In the Subalpine Larch Stands (Rhodothamno- Laricetum) in the Eastern Julian Alps (Slovenia)

HACQUETIA 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-011-0005-7

DISTRIBUTION OF LETHARIA VULPINA (LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES) IN THE SUBALPINE LARCH STANDS (RHODOTHAMNO- LARICETUM) IN THE EASTERN JULIAN ALPS (SLOVENIA)

Igor DAKSKOBLER1, Andrej SELIŠKAR2 & Franc BATIČ3

Abstract The article provides the list of localities of Letharia vulpina in the eastern Julian Alps (northwestern Slovenia) that were recorded by the authors in 2010. Prior to this year the knowledge on the occurence of this lichenized fungus in Slovenia was insignificant (only one known locality, recorded already in the 19th century). With a phytosociological table we present the species composition and structure of natural subalpine larch stands (Rhodothamno-Laricetum deciduae) in which the species Letharia vulpina grows as an epiphyte on old and thick trees. It can also be expected in other Alpine regions in Slovenia where similar natural larch stands are pre- served and the air is not over polluted. Key words: Letharia vulpina, Larix decidua, Rhodothamno-Laricetum, subalpine forests, biodiversity, the Julian Alps, Slovenia.

Izvleček Članek podaja seznam nahajališč vrste Letharia vulpina v vzhodnih Julijskih Alpah (severozahodna Slovenija), ki so jih avtorji popisali v letu 2010. Pred tem letom je bila vednost o pojavljanju te lihenizirane glive v Slove- niji zelo majhna (eno samo znano nahajališče, opaženo že v 19. stoletju). S fitocenološko tabelo prikazujemo vrstno sestavo in zgradbo naravnih subalpinskih macesnovih sestojev (Rhodothamno-Laricetum deciduae) v ka- terih vrsta Letharia vulpina raste kot epifit na starih in debelih drevesih. Pričakujemo jo lahko tudi v drugih alpskih območjih v Sloveniji, kjer so ohranjeni podobni naravni macesnovi sestoji in kjer ozračje ni preveč onesnaženo. Ključne besede: Letharia vulpina, Larix decidua, Rhodothamno-Laricetum, subalpinski gozdovi, biodiverziteta, Julijske Alpe, Slovenija.

1. INTRODUCTION tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letharia_vulpina). It usually grows on tree trunks and branches of Letharia vulpina is a fruticose lichenized fungus conifers, in central and southern Europe and in from the family Parmeliaceae. Its distribution the mountains surrounding the Mediterranean, area comprises Europe (Scandinavia, the Alps especially on Larix decidua, Pinus cembra (on this and other central- and south-European moun- two tree species for example in Switzerland, there tains), North Africa, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Cau- only in the Alps – Bolliger & al. 2007: 287, in the casus and boreal part of North America (Schade Italian Alps – Nascimbene & al. 2008, in Upper 1954: 122, Gams 1955: 30, Mayrhofer, in litt., ht- Austria, also there only in the Alps – Berger & al.

1 Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, [email protected] 2 Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, [email protected] 3 Biotechnical Faculty of the University in Ljubljana, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva ulica 111, SI-1000 Ljublja- na, [email protected]

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2009: 150 and in Carinthia –Türk & al. 2004: 70: & al. 2000: 81). Later processing of lichens of the very rare in eastern edges of the Alps, with one Julian Alps (Batič & al. 2003, Mrak & al. 2004) new locality, 9156/1, published in Hafellner 2008: did not produce any new findings as this species 72), Pinus peuce (on the latter see data for Mon- was not even recorded at the time, with the re- tenegro – Medjedović 1971, Bilovitz & al. 2008: search being limited to the lower-lying forests. In 22, B. Surina, in litt., H. Mayrhofer, in litt.), Pinus our research of natural larch forests in Slovenia pinaster, Juniperus excelsa and Cedrus atlantica. (Dakskobler & al. 2010) it was first noticed at the Traditionally it was used as a pigment source end of August 2010 above the Mala Pišnica valley for dyes and paints and in folk medicine for re- and was subsequently recorded on several other lieving digestive problems as a highly diluted in- localities in the eastern part of the Julian Alps. fusion. It was also used to hunt foxes and wolves This article presents these localities and forest with a mixture of meat, lichens and broken glass. stands with larch trees on which this epiphytic It is toxic to carnivores. The knowledge of its oc- lichen grows. currence in Slovenia until 2010 was insignificant. Schade (1954: 121) published the information on its growth on a larch tree near Belo (=Velo) polje 2. METHODS – 9649/1, UTM 33T VM13 (where it was suppos- edly collected in 1876 by E. H. from Innsbruck Vegetation in natural larch stands in the Julian and where it most likely still grows today, as it Alps was studied according to the central-Eu- was found on 14.10. 2010 above the nearby alp ropean method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). The Planina Pod Mišelj vrhom). The same informa- relevés were entered into the FloVegSi database tion is quoted also in the Catalogue of the lichen- (Seliškar & al. 2003). The same application was ized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia (Suppan used to make the distribution map (Figure 1). ��

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�� Letharia vulpina – AT �� Letharia vulpina – SI ��

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Figure 1: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in Slovenia and in the neighbouring regions (= bordering grids) of Carinthia (Türk & al. 2004: 70) Slika 1: Razširjenost vrste Letharia vulpina v Sloveniji in v sosednjih območjih (mejnih poljih) Koroške (Türk & al. 2004: 70)

96 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands …

0 2.500 5.000 m

Figure 2: Localities of Letharia vulpina in the eastern part of the Julian Alps Slika 2: Nahajališča vrste Letharia vulpina v vzhodnem delu Julijskih Alp

