TEMPLATE

DAUBENEY GATE SHENLEY CHURCH END MILTON KEYNES

HERITAGE STATEMENT

DAUBENEY GATE SHENLEY CHURCH END MILTON KEYNES Document 2004/47 HERITAGEProject HFCSTATEMENT 1002

Project: MK3310

Document: 2018/38 Version 1.0

Compiled by Edited by Approved by Wiebke Starke Drew Shotliff Drew Shotliff

Issue date: 15th March 2018

Produced for: Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP

 Copyright Albion Archaeology 2018, all rights reserved Albion Archaeology

Contents

List of Figures ...... 2

List of Plates ...... 2

Preface ...... 3

Version History ...... 3

Structure of this Document ...... 3

Key Terms ...... 4

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8

1.1 Planning Background ...... 8

1.2 Site Location and Description ...... 8

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT ...... 10

2.1 National Policy Framework ...... 10

2.2 Research Frameworks ...... 10

2.3 Methodology ...... 11

3. KNOWN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS ...... 13

3.1 Introduction ...... 13

3.2 Previous Archaeological Investigations ...... 13

3.3 Designated Heritage Assets...... 14

3.4 Undesignated Heritage Assets ...... 14

3.5 Cartographic Evidence and Historic Landscape Character ...... 17

3.6 Setting of Heritage Assets and Modern Landscape Character ...... 18

3.7 Assessment of Potential and Significance of Archaeological Heritage Assets ...... 20

3.8 Assessment of Significance of the Setting of Designated Heritage Assets...... 23

4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 25

4.1 The Proposed Development ...... 25

4.2 Impacts on Heritage Assets and Mitigation ...... 25

4.3 Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets and Mitigation ...... 26

4.4 Summary ...... 27

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 1 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

4.5 Confidence Rating for the Current Study ...... 27

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 28

6. APPENDICES ...... 30

6.1 Appendix 1 – Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area ...... 30

6.2 Appendix 2 – Undesignated Heritage Assets within the Study Area ...... 33

6.3 Appendix 3 – Events within the Vicinity of the PDA ...... 39

6.4 Appendix 4 – List of Cartographic Sources ...... 40

6.5 Appendix 5 – Significance and Impact Criteria ...... 40

List of Figures Figure 1: Site location Figure 2: Heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development area Figure 3: Shenley Church End medieval field system Figure 4: Salden Estate Map 1599 Figure 5: 1885 OS map Figure 6: 1900 OS map Figure 7: 1926 OS map Figure 8: 1952 OS map Figure 9: 1989 OS map Figure 10: 2010 OS map

List of Plates Plate 1: View of the PDA, looking south Plate 2: View of the PDA, looking west Plate 3: View of the PDA, looking south Plate 4: View of the PDA, looking east Plate 5: View of the PDA, looking north Plate 6: View of the west part of the PDA, looking west Plate 7: View of the west part of the PDA, looking north Plate 8: View of the west part of the PDA, looking east Plate 9: View of the PDA, looking north Plate 10: View of the west part of the PDA with scheduled monument in the background, looking south-west Plate 11: View of the south-west boundary of the PDA, looking east Plate 12: View of the south-west part of the PDA, looking west Plate 13: View of scheduled monument from the PDA, looking south-east Plate 14: View of scheduled monument from the PDA, looking south Plate 15: View from scheduled monument towards the PDA, looking north Plate 16: View from scheduled monument towards the PDA, looking north-east

The figures and plates are bound at the back of the report.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 2 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Preface All statements and opinions in this document are offered in good faith. This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and was prepared solely for the benefit of the client. This document should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and the prior written authority of Albion Archaeology (a trading unit of Central Bedfordshire Council).

Albion Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for any other purpose than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party relying on the document for such other purposes agrees and will, by such use or reliance, be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Albion Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Albion Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the persons/party by whom it was commissioned. This document is limited by the current state of knowledge.

This document was researched and written by Wiebke Starke (Supervisor). The figures were produced by Joan Lightning (CAD Technician) and Wiebke Starke. Albion Archaeology projects are under the overall management of Drew Shotliff (Operations Manager) and Hester Cooper-Reade (Business Manager). Albion Archaeology acknowledges the assistance of Nick Crank, Senior Archaeological Officer of Milton Keynes Council, and the staff at the Local Studies and Archives section at the Central Library in Milton Keynes.

Albion Archaeology is grateful to Peter Molloy of the Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP for commissioning the report. Six-inch Ordnance Survey maps were provided by the National Library of Scotland.

Albion Archaeology St Mary’s Church St Mary’s Street Bedford, MK42 0AS : 0300 300 8141 e-mail: [email protected]

Version History Version Issue date Reason for re-issue 1.0 15/03/2018 n/a

Structure of this Document Section 1 provides the planning and geographical background to the potential development. Section 2 lists the relevant planning policies and research frameworks and also states the aims and methodology of the heritage asset assessment. Section 3 contains the assessment of all heritage assets within the vicinity of the PDA while Section 4 focuses on the impact of the potential development on known and potential assets within the development area. Section 5 is the bibliography. The appendices in Section 6 list in detail the HER records and cartographic sources used in this study.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 3 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Key Terms Throughout this report the following abbreviations are used:

CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists EMK Events Milton Keynes HE Historic England (formerly English Heritage) HER Historic Environment Record for Milton Keynes Unitary Authority MKC Milton Keynes Council MMK Monuments Milton Keynes NHLE National Heritage List for England NLS National Library of Scotland NPPF National Planning Policy Framework OS Ordnance Survey PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme PDA Proposed development area

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 4 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Non-technical Summary Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP is gathering baseline information in support of the proposed residential development of land at Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes.

In accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) this heritage statement characterises the nature, likely date and potential for survival of known and potential heritage assets within the proposed development area (PDA). It is based on a review of all known heritage assets within a study area of 500m around the PDA. It also assesses the significance of the assets and the likely impact of the development on them and on the setting of heritage assets in the vicinity of the PDA.

The PDA lies relatively central within the parish of Shenley Church End, c. 350m north of Shenley Wood. It is bounded in the north-west by H5 Portway and in the north by Daubeney Gate. It comprises a 2.59ha area of mixed grassland in the eastern part but is overgrown with shrubs in the western part.

To the south the site is partly bounded by a mature hedgerow. It is also subdivided by a historic hedgerow on a north-south alignment. The boundary to Daubeney Gate and Vache Lane has an open character, defined by a line of trees. The boundary to H5 Portway is characterised by planting. Immediately to the south-west, the PDA borders onto scheduled monument NHLE1011310, a medieval manorial complex, separated from the site by a wooden fence.

The majority of the heritage records in the study area relate to artefacts retrieved through metal-detecting. Seven intrusive archaeological investigations (recorded as events) have taken place within the study area. Most significant is the 2016 trial trenching undertaken on the PDA itself (EMK1271). The evaluation produced some evidence for medieval and post-medieval activity but also showed that some parts of the site had been truncated during construction works for H5 Portway.

In the Domesday survey of 1086 Shenley Church End was recorded in two entries as a settlement of medium size within Secklow Hundred. This indicates that the settlement originated from the late Saxon period or possibly earlier. During the medieval period the PDA formed part of the open field system of Shenley Church End and extant ridge and furrow have been mapped for the area.

Medieval heritage assets within the study area include the scheduled earthwork complex (NHLE 1011310) adjacent to the south of the PDA between Oakhill Road and H5 Portway. These earthworks include house platforms, two rectangular moated platforms, a fish pond (MMK2269 and MMK2537) and further earthworks comprising an outer moat and building platforms. These earthworks are associated with a moated grange which was granted to Woburn Abbey in 1190 and later to Snelshall Priory. Another scheduled monument is the 12th-century motte and bailey castle, ‘The Toot’ (NHLE 1007936/MMK2260/MMK2263) some 250m to the south- east of the PDA. Other evidence for medieval occupation in the study area comprises find-spots of medieval pottery, metal artefacts and coins.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 5 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

A good number of post-medieval heritage assets are recorded within the HER data. Most significant in terms of its closeness to the PDA is Grade II listed Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682), c. 75m to the east of the PDA, and features and outbuildings associated with it (MMK5421, MMK5541, MMK5542, MMK5543 and MMK5544). Other post-medieval remains recorded in the HER again stem from metal-detector surveys and comprise coins, buttons, and fragments of personal, domestic and agricultural items and implements.

The potential construction of residential houses and any other associated buildings is likely to comprise groundworks in the form of foundation and service trenches, as well as ground levelling and landscaping. Further works are likely to include access roads, driveways etc. The potential impact of such works on any surviving sub- surface archaeological heritage assets is assessed as slight to moderate harm.

The potential for heritage assets on the PDA and their significance varies by period (see table below), but has been assessed as no more than moderate for all chronological periods. The potential impact of the proposed development has been assessed as slight to moderate harm. The significance of this impact (before mitigation), therefore, ranges from insignificant to significant. If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of potential archaeological assets prior to or during construction. The requirement for such works could be in the form of a condition attached to a planning permission.

The development brief for the PDA states that the N-S running historic hedgerow should be retained within the development. Its setting within open land will be changed but it will be preserved as part of the development’s open space.

The current setting of the scheduled manorial complex adjacent to the PDA has a slight value in contributing to the significance of the monument. The significance of the effect of the change in setting occasioned by the proposed development is assessed as slightly significant. As the development brief makes clear, developers will need to ensure that any adverse impact on the setting of the monument is mitigated, e.g. through appropriate boundary treatment. This will ensure that the harm to the significance of the monument will certainly not reach the threshold of either substantial harm or less than substantial harm, within the context of paragraphs 133 and 134 of the NPPF.

The eastern edge of the proposed development will front onto Vache Lane, on the opposite side of which is a thick tree belt that screens Shenley Park House. The house is now almost entirely surrounded by modern housing and the proposed development will bring further modern development into its vicinity. Given the screening belt, the magnitude of the impact of this alteration in setting is assessed as no change or possibly, at worst, slight harm.

