: P Coreopsis, Eared C., Height: .5' to 1.5' Mouse-eared C. Spread: .5-.75' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Coreopsis auriculata Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y, O Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: deadhead for additional bloom, will stop blooming if too dry

Type: P Coreopsis, Lanceleaf C., Height: 1' to 2' Tickseed C. Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS Coreopsis lanceolata Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought, may be invasive

Chapter 2 Page 26 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Coreopsis, Tall Height: 7' to 8' Spread: 2-8' Coreopsis tripteris Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought

Type: V Height: 3.5' to 50' Crossvine Spread: 6-9' Sun Requirements: Sh Bignonia capreolata Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: R, Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: grows shorter in

cultivation, loves to climb trees, related to trumpet vine

Type: P Culver's Root Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 2-4' Veronicastrum virginicum Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: tolerates light shade, may need staking

Chapter 2 Page 27 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 4' to 8' Cup Plant Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Silphium perfoliatum Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, W Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: easy to grow, tolerates

some drought once established, gummie sap

Type: P Dock, Cut Leaf Prairie, Height: 2' to 3' Tansy Rosinweed Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Silphium pinnatifidum Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: not common in KY, do not disturb soil near plant

Type: P Height: 6' to 8' Dock, Prairie Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Silphium terebinthinaceum Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: tolerates poor soils, slow

to establish, flowers year 2-3, may need staking

Chapter 2 Page 28 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Dutchman's Breeches Height: .33' to 1' Spread: .5-1' Dicentra cucullaria Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: same genus as cultivated Bleeded Hearts

Type: P Early Saxifrage Height: 8" to 10" Spread: .5" Saxifraga virginiana Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Mar to May Soil Requirements: M, W Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: flowers on tall stems

Type: P Fameflower, or Limestone Height: 8" to 10" F. Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FS Talinum calcaricum Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: good drainaige essential, succelent leaves, flowers from noon to mid-afternoon

Chapter 2 Page 29 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Fire Pink, Catchfly Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1.5' Silene virginica Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jul Soil Requirements: D, Wd Tolerance: DT Color: R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: best in rock gardens

Type: P Foamflower Height: .75' to 1' Spread: 1-2' Tiarella cordifolia Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: WT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: wet soil in winter fatal, may be invasive, marginal ornamental

Type: P Height: 1' to 2.5' Galax Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: PSh Galax aphylla Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: W/R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: prefers cool sites, can

tolerate acidic soils, likes pine needle mulch

Chapter 2 Page 30 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 4' to 5' Gaura Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Gaura biennis Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: M-D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y1 General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant biennial,

susceptibility to Japanese Beetles, deer favorite,

Type: P Gentian, Bottle, Closed G. Height: 1' to 2' Spread: 1-1.5' Gentiana andrewsii Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: normal yellow leaves in summer

Type: P Gentian, White Height: 1' to 2' Spread: Gentiana alba Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M, Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: some susceptibility to beetles

Chapter 2 Page 31 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Geranium, Wild Height: 1.5' to 2' Spread: 1-1.5' Geranium maculatum Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to June Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: yellow leaves if soil too dry in summer

Type: P Ginger, Wild Height: 6" to Spread: 1-1.5' Asarum canadense Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: R, Br Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: ground cover or edging, small blooms

Type: P Height: 1' to 2' Ginseng, American Ginseng Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Panax quinquefolia Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant leaves,

endangered, do not collect from wild, reported in small areas of Eastern KY

Chapter 2 Page 32 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Goatsbeard Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 2-4' Aruncus dioicus Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: WT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: similar in appearance to Astilbe, infrequent leaf spot

Type: P Height: 0.5 to 1' Golden Ragwort Spread: .75-2' Sun Requirements: PSh Senecio Bloom Time: Apr to aureus Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: daisy-shaped flowers

w/yellow centers, big basal leaves, semi-evergreen

Type: P Goldenrod, Elm-leaved Height: 1' to 3' Spread: Solidago ulmifolia Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y, Y1 General Wildlife: N

Comment: may need to be staked

Chapter 2 Page 33 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Goldenrod, Fragrant, Height: 2' to 4' Sweet G. Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Solidago odora Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: anise-scented leaves, infrequent Rust, powdery mildew, Leaf Spot