The relevés in Table 1 were arranged with hierar- 3. RESULTS chical classification. Combined cover-abundance values were transformed with numerical values 3.1 Overview of the recorded (1–9) according to van der Maarel (1979) and localities of Letharia vulpina in numerical comparisons were performed with the the Julian Alps SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001) program package. Relevés were compared with the “Incremental 9548/3 (UTM 33TVM04): Slovenia, Gorenjska sum of squares – MISSQ” method and with “(un- (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, Mala Pišnica weighted) average linkage method – UPGMA”. valley, under Robičje, along the hunting path, a In both methods we applied Wishart’s coefficient prominence overgrown with single old larch and of similarity (similarity ratio). The nomenclature beech trees, dominated by Pinus mugo groups source for the names of vascular plants is the Ma- (possibly burnt down in the past), 1450 m a.s.l., la flora Slovenije (Martinčič & al. 2007), Frahm on an old larch tree with the breast height diam- & Frey (1992) and Martinčič (2003) for the names eter of around 70 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, of mosses, Jurc & al. (2005) for the names of fungi 26. 8. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA) and Suppan & al. (2000) for the names of lichens. and Boletus informaticus (Herbarium of the Slov- Table 1 comprises only some of the mosses, li- enian Forestry Institute); under Robičje, a steep chens and fungi that were observed on sample slope above the Mala Pišnica valley, Pinus mugo plots. Most species from these groups remained stand, an old larch tree on the margin (breast unidentified. Determined epiphytes in the table 1 height diameter 100 cm), 1480 m a.s.l. Leg. & det. are indicated with x, which means, that they were I. Dakskobler, 28. 8. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU presented on the recorded plots. (SRC SASA).

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Figure 3: Letharia vulpina, Brinova glava, the Julian Alps (Photo A. Seliškar) Slika 3: Letharia vulpina, Brinova glava, Julijske Alpe (foto A. Seliškar)

9548/3 (UTM 33TVM04): Slovenia, Gorenjska nus mugo stands, 1800 m a.s.l., on two old larch (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, Sleme, slopes trees with the breast height diameters of 87 and under Slemenova špica, above the Mala Pišnica 55 cm; a little lower on the same locality, slopes valley, near the Sleme–Grlo mountain path, open above the Vrata valley, 1760 m a.s.l., open larch larch forest, from about 1570 to 1760 m a.s.l., on forest, on an old larch tree with a breast height some 20 old larch trees with breast height diam- diameter of 73 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler & eters of 50 to 100 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler A. Seliškar, 14. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU & A. Seliškar, 1. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA). (SRC SASA). 9549/3 (UTM 33TVM13): Slovenia, Goren- 9549/3 (UTM 33TVM14): Slovenia, Gorenjska jska (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, Požgana (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, the Vrata val- Mlinarica, slopes above the Vrata valley, 1760 m ley, under the ridge of Vrtaško Sleme, larch forest, a.s.l., old larch tree with a breast height diameter on three old larch trees, the thickest tree’s breast of 82 cm, tree height of some 15 m, dry top, also height diameter is 90 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dak- fruitbody (sporocarp) of fungus Laricifomes offici- skobler & A. Seliškar, 2. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC nalis. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler & A. Seliškar, 14. SAZU (SRC SASA) and Boletus informaticus. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA).

9549/3 (UTM 33TVM14): Slovenia, Gorenjska 9549/3 (UTM 33TVM14): Slovenia, Gorenjska (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, Požgana Mli- (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, the Vrata val- narica, the ridge between the Vrata and the Kot ley, Brinova glava, open spruce and larch forest, valleys, open larch forest at the contact with Pi- on an old larch tree with a breast height diameter

98 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … of some 60 cm, also higher, above Brinova glava, Na brinju under the peak Šplevta, at the altitude of 1650 m a.s.l., on three old larch trees and on five larch trees at the altitude of 1740 m. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler & A. Seliškar, 21. 9. 2010, Her- barium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA).

9549/3 (UTM 33TVM14): Slovenia, Gorenjs- ka (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, the Vrata valley, Prag under the peak Šplevta, larch forest, 1670 m a.s.l., on two larch trees and slightly lower at the altitude of 1640 m on larch tree with breast height diameter of 60 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler & A. Seliškar, 21. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA).

9649/2 (UTM 33TVM13): Slovenia, Gorenjska (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, the Pokljuka plateau, alp Klek, larch stands above the pasture, near the mountain path to Debela peč, from 1570 to 1670 m a.s.l., on at least 20 larch trees, with breast height diameters of 40 to 80 cm. Leg. & det. F. Batič, I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar, B. Vreš, L. Kutnar and A. Rozman, 28. 9. 2010, Herbar- ium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA) and Boletus informaticus.

9649/3 (UTM 33TVM13): Slovenia, Gorenjska (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, alp Krsteni- Figure 4: Subalpine larch stand above the pasture Klek, typi- ca, larch forest on the northern summit slope of cal locality of Letharia vulpina (Photo A. Seliškar) Krsteniški (Mali) Stog above the Voje valley, 1820 Slika 4: Subalpinski macesnov sestoj nad planino Klek, m a.s.l., on a larch tree with breast height diame- tipično nahajališče vrste Letharia vulpina (foto A. Seliškar) ter of about 50 cm; also lower on the slopes above the Voje valley, 1740 m a.s.l., on a very old larch tree (on which was also the fruitbody of fungus vrhom, along the mountain path from Jezerski Laricifomes officinalis), with a breast height diam- preval towards this alp, open larch stands at the eter of around 80 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, altitude from 1720 to 1820 m, on some 15 larch 22. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA). trees with breast height diameters from 50 to 90 cm, also the fruitbody (sporocarp) of fungus Lar- 9649/3 (UTM 33TVM13): Slovenia, Goren- icifomes officinalis. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, 14. jska (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, pasture 10. 2010, Herbarium ZRC SAZU (SRC SASA). Krstenica, a larch forest on the western slope of Krsteniški (Mali) Stog, under the mountain path, 1660 m a.s.l., on six larch trees with breast height 3.2 Phytosociological description diameters of 50 to 90 cm; also higher, 1730 m of larch stands where Letharia a.s.l., in Pinus mugo stands with larch, on a larch vulpina was recorded (Table 1) tree with a breast height diameter of 70 cm. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, 22. 9. 2010, Herbarium ZRC Letharia vulpina was found in natural larch stands SAZU (SRC SASA). in the Mala Pišnica and Vrata valleys above the alp Klek on the Pokljuka plateau and in the north- 9649/3 (UTM 33TVM13): Slovenia, Gorenjska eastern part of the Fužina pasturelands (Fužinske (Upper Carniola), the Julian Alps, the slopes of planine), also on the slopes towards Velo polje. Jezerski Stog above the alp Planina pod Mišelj The climate in this part of the Julian Alps is mon-