The building’s current setting has only a slight value in contributing to its significance. Therefore, the significance of the effect of the change in setting is assessed as insignificant to slightly significant. Any harm to the significance of the

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 6 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology building will certainly not reach the threshold of either substantial harm or less than substantial harm, within the context of paragraphs 133 and 134 of the NPPF, and section 66(1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

The following table summarises the significance of potential impacts on heritage assets (before mitigation).

Heritage assets Potential for Significance of Potential Significance of heritage assets potential archaeological impact of impact (before remains development mitigation) Prehistoric Negligible to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (pre-AD 43) low moderate harm to significant Roman Low to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (AD 43-c. 400) moderate moderate harm to significant Anglo-Saxon Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (c. 400-1066) moderate harm to significant Medieval Low to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (c. 1066-1550) moderate moderate harm to significant Post-medieval Negligible to Negligible Slight to Insignificant (c. 1550-1900) low moderate harm Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900–present) moderate harm Setting of - Slight Slight harm Slightly significant NHLE1011310 (manorial complex) Setting of - Slight No change to Insignificant to NHLE1160682 slight harm slightly significant (Shenley Park House)

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 7 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Planning Background Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP is gathering baseline information in support of the proposed development of land at Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes. In the 2005 Milton Keynes Local Plan the proposed development area (PDA) was recommended for community facilities, as an independent school site1. A new Core Strategy, submitted in 2017, allocated the eastern part of the site for housing, after the Council’s Education Department confirmed that the site was no longer required for education (MKC 2017, 11f). It is now proposed that the western part of the site will also be included within the housing allocation.

Albion Archaeology has been commissioned to prepare this desk-based heritage statement; it characterises the nature, date and likely survival of known and potential heritage assets within the PDA, and assesses their significance. It also assesses the likely impact of any potential development on those heritage assets and the setting of heritage assets in the vicinity.

This Assessment has been drafted in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which was issued by the government in March 2012.

1.2 Site Location and Description Shenley Church End is located in the parish of Shenley, c. 3km to the south- west of Central Milton Keynes. It lies on the south-west edge of the Borough of Milton Keynes, with the A5 c. 600m to the west and the A421 c. 2.9km to the south-east.

The PDA lies relatively central within the parish of Shenley Church End, c. 350m north of Shenley Wood. It is bounded in the north-west by H5 Portway and in the north by Daubeney Gate. It comprises a 2.59ha area of mixed grassland in the eastern part (Plates 1–4) but is overgrown with shrubs in the western part (Plates 7–10).

The eastern part of the site slopes down from Vache Lane and there is a significant difference in ground level heights between the higher-lying H5 Portway and the PDA (Plate 6). Overall the site lies at an approximate height of 84–95m OD. To the south the site is partly bounded by a mature hedgerow. It is also sub-divided by a historic hedgerow on a north-south alignment. The boundary to Daubeney Gate and Vache Lane has an open character, defined by a line of trees. The boundary to H5 Portway is characterised by planting. Immediately to the south-west the PDA borders onto scheduled monument NHLE1011310, a medieval manorial complex, which is separated from the site by a wooden fence (Plates 10–16).

1 http://www.cartogold.co.uk/miltonkeynes/Milton_Keynes.htm Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 8 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

The PDA is centred on grid reference SP 48255 23678. The underlying solid geology is Peterborough Member Mudstone formed in the shallow seas of the Jurassic Period c. 164–166 million years ago. The overlying superficial geology comprises Oadby Member Diamicton, brown to grey silty clay with chalk and flint with glacial deposits of sand and gravel and alluvial deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravel formed in the quaternary period, c. 2 million years ago2.

2 http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 9 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

2.1 National Policy Framework This assessment aims to implement the vision for the historic environment as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework – Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (NPPF) that was published on 27 March 2012 (DCLG 2012).

Annex 2 of the NPPF defines heritage assets as: “A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing)” (NPPF, Annex 2).

Designated assets comprise, amongst others, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Registered Parks and Gardens and Conservation Areas. Undesignated assets are any heritage assets that may formally be identified by the local planning authority to be important for the area, for example through local listing or as part of the plan-making process. These undesignated assets are still material in planning decisions and evidence of local listing and information on these heritage assets is held in the local Historic Environment Record (HER).

According to the NPPF the significance of heritage assets is demonstrated by their value to this and future generations because of their archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic interest and their setting.

The NPPF is accompanied by a set of Good Practice Advice notes, issued by Historic England (HE 2015a and b, 2017).

2.2 Research Frameworks English Heritage has produced an extensive library of national guides covering a wide range of topics, and most of these are available for free download from the Historic England website3.

Milton Keynes Unitary Authority is adjacent to several geographical areas which are part of regional archaeological research frameworks. The most relevant research frameworks are the Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas (Hey and Hind 2014). The Solent-Thames research framework covers the five counties of Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, providing a north to south transect across Central Southern England.

The proximity of Milton Keynes to the county boundary with Bedfordshire to its south-west means that the principles and aims of the Bedfordshire

3 https://www.historicengland.org.uk/ Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 10 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy (Oake et al. 2007) can also be applied.

These documents provide a comprehensive chronological review of the historic environment as investigated so far within Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and the eastern counties, as well as establishing a research agenda and strategy for future investigations and for consolidating and integrating current knowledge. They are, therefore, vital tools for the assessment of any heritage asset within its local, regional and national historic environment setting.

2.3 Methodology This desk-based assessment was carried out in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2017).

All known heritage assets within a 500m-radius study area around the PDA were reviewed for this assessment. All assets are listed in the appendices and are shown on Figure 2.

The criteria for assessing significance and impact are based on those formulated by the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3 (Cultural Heritage)4 but have been reformulated to fit in with the terminology used by the National Planning Policy Framework. They are listed in Appendix 5.

During the preparation of this document, the sources of information listed below were consulted.

2.3.1 Milton Keynes’ Historic Environment Record (HER) This is a database of archaeological information containing written and pictorial records of known archaeological monuments, previous archaeological investigations (“Events”), find-spots, including Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) data, and buildings of historical and archaeological significance. The Milton Keynes HER does not provide data on designated heritage assets which are managed by Historic England (see below). The HER contains information specific to Milton Keynes Unitary Authority and is maintained by Milton Keynes Council, Milton Keynes.

A recent report for English Heritage/Historic England has advised that locally maintained HERs should be ‘the first point of call for and primary trusted source of investigative research data and knowledge’ (Oakleigh Consulting 2015). This document, therefore, uses the HER reference numbers for identifying heritage assets.

4 Available at: http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol11/section3/ha20807.pdf [Accessed 01/02/2018] Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 11 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

2.3.2 The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) The database for designated heritage assets (listed buildings, scheduled monuments, protected wrecks and registered parks, gardens and battlefields) is managed by Historic England and made available online through the National Heritage List for England. The Heritage List is the only official and up-to-date database of all nationally protected historic buildings and sites in England5. Designated heritage asses in this assessment are given the prefix ‘NHLE’.

2.3.3 Cartographic data Early maps and other illustrations of an area can be a very productive area of research. Often they indicate dramatic changes in land use during the post- medieval and modern periods. They can also be very helpful in assessing how building complexes and their surrounding grounds and landscape have developed and changed over time.

The principal source consulted in this case was the National Library of Scotland’s online archive of historic Ordnance Survey maps and Milton Keynes Local Studies and Archives department in the Central Library. A list of the cartographic sources consulted for this assessment is given in Appendix 4.

2.3.4 Site walk-over (Plates 1–16) A preliminary walk-over of the site was undertaken on 21st February 2018 with the following aims:

 To verify, where appropriate, the results of the desk-based study.  To examine any areas of archaeological potential identified during research for the assessment, in particular with a view to gauging the possible survival or condition of any remains present.  To consider the significance of any above-ground structures and historic buildings.  To assess the present ground conditions, with a view to the appropriate deployment of evaluative fieldwork techniques, if required.  To assess the impact of the proposed development on the setting of heritage assets on or near the site.

5 https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 12 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

3. KNOWN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS

3.1 Introduction This section describes the archaeological and historical heritage assets as well as the results of previous archaeological investigations listed in the HER for the PDA and the surrounding 500m-radius study area. Based on this information it provides an assessment of potential for and significance of further archaeological heritage assets to be present on the PDA. Assets are discussed in chronological order. This section should be read in conjunction with Figure 2; all assets and events are also listed in numerical order in Appendices 1–3.

3.2 Previous Archaeological Investigations A number of events have been recorded as individual archaeological investigations within the study area. They comprise watching briefs (EMK94, EMK484, EMK369 and EMK299), trial trenching (EMK1271 and EMK728) and a building survey (EMK454).

Most relevant to the study area is event EMK1271 — a six-trench archaeological evaluation undertaken in the western part of the PDA in 2016 (CFA Archaeology 2016). A previous heritage statement for the site (Cotswold Archaeology 2014) stated that it was likely to be part of the agricultural hinterland surrounding the neighbouring manorial site. It was thought that documentary evidence suggested the survival of evidence for ridge and furrow cultivation in the area. However, the 2016 evaluation (EMK1271) revealed that at least the western part of the PDA had been subject to significant truncation associated with the 20th-century construction of H5 Portway. However, Trench 2, located close to the north-south hedgerow, revealed deposits that could be associated with the post-medieval Carriage Road to Calverton; a medieval furrow was recorded in another trench.

Most of the other archaeological investigations undertaken in the study area unearthed mainly evidence for medieval and post-medieval activity.

Metal-detector surveys have been undertaken in the study area but these have not been recorded as stand-alone ‘events’. The findings have been recorded as individual find-spots. Surveys were conducted in the following areas:

Location HER number Between Shenley Wood and The Toot MMK1315 Crownhill MMK1316, MMK2823, Recreation ground/behind Shenley MMK1318, MMK1319, MMK2840, Rectory MMK2843, School playing field MMK1320 North of The Toot MMK2837 OS field 5149 MMK4094, MMK4096, MMK4097, MMK4098, MMK4099, MMK4100

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 13 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Location HER number Field 191 MMK4140, MMK4141, MMK4142, MMK4143 Field 0084 MMK5288, MMK5346, MMK5347 Field 9345 MMK5306

3.3 Designated Heritage Assets There are a number of designated heritage assets in the vicinity of the PDA. Most significant, given its immediate proximity, is the medieval manorial complex NHLE1011310, which is located on the field adjacent to the south of the PDA. This site comprises twin moats with associated fish ponds and earthworks.