Type: P Goldenrod, Gray Height: .5' to 2.5' Spread: .75-2' Solidago nemoralis Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: tolerates poor soils, one of the smallest goldenrods

Type: P Height: 3' to 5' Goldenrod, Rigid Spread: 1.5-2.5' Sun Requirements: FS Solidago rigida Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: deadhead, infrequent Rust,

may need division 2-3 years, may need staking

Chapter 2 Page 34 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 2.5' to 3' Goldenrod, Rough-leaved Spread: 2.5-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Solidago rugosa Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A, M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: tolerates moister soils,

infrequent Rust, divide every 2-3 years

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Goldenrod, Showy Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Solidago speciosa Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: deadhead, club-shaped

flower clusters, infrequent Rust, divide every 2-3 years

Type: P Goldenrod, Woodland, Height: 1.5' to 3' Bluestem G. Spread: 1.5-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Solidago caesia Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: non-invasive, infrequent Rust

Chapter 2 Page 35 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Green and Gold, Golden Height: .3' to .5' Star Spread: .75-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Chrysogonum virginianum Bloom Time: May to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: bloom stops in heat of summer, some susceptibility to powdery mildew

Type: P Green Dragon Height: 1' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Arisaema dracontium Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: G Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: dormant in summer, red berries, roots toxic

Type: P Height: 1.5' to 3' Hairy Alumroot Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Heuchera villosa Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: DT Color: G Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: several varieties, full

morning sun, late shade, drought tolerant

Chapter 2 Page 36 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3' to 6' Hairy Angelica Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Angelica venosa Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: can be easily confused

with Water Hemlock which is highly poisonous

Type: P Hepatica, Round-lobed Height: .25' to .75' Spread: .5-.75' Hepatica americana Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Mar to Apr Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Pn, B, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: needs moist soils

Type: P Hepatica, Sharp-lobed, Height: .25' to 1' Liverwort Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh Hepatica acutiloba Bloom Time: Mar to Apr Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: leaves must be left over winter, chipmonk favorite

Chapter 2 Page 37 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 1' to 3' Horsemint Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Monarda punctata Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd-D Tolerance: Color: Y, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant leaves, deadhead,

may have powdery mildew, found in southern KY

Type: P Hyancinth, Wild Height: 3' to Spread: Camassia scilloides Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: short bloom time

Type: P Height: 2' to 4' Indian Hemp, Dogbane Spread: 1.5-2.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Apocynum cannabinum Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: G Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: can be invasive, do not use

in landscaped gardens

Chapter 2 Page 38 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Indian Psychic, American Height: 2' to 3' Ipecac Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Gillenia stipulata Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: requires shade during the hottest part of the day, young susceptible to slugs Indigo, Cream False, Type: P Buffalo Pea Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Baptisia leucophaea Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: 5 fingered leaves

Type: P Indigo, White False Height: 3' to 5' Spread: 2-3' Baptisia lactea Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: may take 2 years to mature

Chapter 2 Page 39 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Indigo, Wild Blue/False Height: 3' to 5' Spread: 3-4' Baptisia australis Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: seeds rattle in blackened pods, may need staking

Type: P Indigo, Wild White Height: 3' to 5' Spread: 2-2.5' Baptisia Sun Requirements: FS/PSh alba Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: forms decorative blackened seed pods

Type: P Height: 2' to 2.5' Iris, Blue Flag Spread: 2-2.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Iris virginica Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: M, W Tolerance: WT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: may grow in shallow-

standing waters, various colors, susceptible to insects

Chapter 2 Page 40 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Iris, Blue-eyed Grass Height: .5' to 1.5' Spread: .5-1.5' Sisyrinchium angustifolium Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: tolerates light shade, small flowers

Type: P Iris, Copper Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-2' Iris fulva Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: W, M Tolerance: Color: O Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: leaves, roots slightly toxic, needs moist soil

Type: P Iris, Dwarf Crested Height: 6" to 8" Spread: .5-1' Iris Sun Requirements: FS/PSh cristata Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: best in partial shade, susceptible to snails & slugs

Chapter 2 Page 41 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Ironweed, Tall Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 3-6' Vernonia altissima Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: WT Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: tolerance for flooding, 15- 30 flowers per cluster

Type: P Ironweed, Giant Height: 5' to 8' Spread: 3-6' Vernonia gigantea Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: taller than regular ironweed, may be weedy or aggressive