99 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 tane and very cold, with a mean annual tempera- slopes (S, SW). Geological bedrock is most often ture from 2 °C to 4 °C (Pristov & al. 1998: 13), and limestone admixed with dolomite, more rarely moist (humid), with a mean annual precipitation limestone, limestone admixed with marlstone or ranging from 2400 to 3200 mm (slightly more in talus scree. The soil is shallow, moder rendzina. the Fužina pasturelands and in the northern part The studied forest stands are protective and have of the Pokljuka plateau than in the Upper Sava not undergone cut (forest plant) in a long time Valley) – Pristov et al. (1998: 26). The snow cover (although we noticed old, decaying tree stumps remains on the ground for more than 200 days a in some). Sheep and cattle have been grazing in year (Pristov & al., ibid, p. 39). Letharia vulpina some places (alp Klek, the Fužina pasturelands, has intermediate air pollution sensitivity. Air pol- Velo polje). On some of these localities (Požgana lution in the Upper Sava Valley, however, is con- Mlinarica, Robičje) primary forest may have been siderable (Batič & al. 2003), with lateral valleys burnt down once, perhaps with the intention to (Mala Pišnica, Vrata, Kot) perhaps being slightly obtain more pasture areas for sheep. For at least less exposed to pollution. The same is probably 60 years and more the growth and development true for the northern part of the Pokljuka plateau of these stands have been affected mainly by only and northeastern part of the Fužina pasturelands natural factors (wind, avalanches, rockfalls). Oth- and Velo polje under Triglav. er lichens that grow as epiphytes together with Most of the recorded stands (relevés 4 to 17 Letharia vulpina on larch bark were not recorded in Table 1) are classified into the syntaxon Rho- in more detail. Frequent species are Bryoria fusces- dothamno-Laricetum Willner et Zukrigl 1999 var. cens, Usnea subfloridana, Usnea spp., Ramalina geogr. Anemone trifolia Dakskobler 2006 (com- farinacea, Evernia prunastri, E. divaricata, Vulpi- pare Dakskobler 2006 and Zupančič & Žagar cida pinastri, Hypogymnia physodes, H. farinacea, 2007), in which we distinguish between two vari- H. tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Platismatia ants. The stands on drier soils (relevés 4 to 10 in glauca, Parmelia saxatilis, P. sulcata, Parmeliopsis Table 1) are classified into the variant with Ca- ambigua, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, Hypocenomyce lamagrostis varia (one of the differential species scalaris, Chrysothrix candelaris, Chaenotheca spp., is also Erica carnea) and the stands on moister Ochrolechia spp., Lepraria spp., Lecanora pulicaris, soils (relevés 11 to 17) are classified into the vari- Cladonia digitata, Cladonia spp. ant with Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium (differential species are also Poa alpina, Alnus viridis and Saxifraga aizoides). Relevé No. 4. DISCUSSION 1 in Table 1 is classified also into the syntaxon Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae Zöttl 1951 Wirth (1991: 231, 2010: 242) provides the follow- laricetosum Tregubov 1962 = Rhodothamno-Rhodo- ing ecological description for Letharia vulpina. dendretum hirsuti (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sis- It is semi-heliophilous, distributed mainly in the singh and Br.-Bl. & al. 1939 var. geogr. Paederota altimontane and subalpine belt, in intermedi- lutea Zupančič & Žagar in Zupančič et al. 2006 ate (suboceanic to subcontinental) climate with laricetosum Tregubov 1962, and the two stands in sufficient precipitation, but very unstable mois- relevés 2 and 3 indicate the contact of larch and ture conditions; it grows as an epiphyte on very Alpine beech forest (Anemono-Fagetum Tregubov acid and nutrient poor substrate, tree bark. Its 1962 laricetosum Tregubov 1962 or Rhodothamno- life form is a fruticose and strap shaped lichen Laricetum fagetosum nom. prov.). (Strauchflechte). This ecological description Letharia vulpina was found on old and usually fully applies also to its localities and sites in the thick larch trees (see Nascimbene & al. 2008 for Julian Alps. In these locations it is, similarly to influence of tree age and structure on frequen- a very rare fungus Laricifomes officinalis, an in- cy of this epiphytic lichen species) that grow at dicator of natural larch forests on the upper the altitude ranging from 1450 to 1820 m, i.e. in forest line. One of the epiphytic lichen species the subalpine belt almost up to the upper larch that could be considered a character species of forest distribution borderline in the Julian Alps natural larch stands is also the crustose species (which is at the altitude 1900 to 1950 m). Larch Mycoblastus sanguinarius which was, in addition trees grew on gentle to very steep slopes (slope of to Letharia vulpina, found in large numbers on 10° to 40°), on all expositions – on both explic- larch trees above the alp Klek. Not much atten- itly shady (N, NE) as well as on explicitly sunny tion was paid to epiphytic lichen flora during our