Another highly significant medieval site is located just 250m to the south-west of the PDA. This site includes The Toot (NHLE1007936), the Earl of Chester’s motte and bailey castle, which probably dates to the mid-12th century. The site later developed into a more extensive and prestigious manorial complex.

The only other designated heritage asset within the study area is the Grade II listed Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682), an early 19th-century house, lying c. 75m to the east of the PDA.

Just outside the study area, c. 505m to the east of the PDA within Shenley Church End Conservation Area, are a further three designated heritage assets:

NHLE no. Name Grade NHLE1160730 St Mary’s Church, 12th-century parish church I NHLE1332328 Eagles Wings, late 18th-century house II NHLE1332326 Walls to Old Rectory Garden, mid-19th-century II

Where relevant these monuments and buildings are discussed in more detail in the appropriate chronological section below. Full details are listed in Appendix 1 and shown on Figure 2.

3.4 Undesignated Heritage Assets

3.4.1 Prehistoric (pre-AD 43) Evidence for prehistoric heritage assets in the study area is scarce. Only one find-spot is recorded within the HER data — a fragment of a beehive quern (MMK1535) found to the rear of a dwelling off Oakhill Road, c. 150m south- west of the PDA. This type of quern is broadly dated from the early Iron Age to the Roman period, which means that without any other associated features secure dating is not possible.

3.4.2 Roman (AD 43–c. 400) Evidence for the Roman period within the study area is more tangible. The majority of the evidence comprises find-spots of coins and other metal objects, which were retrieved during metal-detector surveys at Crownhill (MMK1316),

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 14 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

c. 400m to the west; behind Shenley Rectory (MMK1318, MMK1319), c. 400m to the east; and at the school playing fields (MMK1320), c. 400m east of the PDA. Coins within the finds assemblages provide a date range from the 1st to 4th centuries AD (MMK1297 and MMK1324).

Other artefacts were recovered during various construction works. These comprise Romano-British pottery and associated features (MMK1315, MMK1323, MMK1324, MMK1325 and MMK1326) and a phallus pendant (MMK7256). Settlement features were mainly recorded at the new Shenley School site, c. 300m east of the PDA (MMK1323, MMK1324, MMK1325 and MMK1326).

Roman occupation is also known from the wider area through excavations at Westbury and Tattenhoe. In addition the PDA lies only 680m south-west of Watling Street (A5), a major Roman routeway.

3.4.3 Anglo-Saxon (c. 400–1066) No evidence for Anglo Saxon occupation has been recorded within the HER data for the study area.

However, in the Domesday Survey of 1086 Shenley Church End was recorded with two entries lying in the Secklow Hundred in the county of Buckinghamshire and considered to be of medium size with 19 households, and woodland for 100 pigs and quite a large tax asset of 7 geld units6.

Place-name research indicates that the name ‘Shenley’ stands for ‘bright clearing’. The Shenley area used to be one of the more wooded areas in Milton Keynes and three medieval woodlands still survive: Oakhill Wood, Howe Park Wood and Shenley Wood; remains of the latter are located c. 330m to the south of the PDA. This and the place-name suggest that the woodland regenerated after the Roman period (Croft and Maynard 1993, 14, 19, 33). It also suggests that the settlement at Shenley Brook End has Saxon origins.

In the wider area Saxon occupation is represented by a small, middle Saxon cemetery and a few domestic features at Westbury (Ivens et al. 1995, 71).

3.4.4 Medieval (1066–1539) There were three settlement cores within Shenley parish during the medieval period: Shenley Church End, Westbury and Shenley Brook End. The settlement of Tattenhoe was also situated close by, just beyond Howe Park Wood. Settlement at Westbury and Tattenhoe were abandoned by the early 16th century (Ivens et al. 1995). Shenley or Senelai is recorded in the HER (MMK2033) as a manor of 5 hides held by Burchard, a thegn of King Edward, as it was listed in the Domesday Survey.

Several scheduled monuments are associated with Shenley Church End, the earliest being ‘The Toot’ (NHLE 1007936/MMK2260/MMK2263): a Norman

6 http://opendomesday.org/place/SP8336/shenley-church-end/ Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 15 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

motte and bailey castle dated to the 12th century and one of three castles in Milton Keynes. It is situated c. 250m to the south-east of the PDA. All three castles were erected within a short distance of each other and are thought to have been of strategic importance in light of their location in relation to Watling Street and the route from Bedford to Oxford. The Toot is likely to have been constructed by Hugh, Earl of Chester and represented a stronghold for King Stephen’s supporters (Croft and Mynard 1993, 26). At a later date a manor house and grounds were constructed partly on top of The Toot.

More relevant to the PDA is the scheduled complex of medieval earthworks (NHLE 1011310) adjacent to the south of the PDA between Oakhill Road and H5 Portway. These earthworks include house platforms, two rectangular moated platforms, a fish pond (MMK2269 and MMK2537) and further earthworks comprising an outer moat and building platforms. These earthworks are associated with a moated grange that was granted to Woburn Abbey in 1190 and later to Snelshall Priory.

Other evidence for medieval occupation in the study area comprises the find- spots of medieval pottery assemblages, metal artefacts and coins, the latter comprising examples of Edward I, Edward III, Henry I and Henry VI. These assemblages were mainly retrieved from Crownhill (MMK2823, MMK2824, MMK2835, MMK2833), c. 400m to the west; behind Shenley Rectory (MMK2840, MMK2842, MMK2843), c. 400m to the east; from the school playing field (MMK2844, MMK2845, MMK2846), c. 400m to the west, and from OS field 5149 (MMK4095 and MMK4100), c. 300m to the south-east of the PDA.

Medieval ridge and furrow has been mapped from aerial photographs for the western part of the PDA and meadow for the eastern section (Figure 3) (Croft and Mynard, 142, fig. 54; Cotswold Archaeology 2014, fig. 6). As the Shenleys are situated on heavier clay soils, ridge and furrow was preserved in the ground by a change in use from arable land to pasture during the medieval period (Croft and Maynard 1993, 141; Ivens et.al 1995, 209).

3.4.5 Post-medieval (1550–1900) A good number of post-medieval heritage assets are recorded within the HER data. Most significant in terms of its closeness to the PDA is the Grade II listed Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682), c. 75m to the east of the PDA, and features and outbuildings associated with it:

MMK5421 Shenley Park Woodland area, shown on the 1599 Salden Estate Map, adjacent to the C16th manorial site on Shenley Toot and may also be associated with the castle site. Much of area has been assarted and built upon. Traces of a boundary bank and ditch survive adjacent to the Toot. MMK5541 Shenley Park Semi-circular brick-built ha ha to west of House ha ha house, 19th-century.

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MMK5542 Shenley Park Brick-built walls to garden and iron gates House walled situated on the south side of the house adjacent garden to the domestic range. Dilapidated greenhouses on west and north walls. MMK5543 Shenley Park Building: at the west end of the south range are House stables two stalls and a loose box. MMK5544 Shenley Park Carriage house, forming part of the ground House carriage floor of the south wing and identifiable by a house large brick arch above two windows. The interior has been converted to domestic use.

Also in the vicinity, c. 130m south-east of the PDA, lies the 17th-century farmhouse of Home Farm (MMK5639). A number of buildings were shown on historical maps to the east of the PDA but are no longer extant. They comprised houses and mainly agricultural buildings (MMK3120, MMK3121, MMK3126, MMK3127 and MMK3128).

The remainder of post-medieval heritage assets recorded in the HER again stem from metal-detector surveys undertaken in the area. They comprise coins, buttons, and fragments of personal, domestic and agricultural items and implements (see Appendix 6.2.1). A larger number was recovered from OS field 5149, c. 300m south of the PDA and from OS field 0084, c. 400m to the west of the PDA.

3.4.6 Modern (1900 to present day) There are no modern heritage assets recorded within the study area and there is no potential for such assets on the PDA. The PDA has remained unchanged, as part of a field since medieval times.

3.5 Cartographic Evidence and Historic Landscape Character

3.5.1 Salden Estate Map (Figure 4) In 1599 the linear settlement of Shenley Church End is concentrated along Oakhill Road and Shenley Road. The PDA corresponds to an undeveloped area to the north-east of ‘The Grange’.

3.5.2 1885–1952 six-inch OS maps (Figure 5–8) The 1885 Ordnance Survey (Figure 5) shows the area of the PDA as parts of two fields divided by a hedgerow and track on a north-south alignment. This hedgerow corresponds with the existing north-south hedgerow on the site. Shenley House is depicted to the east of the PDA and the pond of the scheduled monument is depicted to the south-west of the PDA.

On subsequent OS maps (1900–52) the eastern part of the PDA is depicted as lying within the parkland around Shenley House. A spring is shown at the junction of Oakhill Road and the track that bisects the PDA (Figures 6 and 7).

By 1952 a building has been erected south of the scheduled monument off Oakhill Road (Figure 8).

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3.5.3 Subsequent OS maps (Figures 9–10) The subsequent OS maps illustrate the progressive development in and around Shenley between 1970 and the present day.

By 1989 (Figure 9) Watling Street (A5) to the north-east of Shenley had been redeveloped and H5 Portway was partially built, dissecting the larger field in which the western part of the PDA lay. North-west of H5 Portway the housing development at Crownhill was established. A smaller housing development is partially built east of H5 Portway and north of Shenley Church End. In the course of this Daubeney Gate and Vache Lane were established as part of an inter-connecting road network.

Between 1989 and 2010 the whole area around Shenley was completely remodelled, providing a new road network and infrastructure. H5 Portway and Fulmer Street are the main routeways. Oakhill Road now ends at Vache Lane; its remaining section has been renamed as Oakhill Close. The surrounding areas have mainly been developed for housing but also for community and commercial use.

3.6 Setting of Heritage Assets and Modern Landscape Character

3.6.1 The PDA and its environs The NPPF defines setting as: ‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, and may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral’ (NPPF 2012, Annex. 2).