Type: P Height: 1' to 2' Jack-in-the-Pulpit Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Arisaema triphyllum Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: G. Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: 5 years to mature,

dormant in summer, red berries, roots toxic

Chapter 2 Page 42 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Jacob's Ladder, Greek Type: P Valerian Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: 1-1.5' Polemonium reptans Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: WT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: weak stems

Type: P Jersulem Artichoke, Height: 4' to 10' Sunflower A. Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Helianthus tuberosus Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: "Canadian Potato" for edible tuberous root, may be invasive, good for fence lines

Type: P Height: 4' to 8' Joe-Pye Weed Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Eupatorium purpureum Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: WT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: vanilla scented, birds love

winter seed heads, leaf scorch w/dry soil

Chapter 2 Page 43 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Lady's Slipper, Kentucky Height: 1' to 2' Spread: Cypripedium kentuckiense Sun Requirements: FShPSh Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: may be endangered in some areas, do not harvest wild plants

Type: P Lady's Slipper, Large Height: 1' to 2' Yellow Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh Cypripedium pubescens Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: may be endangered in some areas, do not harvest wild plants, easy to grow

Type: P Leaf Cup, Bearsfoot Height: 6' to 8' Spread: Polymnia uvedalia Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, Cl Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: grows easily from seed, poisonous in large quantities

Chapter 2 Page 44 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Lespedeza, Virginia Height: 2' to 4' Spread: Lespedeza virginica Sun Requirements: PS/FSh Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: Pea-like flowers, deer favorite

Type: P Lily, Turkscap Height: 4' to 7' Spread: .5-.75' Lilium superbum Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: Color: O Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: soils must be moist

Type: P Height: 1' to 2' Lizard Tail Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: PSh Saururus cernuus Bloom Time: Sep to Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: WT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: good in ponds, fragrant

flowers, leaves and roots have citrus aroma

Chapter 2 Page 45 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Lobelia, Great Blue Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Lobelia siphilitica Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: needs constant moisture, likes PSh in KY

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Lobelia, Spiked Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Lobelia spicata Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: A-Wd Tolerance: Color: B, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: variable colors, potentially

poisonous as nicotine, requires moist soil

Type: P Lobelia, White Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Lobelia siphilitica, var. alba Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: needs constant moisture, likes PSh in KY

Chapter 2 Page 46 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Marigold, Marsh Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: 1-1.5' Caltha palustrus Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to June Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: plant near ponds, streams, susceptible to powdery mildew

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Mayapple Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Podophyllum peltatum Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: roots, leaves are toxic,

dormant in summer, flowers "hidden", fleshy fruit

Type: P Meadow Rue, Tall Height: 3' to 6' Spread: Thalictrum polygamum Sun Requirements: FSPSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: W-M Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: hardy, wide variation in height, prefers swampy soils

Chapter 2 Page 47 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Height: .33' to .5' Meehania, Meehan's Mint Spread: .25-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Meehania cordata Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: B, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: prefers PSh, tolerates

FSh, some susceptibility to slugs, good ground cover

Type: P, V Milkvetch Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 2-4' Astragalus Sun Requirements: FS canadensis Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: rounded leaves in long fronds

Milkweed, Butterfly, Type: P Pleurisy Root Height: 1' to 4' Spread: 1-1.5' Asclepias tuberosa Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: D, Cl Tolerance: DT Color: O Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: drought tolerant

Chapter 2 Page 48 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Milkweed, Common Height: 3' to 5' Spread: 3-4' Asclepias syriaca Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn/Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: toxic if ingested

Milkweed, Ozark, Green Type: P M., Spider M. Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 2-3' Asclepias viridis Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: D, Cl Tolerance: Color: G, W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: low maintenance

Type: P Milkweed, Purple Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-3' Asclepias purpurea Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: can be invasive

Chapter 2 Page 49 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Milkweed, Swamp, Marsh Height: 3' to 5' M. Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Asclepias incarnata Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant flowers, slow to emerge in spring, sap is toxic

Type: P Milkweed, Whorled Height: 1' to 2' Spread: Asclepias verticillata Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: x Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: toxic if ingested

Type: P Mint, Downy Wood, Ohio Height: 1' to 1.5' Horsemint Spread: .75-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Blephilia ciliata Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: square stems, susceptible to powder mildew, insects may eat foliage w/ 'ratty' look

