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Christopher Columbus Found IGuilty' On 7 Counts
In a mock trial In St. Paul, Minnesota on hear that in 500 years since you left we still haven't September 17, 1992, attorneys defended Christopher moved beyond settling our differences with force?" he Columbus. The jury didn't buy it. Columbus was found asked Columbus. guilty of slavery, torture, forced labor, kidnapping, You may want to organize a mock trial in your violence and robbery during his reign as governor of school. The "Court" documents from the S1. Paul trial are Hispaniola. available. Contact Nina Shepherd at the University News Jurors reached no determination on three other Services for details. (612) 624-0214. charges, voting 10-2 on a count of rape, 9-3 on The "Court" documents indicate for each of the international terrorism and 6-6 on genocide. A charges against Columbus which international laws may unanimous verdict was required for conviction. have been violated. For example, the charge that Columbus, 541, of Italy, was sentenced to 50 defendant Christopher Columbus knowing "committed years of community service for each count, to be spent the act of conveying, or attempting to convey, slaves educating people about his true deeds. The trial was from and between the continents and· islands of the sponsored by the University of Minnesota Law School's Americas to Spain, by ship (which was under his Human Rights Center to coincide with the 500th control)...." was considered a violation of "Article 4, anniversary of Columbus' landing in North America. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Prosecutor Larry Levanthal, dressed in a 15th-century Supplementary Convention on the abolition of slavery, tunic and holding a microphone, agreed that Columbus the slave trade, and the United Nations Economic and was acting by the standards of his day but said that Social Council; Resolution 608 Geneva, Sept.?, 1956; doesn't excuse him. "He is a symbol of evil treachery, United States Code, Title 18, Section 1588; and in brutality and all that was bad in the world 500 years further violation of Title XXI, Law I of Las Siete Partidas. ago, that we want to push away so we can go on," he If you as a parent or educator have been guilty said on behalf of the plaintiffs, Peoples of Conscience of presenting misinformation about Columbus or have and Humanity. neglected to teach about the tragic impact on Native Defense Attorney John Stuart, a state public people, you, too, can do community service. Take time defender, noted that the crimes in question did not stop to read, research, rethink so that you are better prepared after Columbus left in 1500. "Would it surprise you to to educate your own children and students. Educator••galn.t EARA urges you to attend the: Racl•• and Apartheid African National Congress invites you to an Support Conference Update on South Africa Speaker.. November 13-15 Rev. Patrick Duggan Riverside Church Rev. Duggan is the Youth Minister at Solid Rock ANC 122nd & Claremont Ave., NYC, NY Baptist Church and is the Assistant to the starting 9 am each day President of York College. He just returned from South Africa where he met with people at several $25. for the 3 days universities, met with ANC representatives, and much more. and hear an It;·.. Saturda ni ht - 80th birthda of the ANC African National Congre••A .i Repre..ntatlve : 0;:; " ~tdI .:~. ,. Wedne.day, October 21, 1992' Walvis Bay 7,30 • 9,30 p. Developlllents All Saint. Lutheran Church G••thal. Av•• & 164th St.,Ja.alca, NY (By train: Take the F or R train to Parsons Blvd. Transfer to the #65 bus to Queens General Hospital. Walk one block. By car: Take the Grand Central to Parson's Blvd. Tum left on Parson's, then right onto Goethals.) Youth and adults are welcome. There will be an opportunity for questions and The Namibian govt has expressed its concern about answers. There will also be a brief update on the the recent developments in Walvis Bay. Last year the South progress of Educators Against Racism and Apartheid's African and Namibian govts agreed that a joint Activity Guide to Combat Racism. ••••• Refreshments ••••• administration should be set up for the disputed harbor area until the SAs withdrew their administration and the enclave was reintegrated into Namibia. All matters pertaining to Walvis Bay were to be dealt with by a joint technical ...... ~~P'-,fQ ~.tit., committee. However, in February, the SA administration in • ... ..;i#;.. \><:: Walvis Bay unilaterally called a meeting, "breaking the letter <>:Sou.h.rn·Afrlca!