The current Historic England guidance on The Setting of Heritage Assets (2nd edition, 2017) recommends the steps that ought to be followed in assessing the impact of development on the settings of heritage assets. These are:

 Step 1: identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected;  Step 2: assess whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s);  Step 3: assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance;  Step 4: explore the way to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm;  Step 5: make and document the decision and monitor outcomes.

This document aims to address Steps 1–4 in order to assist the LPA in expediting Step 5. Step 1 is addressed in this section and Steps 2–4 in Sections 3.8 and 4.3.

The PDA lies in a part of Milton Keynes that is to a large extent modern, as the development of the area did not occur until the latter half of the 20th century. The medieval village of Shenley Church End lies c. 550m to the east of the PDA. Only a short section of historical Oakhill Road was retained Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 18 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

within the new development. Most of the road network around the PDA dates to the late 20th century — foremost are H5 Portway, Daubeney Gate, Vache Lane, Duncan Grove and Fulmer Street. A modern sewer runs through the site parallel to the historic hedgerow. Two manholes are located in the south-east part of the site (Plates 1–14).

There are two scheduled monuments in the vicinity — the medieval manorial complex immediately to the south of the PDA (NHLE1011310) (Plates 10, 13–16); and The Toot motte-and-bailey castle (NHLE1007936), c. 270m to the south-east of the PDA. The Toot is surrounded on all sides by modern development and is not visible from the PDA; its setting will not be affected by the proposed development of the PDA and it is not considered further in this assessment.

The PDA has a visual relationship with Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682), which lies c. 75m east of the PDA. The house is screened for most of the year by a thick vegetation belt; however, it is more visible over the winter months when the trees are not in leaf (Plate 4). Further Grade II listed heritage assets exist to the east of Shenley Park House; the nearest to the PDA are Eagle Wings (NHLE1332328) , St Mary’s Church (NHLE1160730) and the boundary wall to the Old Rectory garden (NHLE1332326). These are not visible from the PDA and their setting will not be affected by the proposed development of the PDA; they are not considered further in this assessment.

3.6.2 The extant hedgerow on the PDA Historic England offers the following advice on hedgerows: Hedgerows, like trees, can make an important contribution to the character of an area and may be historically (and occasionally archaeologically) important as indications of land use and previous ownership. They also contribute significantly to biodiversity.

The removal of a hedgerow is unlikely to require planning permission, but if removal is proposed as part of a planning application then its impact on the heritage significance of the area and its impact on the setting of any heritage assets around may be taken into account in accordance with planning policies in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the local development plan7.

Under the Hedgerows Regulations 19978 a hedgerow (if it is at least 30 years old) may be deemed ‘important’ on account of its archaeological and historical associations, i.e. if it:  marks all or part of a parish boundary that existed before 1850;  contains an archaeological feature such as a scheduled monument;  is completely or partly in or next to an archaeological site listed on the Historic Environment Record (HER), (formerly the Sites and Monuments Record);

7 https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/hpg/consent/hedgerowregs/ [accessed 26/02/2018] 8 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/1160/schedule/1/made [accessed 26/02/2018] Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 19 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

 marks the boundary of an estate or manor or looks to be related to any building or other feature that’s part of the estate or manor that existed before 1600;  is part of a field system or looks to be related to any building or other feature associated with the field system that existed before the Enclosure Acts (that is before 1845).

The hedgerow that crosses the PDA (Plates 2 and 3) marks a boundary shown on the 1885 first edition OS map (Figure 5). It is not shown on the 1599 Salden Estate Map (Figure 4). It is shown on the 1840 Tithe map (Cotswold Archaeology 2014, fig. 14), flanking a trackway.

In archaeological and historical terms the hedgerow appears to be ‘slightly important’ under the Hedgerow Regulations (its potential ecological significance is not considered here). It does not mark part of a parish boundary, but it is part of a field system that could pre-date parliamentary enclosure. The hedgerow also continues beyond the PDA alongside the medieval manorial complex until it stops at Oakhill Close. It provides screening of the monument from the residential development along Duncan Grove.

3.7 Assessment of Potential and Significance of Archaeological Heritage Assets

3.7.1 Introduction This section assesses the potential for the survival of archaeological heritage assets in the light of the evidence discussed above.

The large-scale development of this area since the late 20th century is likely to have already significantly truncated any archaeological remains that might once have existed adjacent to the PDA. This was also demonstrated by the trial trenching (EMK1271) undertaken within the western half of the PDA, which identified disturbance associated with the construction of H5 Portway. Even in the less disturbed parts of the trenched area very few significant archaeological features were identified.

These factors have been taken into account in the period-based assessment of archaeological potential below.

The criteria for assessing significance are listed in Appendix 5.

3.7.2 Prehistoric archaeological heritage assets No prehistoric heritage assets have yet been recorded on the PDA. Within the study area only one find-spot (MMK1535) could suggest a prehistoric date. However, beehive querns span a period from the Iron Age through to the Roman period and without any other associated features secure dating to the Iron Age period is not possible.

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In light of this evidence the potential for heritage assets dating to the prehistoric period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible to low.

More focus is needed on settlement form, function, distribution and shift for this period and how these factors influence or are influenced by socio- economic status, region, chronology and geology (Lambrick 2014, 150–1).

Should any prehistoric remains be present at the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.7.3 Roman archaeological heritage assets A significant number of Roman finds have been recovered in the parish of Shenley, and with Watling Street, one of the main Roman arteries in the area, forming the northern boundary of the parish there is potential for associated Roman activity to exist within the study area.

The nearest Roman heritage assets to the PDA are pits and ditches identified at Shenley Brook End School playing fields (EMK636), c. 300m east of the PDA. More Roman artefacts were retrieved during metal-detector surveys from areas to the west of the PDA at Crownhill and behind Shenley Rectory to the east of the PDA.

In light of this evidence there is low to moderate potential for heritage assets dating to the Roman period to be present on the PDA.

Settlement characterisation, its density and variability are all research topics highlighted for the Roman period in the regional research framework (Fulford 2014, 181). Investigation of find-spots is also highlighted as a research theme; do they correspond to previously unknown settlement remains (Fulford 2014, 181).

Should any Roman remains be present on the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.7.4 Anglo-Saxon and medieval archaeological heritage assets No evidence for Saxon activity was recorded within the study area or the PDA. However, as Shenley Church End was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Survey as a moderately sized settlement it is likely that the medieval village originated from this settlement and that there is a chance that some Saxon activity took place within the study area.

Mapping of evidence for ridge and furrow within Shenley parish suggests the PDA was part of the medieval field system (Figure 3). Closest medieval heritage assets to the PDA are the manorial complex (NHLE1011310) adjacent to the south of the PDA and The Toot motte-and-bailey castle (NHLE 1007936), c. 250m south-east of the PDA.

The 12th-century parish church of St Mary’s and the medieval core of Shenley Church End lie c. 600m to the east of the PDA.

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In light of this evidence there is a low potential for heritage assets dating to the Anglo-Saxon period to be present on the PDA. The potential for medieval assets, other than those relating to agricultural use, within the PDA is assessed as low to moderate.

More information is needed to identify mid-late Saxon rural settlements, as well as the process of village formation into the medieval period with or without Saxon predecessors. More information is also needed on the changes in agricultural land and land-use regarding woodland regeneration and changes to open fields (Dodd and Crawford 2014, 227).

The regional research framework states that there is ‘huge potential for further research into topics such as field systems, enclosures, roads and trackways, in particular utilising historic maps and documents’ (Munby 2014, 256). The Solent-Thames Research Framework also highlights that a better understanding of agricultural intensification in the early medieval period and the origins of open field systems is needed (Dodd et al. 2014, 229).

Should any Anglo-Saxon or medieval remains be present on the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature.

3.7.5 Post-medieval archaeological heritage assets Post-medieval heritage assets comprise find-spots of metal artefacts found by metal-detector surveys c. 350–500m from the PDA, as well as extant and demolished buildings.

Cartographic sources indicate that the western part of the PDA was part of a field until at least the late 20th century and that the eastern part lay within Shenley Park (Figure 4). Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682), a Grade II listed post-medieval building and its associated structures (MMK5541, MMK5542, MMK5543, MMK5544) lies just c. 75m east of the PDA. The north-south aligned hedgerow on the PDA is a remnant of the historic field boundary recorded on the OS maps. A post-medieval track is recorded on the western side of the hedge.

The potential for heritage assets dating to the post-medieval period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible to low. If any were found, they would most likely comprise stray artefacts and their significance would be negligible.

3.7.6 Modern archaeological heritage assets There are no modern heritage assets recorded within the study area. Cartographic sources indicate that the PDA has remained undeveloped until the present day, whilst the surrounding area was developed in the late 20th century.

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The potential for heritage assets dating to the modern period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible. If any were found, they would most likely be construction-related and their significance would be negligible.

3.8 Assessment of Significance of the Setting of Designated Heritage Assets

3.8.1 Medieval manorial complex (NHLE1011310) Much of the significance of the scheduled manorial complex lies in its medieval date, good survival and location on the edge of Shenley Church End’s medieval core. It is an excellent example of this class of medieval earthwork, unusual in that there are two conjoined moats. Its proximity to the similar site at The Toot, some 400m to the south-east, and the nearby parish church allows a detailed understanding of this area in the medieval period.

The likely significance of the original visual setting of the scheduled monument was probably weighted towards its southern side where it fronted onto the precursor of the present-day Oakhill Road, which ran eastwards to the centre of the village (Figure 9). The main entrance to the complex was probably on this side. Its visual setting to the north would have been less significant and most likely comprised the medieval open fields and meadowland (Figure 3).

In the modern landscape the scheduled complex is almost entirely subsumed within modern-day Milton Keynes. It is bordered by H5 Portway to the west and Fulmer Street to the south. To the east it is screened from the surrounding modern development by the historic hedgerow; there are also more recent plantings along its southern and western boundaries. The northern boundary, adjacent to the PDA, is marked by a wooden fence and has an open character (Plates 10, 13–16).

As it is almost entirely modern in character, the current setting of the scheduled monument has a slight value in contributing to the significance of the monument.

