Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
Ryan Pennington SIL PNG
Abstract:
Key words:
Ryan Pennington
3
Figure 1: Erap language family (underlined names are Erap languages) Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
N B N N C N D B E
Figure 2: Location of the Erap language family
B B Ryan Pennington
F F B
Figure 3: Ma Manda villages (underlined)
! 2.1 Phonemic inventory G G E G
t b g n . s l Figure 4: Consonant phonemes Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
high i ͒ E u e Ľ ̻ Figure 5: Vowel phonemes
2.2 Syllable template N N F L L
2.3 Stress placement "N N
Ryan Pennington
L̻L LĽ L L L
L L 9 "N "N G
3.1 EPENTHESIS P EN
i u eĽ Figure 6: Typical six-vowel system of a Papuan language
Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
G
Figure 7: Vowel frequency N
N N G ͒ ͳ ͙ = ͔ Ľ B Ryan Pennington
V B ͒ B \ B
3.1.1 Transition vowels across Papua New Guinea X P G E
͒ Ľ Figure 8: Basic vowel system of a few Ndu languages of the Sepik E
i͒ u eĽ
P E L͒L D C Y ͒ X ͒ Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
͒ X P B B ͒ Y P L L L L D P ͔ L L \ P D N L L L L L L L L
3.1.2 Epenthesis in Ma Manda \ Ryan Pennington
L L L L L L L LN N
P G L L L L P L L E B Y P G L L L L L L L L L L Y Y Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
L L
F L ͒ L L L F L L L L D Y L L L ͒ ͳ Y L Ľ Ľ ̻ L Ľ Ľ ̻ ͒ Ľ Ľ ̻ Ľ G Ryan Pennington
B = F E L Ľ L L L E L L
Y D L L \ ͒ Ù ͒ ͅ X Y X
Figure 10: Syllable template mapping
Y L L N Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
L LX N L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Y
3.1.3 High vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
L L ͒ L L ͳ nimi Y ͳ \L L ͳ Ryan Pennington
ͳ
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L "N ͳ L L L L L L L L
3.1.4 Brief diachronic treatment of Ma Manda reduced vowels G G Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
B
Y B D \ B \
B NG B
\ s s _L L s b _L L Figure 11: Historical developments of Kalam predictable vowels
B Y Ryan Pennington
L N N P "
3.2 Nasal spreading D N L L L L L L L L Y P Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
3.2.1 In monomorphemic words
L L L L L L
" N L Ľ L L L L Ľ Ľ L L ĽL Ryan Pennington
L ĽL L ĽL Y L ĽL N L Ľ ĽL _ a N N _ a E B B V P B PPG G N association B PPG E N
Figure 12: Feature tree representation of (16)a. Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
L L spreading word syllable B P G P Y V D Y PP G ζ η ͼ L L ͼ X N
Figure 13: Sonority hierarchy
Y Y X Ryan Pennington
Y
Y \ Ľ:η Y \
3.2.2 Across morpheme boundaries
Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
L L L L
F Y F Ryan Pennington
L L L L N G L L L L L L
L L L L E 33 E L L E L L l elision b lenition \L L L L L L L L L ̻ L
Y \ ζ ̻ L L D L L Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
3.3 Interaction between epenthesis and nasal spreading Y \ Y
F
L L L L L L L L L L F Ryan Pennington
X X
4.1 Trial orthography
LĽ̻b e g ͒ i l n. s _ b e ghi l nñ s _ E B tu L t u a T YC a Figure 14: Trial orthography
4.2 Problems and solutions for Ma Manda X X X Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
4.2.1 Alphabet development workshop V Y NG Y Y Y Y Y B F NE Y Y Ryan Pennington
Y B N Y Ma Manda lê nang tangkatangka endaangka naandêlok Y N Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
4.2.2 Sociolinguistic factors N N X N 39 B Y O Y P Ryan Pennington
v
4.2.3 Choice of graphemes "G L.L _.a _ a _ a L. L L.L
_ a L.L L L
L L.L _ a _ a _a Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
N nawaññañ N L L L L L L L L _ a _ a _ a _ a LĽL _ a L̻L _ a