·······:·> and spirit of the earlier negotiation." Th¢.10~~ii6ri~~LshJfh~MAfd¢.~1 In another development, SA continued to reduce its military presence at the Rooikop Military Base at Walvis Bay. Wg2&~fr~~7~g~"~~~ITk~%~~11£Wk~WN~E~~r This was the second· phase of military withdrawal. :.#r~i#~@fui9#§tth~W9fs.f#f~Y9htt9.Hifjh~· Namibia has received strong backing from the Organization of African Unity on the question of the :~li~~~~~pi=hJ¥Zdil~~,t~7iiikm1}ire67~#k1: reintegration of Walvis Bay. The OAU called for the .:.··:··::.severe·····.maliiJtrlfi6&lnternofiOnolreliefefforts···· immediate return of Walvis Bay and other offshore islands to .hc.&~p.f~y~6f¥t¥#i~9~f~e~8#¥th~:~h8Hqg~9t .. < ' Namibia in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution :qgf~dgppF~~(:Il~tif~lqIIY.J§.fsi@th~.·~yc.1~@ti86{· 432 (1978) 9f@fir~¢lfi~~i~~¢h#saul(J.Way.9i.:zifutJ(jI)W.~~~> By the way, Namibia is an independent country! The >~~~§@16rgesf:c.i1yi<>:··:>· long boycott is over. Travel and business with Namibia are Ifi$i,if:g~lifAhc.1ff.h~P6ite4$fcjt~{) encouraged. Material aid is urgently needed. Teachers are »~Bi@ifu~@i~p§.hg •••:.fBfhi¥·.:.:.·(Ji$(:I~r~f .•·.·p.yc.1¥.· ••:.:••••• welcome if you plan to stay for at least 1 year. Call the pr6..,idi6g(J.iq)9Ah~~gi9h;»«:«:/ Permanent Mission, Republic of Namibia: (212) 557-2450. :.·Whjl~yp~f:C.pn9res~j~ri~treJ.ir~~ritotix~¥) ·9.fe:[email protected]~)hJs.fu9.6fh{) :.p.I~#~~spbf9Sf:*~fu
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 %INC.OEC TOTAL
INCIDENTS 21M 3534 +63% 5700 DEATHCOUNT 31110 3039 -4,7% 822ll 26OI1IlOlCh; 8.531c1ay INJURY cOuNT 8855 5033 .26% 118116 495/mordh SOURCiS OF DEATHS Securily~ 238 114 ..s2% 352 5,7% of lolaI A RECORD OF TWO YEARS OF DESTABILIZATION VIgilwd8-rela!ed 2640 2420 -a.3% 5060 81,2% of tolaI (JULY 1990 TO JUNE 1992) Hit Squada 28 98· +343% 124 2,0% ollolal Right WIng 2f 23 +9,5% 44 0,7% oIlotal REGIONS Natal 1004 1004 . 2008 32,2% 0I10ll11 (841month) PWI/ 1982 18116 ·15% 3870 58.9'llo 011ol8l (l531month) * Year 1 refers to July 1990 to June 1991 0lIw 204 347 +70% 551 8,9'llo of lotal (23Imonth) * Year 2 refers to July 1991 to June 1992 M.6.IOR MASSACRES 34 15 -58'llo 49 TRAIN DEATHS 87 227 +339'llo 2G4 DEATHS OF WOMEN 295 AND CHILDREN ARRESTS 8211 8725 +8,3% 18938 7061mordh From Checkmate For Apanheid? Human Rights Commission, SA The fact. are Irrefutable. a. There is an agreement signed by the regime to complete the release of all political prisoners by April, 1991. b. that the definition of political offenses could include acts of violence, and c. that being charged with a violent crime would not exclude a political prisoner from the indemnity process. Hundreds of progressive political prisoners remain in SA jails. At least 2,000 people remain on trial for political offenses when in August Foreign Minister Pik Botha talked of the need to "wipe the slate clean" and begin the new South Africa fresh. The violence continues. With the departure of United Nations monitors, the violence reverted to its usual intensity. From 12/8/92 to 18/8/92 seventy-six deaths and 72 injuries were recordedl For Your Classroom Math: Use the data in the chart above to develop math lessons. Then discuss possible reasons for the SA regime's destabilization campaign against progressive forces. Writing: Send letters President Bush and Congressional reps to call for full sanctions against SA until a democratic constitution is in place. Write to President de Klerk (Private Bag X83. Pretoria 0001, SA.). calling for release of political prisoners and an end to regime sponsored or condoned violence. . Action: Organize a rally or forum at your school about the situation in SA. Invite a speaker from the African National Congress (212)490-3487, the American Committee on Africa (212)962-1210, or other groups. The Two South Africas "If you look at a standard map of South Africa, you will see the based on respect for the fundamental human rights of all South Africas." names of many villages, towns and cities. However, you will not see the names of the places where most South Africans live. Most maps will not show you where Khayelitsha or Mamelodi is yet each of them has over 300,000 residents, placing them in the largest 20 urban settlements in South Africa. Probably none of them will show you where Winterveld is - yet it has a population of around 400,000 people. Certainly none will show you Driefontein, in the Wakkerstroom district of the Eastern Transvaal - yet its population is far larger than that of any of the 