3.8.2 Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682) Shenley Park House is early 19th-century in date, built of ashlar stone and two storeys high. The site was previously occupied by a house that was demolished c. 1770 (Woodfield 1993, 94). The narrow-fronted house faces west towards the PDA; there are two wings to the rear, which were extended in the 19th century to include stables, a carriage house and other ancillary buildings.

The house derives its significance from all four value categories presented within Historic England’s Conservation Principles (Historic England 2008). The evidential values that contribute to the significance are the archaeological evidence (both below-ground and visible) it presents, allowing an understanding of the development of such monuments, both the house and its grounds. The historical value lies in the historical records that describe the history of the site prior to the construction of the house and its life as a

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residence, e.g. notable architects, occupiers etc. Its artistic value is contained within various elements of the building’s fabric. Its communal value derives from the linkage that the building provides with the present users of the site and earlier populations to the time it was constructed and in use. The monument, therefore, clearly derives its significance from its surviving archaeological remains, upstanding fabric and its setting.

The house was approached from the south-east via an access road off Oakhill Road where a former lodge (much-extended in the modern period and undesignated) still stands. The extent of the former Shenley Park is depicted on the 1900 and 1926 editions of the OS map (Figures 6 and 7).

The entire park has been developed for modern housing with the exception of the western part of the PDA (to the west of Vache Lane). When first built the house probably enjoyed an extensive vista to the west but the boundary on this side is now planted with a thick belt of mature trees and shrubs. Even in winter (when the trees are not in leaf) only the roof and part of the upper storey of the house are visible (Plate 4).

Historically, the setting of the house made a more important contribution to its significance than it does today. The house is now almost entirely surrounded by modern housing and its current setting has only a slight value in contributing to its significance.

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4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

4.1 The Proposed Development In the 2005 Milton Keynes Local Plan the PDA was recommended for community facilities, as an independent school site. A new Core Strategy submitted in 2017 allocated the eastern part of the site for housing; it is now proposed that the entire PDA is allocated for housing.

The current development brief for the site supports mixed housing with a ratio of 35 dwellings per hectare. The brief states that the southern boundary hedgerow and the north-south hedgerow on the PDA should be retained through the creation of sufficient open space within the development. The new dwellings will front Daubeney Gate and Vache Lane; however, vehicular access will be provided via a new road within the development. The brief notes that the design needs to include a buffer towards the scheduled monument to the south so that it will not have an adverse impact on the setting of the monument.

The potential construction of residential houses and any other associated buildings is likely to comprise groundworks in the form of foundation and service trenches, as well as ground levelling and landscaping. Further works are likely to include access roads, driveways etc. The potential impact of such works on any surviving sub-surface archaeological heritage assets is assessed as slight to moderate harm.

4.2 Impacts on Heritage Assets and Mitigation

4.2.1 Archaeological heritage assets The PDA has remained undeveloped since at least the medieval period. The fact that ridge and furrow was still visible on the PDA in 1945 could indicate that features pre-dating the medieval period might well survive at a sub- surface level on the PDA. However, the level of disturbance of the PDA from adjacent construction, including housing and roads, is only partially known. Trial trenching undertaken in the western part of the PDA suggests that at least some of the ground adjacent to H5 Portway was negatively impacted by the road construction (CFA Archaeology 2016, 5). The largely negative results of the trial trenching suggest that this part of the PDA has very limited potential to preserve significant archaeological remains.

The potential for heritage assets on the PDA and their significance varies by period (Table 1), but has been assessed as no more than moderate for all chronological periods. The potential impact of the proposed development has been assessed as slight to moderate harm. The significance of this impact (before mitigation), therefore, ranges from insignificant to significant. A summary of significance of, and impact on, potential archaeological heritage assets of all periods is given in Table 1.

If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 25 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of potential archaeological assets prior to or during construction. The requirement for such works could be in the form of a condition attached to a planning permission.

4.2.2 Historic hedgerow The development brief for the PDA states that the N-S running historic hedgerow should be retained within the development. Its setting within open land will be changed but it will be preserved as part of the development’s open space.

4.3 Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets and Mitigation

4.3.1 Medieval manorial complex (NHLE1011310) Development on the eastern part of the PDA will be screened from the monument by the existing north-south hedgerow on site and by the modern hedgerow on the southern boundary of that eastern part of the PDA, both of which will be retained (MKC 2017).

However, development on the western part of the PDA will be adjacent to the monument and will, therefore, have a potentially greater impact on its setting. It will bring modern development to the northern edge of the monument in the same way that modern development exists on its three other sides. The magnitude of the impact of this alteration in setting is assessed as slight harm.

The current setting of the monument has a slight value in contributing to the significance of the monument (Section 3.8.1). Therefore, the significance of the effect of the change in setting is assessed as slightly significant. As the development brief makes clear (MKC 2017, 30), developers will need to ensure that any adverse impact on the setting of the monument is mitigated, e.g. through appropriate boundary treatment. This will ensure that the harm to the significance of the monument will certainly not reach the threshold of either less than substantial harm or substantial harm, within the context of paragraph 134 of the NPPF.

4.3.2 Shenley Park House (NHLE1160682) The eastern edge of the proposed development will front onto Vache Lane, on the opposite side of which is a thick tree belt that screens Shenley Park House. The house is now almost entirely surrounded by modern housing and the proposed development will bring further modern development into its vicinity. Given the screening belt, the magnitude of the impact of this alteration in setting is assessed as no change or possibly, at worst, slight harm.

The building’s current setting has only a slight value in contributing to its significance (Section 3.8.2). Therefore, the significance of the effect of the change in setting is assessed as insignificant to slightly significant. Any harm to the significance of the building will certainly not reach the threshold of either substantial harm or less than substantial harm, within the context of paragraphs 133 and 134 of the NPPF, and section 66(1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

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4.4 Summary The following table summarises the significance of potential impacts on heritage assets (before mitigation).

Heritage assets Potential for Significance of Potential Significance of heritage potential impact of impact (before assets archaeological remains development mitigation) Prehistoric Negligible to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (pre-AD 43) low moderate harm to significant Roman Low to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (AD 43-c. 400) moderate moderate harm to significant Anglo-Saxon Low Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (c. 400-1066) moderate harm to significant Medieval Low to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly significant (c. 1066-1550) moderate moderate harm to significant Post-medieval Negligible to Negligible Slight to Insignificant (c. 1550-1900) low moderate harm Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900–present) moderate harm Setting of - Slight Slight harm Slightly significant NHLE1011310 (manorial complex) Setting of - Slight No change to Insignificant to NHLE1160682 slight harm slightly significant (Shenley Park House)

4.5 Confidence Rating for the Current Study This assessment carries a rating of reasonable confidence. As a general rule, desk-based assessments cannot be used as a predictive tool for the precise location and characterisation of sub-surface archaeological deposits.

The nature of desk-based studies means that they rely on artefacts being reported and logged in the HER and information from intrusive investigations in the vicinity of the subject site and the wider landscape. The unpredictable nature and presence of sub-surface and therefore non-visible archaeological remains has to be borne in mind.

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

CFA Archaeology 2016, Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes - Archaeological Evaluation, CFA Archaeology Ltd Report No. MK043/16

Croft, R.A. and Mynard, D.C., 1993 The Changing Landscape of Milton Keynes, Bucks Archaeol. Society Monograph Series 5

Cotswold Archaeology 2014, Land at Portway Road Shenley Church End Milton Keynes – Heritage Desk-Based Assessment, CA Report 14175

DCLG, 2012 National Planning Policy Framework

Dodd, A. and Crawford, S., 2014 ‘The Early Medieval Period: Research Agenda, in Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas

Fulford, M., 2014 ‘The Roman Period: Resource Assessment’, in Hey, G. and Hind, J., Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas.

Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), 2014 Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas

Historic England 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment

Historic England 2015a. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 1 – The Historic Environment in Local Plans. Available: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/planning-system/ Accessed: 20/02/2018

Historic England 2015b. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 – Managing Significance in Decision-Taking. Available: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/planning-system/ Accessed: 20/02/2018

Historic England 2017. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 (Second Edition – The Setting of Heritage Assets. Available: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/planning-system/ Accessed: 20/02/2018

Ivens, R., Busby, P. and Shepherd, N., 1995 Tattenhoe and Westbury, Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society Monograph Series 8 Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 28 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Lambrick, G., 2014 ‘The Later Bronze Age and Iron Age: Research Agenda’, in Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas

Milton Keynes Council, 2005 Milton Keynes Local Plan 2001–2011, Available: http://www.cartogold.co.uk/miltonkeynes/text/00cont.htm [Accessed: 01/02/2018]

Milton Keynes Council, 2013 Core Strategy

Milton Keynes Council 2017, Land off Daubeney Gate Shenley Church End Development Brief. Urban Design and Landscape Architecture Milton Keynes Council, draft, 2017.

Munby, J., 2014 ‘The Later Medieval Period: Resource Assessment’, in Hey, G. and Hind, J., Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas

Woodfield, P., 1993 ‘Shenleys’, in A guide to the historic buildings of Milton Keynes, Milton Keynes Development Corporation, 88–9

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6. APPENDICES

6.1 Appendix 1 – Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area

6.1.1 Scheduled Monuments NHLE no. Name Long description Period

1011310 A medieval manorial The monument includes a medieval manorial complex Medieval complex comprising comprising two rectangular moated platforms, a a twin moated site, fishpond, an outer enclosing perimeter moat and a fishpond and building platform, the whole situated in the bottom of a associated earthworks broad shallow sided valley. The more northerly and 750m west of St smaller moat lies orientated north-west to south-east Mary's Church. and is roughly square in shape with sides of 38m. The moat itself is dry and well defined with clean steep sides and averages 8m wide and 1.4m deep. The moat platform is raised slightly above the surrounding natural land surface and is 17m square with a level and undisturbed interior. This moat is linked at its south- east corner to a second larger, though less well defined, moat. This earthwork is orientated NNW to SSE and has overall dimensions of some 53m west to east by 60m north to south. It remains intact around the west, north and east sides only, where it averages between 8m and 10m wide and 1.3m deep, the southern arm having been destroyed by the line of Oakhill Road. The interior platform appears to be at the same level as the surrounding natural ground surface and has been disturbed in its southern quarter, possibly during the construction of Oakhill Road. To the immediate west of the northern moat is a linear fishpond orientated NNW to SSE and which measures 50m long by 11m wide and averages 1.7m deep. Currently it is dry but the surface condition of the bottom indicates that it has held water quite recently. This pond appears to have originally been linked to the northern moat by a shallow channel which ran from the north-east end of the fishpond to the north-western corner of the moat.