100 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … phytosociological research until recently, so it is leta 1876 nabral E. H. iz Innsbrucka in kjer zelo very likely that Letharia vulpina was overlooked verjetno uspeva še zdaj, saj smo jo 14. 10. 2010 in our relevés in more places than one, which is našli nad bližnjo planino Pod Mišelj vrhom). Ta especially true for the less conspicuous bark spe- podatek povzema tudi Katalog liheniziranih in cies. Nevertheless, this lichen no longer grows on lihenikolnih gliv Slovenije (Suppan & al. 2000: every site with old larch trees and natural larch 81). Tudi poznejša obdelava lišajev Julijskih Alp stands. This can be confirmed for larch stands (Batič & al. 2003, Mrak & al. 2004) ni prinesla on the northwestern edge of the Komna plateau, novih spoznanj, saj te vrste takrat niso popisali, above the alps Planina za Skalo and Planina za ker so bile raziskave omejene na nižje ležeče goz- Črnim vrhom above Vrsnik (Soča) and for similar dove. Pri naših raziskavah naravnih macesnovih stands above the alp Planina v Plazeh and under gozdov v Sloveniji (Dakskobler & al. 2010) smo Čisti vrh and Velika Tičarica (above the Lower jo prvič opazili konec avgusta 2010 nad dolino Trenta valley). Even though there are old and Male Pišnice in jo potem popisali še na precej thick larch trees growing in the listed areas, we nahajališčih v vzhodnem delu Julijskih Alp, nad noticed no Letharia vulpina on their bark. The dolino Vrat, nad planino Klek na Pokljuki in v reason might be the (over)polluted air brought Fužinskih planinah (Krstenica, pod Krsteniškim by the west winds from the industrial flatlands of in Jezerskim Stogom). Večina njenih nahajališč Friuli and the Po Valley. It would by all means be je v macesnovi združbi Rhodothamno-Laricetum sensible to pay more attention to Letharia vulpina Willner et Zukrigl 1999, nekaj pa tudi v ruševju z in the future, as well as to the communities (synu- macesnom Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae sia) in which it grows and to epiphytes on larch Zöttl 1951 laricetosum Tregubov 1962 = Rhodoth- trees, especially crustose species in their natural amno-Rhododendretum hirsuti (Aichinger 1933) stands on the timberline in general. Br.-Bl. & Sissingh in Br.-Bl. & al. 1939 laricetosum Tregubov 1962 in v alpskem bukovju z macesnom (Anemono-Fagetum Tregubov 1962 laricetosum 5. POVZETEK Tregubov 1962). Našli smo jo na starih in navadno debelih macesnih, ki uspevajo na nadmorski Razširjenost lihenizirane glive Letharia vulpina višini od 1450 do 1820 m, torej v subalpinskem v subalpinskih macesnovih sestojih (Rhodo pasu skoraj do zgornje meje razširjenosti maces- thamno-Laricetum) v vzhodnih Julijskih Alpah novega gozda v Julijskih Alpah, ki je na nad- (Slovenija) morski višini 1900 do 1950 m. Macesni so rasli Letharia vulpina je grmičast lišaj, natančneje na položnih do zelo strmih pobočjih (naklon od lihenizirana gliva iz družine Parmeliaceae. Zanjo 10° do 40°), v vseh legah, tako na izrazito osojnih predlagamo slovensko ime navadni lisičji lišaj. (N, NE), kot tudi na izrazito prisojnih (S, SW). Njen areal obsega Evropo (Skandinavija, Alpe Geološka podlaga je največkrat dolomitiziran in druga srednje- in južnoevropska gorovja), sev- apnenec, redkeje apnenec, apnenec s primesjo erno Afriko, Malo Azijo, Ciper, Kavkaz in bore- laporovca ali pobočni grušč. Tla so plitva, prhni- alni del Severne Amerike. Navadno uspeva na nasta rendzina. Preučeni gozdni sestoji so var- deblih in vejicah iglastih drevesnih vrst, v srednji ovalni, sečenj v njih že dolgo ni (le v nekaterih in južni Evropi ter v gorovjih, ki obdajajo Sre- smo opazili stare razpadajoče panje). Ponekod dozemlje predvsem na vrstah Larix decidua, Pinus (pl. Klek, Fužinske planine, Velo polje) v njih cembra, Pinus peuce, Pinus pinaster, Juniperus ex- pasejo drobnico in govedo. Na nekaj nahajališčih celsa in Cedrus atlantica. V preteklosti so navad- (Požgana Mlinarica, Robičje) je bil primarni ni lisičji lišaj precej uporabljali za pridobivanje gozd nekoč morda požgan z namenom pridobiti barvila, v ljudskem zdravilstvu za lajšanje preb- pašne površine za drobnico. Na rast in razvoj teh avnih težav kot zelo razredčen poparek, nek- sestojev že najmanj 60 let in več v glavnem vpliva- daj tudi za lov lisic in volkov z mešanico mesa, jo le naravni dejavniki (veter, snežni plazovi, po- lišaja in zdrobljenega stekla. Za mesojede živali dori). Drugih lišajev, ki epifitsko rastejo skupaj z je strupen. Vednost o pojavljanju vrste Letharia vrsto Letharia vulpina na macesnovi skorji, nismo vulpina v Sloveniji je bila do leta 2010 zelo majh- podrobneje popisovali. Pogoste so vrste Bryoria na. Schade (1954: 121) je objavil podatek o njen- fuscescens, Usnea subfloridana, Usnea spp., Rama- em uspevanju na macesnu pri Belem (=Velem) lina farinacea, Evernia prunastri, E. divaricata, Vul- polju – 9649/1, UTM 33T VM13 (kjer naj bi jo picida pinastri, Hypogymnia physodes, H. farinacea,