Chapter 2 Page 50 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Mint, Hairy Wood, Hairy Height: 2' to 4' Pagoda Spread: .75-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Blephilia hirsuta Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: susceptible to powder mildew, insects may eat foliage w/ 'ratty' look

Type: P Mint, Short Tooth Height: 3' to 4' Mountain Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Pycnanthemum muticum Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: decorative whitish leaves, deer resistant, best with Bee Balm & Obedient Plant

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Mint, Slender Mountain Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: sometimes aggressive,

profuse small flowers, all parts smell like mint

Chapter 2 Page 51 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Mistflower, Blue M. Height: 3' to Spread: Eupatorium coelestinum Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: M-W Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: similar to Azuratum

Type: P Monkeyflower Height: 1' to 3' Spread: Mimulus alatus Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: M-W Tolerance: Color: Pr, W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: more foliage than flower, no stems, good pondside plant

Type: P Nodding Wild Onion Height: 1' to 2' Spread: .25-.5' Allium cernuum Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn, Wh Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: low maintenance

Chapter 2 Page 52 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3' to 4' Obedient Plant Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Physotegia virginiana Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking, may be

invasive, "obedient" to shaping (temporarily)

Type: P Height: 1" to 2" Partridge Berry Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Mitchella repens Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: fragrant, red berries, may

be hard to establish, some susceptibility powdery mildew

Type: V Passionflower Vine, Height: 6' to 8' Maypop Spread: 3-6' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Passiflora incarnata Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: W/Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant flowers, drought tolerant, flower 2.5" across, edible fruit matures in fall

Chapter 2 Page 53 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Petunia, Wild Height: 1' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Ruellia strepens, R. humilis Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: tolerates close to full shade

Type: P Phacelia Height: 18" to Spread: Phacelia bipinnafida Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: mottled purplish leaves, small flowers, bi-annual

Type: P Phlox, Carolina Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Phlox caroliniana Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: showy flowers on thin, smooth stems

Chapter 2 Page 54 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Phlox, Creeping Moss Height: 2" to 6" Spread: .5-2' Phlox subulata Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: mat forming, may have

spider mites, good ground cover

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Phlox, Downy Spread: 1-.75' Sun Requirements: FS Phlox pilosa Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: more drought tolerant,

large colonies over time, may have spider mites

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Phlox, Garden Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Phlox paniculata Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn, R, W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: Many varieies, may have

powdery mildew, spider mites, root rot in dry conditions

Chapter 2 Page 55 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Phlox, Meadow, Wild Height: 1' to 2' Sweet William Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Phlox maculata Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: A, M Tolerance: Color: Pn, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: avoid overhead watering, deadhead, may have powdery mildew, spider mites, root rot

Type: P Phlox, Smooth Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Phlox amoena Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, M Tolerance: Color: R, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: tall flowers on thin, smooth stems Type: P Phlox, Wild Blue, Wild Height: 1' to 1.5' Sweet William Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Phlox divaricata Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: may have powdery mildew,

spider mites, rabbit favorite

Chapter 2 Page 56 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Pickerel Rush, Pickeral Height: 2' to 4' Weed Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Pontederia cordata Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: W/Wa Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may have spider mites, best by ponds

Type: A Plantain, Water Height: 1' to 2' Spread: Alisma subcordatum Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: Wh Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: flowers eaten by waterfowl

Type: V Poppy Mallow Height: 6" to Spread: Callirhoe papaver Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: drought tolerant

Chapter 2 Page 57 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Poppy, Celandine Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1' Stylophorum diphyllum Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A, M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: dormant when dry, sap used as dye, may be invasive Type: P Prairie Clover, White, Height: 2' to 3' Dove White P.C. Spread: .75-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS Dalea candidum Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, nitrogen-fixing plant Type: P Primrose, Large-flowered, Height: 3' to 5' Evening Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Oenothera grandiflora Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: blooms only during the evening Type: P Primrose, Missouri Height: 8" to 10" Spread: Oenothera missouriense Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: found in Eastern highlands of KY

Chapter 2 Page 58 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Primrose, Showy, Pink Height: .75' to 2' Ladies Spread: 1.5' Sun Requirements: FS Oenothera speciosa Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: D, Wd Tolerance: Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: open in evening to early morning