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NHLE no. Name Long description Period

1007936 The Toot: a motte The monument includes a motte and bailey castle with Medieval and bailey castle and associated outer earthworks. It is situated at the later manorial northern end of a small ridge running north-south and complex 450m south commanding a strong strategic position with extensive west of St Mary's views in all directions. The motte survives as a circular Church. earthen mound 1.3m high and 36m in diameter. Surrounding the motte is a ditch 2.4m deep and averaging 5m wide. This has been adapted in part to form a sub-rectangular pond 46m long and up to 16m wide around its northern portion. In its original form there is believed to have been an attached bailey, most likely situated to the north. Though not identifiable on the ground, this may survive as a buried feature beneath later earthworks associated with a manor house and grounds. These earthworks comprise two large ditched or moated enclosures, the most westerly being the more substantial. This is bounded on its western side by a large partly water-filled linear pond up to 2m deep and representing a later ornamental adaptation of part of the earlier moat. At the centre of this enclosure a rectangular building platform may represent the site of a house reported to have been demolished in 1774. The monument therefore represents the various phases of the site's development from a small but defensively strong motte and bailey castle, to a more extensive and prestigious manorial complex. The modern balancing reservoir set into the linear bank at SP82843642 and all fences and the building known as Stag Lodge are excluded from the scheduling, though the ground beneath these features is included.

6.1.2 Listed Buildings NHLE no. Name Long description Grade

1160682 SHENLEY House. Early C19, ashlar stone formerly painted, II PARK hipped slate roof with projecting eaves, flanking brick HOUSE. chimneys. 2 storeys on high plinth, broad 1st floor Oakhill Road band and 1st floor cill band. W. front has 3 bays of 4 pane wide sash windows in shallow reveals, ground floor tripartite windows flanking central 6-panel door with arched fanlight and architrave surround in Doric doorcase of engaged columns each carrying section of entablature supporting open pediment. Flight of 7 stone steps in front. S. front has 3 bays. Long service wing to E. with 2-light casement windows.

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NHLE no. Name Long description Grade

1332328 EAGLES House, formerly the Rectory. Late C18 brick rendered II WINGS, 30 and painted. Hipped slate roof with lead ridges and Shenley Road projecting eaves, flanking brick chimneys. 3-storeys on high basement; E. front has 3 bays of sash windows, outer bays tripartite with segmental headed recesses to ground and 1st floors, central bay has full height segmental arched recess, half glazed double door, 3-pane rectangular fanlight in segmental headed recess with engaged Greek Doric columns in antis, approached by double flight of curved stone steps with plain wrought iron railings ending in scrolls. North front has 3 bays, some windows altered; south front also of 3 bays, 2 storey wing to west, altered and forming separate dwelling. Interior mostly reconstructed 1972/4. Entrance hall has 2 groin vaulted ceiling and semi-circular arch to staircase hall. 1332326 WALLS TO Boundary wall in various stages; E. end about 60 yards II OLD long, probably early to mid C19, red brick with blue RECTORY headers, angled then curved round to gate piers with GARDEN, brick modillion to caps; part brick and part stone Oakhill Lane coping. W. end is about 27 and 40 yards long, about 4 foot high, brick with curved sections up to cross walls. 1160730 CHURCH OF Parish Church. W. wall and outer walls of transept I ST MARY. C12, chancel and S. arcade late C12, N. arcade, S. side of clerestory and aisles C14; tower C15, S. porch Cl7. Restored 1888-90. Coursed rubble limestone, cruciform plan with battlemented parapets to lead roofs of nave, tower and chancel, plain parapets to aisles and porch, tiles to transepts. The chancel has side lancets deeply recessed with roll mould on inner arch, slender shafts with plain caps supporting toothed chevroned outer arch. On the exterior these windows have shafts supporting moulded arches with strings at cap and cill level. The altar rails are C17-18. The crossing under the central tower is probably C14. The N. transept has a Perpendicular window and a C17 altar table. The nave arcades have 3 principal and one smaller bay, the S. arcade with round piers and plain caps and hoods with toothed moulding. The clerestory has three windows on each side. The timber roof is C15 restored. The large W. window of the nave is Perpendicular. The font is octangular and there is a panel with the Royal Arms of Geo. III. The church was restored in 1888-90.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 32 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

6.2 Appendix 2 – Undesignated Heritage Assets within the Study Area

6.2.1 Monuments and find-spots

HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK1296 Find-spot 6 Roman coins. Roman

MMK1297 Find-spot Coins: AD 341-354 (4) – Constantine. Roman

MMK1298 Find-spot From construction site of school, 2 bronze coins. See Roman also CASS 3824 & 3945. MMK1315 Find-spot Large number of Romano-British sherds, including Roman some from a large shelly ware vessel. Found during metal-detector survey between Shenley Wood and The Toot, during road construction. MMK1316 Shenley Brook Bronze coins; at least 1 is "very worn". Found by Roman End (at NGR) metal-detector survey over the roadworks at Crownhill. MMK1318 Behind Shenley 5 copper alloy coins found during metal-detector Roman Rectory survey over recreation ground. MMK1319 Behind Shenley Bracelet fragment, D-section, widening out to form a Roman Rectory serpent's head, mouth represented by a large tapered groove and teeth by two rows of opposing diagonal grooves; a tiny protuberance possibly represents a tongue. MMK1320 School Playing 18 coins. Finder also reported having seen features Roman Field visible on subsoil along line of footpath. Found with metal detector in topsoil stripping for footpath around perimeter of new school playing field at Shenley Church End (bi7). MMK1321 Find-spot 1) Coin, badly damaged, most likely a sestertius of Roman Lucilla, daughter of M Aurelius (d. c. AD 182). 2) Ancient copy of a reformed denomination (Centenionali S) of nummos; obv: illegible, rev: fel temp reparat io (falling horseman). MMK1323 new Shenley 250kg of Romano-British pottery & 56 Romano- Roman School Site British coins in an area 300x300m. Linear features noted: 2, possibly 3, parallel NNW-SSE straight features (ditches?). Area between 2 westernmost ditches divided up by 5 E-W ditches. MMK1324 new Shenley Finds from area of parallel ditches included 56 Roman School Site Romano-British coins, centred at NGR. Only 6 coins were legible: mainly C4th AD. MMK1325 Shenley School Quantity of Romano-British sherds, including Samian, Roman Site large storage jar sherds, amphora base, mostly found associated with ditches. A smaller quantity found immediately north of Tattershall Close, at SP8306 3664, during construction of pathway. MMK1326 new Shenley Steelyard weight found in ditch 4 between E-W Roman School Site ditches 8 & 10.

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HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK1535 16 Oakhill Road, Top half of beehive quern. Diameter at base 280mm, Early iron Age to Shenley C E slightly burnt out base on 1 side. Found at bottom of Roman garden in topsoil disturbed during gardening. Associated with sherds. MMK2033 Senelai (Shenley) Manor of 5 hides held by Burchard, a thegn of King Early medieval Edward t. r. e (worth 4 pounds) (as listed in Domesday) (b1). This is the principal manor which passed to Hugh Earl of Chester, who is most likely to have constructed the motte & bailey castle on the site, now called The Toot. MMK2260 The Toot, Motte & bailey with additional earthworks. Motte Medieval surrounded by deep water-filled moat. House on site reported to have been demolished in 1774. (NHLE1007936). MMK2261 The Toot, find SAM 91. 16 medieval/post-medieval sherds from NW Medieval corner of "the camp". MMK2262 The Toot, find SAM 91. 9 sherds, C15-16, found during metal - Medieval detector survey between Shenley Wood and The Toot, during construction of grid road. MMK2263 The Toot, Shenley SAM 91. An example of the development of a Medieval Church End homestead moat. Principal earthworks are the remains of islands, a wide moat, and heavy containing vallum of a mansion covering several acres. Almost within the precincts of the larger site is a small island, heavily moated and raised to an unusual height. MMK2264 W of "The Toot" Earthworks of shrunken medieval settlement produced Medieval Shenley CE 10th to 12th century pottery. MMK2269 Shenley Park (W Complex of earthworks including a moat Medieval of) (NHLE1011310). MMK2537 House platform Site of house platform. Medieval site MMK2823 Crownhill, Bronze buckle loop, with part of forked spacer plate. Medieval Shenley Church Dated 1350-1400. Found by metal-detector survey End over roadworks at Crownhill. MMK2824 Crownhill, 3 body fragments from cast bronze vessel. Also, rim Medieval Shenley Church sherd from cast bronze vessel. Found by metal detector End survey over roadworks, Crownhill. MMK2825 Crownhill, Lead ampulla, scalloped. Upper section missing. Medieval Shenley Church Found by metal-detector survey over roadworks at End Crownhill. MMK2833 Crownhill, 22 sherds, found in fieldwalk at Crownhill. Medieval Shenley Church End MMK2837 North of Shenley Halfpenny of Edward III (1327-77), Berwick Mint. Medieval Toot Found by metal-detector survey over advanced road opposite Shenley Toot. MMK2840 Behind Shenley 1) Edward I penny. Medieval Rectory 2) Edward I half penny. 3) Henry VI? penny. 9) 1 coin impossible to identify. Found during metal- detector survey over recreation ground.