101 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112

H. tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Platismatia Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grund glauca, Parmelia saxatilis, P. sulcata, Parmeliopsis züge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auflage, Sprin ambigua, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, Hypocenomyce ger, Wien-New York, 865 pp. scalaris, Chrysothrix candelaris, Chaenotheca spp., Dakskobler, I. 2006: Asociacija Rhodothamno-Lari- Ochrolechia spp., Lepraria spp., Lecanora pulicaris, cetum (Zukrigl 1973) Willner & Zukrigl 1999 v Cladonia digitata, Cladonia spp. V Julijskih Alpah Julijskih Alpah. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU je lihenizirana gliva Letharia vulpina, podobno (Ljubljana) 47 (1): 117–192. kot zelo redka gliva lekarniška macesnovka (Lar- Dakskobler, I., Culiberg, M., Čas, M., Čelik, T., icifomes officinalis), pokazatelj naravnih maces- Firm, D., Kadunc, A., Leban, F., Kobal, M., novih gozdov na zgornji gozdni meji. V prihod- Rozman, A., Seliškar, A., Urbančič, M. & Vreš, nosti bo smiselno večjo pozornost posvetiti tudi B. 2010: Naravni sestoji macesna v Sloveniji: njenim sinuzijam in sploh epifitom na macesnu v zaključno poročilo projekta ciljnega razisko- njegovih naravnih gozdovih. valnega programa “Konkurenčnost Slovenije 2006-2013”, 2008-2010, Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, 27 pp. 6. Acknowledgements Frahm, J. P. & Frey, W. 1992: Moosflora. 3. Aufl. UTB, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 528 pp. The research was conducted within the target Gams, H. 1955: Das Rätsel der Verbreitung von research project Natural larch stands in Slovenia Letharia vulpina. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 49 (V4-0542), funded by the Slovenian Research (1–2): 29–34. Agency and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Hafellner, J. 2008: Zur Diversität lichenisierter and Food. Sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Helmut und lichenicoler Pilze im Gebiet der Koralpe Mayrhofer and associate Professor Dr. Boštjan (Österreich: Kärnten und Steiermark, Slowen- Surina for the copies of additional references, in- ien). Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftli- formation on the localities of Letharia alpina in chen Vereins für Steiermark 138: 29–112. Montenegro, other advice and valuable correc- Jurc, D., Piltaver, A. & Ogris, N. 2005: Glive tions and supplements to this article. Data from Slovenije: vrste in razširjenost. Ljubljana, the Boletus informaticus database were kindly Silva Slovenica, Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, made available by Prof. Dr. Dušan Jurc and Dr. 497 pp. Nikica Ogris. Dr. Branko Vreš and Iztok Sajko Maarel van der, E. 1979: Transformation of cover- prepared Figure 1 and 2 for print. English trans- abundance values in phytosociology and its lation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97–114. Martinčič, A. 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bry- 7. References opsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 2 (1): 91–166. Batič, F., Primožič, K., Surina, B., Trošt, T. & Martinčič, A., Wraber, T., Jogan, N., Podobnik, Mayrhofer, H. 2003: Contribution to the li- A., Turk, B., Vreš, B., Ravnik, V., Frajman, B., chen flora of Slovenia. X. Lichens from the Strgulc Krajšek, S., Trčak, B., Bačič, T., Slovenian Julian Alps. Herzogia 16: 143–154. Fischer, M. A., Eler, K. & Surina, B. 2007: Ma- Berger, F., Priemetzhofer, F. & Türk, R. 2010: At- la flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprot- las der Verbreitung der Flechten in Oberöster- nic in semenk. Četrta, dopolnjena in spremen- reich. Stapfia 90 (2009): 1–320. jena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljub Bilovitz, P. O., Knežević, B., Stešević, D., Vitikai- ljana, 967 pp. nen, O., Dragićević, S., Mayrhofer, H. 2008: Medjedović, S. 1971: Nova nalazišta vrste Letharia New or otherwise interesting lichenized and vulpina (L.) Vain u Jugoslaviji. Glas. Republ. lichenicolous fungi from Montenegro. Fritschi- Zavoda Zašt. Prirode – Prirodnjačkog muzeja ana (Graz) 62: 1–44. Titograd 4: 77–81. Bolliger, J., Bergamini, A., Stofer, S., Kienast, F. Mrak, T., Mayrhofer, H. & Batič, F. 2004: Con & Scheidegger, Ch. 2007: Predicting the po- tributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia XI: tential spetial distributions of epiphytic lichen Lichens from the vicinity of Lake Bohinj (Ju- species at the landscape scale. The Lichenolo- lian Alps). Herzogia 17: 107–127. gist 39 (3): 279–291. Podani, J. 2001: SYN-TAX 2000. Computer Pro-

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grams for Data Analysis in Ecology and Sys- Türk, R., Hafellner, J., Taurer-Zeiner, C. 2004: tematics. User’s Manual, Budapest, 53 pp. Die Flechten Kärntens. Naturwiss. Ver. Kärn- Nascimbene, J., Marini, L., Carrer, M., Motta, R. ten, Klagenfurt, 333 pp. & Nimis P.-L. 2008: Influence of tree age and Wirth, V. 1991: Zeigerwerte von Flechten. Scripta tree structure on the macrolichen Letharia vul- Geobotanica (Göttingen) 18: 215–237. pina: A case study in the Italian Alps. Eco- Wirth, V. 2010: Ökologische Zeigerwerte von science 15 (4): 423–428. Flechten – erweiterte und aktualisierte Fas- Pristov, J., Pristov, N. & Zupančič, B. 1998: Klima sung. Herzogia 23 (2): 229–248. Triglavskega narodnega parka. Razprave in Zupančič, M. & Žagar, V. 2007: Comparative raziskave 8. Triglavski narodni park in Hidro analysis of phytocoenoses with larch (Rhodo meteorološki zavod Slovenije, Bled, 60 pp. thamno-Rhododendretum var. geogr. Paederota Schade, A. 1954: Über Letharia vulpina (L.) Vain. lutea laricetosum, Rhodothamno-Laricetum). Raz und ihre Vorkommen in der Alten Welt. Ber. prave 4. Razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 48 (2): Bayer. Bot. Ges. 30: 108–126. 307–335. Seliškar, T., Vreš, B. & Seliškar, A. 2003: FloVegSi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letharia_vulpina 2.0. Računalniški program za urejanje in ana (3. 1. 2011) lizo bioloških podatkov. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Suppan, U., Prügger, J. & Mayrhofer, H. 2000: Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous Received 4.1.2011 fungi of Slovenia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica Revision received 17.2.2011 76: 1–215. Accepted 2.2.2011