Type: P Quinine, Wild, Feverfew Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 1-2' Parthenium integrifolium Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant, good as a dried flower

Type: P Rattlesnake Master Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 2-3' Eryngium yuccifolium Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: may need support, best to use mass that is self-supporting

Chapter 2 Page 59 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Height: 2' to 2.5' Rose Mallow Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS Hibiscus moscheutos Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M-W Tolerance: WT Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: several varieties, needs

constant moisture, deadhead, some susceptibility disease, insects

Type: P Height: 2' to 6' Rosinweed Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Silphium integrifolium Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: tolerates some drought

once established, may have downy mildew, Leaf Spots, Rust

Type: P Rosinweed, Whorled Height: 4' to 10' Spread: Silphium trifoliatum Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y, G Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: usually less than 5' tall, flowers 3" across

Chapter 2 Page 60 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Royal Catchfly Height: 2.5' to 3' Spread: Silene regia Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: R, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: bright, star-shaped blooms, good in rock gardens

Type: P Rush, Winter Scouring Height: 3' to Spread: 1-6' Equisetum hyemale Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: M, Wa Tolerance: Color: G Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: non-flowering, plant from Mid-Devonian period, very invasive

Type: P Sage, Blue Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 2-3' Salvia azurea Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, deadhead, cut back after flowering

Chapter 2 Page 61 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Sedum, Stonecrop Height: 4" to 6" Spread: .5' Sedum ternatum Sun Requirements: PSh/FS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: not an invasive ground cover

Type: P Senna, Wild Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 4-6' Cassia marilandica Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: long fronds, silvery foliage, shrub-like, drought tolerant

Type: P Shooting Star Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1' Dodecatheon meadia Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: goes dormant in summer

Chapter 2 Page 62 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Skullcap, Downy Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1.5-2' Skutellaria incana Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: endangered, mint family, ornamental value marginal

Type: P Height: 3' to 5' Sneeze-weed, Autumn Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Helenium autumnale Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: Color: Y, G Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: cut back in June to

promote branching, used as snuff, powdery mildew, Leaf Spot, Rust

Sneeze-weed, Purple Type: P Headed Height: 1.5' to 3' Spread: 1.25-1.5' Helenium nudiflorum, H Sun Requirements: FS flexuosum Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: used as snuff, all parts poisonous, deer resistant

Chapter 2 Page 63 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Height: 1' to 3' Solomon's Seal Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Smilacina racemosa Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M, D Tolerance: WT Color: G-W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: small, bell-shaped,

greenish flowers, "wound seal"

properties, edible root Type: P Height: 1.5' to 3' Solomon's Seal, False Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Maianthemum racemosa Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: small flowers, red berries,

drought tolerant, need several plants for berries

Southern Harebell, Type: P Appalachia Bellflower Height: 1' to 3' Spread: Campanula divaricata Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment:

Chapter 2 Page 64 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Spiderwort, Ohio Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Tradescantia ohiensis Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: A, Wd Tolerance: Color: B, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: divide clumps when

overcrowded, cut back for fall bloom, snail damage to young, acid soil

Spiderwort, Virginia, V. Type: P Spiderlily Height: 1.5' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5' Tradescantia virginiana Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr, B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: prefers acidic soil

Type: P Spurge, Flowering Height: 2' to 3' Spread: Euphorbia corollata Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N

Comment: milky sap

Chapter 2 Page 65 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Squirrel Corn, Turkey Type: P Corn Height: .5' to 1' Spread: Dicentra canadensis Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: Type: P St. John's Wort, Height: 2.5' to Goatweed Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Hypericum perferatum Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: 370 species, all parts of

plant are toxic, invasive, odd smell Type: P Strawberry, Wild Height: 6" to Spread: Fragaria virginiana Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: good taste, (edible), very small berry, may be invasive

Type: P Sundrops Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: 1-2' Oenothera fruiticosa Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: blooms only during the day

Chapter 2 Page 66 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Sunflower, Downy, Ashy Height: 3' to 4' S. Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Helianthus mollis Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y, O Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: single flower head on stem, may need staking, may be invasive

Type: P Sunflower, Giant, Height: 3' to 10' Toothleaved S. Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Helianthus giganteus Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: deer resistant, may be invasive