L̻LxLĽL " N L̻L _ a G
4.2.4 Epenthetic vowel "N Ryan Pennington
N Y X B _ a L L _ a G PP NPG ͒ G _a e \ a L L B Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
D "N B = e NN _ a NN _ a "G Y _ a X _a L L Y _ a _a _ a _a v Ryan Pennington
L L L L
4.2.5 Reduced vowels "N N L L L L X "N G Y P
_ a _ a _ a L L L L _ a Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
ni ni ̾ L ͒L L ͒ L _ a _ a _ a
4.2.6 Prenasalized plosives "N "N _ a _ a _ a B P G NG Y PP G N GN L L Ryan Pennington
NE _ a fepm-be L LX _ a _ a _ aX _ a NE _ a L.L _ a fepmgot
N _ a nnbe nnmbe nn L LX nnmbe ̾ ̾ ̾ ζ X G N v N _ a _ a _ a Y X Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
Y
$ Ryan Pennington
D Y Y v D Y F P Y Y
D Y X N Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
D B | | G L L E L L Y L̻L N N L̻L D D N Y P G G E P PP C C P G N | L Ryan Pennington
N "N N G N B E P P E F C P N N C D L͒L LĽL P PP EG E G E E E D N D } D P P L L N lingua franca B helpim L L ͒! L L L L spet L L ͒ !e G Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
N P ͔ Θ spak L L ͔ Y P G:PE slip ͨ snek G E N N L L L . ̻ L L L ͒ Ľ D Ľ. L L ͳ B N P N N N N N PP N F NN N L L L L Ryan Pennington
NG NE N B N B B N Y N NP Y . \ G Y G PPE _ a LĽ L _ a G Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
P L L _ a _ a GN Y B GG Y
V V B Phonology GG D N V Issues in Austronesian historical phonology GN E P G The Alamblak language of Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) PP Man and a half: Essays in Pacific anthropology and ethnobiology in honour of Ralph Bulmer NPN NP D Y Basic linguistic theory Methodology V P G B Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages N E N LL L L L X | N Y P The Papuan languages of New Guinea N PP The Yimas language of New Guinea P N C Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages P LL L L L X |GP Ryan Pennington
V P Autosegmental phonology C P P Phonology N N G P PP Y International encyclopedia of linguistics N D B Sociolinguistic survey of three western languages in the Erap language family: Nema [gsn], Saut Manda [skc], and Sama [nis] P Studies in African Linguistics G P A preliminary phonology of Numanggang Numanggang organised phonology data LL L L L X |P G GEG N P B PPG Phonology in generative grammar P E The Ndu language family (Sepik District, Papua New Guinea) P Ethnologue: languages of the world LL L B N Nek phonology essentials PP The handbook of phonetic sciences G N P The structure of Kalam: A grammar of a New Guinea Highlands language D Ma Manda lê nang tangkatangka endaangka naandêlok P Journal of the Acoustical Society of America N PN N D D Finongan organised phonology data LL L L L X |E E G P Course in general linguistics Y C PPE Kalam organised phonology data LL L L L X |P G GEG P P P Epenthesis and nasal spreading: Theoretical analyses and their practical application in the establishment of the Ma Manda orthography
} Language and Linguistics in Melanesia P EG G G Actes des Journées d’Etudes Linguistiques P N Y P G Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages G GE P LL L L L X | 2 P Uri Phonemics: a supplement to ‘Urii phonemes’ LL L L L X |E N Y D G A reference grammar of Menya, an Angan language of Papua New Guinea Y V PP Binandere organised phonology data LL L L L X |P G GEG GN
6QQ@I9DY) 6GQC67@UT 8PHQ6S@9 B _ a _ a _ a _ a _ a ̼ ̼ ̼ ̼ ̼ b b b b b c ; b e ; e ͅ ͅ g g e i g g Ο ͒ Ľ h h ͫ h g V i i i h B V B B i l B B Ο B Ο V l ͨ l B n l - . . n n n . - . . n - . . s D t s s s u t t t ¾ Y u u u ń Ņ g¾ b C Y Y s Y C C t C u Y ts ˓ ͼ