APPENDIX Pišnica, 9548/3; 12. 2. 8. 2010, Sleme – Mala Piš nica, 9548/3; 13. 1. 9. 2010, Sleme – Mala Pišni- Table 1: Number of relevé, Date, Locality, ca, 9548/3; 14. 14. 10. 2010, Planina pod Mišelj Quadrant vrhom – Jezerski preval, 9649/3; 15. 22. 9. 2010, Planina Krstenica – Krsteniški Stog, 9649/3; 16. 1. 29. 8. 2010, Mala Pišnica – Robičje, 9548/3; 22. 9. 2010, Planina Krstenica – Krsteniški Stog, 2. 29. 8. 2010, Mala Pišnica – Robičje, 9548/3; 9649/3; 17. 22. 9. 2010, Planina Krstenica – Krste- 3. 1. 9. 2010, Sleme – Mala Pišnica, 9548/3; niški Stog, 9649/3. 4. 14. 9. 2006, Planina Klek, 9649/2; 5. 14. 9. 2010, Požgana Mlinarica, 9549/3; 6. 14. 9. 2010, Požga- Legend na Mlinarica, 9549/3; 7. 21. 9. 2010, Vrata – Bri- D – Dolomite (dolomit) nova glava, 9549/3; 8. 2. 9. 2010, Vrtaško Sleme- A – Limestone (apnenec) Črlovec, 9549/3; 9. 21. 9. 2010, Vrata – Šplevta L – Marlstone (laporovec) – Prag, 9549/3; 10. 21. 9. 2010, Vrata – Brino- GR – Gravel (grušč) va glava, 9549/3; 11. 2. 8. 2010, Sleme – Mala R – Rendzina (rendzina)

103 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 6 6 6 6 82 12 24 88 82 82 18 94 71 24 18 Fr. 100

2 1 1 4 1 1 3 4 3 14 17 15 14 14 16 12 Pr. 236889 ...... 4 1 1 1 + + + +

A R W 17 30 40 60 20 20 60 20 90 20 88

400 1660 236887 ...... 3 2 1 1 + + +

R N 16 35 20 50 20 30 80 10 80 18 74

GR 400 1740 236886 ...... 5 1 4 1 1 1 1

R N 15 35 10 70 30 80 15 60 15 83 AL

400 1820 237665 ...... 5 3 4 1 1 4 2 + + +

R 14 10 10 60 50 80 10 70 15 73 NE

DA 400 1800 236586 ...... 5 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 +

R N 13 40 20 40 20 40 80 20 90

DA 100 400 1760 236536 ...... r 5 4 2 2 1 2 1 + + + R

12 35 10 60 20 40 90 80 18 98

DA 400 1650 NNE 236535 ...... 5 3 2 2 2 3 1 +

R N 11 35 10 40 30 60 80 80 18 88

DA 400 1720 236876 ...... 5 0 3 1 + + +

R 10 40 10 50 20 80 22 86 SE

DA 100 400 1650 236881 ...... 9 5 1 4 1 1 1 + +

R 35 15 70 10 30 80 45 17 85 Gr SE

400 1670 236617 ...... 8 5 5 3 4 1 S + +

R 35 10 70 40 90 80 19 74

DA 400 1690 236877 ...... 7 3 4 S + + + +

R 35 10 60 10 50 90 10 80 18 66

DA 400 1740 236782 ...... 6 5 5 0 3 4 1 1 1 3 R 20 10 60 90 60 18 52

DA SW 400

1750 236780 60 17 ...... 5 5 4 3 1 1 4 + +

R 35 20 50 60 70 10 75

DA SW 400 1730 212184 ...... 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 + A R 20 30 60 10 40 70 10 80 18 90 SE 400

1652

Letharia vulpina Letharia 236588 . . . . 3 1 1 3 2 1 + + + + + + +

R 10 10 60 10 20 90 10 80 26 79

DA 400 NW 1570 236531 ...... 2 2 0 4 2 1 2 4 + + +

R 25 30 70 90 10 75 15 41

DA 200 NW 1450 236550 ...... 1 2 0 5 1 3 + R Letharia vulpina Letharia N 40 10 90 70 20 17 46 DA 100 100 1480 2 E3b E3a E2 E1 E0 m E2b E2a E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 Subalpinski macesnovi sestoji v Sloveniji, nahajališča vrste macesnoviv Sloveniji, sestoji Subalpinski Subalpine larch stands in Slovenia, localities of Slovenia, in stands larch Subalpine Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) Working Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Parent material (Matična podlaga) Soil (Tla) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Cover in % (Zastiranje v ): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plast) Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) Moss layer (Mahovna plast) Maximum tree diameter in cm (Največji prsni premer v cm) Maximum tree height in m (Največja drevesna višina v ) popisne ploskve) Relevé area (Velikost Number of species (Število vrst) species of the associations and differential Character Značilne in razlikovalne vrste asociacij Pinus mugo Pinus mugo Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Larix decidua Larix decidua Larix decidua Larix decidua Larix decidua hirsutum Rhododendron Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Primula auricula saxatilis Valeriana Table 1: 1: Table 1: Tabela VP EP FS FS FS FS FS VP VP VP VP VP EP EP AT AT