Type: P Sunflower, Narrow-leaved Height: 3' to 6' S., Swamp S. Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Helanthus Bloom Time: Sep to Nov angustifolius Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: WT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y Comment: may need support, can tolerate water-logged soils, may be invasive

Chapter 2 Page 67 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Sunflower, Oxeye, False Height: 3' to 6' S. Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FS Heliopsis helianthoides Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd-D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, deadhead, susceptible to aphids, may need staking Sunflower, Rough-leaved, Type: P Hairy S. Height: 3' to 6' Spread: 3' Helianthus hirsutus Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought resistant

Type: P Sunflower, Tickseed Height: 1' to 5' Spread: Bidens aristosa Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: flowerheads 2" across, annual

Chapter 2 Page 68 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Sunflower, Western Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 1.5-2' Helianthus occidentalis Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd-D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, few leaves on stems, will need staking

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Susan, Brown-eyed Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Rudbeckia triloba Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: ozone sensitive, short-

lived but re-seeds, edible tubers, may have spider mites, aphids Type: A Sweet Flag Height: 3' to 4' Spread: Acorus calamus Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: G Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: sweet smell

Chapter 2 Page 69 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Thimbleflower, Height: 1' to 2' Thimbleweed Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Anemone virginiana Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: D, Cl Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: tolerates FSh, seeds stay

on stalk through winter

Type: P Tickseed, Wood Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-2' Coreopsis major Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, D Tolerance: DT Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought

Type: P Height: .75' to 2' Trillium, Bent Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Trillium flexipes Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: needs regular watering,

flowers have lemon scent, leave alone in the wild

Chapter 2 Page 70 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Trillium, Erect Red, Wake Height: .75' to 1.5' Robin Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Trillium erectum Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: flowers 2-3" across, tolerates extreme cold, flowers smell like rotting meat, toxic

Type: P Trillium, Erect Yellow, Height: .75' to 2' Wood Lily Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Trillium erectum f. luteum Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: G, Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: needs regular watering, flowers have lemon scent, does not transplant well

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Trillium, Large White Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Trillium grandiflorum Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: should be protected from

deer, does not transplant well, do not

collect wild flower

Chapter 2 Page 71 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Trillium, Prairie Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1' Trillium recurvatum Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: leaved purple mottled, needs regular watering

Trillium, Toad Shade, Type: P Sweet Betsey Height: .33' to 1' Spread: .5-1' Trillium cuneatum Sun Requirements: FSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: R, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: mottled leaves

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Trillium, Yellow Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Trillium luteum Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: leaves often mottled,

flowers may have faint lemon scent, needs regular watering

Chapter 2 Page 72 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Trumpet Vine, Trumpet Type: V Creeper Height: 25' to 40' Spread: 5-10' Campsis radicans Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: R/O Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y Comment: may be invasive

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Turtlehead Spread: 1.5-2.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Chelone glabra Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A-Wd Tolerance: WT Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N Comment: low maintenance, some

susceptibility to powdery mildew if soil is too dry

Type: P Height: .75' to 1.5' Twinleaf Spread: .5-.75' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Jeffersonia diphylla Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Comment: needs good shade in

summer, susceptible to snails & slugs, good ground cover

Chapter 2 Page 73 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Vase Vine, Bluebill, Type: V Yellowflower Height: 12' to 15' Spread: 3-4' Clematis virginica Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: M-A Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: may be invasive Type: P Height: .5' to 1' Verbena, Rose, Vervain Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Verbena Bloom Time: Apr to Oct canadensis Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr, Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: fragrant flowers, winter

hardy, drought tolerant, tolerates poor soil

Type: P Vervain, Blue Height: 2' to 6' Spread: 1-2.5' Verbena hastata Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: flowers on spikes

Chapter 2 Page 74 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3" to 6" Violet, Birdfoot Spread: .25-.5' Sun Requirements: FS Viola pedata Bloom Time: Mar to May Soil Requirements: D, Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: uniform light blue color,

good ground cover, foliage may die back in summer

Violet, Blue, Johnny Type: P Jumpup Height: 3" to 6" Spread: .25-.5' Viola papilionacea Sun Requirements: FSh/FS Bloom Time: Mar to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: common blue violet

Type: P Violet, Canadian Height: 3" to 6" Spread: .25-.5' Viola candensis Sun Requirements: FSh/FS Bloom Time: Mar to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: B Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: common blue violet