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HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK2841 Behind Shenley Post-medieval metal-detecting assemblage Post-medieval Rectory 4) Circular bronze seal matrix with rear projecting pierced lug "ecce agnus dei". 5) Cloth seal. 6) Cloth seal. 10) 3 fragments of sheet cu alloy, 2 of which are pierced by a number of rivets. 11) 7 misc. metal alloy items. Found during metal-detector survey over recreation ground. MMK2842 Behind Shenley Iron knife found during metal-detector survey over Medieval Rectory recreation ground. MMK2843 Behind Shenley Horse harness pendant holder found during metal- Medieval Rectory detector survey over recreation ground. MMK2844 School Playing Conical lead weight. Found with metal detector in Medieval Field topsoil stripping for footpath around perimeter of school playing field at Shenley Church End. MMK2845 School Playing Bronze cauldron foot found with metal detector in Medieval Field topsoil stripping for footpath around perimeter of school playing field at Shenley Church End. MMK2846 School Playing Gold half noble Edward III "domine NE forore tuo Medieval Field argus me +". Weight 63. 27 grains. MMK2848 W of Shenley Lobed quatrefoil bezel & rectangular cut diamond? set Early post- Church in centre. 3 lobes contain raised star-shaped device in medieval black field. 4th contains 4 black enamel fleur-de-lys. Hoop int. diameter 15. 5mm, slightly distorted with 1 flattened side opp. bezel. Found on site for new playing field. MMK2986 V3 Grid Road Dagger chape shield shaped? With upper edge Medieval crenellated; lower half decorated with ridges radiating from the lower of 2 centrally placed heart shaped perforations. Found by Peter Essen during metal- detector survey over area stripped for V3 grid road. MMK3120 Shenley Church House/barn site, shown on estate map. Post-medieval End MMK3121 Shenley Church House/barn site, shown on estate map. Post-medieval End MMK3126 The Toot, Shenley House site shown on estate map, 1693. Post-medieval Church End MMK3127 The Toot, Shenley House site shown on estate map, 1693. Post-medieval Church End MMK3128 Shenley Church House/barn site, shown on estate map, 1693. Post-medieval End MMK3155 Shenley School Knife object metal alloy terminal end found during Post-medieval Site metal-detector survey by G Wayman over OS field 1 300. MMK3164 Shenley Church 2 William III sixpences, George V penny 1912, Post-medieval End Rectory George V penny 1920. 9 coins found in metal-detector survey over the recreation ground behind Shenley Rectory. MMK3165 Shenley Church Thimble/fragment/2 fittings watch winder terminal Post-medieval End Rectory knob shoe buckle with stud chape/buckle found in metal-detector survey over the recreation ground behind Shenley Rectory. Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 35 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK3166 Find-spot Bullet 3 musket balls pewter disc 3 lead/pewter discs, Post-medieval possibly coinage? Found in metal-detector survey over the recreation ground behind Shenley Rectory. MMK3167 Shenley Church 3 iron knife fragments/iron harness buckle, 4 metal Post-medieval End Rectory alloy buttons/iron object twisted wire curtain ring D- shaped buckle loop. Found in metal-detector survey over the recreation ground behind Shenley Rectory. MMK3168 Shenley Church Fragment. Found in metal-detector survey over the Post-medieval End Rectory recreation ground behind Shenley Rectory. MMK4094 OS Field 5149 5 musket balls; 2 small square coin weights, one Post-medieval inscribed "xis", the other "is", both probably James I; small spherical pierced lead weight; disc with iron rivet through centre. Found by West Bletchley Metal Detecting Club. MMK4095 OS Field 5149 1 med rim sherd; 1 med shelly body sherd; 38 postmed Medieval sherds including Staffordshire trailed slipware & bellarmine & black basalt ware & scratch blue English stoneware; 1 base of C19th clay pipe bowl. 3 fragments of C18th-C19th wine bottle bases. MMK4096 OS Field 5149 20 halfpennies Georgian; 8 farthings Georgian. Found Post-medieval by West Bletchley Metal Detecting Club. MMK4097 OS Field 5149 1 iron cruck handle; 1 iron chain link; 1 iron small Post-medieval fork; 1 iron key. Found by West Bletchley Metal Detecting Club. MMK4098 OS Field 5149 Post-medieval metal-detector assemblage. Post-medieval

MMK4099 OS Field 5149 Part of bowl of spoon; spoon handle & part of bowl; Post-medieval spoon handle; 1 buckle: may be a pilgrim’s badge. Found by West Bletchley Metal Detecting Club. MMK4100 OS Field 5149 End of purse bar with remains of 2 perforations below. Medieval Type a1/a2. Remains of niello inlay in a lattice pattern along the circular sectioned bar with further small crescents engraved within the lozenge-shaped fields. Late C15th. MMK4139 Shenley Lodge Small bronze clay tobacco pipe tamper in form of an Post-medieval axe hammer; the end of the handle expands & is incised with 3 rings. Found by R Colliass during metal-detecting survey of development site. MMK4140 Metal detecting 2 corroded coins found during a metal-detector survey. Post-medieval field 191 MMK4141 Metal detecting 2) metal alloy spoon bowl; 3) fragment of lead; 4) 2 Post-medieval field 191 metal alloy buttons; 5) 1 metal alloy ring; 6) 4 misc. metal alloy objects; 7) fragment of sheet bronze. Found during a metal-detecting survey. MMK4142 Metal detecting 1) Lead fitting; Post-medieval field 191 2) 2 lead fragments; 3) 2 metal alloy buttons; 4) Figure-of-eight buckle fragment, c 17-C18th; 5) Lead musket ball. MMK4143 Metal detecting Rim sherd, marbled slip ware. Found by Peter Essen Post-medieval field 191 during a metal-detecting survey.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 36 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK4441 Shenley Park 1) Grade II. House. Early C19th, ashlar stone formerly Post-medieval House, Oakhill painted, hipped slate roof with projecting eaves, Road flanking brick chimneys. 2 storeys on high plinth, broad 1st floor band and 1st floor cill band. W front has 3 bays of 4 pane wide sash windows in shallow reveals, ground floor tripartite 2) Built circa 1805, possibly for the Knapp family. Later occupiers Selby Lounds and Lord Cadman who opened the first ever school of oil technology in Birmingham 3) Cellars: Have blocked stone fireplaces at each end under main house. Section under the entrance hall is vaulted. To rear is a secure wine stone with metal roof and iron door. The internal walls of the cellar have remains of plinth and appear to have been under- pinned - these may be from an earlier house (noted by BLG on an inspection in Nov 2000) 4) Panelling in the two front parlours is circa 1700 in style but probably dates from 1805 as it fits too well within the rooms. (NHLE1160682) MMK5288 OS Field 0084 Post-medieval metal-detecting assemblage Post-medieval

MMK5306 OS Field 9345 Post-medieval metal-detecting assemblage Post-medieval

MMK5346 OS Field 0084 Post-medieval metal-detecting assemblage Post-medieval

MMK5347 OS Field 0084 Post-medieval metal-detecting assemblage Post-medieval

MMK5421 Shenley Park Woodland area shown on the 1599 Salden Estate Map Post-medieval which is adjacent to the C16th manorial site on Shenley Toot and may also be associated with the castle site. Much of area has been assarted and built upon. Traces of a boundary bank and ditch survive adjacent to the Toot. MMK5541 Shenley Park Semi-circular brick-built ha ha to west of house, 19th- Post-medieval House ha ha century. MMK5542 Shenley Park Brick-built walls to garden and iron gates situated on Post-medieval House walled the south side of the house adjacent to the domestic garden range. Dilapidated greenhouses on west and north walls. MMK5543 Shenley Park Building: At the west end of the south range are two Post-medieval House Stables stalls and a loose box. MMK5544 Shenley Park Carriage house, forming part of the ground floor of the Post-medieval House carriage south wing, identifiable by a large brick arch above house two windows. The interior has been converted to domestic use.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 37 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

HER no. Name Long description Period

MMK5639 Home Farm, 3 Farmhouse: Two storey detached building with a Post-medieval East Green Close, single storey rear addition situated to the north of Oakhill Road Oakhill Road. Windows modern and exterior rendered. Interior comprises a through lounge with attached kitchen. North and south walls retain elements of timber framing. On the north side is a small section of sill, two vertical timbers and sections of mid rail. Both ground floor rooms have exposed floor beams comprising lateral spine beams with the joists chamfered with heart shaped stops. The central junction of the beams is supported on an inserted vertical timber. On the north sides the joists are secured by a side plate which is pegged to the timber framed uprights of the wall but with a wide gap between the two which is filled with masonry or brickwork. On the south side the joists sit on a timber built into the wall. This may possibly indicate that the south side was jettied. One of the vertical timbers is situated close to the west end of the building indicating that the building formerly extended to the west. The ceiling beams are probably 17th century but do not appear to be contemporary with the north wall. The building appears to have been raised in height and lacks an early stair or inglenook. From the structural evidence and 'parlour' quality of both ground floor ceilings it is probable that the early building was larger. MMK7150 Find-spot A penny of Henry I, BMC type 15, North no. 871, Medieval Quadrilateral on Cross Fleury. Mint and moneyer cannot be read on rev. MMK7256 Find-spot A winged phallus with integrally cast chain loop, the Roman phallus is a hollow cast 'cone', with a circular loop at the largest end. MMK7888 4 Oakhill Road Building operations in August 1998 revealed a brick Post-medieval built well shaft which the builders plumbed to a depth of 24m. The water was within 2m of top of shaft. The bricks were laid dry and there were two inlet pipes visible MMK7905 Plot 5, Site 'P', Watching brief on new dwelling revealed a substantial Post-medieval Oakhill Road E-W aligned ditch from which a single sherd of late 16th / 17th C pottery was recovered.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 38 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

6.3 Appendix 3 – Events within the Vicinity of the PDA Event ID Name/type Description Contractor/date EMK1271 Land off Daubeney Gate, CFA Archaeology Ltd carried out an CFA Archaeology Shenley Church End - archaeological evaluation on a Ltd/2016 Trial proposed development at Daubeney trenching Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes. The work was undertaken on the 3rd of March 2016. Five 30m trenches were excavated. In the western part of the site the trenches exposed three post holes, a single furrow of likely Medieval or post- medieval date, and a linear feature filled with cobbles. The latter feature is associated with a track shown on the 1840 Tithe map. The eastern part of the site had been truncated by recent activity associated with the construction of nearby housing estates. EMK299 Thirlby Lane Much of area covered with ridge and Milton Keynes Watching brief furrow but Box Scrapers revealed Archaeology Unit/1986 several linear features, pits and spreads of cobbles and limestone. I sherd of 10th - 11th century found and an 11th- 12th century decorated bone gaming piece was found in a pit. EMK369 6 Aldwycks Close No archaeological features noted. Archaeological Watching brief Solutions Ltd / Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust/2000 EMK454 Home Farm, 12 Oakhill Building contained remains of 16th Woodfield Road, Building Survey century timber framing which was Architectural and improved in the 17th century by the Archaeological insertion of two good quality timber Services/2001 floors with stopped and chamfered joists. Originally the wing of a larger building. EMK484 Home Farm, Oakhill Road Watching brief on the foundations of a Archaeologica/2002 Watching brief new house revealed two parallel stone walls that formed the late medieval north wing of a demolished 17th century building. Survival on the site was poor due to the large number of drains criss-crossing the site. EMK728 18 Oakhill Close, Trial The remains of levelled ridge and Archaeologica/2004 trenching furrow cultivation were observed in all the evaluation trenches. No other features encountered apart from one of geological origin. It was expected that the west ditch of the adjacent medieval moated manorial complex would be found within the site. This boundary must lie further to the east.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 39 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Event ID Name/type Description Contractor/date EMK94 Plot 5, Site 'P', Oakhill Watching brief on new dwelling Archaeologica/2002 Road revealed a substantial E-W aligned Watching brief ditch from which a single sherd of late 16th /17th C pottery was recovered.