104 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … 6 76 59 41 71 59 53 47 41 29 94 94 82 82 82 76 76 76 65 65 65 65 59 47 59 47 53 41 35 35 29 24 24 18 100 100 7 1 9 8 7 5 8 8 9 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 11 11 11 11 13 10 12 10 17 17 16 16 14 14 14 13 13 13 10 10 ...... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... r r 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + ...... 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 + + + + + + + + + + ...... r 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 + + + ...... r 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2b E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E2a E2a E1 E1 E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 ranunculifolium subsp. Geographical differential species Geographical differential Geografske razlikovalne vrste Laserpitium peucedanoides Anemone trifolia Homogyne sylvestris Astrantia carniolica syntaxonomical units species of the lower Differential Razlikovalne vrste nižjih sintaksonomskih enot varia Calamagrostis Erica carnea Aconitum lycoctonum Poa alpina Alnus viridis Saxifraga aizoides Vaccinio-Piceetea Luzula sylvatica vitis-idaea Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium tripteris Valeriana villosa Calamagrostis Polystichum lonchitis Clematis alpina Dryopteris dilatata annotinum Lycopodium Lonicera caerulea Rosa pendulina Hieracium sylvaticum Homogyne alpina Oxalis acetosella Picea abies Picea abies Picea abies Picea abies Solidago virgaurea Huperzia selago Melampyrum sylvaticum Gymnocarpium dryopteris Maianthemum bifolium Saxifraga cuneifolia Dryopteris expansa urticifolia Veronica ES AF VP TR EP EP MuA ES MuA TR VP

105 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 18 12 12 12 12 12 12 94 35 18 12 76 53 35 29 29 82 53 47 35 24 24 24 24 24 18 18 Fr. 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 6 5 5 9 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 16 13 14 Pr...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 17 ...... 1 + + 16 ...... + + + + + 15 ...... 1 1 + + 14 ...... 1 + + + + + 13 ...... 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + 12 ...... 1 1 1 + + + + 11 ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 10 ...... 1 9 + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 2 1 1 8 + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 7 + + + + + + + + + + + ...... r 1 1 6 + + + + + ...... 1 5 + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 2 1 1 1 1 4 + + + + + + + ...... 1 3 + + + + + + + + + ...... r r 1 1 2 + + + + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + E1 E3b E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2b arundinacea drymeia subsp. subsp. Phegopteris connectilis Abies alba Abies alba Gentiana asclepiadea arundinacea Calamagrostis Ajuga pyramidalis Luzula luzulina Luzula luzuloides Listera cordata Lonicera nigra Luzula pilosa Erico-Pinetea Rubus saxatilis Juniperus sibirica Aquilegia nigricans ornithopoda Carex Amelanchier ovalis Molinia caerulea Polygala chamaebuxus rotundifolia Pyrola Epipactis atrorubens Aremonio-Fagion Aposeris foetida Knautia drymeia Cyclamen purpurascens Helleborus niger enneaphyllos Cardamine Fagetalia sylvaticae Daphne mezereum Melica nutans Dryopteris filix-mas Galeobdolon flavidum Lonicera alpigena Phyteuma spicatum purpurea Prenanthes Polystichum aculeatum Paris quadrifolia Poa nemoralis Lilium martagon Acer pseudoplatanus Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) EP AF FS

106 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 12 12 35 12 12 88 82 24 82 71 70 47 47 41 35 29 24 24 18 18 12 12 12 12 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 1 1 1 4 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 15 14 14 12 12 ...... 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + ...... r 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + ...... 1 2 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + ...... r + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 3 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + ...... r 1 + + ...... + + + + E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E2b E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E2b E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 vulgatum intermedia subsp. subsp. Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudoplatanus Euphorbia amygdaloides Galium laevigatum perennis Mercurialis Laburnum alpinum Myosotis sylvatica Actaea spicata Epilobium montanum Querco-Fagetea digitata Carex Sorbus aria Hepatica nobilis Melampyrum pratense Anemone nemorosa Hieracium lachenalii Mulgedio-Aconitetea Geranium sylvaticum Sorbus chamaemespilus Sorbus chamaemespilus biflora Viola Athyrium filix-femina album Veratrum Polygonatum verticillatum Saxifraga rotundifolia hirsutum Chaerophyllum villarsii Chaerophyllum Hypericum maculatum Salix glabra Salix waldsteiniana Geum rivale Primula elatior Cicerbita alpina Adenostyles alliariae Salix appendiculata Salix appendiculata Senecio fuchsii Knautia drymeia Senecio cacaliaster Heracleum montanum Poa hybrida QF MuA

107 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 6 6 6 6 6 6 76 71 71 65 53 47 41 41 41 41 35 35 35 35 35 35 29 29 24 24 24 24 24 24 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 12 Fr. 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 11 13 12 12 Pr...... 1 + + + + + + + + + 17 ...... 2 3 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 16 ...... 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 15 ...... 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 14 ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13 ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 12 ...... 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 11 ...... 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10 ...... 1 1 1 1 9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 8 + + + + + + + + ...... 7 + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 6 + + + + + + + ...... 5 + + + + + + + + + ...... r 4 + + + + + ...... 3 + + + + + + + + + + + ...... 2 + ...... 1 + + + E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 grandiflorum siifolium subsp. paniculatum calcaria polytrichus subsp. subsp. subsp. subsp. Peucedanum ostruthium Allium victorialis Ranunculus platanifolius Rumex arifolius Aconitum degenii Cirsium carniolicum Elyno-Seslerietea Heliosperma alpestre Astrantia bavarica ferruginea Carex Sesleria caerulea Soldanella alpina Aster bellidiastrum Selaginella selaginoides Betonica alopecuros Homogyne discolor Senecio abrotanifolius Juncus monanthos Phyteuma orbiculare Thymus praecox Lotus alpinus Polygonum viviparum Pulsatilla alpina Campanula witasekiana Galium anisophyllum Ranunculus carinthiacus Scabiosa lucida Ranunculus montanus Cirsium erisithales Helianthemum nummularium Dryas octopetala Arabis vochinensis Euphrasia picta Festuca calva Heracleum austriacum Leucanthemum adustum Pinguicula alpina Bartsia alpina firma Carex Gentianella anisodonta Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) ES