Chapter 2 Page 75 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name Type: P Violet, Labrador Height: 3" to 6" Spread: .25-.5' Viola labradorica Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: found in moist woods, may be invasive

Type: P Wild Pink Height: 4" to 6" Spread: .75-1' Silene caroliniana Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Comment: leave undisturbed after established

Kentucky Native Grasses Other decorative or useful plants to use in the native plantings, including meadows, rain gardens, or in dramatic groupings, are the native grasses found in Kentucky. These plants are being crowded out by many invasive grasses listed in Chapter 6, or are being eaten by the wildlife to endangerment because these plants are more nutritious and filling than the invasive species. Many of the grasses are used in native meadow or prairie seed mixes, but may also be used as decorative plots in the homeowner’s lawn, or as single plants or groupings to add variety to a native plant garden. A parital list of the native grasses found in Kentucky may be seen in Chapter 3.

Frequently Asked Questions: Replacing Your Lawn 1. Proper soil preparation is the most important factor in the success of a native planting. 2. Use a sod cutter, (which can be rented), to remove sections of your existing lawn. 3. Do not turn over the exposed soil. Disturbing the soil will expose weed seeds and encourage their growth. The weeds will compete with new native seedlings for nutrients, water, and sunlight. 4. If you choose to use herbicides to remove existing vegetation, use a low-toxicity, non-persistent herbicide, such as glyphosate, which is sold under various name brands. Read the label and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.

Chapter 2 Page 76 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Seeding vs. Transplants 1. Sowing seeds is less expensive than landscaping with transplants. However, native plants grow slowly from seed, often not blooming until the third year. The first few years are spent growing long, extensive root systems. Weeds grow quickly, so don’t be discouraged. 2. Transplants grow more quickly than seeds, often blooming in the first year. Make sure your transplants come from a reputable nursery and not from the wild. Keep your costs down by buying the smallest plants available, but remember to be patient. Larger plants will bloom more quickly, as a rule. Questions to Ask When Buying Native Plants 1. Are the native plants locally grown or shipped in? Native plants that are locally grown are best suited to the regional climatic conditions 2. Have the seeds been propagated in a nursery or collected from the wild? Seeds from the wild need to be protected so that we do not deplete our natural areas. 3. Will the native plants grow best in sun, shade, or a combination? Survey your plot carefully. 4. What soil type is required? Is it sandy, loamy, wet or dry? 5. Which native plants grow well together? Call your local nature center or Heritage Program Office to find out about plant communities. 6. How long will it take seeds to germinate or plants to mature? The key to growing native plants is patience. Will Native Plants Aggravate Allergies? Many native flowers, such as asters, goldenrods, and milkweeds, are insect-pollinated, not wind- pollinated, and do not cause allergies. It is the pollen in the air that triggers allergic reactions. The plants responsible for many pollen allergens are not native to the Midwest, (e.g. Kentucky Bluegrass, Bermuda Grass, Orchard Grass, Redtop Grass, and Timothy Grass). Native ragweed is one native plant which is highly allergic. Will Native Plants Attract Pests? Unsecured garbage is the main attraction for most pests, such as rodents and raccoons. Native landscaping is not. Native plants will attract butterflies and dragonflies, birds, bats, frogs and salamanders, as well as insects that provide shelter and food for the wildlife. In return, the wildlife will help control pesky bugs such as mosquitoes. Canada Geese, considered to be a pest in some areas, prefer short turf grass to taller native grasses.

References – Books, Pamphlets, and Publications used to prepare chapter. Barnes, Thomas G., and Francis, S. Wilson, “Wildflowers and Ferns of Kentucky”, The University Press of Kentucky, 2004, 344 pages. Brill, Steve, and Dean, Evelyn, “Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild and Not So Wild Places”, a Harper Resource Book, 1994, 317 pages. Glassberg, Jeffrey, “Butterflies through Binoculars, The East”, Oxford University Press, Inc., 1999, 242 pages. Haragan, Patricia Dalton, “Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, A Field Guide”, The University Press of Kentucky, 1991, 278 pages. Henderson, Carrol L., “Landscaping for Wildlife”, Minnesota Department of Administration, Minnesota’s Bookstore, 1987, 149 pages.