6.4 Appendix 4 – List of Cartographic Sources

Location Description and reference Milton Keynes Local Studies and Salden Estate Map 1599, Cabinet 4 Archives, Central Library National Library of Scotland OS map six-inch 1885, Buckinghamshire XIV OS map six-inch 1900, Buckinghamshire XIV.NE OS map six-inch 1926, Buckinghamshire XIV.NE OS map six-inch 1952, Buckinghamshire XIV.NE Albion Archaeology, St Mary’s Church OS map 1:25000 1989, SP83/93 OS map 3.5 inch to 1 mile, 2010

6.5 Appendix 5 – Significance and Impact Criteria

6.5.1 Criteria for assessing the importance of heritage assets

Importance Designation of Assets Definition of Importance of Asset High World Heritage Sites Places of international importance due to their ‘outstanding universal value’. Scheduled monuments Places or structures of national importance. Listed buildings (Grade I or II*) Undesignated heritage assets and Registered parks/gardens (Grade I or II*) archaeological remains of potentially Battlefields equivalent value. This includes assets which:  are rare in the historic environment record; or  are a good example of a type site; or  have a high potential to add to regional and national research criteria. Moderate Listed buildings (Grade II) Places or buildings of regional or high local Registered parks and gardens (Grade II) importance. This includes assets which: Conservation areas  are more commonly found in the historic Undesignated environment record; or  have particular regional associations or may have important associations on a local or parish level (e.g. they have meaning to local population or embody something of the special identity of a locality); or  have moderate potential to add to local and regional research criteria. Low Undesignated Assets which:  are relatively poorly preserved; or  have limited significance on a local level; or  have a low potential to add to local and regional research criteria.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 40 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Importance Designation of Assets Definition of Importance of Asset Negligible Undesignated Places or buildings that have no known archaeological, historical or cultural importance. Sufficient investigation must have been undertaken to demonstrate that there is a low risk that any as yet unknown heritage assets might survive, or where any potential surviving remains have no value within the context of the current study. Uncertain Undesignated Sites where there is evidence that a heritage asset may exist, but where there is insufficient information to determine its nature, extent and degree of survival given current knowledge (e.g. cropmarks untested by fieldwork or random finds spots).

6.5.2 Criteria for assessing the setting of assets

Value of Setting Effect on Significance of Heritage Asset Attribute

Makes a major contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example because it is itself a significant heritage asset or because it is a very High prominent feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would

almost certainly considerably reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset and would not normally be reversible. Makes a moderate contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example, because it is itself a locally significant heritage asset or a notable feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would almost Moderate certainly reduce the integrity of the asset’s setting and to some degree reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset. Such changes may be temporary or reversible, but might persist for a longer term. Makes a minor contribution to the significance of the asset, for example having no heritage value in itself or comprising a small element in the setting. Slight Substantial change to this attribute might lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity or significance of the setting of the asset. The changes may be short term.

Neutral Makes no apparent contribution to the setting of the asset.

Comprises a small intrusive element in the setting of the asset, or one that is Slightly itself a heritage asset. The intrusiveness may be limited to a short term. Intrusive Removal of the attribute would not normally be justified but mitigation would be beneficial. Detracts somewhat from the significance of the heritage asset, but is not a very prominent feature of the setting and does not involve large-scale activities or Moderately emissions. The attribute itself may have some heritage value, thus offsetting Intrusive its intrusiveness. Removal or mitigation of the intrusion would increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset. Detracts highly from the significance of the heritage asset and has no heritage value in its own right. This might be because it is a very prominent feature of Highly the setting, involves large-scale activities or produces copious emissions. Intrusive Removal or mitigation of the intrusion would almost certainly increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset.

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: 41 Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

6.5.3 Criteria for assessing the magnitude of development impacts on assets

Magnitude of Impact on asset Effect of Impact

Causes total destruction of, or permanent change to, most key elements of the asset that results in major loss of integrity and reduction in significance. Substantial Substantial Harm change to the setting of the asset. Any such change would almost certainly result in total loss of significance of the asset and would not normally be reversible. Either: causes permanent change to, or loss of many key elements of, the asset that Moderate Harm lead to a moderate loss of its overall integrity and reduction in significance. Or: temporarily causes major loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering the setting of an asset. Either: causes permanent change to some key or peripheral elements of the asset, or changes to the setting of the asset, that lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity Slight Harm or significance.

Or: temporarily causes moderate loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering its setting. No change No appreciable change to the asset or its setting. Either: delivers some improvement to the asset that does not increase its overall Slight Benefit integrity or significance. Or: arrests an existing process of adverse change. Either: causes long-term improvement of the asset, involving some increase in its Moderate Benefit integrity or significance. Or: reverses an existing process of adverse change. Causes major benefit to the asset that increases its integrity and significance. Such Substantial Benefit change would almost certainly increase the significance of the asset.

6.5.4 Significance of effects matrix Highly Very Highly High Insignificant Significant

Significant* Significant** Moderately Highly Moderate Insignificant Significant Significant Significant* Slightly Moderately Low Insignificant Significant Significant Significant Slightly Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant significant

Importance of asset Unknown Unknown Unknown (Highly Unk. (V. Highly Uncertain (Insignificant?) (Significant?) Significant?) Significant?) Moderate Substantial No Change Slight Harm Harm Harm

Magnitude of impact (on the asset or its setting)

* Highly significant impacts will require “exceptional” development justification ** Very highly significant impacts will require “wholly exceptional” development justification Otherwise, judgements should be balanced with regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the importance of the heritage asset

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Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes

237000

Daubeney Gate

Newport Pagnell Portway Proposed 236800 Development 40 Area

Milton Keynes

236600

5 km 30 80 90 100m

Figure 1: Site location 482400 482600 482800 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Central Bedfordshire Council. Licence No. 100049029 (2011)

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Portway

MMK4139

237000

MMK3155 MMK1297 Daubeney Gate

MMK2844 MMK2845 MMK2986 MMK1323 MMK2846 MMK1320 MMK5347 MMK1324 EMK1271 NHLE1160682 MMK1325 MMK1316 MMK4441 MMK1326 MMK2823 MMK5541 MMK2824 MMK5543 EMK369 MMK2848 Portway MMK5544 MMK2825 MMK5542 MMK1318 MMK2833 MMK1319 MMK5288 MMK2840 MMK5346 MMK2841 MMK2842 MMK2837 MMK2843 MMK2269 MMK3164 NHLE1011310 MMK5639 MMK5306 MMK3165 EMK454 MMK3166 EMK484 MMK7905 MMK3167 MMK2537 MMK3168 EMK94 MMK1321 MMK1535 EMK728 MMK7888 MMK3128 MMK3121 MMK4094 MMK4095 MMK3120 MMK2264 MMK4096 236500 EMK299 MMK4097 MMK4098 MMK3127 MMK4099 MMK3126 MMK2260 MMK4100 MMK2261 MMK2262 MMK2263 MMK7256 MMK7150 MMK1315 MMK2033

NHLE1007936

MMK5421

482500 483000

500 m

500m-radius study area Proposed development area EMK123 Event

MMK2345 Monument

NHLE2345 Scheduled monument

NHLE2345 Listed building

Figure 2: Heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development area This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Central Bedfordshire Council. Licence No. 100049029 (2011)

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Figure 3: Shenley Church End medieval field system (approximate location of PDA)

Figure 4: Salden Estate Map 1599 (approximate location of PDA, not to scale)

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Figure 5: 1885 OS map

Figure 6: 1900 OS map

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Figure 7: 1926 OS map

Figure 8: 1952 OS map

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Figure 9: 1989 OS map

Figure 10: 2010 OS map

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement

Albion Archaeology

Plate 1: View of the PDA, looking south

Historic hedgerow

Plate 2: View of the PDA, looking west

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Historic hedgerow

Plate 3: View of the PDA, looking south

Shenley Park House

Plate 4: View of the PDA, looking east

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 5: View of the PDA, looking north

Bank towards H5 Portway

Plate 6: View of the west part of the PDA, looking west

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 7: View of west part of the PDA, looking north

Plate 8: View of the west part of the PDA, looking east

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 9: View of the PDA, looking north

Scheduled monument

Plate 10: View of the west part of PDA with scheduled monument in the background, looking south-west

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 11: View of the south-west boundary of the PDA, looking east

Plate 12: View of the south-west part of the PDA, looking west

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Earthworks

Plate 13: View of scheduled monument from the PDA, looking south-east

Fish pond Earthworks

Plate 14: View of scheduled monument from the PDA, looking south

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement Albion Archaeology

Plate 15: View from scheduled monument towards the PDA, looking north

PDA

Plate 16: View from scheduled monument towards the PDA, looking north-east

Daubeney Gate, Shenley Church End, Milton Keynes: Heritage Statement