108 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 29 18 12 12 12 12 41 18 18 12 53 53 29 29 29 18 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 7 3 3 2 1 1 9 9 5 5 5 3 ...... 1 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + ...... 1 + + + + + + + + ...... + + ...... 1 1 ...... + + + + + ...... + + + + ...... r + + + + + + + + ...... + + + ...... E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 nervosa agg. subsp. Potentilla crantzii sempervirens Carex Rhinanthus glacialis (R. aristatus) Polygala alpestris Helianthemum alpestre Achillea clavenae crassifolius Carduus Globularia cordifolia Ranunculus hybridus Koeleria eriostachya Phleum hirsutum Sesleria sphaerocephala Alchemilla gracillima Cerastium strictum atrata Carex Myosotis alpestris Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Parnassia palustris calyculata Tofieldia capillaris Carex Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea alpina Arctostaphylos Empetrum hermaphroditum gaultherioides Vaccinium Juncetea trifidi Leontodon helveticus uniflora Centaurea Calluno-Ulicetea Gentiana pannonica Coeloglossum viride Meum athamanticum Anthoxanthum odoratum albida Pseudorchis Potentilla erecta Thlaspietea rotundifolii Gymnocarpium robertianum Festuca nitida Biscutella laevigata Campanula cochleariifolia Adenostyles glabra Cystopteris montana SCf LV JT CU TR

109 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 12 12 12 88 65 35 29 24 18 12 12 12 47 41 24 24 18 12 29 29 18 12 Fr. 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 8 7 4 4 3 2 5 5 3 2 1 1 1 11 15 Pr...... 1 1 1 + + 17 ...... 1 1 + + + + + + + 16 ...... 1 1 1 + + + + + + + 15 ...... 1 + + + + 14 ...... r 1 1 + + + + + + + + 13 ...... 1 1 2 + + + + + + + + + 12 ...... r r r 1 1 1 + + + + + + + 11 ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10 ...... 1 9 + + + + + + ...... 8 + + + + + ...... 7 + + ...... 6 + + ...... 5 + + + + + ...... 4 + + + + + + + + + ...... 3 + + + + + + + + ...... 2 ...... 1 + E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 agg. Campanula cespitosa Gypsophila repens Hieracium bifidum Dryopteris villarii Rhodiola rosea montana Valeriana argenteum Trisetum Sedum atratum Rumex scutatus Cerastium carinthiacum kerneri Crepis Saxifraga caesia Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium viride lutea Paederota Moehringia muscosa Cystopteris fragilis Asplenium ruta-muraria Asplenium trichomanes Cystopteris regia Ranunculus traunfellneri Saxifraga squarrosa Saxifraga hostii Rhamnus pumilus Polypodium vulgare Poa alpinae-Trisetalia Campanula scheuchzeri europaeus Trollius Deschampsia cespitosa Alchemilla monticola capillaris Agrostis aurea Crepis Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Festuca rubra Leontodon hispidus Alchemilla xanthochlora Dactylis glomerata Astrantia major chamaedrys Veronica Cerastium fontanum Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) AT PaT MA

110 I. Dakskobler, A. Seliškar & F. Batič: Distribution of Letharia vulpina in the Subalpine Larch Stands … 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 24 12 12 24 35 24 47 41 82 82 76 65 24 24 24 18 18 18 12 12 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 4 8 7 1 1 1 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 14 14 13 ...... + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + + + ...... 2 1 + + ...... 1 + + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + ...... r + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... 1 1 + + + + ...... 1 + + + + + + + ...... + + + + + + ...... 1 1 + + + + + + E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3a E2b E2a E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 sp. sp. sp. Trifolium repens Trifolium Festuco-Brometea Galium lucidum Carlina acaulis Buphthalmum salicifolium Thlaspi praecox Linum catharticum Brachypodium rupestre Gentianella ciliata Prunella grandiflora Trifolio-Geranietea Digitalis grandiflora Clinopodium vulgare Silene nutans species (Druge vrste) Other Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Fragaria vesca Cirsium eriophorum Rubus idaeus Urtica dioica Mosses (Mahovi) Dicranum scoparium tortuosa Tortella Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Ctenidium molluscum Hylocomium splendens Schistidium apocarpum Polytrichum formosum Rhytidiadelphus loreus Fissidens dubius Orthothecium rufescens Sphagnum Dicranodontium Dicranum Plagiothecium sylvaticum Paraleucobryum sauteri polymorpha Marchantia Bartramia halleriana FB TG O M

111 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 95–112 6 6 6 6 65 41 24 12 12 12 29 12 Fr. 100 2 1 1 7 4 2 2 2 1 1 5 11 17 Pr...... x x x + + + + 17 ...... x x x + 16 ...... x x + + 15 ...... x x x + + + 14 ...... x x x + + 13 ...... x 12 ...... x 11 ...... x x x + 10 ...... x 9 ...... x x 8 ...... x x 7 + ...... x x 6 ...... r x x 5 + ...... x 4 x + + ...... x x 3 + ...... x x x 2 ...... x x 1 E0 E0 E3a E3a E0 E0 E0 E3a E0 E0 E0 E3a E3a spp. spp. Rhodobryum roseum Homalothecium philippeanum Lichens (Lišaji) Letharia vulpina Hypogymnia physodes Peltigera leucophlebia Cladonia pyxidata Cetraria islandica Usnea Peltigera Dermatocarpon miniatum Cladonia furcata Fungi (Glive) Laricifomes officinalis Laetiporus cf. huroniensis (L. montanus) Laetiporus cf. huroniensis Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) L GL

112