Chapter 2 Page 77 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Horn, Dennis, and Catcart, Tavia, “Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians”, Lone Pine Publishing, 2005, 406 pages. Peterson, Roger Tory, and McKenny, Margaret, “Wildflowers – Northeastern/Northcentral North America”, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968, 420 pages. Phillips, Harry R., “Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers, An Easy-to-use Guide For All Gardiners”, The University of North Carolina Press, 1985, 331 pages. Wharton, Mary E., and Barbour, Roger W., “Trees and Shrubs of Kentucky”, University Press of Kentucky, 1973, 582 pages. References – Website Pages used to prepare chapter. About.com Landscaping, http://landscaping.about.com/ Arthur Lee Jacobson, Plant Expert, http://www.arthurleej.com/ Botanical.com, http://botanical.com/ Brooklyn Botanical Garden, http://www.bbg.org/gar2/ Bunton’s Seed, http://www.buntonseed.com Celebrating Wildflowers, http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/index.shtml Connecticut Botanical Society, http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/ Department of Agriculture, USDA, National Agriculture Library, http://plants.usda.gov/ Dropseed Native Plant Nursery, http://www.dropseednursery.com/index.html Easy Wildflowers, http://www.easywildflowers.com/ Forestry Images, http://www.forestryimages.org/ Gallery of Connecticut Wildflowers, http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/galleryindex.html Gourmet Sleuth, http://gourmetsleuth.com/ Grow Native, http://www.grownative.org Hort.net, http://www.hort.net Illinois Wildflowers, http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/ Iowa State University, Department of Horticulture, Extension and Outreach, http://www.weedsbc.ca/ Jefferson County Cooperative Extension, http://ces.ca.uky.edu/Jefferson Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses, http://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/ Kemper Center PlantFinder, http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Alpha.asp Louisville Green Fertilizer, http://www.louisvillegreen.com/index.htm Maine Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, http://www.maine.gov/agriculture/pi/pestsurvey/index.htm Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri Plants, http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/plantpage/ Missouri Native Plant Society, http://herbarium.missouri.edu/monps/ Montana Plant Life, http://montana.plant-life.org/ Missouri Plants, http://www.missouriplants.com/ National Wildlife Federation, http//nwf.org/backyard/food.cfm Neartica, Eastern Wildflowers, http://www.nearctica.com/flowers/index.htm North Dakota State University Cooperative Extension, http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Ohio Public Library Information Network, What Tree Is It?, http://oplin.org/tree/

Chapter 2 Page 78 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers Ohio State University Pocket Gardener, http://hcs.osu.edu/pocketgardener/ Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/index.html Oregon State University, Integrated Plant Protection Center, http://www.ipmnet.org/ Plant Answers, Texas, http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/web.html Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/ Plant Identification, U.K., http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/index.htm Plants for the Future, http://www.pfaf.org/ Shooting Star Nursery, http://www.shootingstarnursery.com/ Texas Cooperative Extension, http://texasextension.tamu.edu/ United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Common Plants of the Eastern Shore, http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htm University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, Home and Garden, http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/ University of California, Davis, Plant Identification, http://www-aes.tamu.edu/mary/Wdid.htm University of California, Integrated Pest Management Program, http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htm University of Connecticut, Integrated Pest Management, http://www.turf.uconn.edu/submission.shtml University of Florida, Cooperative Extension, Lawn and Gardens, http://extension.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/ University of Kentucky Agricultural Information Center, http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/lib.php?lib_id=1 University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Common Turf Weeds, www.uky.edu/Ag/ukturf/weed_id_index.htm University of Minnesota Cooperative Extension, Yard and Garden, http://www3.extension.umn.edu/projects/yardandgarden/ University of Missouri Extension, http://extension.missouri.edu/ University of Vermont, Integrated Pest Management, http://www.uvm.edu/pss/vtcrops/?Page=pest.html USDA Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers, http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nataivegardening/landscapingforwildlife.shtml Wildflower Farm, http://www.wildflowerfarm.com/index.php?p=page&page_id=WSG Wildflowers of Alabama, http://www.auburn.edu/~deancar/index.html Wildflowers of the Southeast US, http://2bnthewild.com/

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