'white' towns in the area. ...The omission of black areas reflects a distorted view of who the South Africans are, and where they live. It is an ideological statement about who is really significant, who really counts... However, in another sense these maps tell the truth about South Africa. Apartheid is still all-pervasive in South Africa, and most maps reflect this reality. The reality is that there are two South Africas: the established 'white' South Africa, and the shadow black South Africa. Even though the 'shadow' is larger than the apparent substance, it remains in the shadows. NORTHERN It is the 'white' areas which contain the commercial and industrial centres, TRANSVAAL the services infrastructure, and the public and private facilities which make up a modern city. The black areas remain in the shadows, mainly as dormitory suburbs for people who work, shop and engage in many recreational activities elsewhere. The repeal of the Group Areas Act, the Black Land Act and the Development Trust and Land Act does not affect this situation. The apartheid city continues to exist, both in law and in reality...Thus Soweto is still a separate city, not part of Johannesburg: Ibhayi is still not part of Port Elizabeth. The municipal franchise is still racially determined, according to existing race classification which in terms of the Population Registration Act Repeal Act 'shall remain in force and of effect'. Today, civic organizations around the country are demanding that the principle of 'one city, one tax base' be accepted and put into practice. This slogan, like the maps in this book, reminds us that the wealth of South Africa is also segregated. Rates and taxes are generated in commerce and industry in the 'white' cities, by people who live in the shadows. The Human Rights Commission has decided to publish this 'people's geography' in order to demonstrate and record that there are still two South Africas. Until we have one South Africa, we will not be a society • Educators Against Racism and Apartheid's Suggestions For Classroom Activities * Send for copies of the Human Rights Commission documents listed above. Wintarveld BopIiulhalJwana : PRETORIA , * Compare several maps of South Africa produced by different companies Temba. / , Mabopane."· WITWATERSRAND in different countries with the maps in the HRC document. Do any of \. Sosh:ng~e . VAAL these other maps list 'black, Asian, or colored' cities and towns in SA? GoRM~ \ Why does the SA regime leave these cities off the maps? Why do map companies around the world tend to leave these cities off Ma:elodi the map? Is this a form of racism? Atteridgeville. LaudiumO Black Towns * After conducting a survey of maps about SA, have students work in Indian Towns groups to write to companies which produce maps, demanding that White Towns maps of South Africa be changed to include cities of people of all races. Coloured Towns Perhaps a meeting can be arranged with representatives of the companies. ·Tembisa Marlbro Gardens ~ Kempton Park ndton(:) 0 -Rabie Rid e Munsieville. ~ • Alexandra * Does the United States have separate cities for Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, • Krugersdorp whites, each with a separate tax base? Is this segregation by law, as it is • Kagisp • Daveyton in apartheid, South Africa? What are some of the reasons for segregated Randfontein0 OAzaaavilie Newclil[e Benoni0 Toekornsru .. - R~~,. :- (.!)~tiANNESBURG OActonl'iIIe -Davldsonvllle(.!)FI-urh f .oMa fJlrl Dermisto~ ·Wattville cities or neighborhoods in the U.S.? Mohlakeng. Rive~eali ~rona onville ~ ._~Boksburg OBakerton Examine the issues of redlining, racial steering, unfair advertising and SOWETO..Noordgesig' ~ Reiger Park 0Springs • Bekke ~ Alberton0. other forms of institutional racism practiced currently in the United States. Westonaria0 -: , Katlehong .Vosloorus • KwaThema _Eldorado Thokoza. ,- Len~a (Park EdenpBrk- 0 Geluksdal.·Tsakane . * Look for Springs, SA on this map. This is the home of Kellogg's Palm Ridge ~.DUdU0 Company which employs nearly 230 people. Then find, KwaThema, EnnerdalelloL§o~a . Nigel where most of the Black workers from Kellogg's must live. Kellogg's has Heidelberg· long supported the apartheid regime through tax money. In addition, Ratanda. OShalimar Ridge Kellogg's pays the difference between low military wages and higher I Evaton. 0 Roshnee I Kellogg's wages when its workers are drafted into the military. The Sebokerg. -Rust-Ter-Val Boipl!tong I military has been responsible for millions of deaths in SA and in Southern Bophelong·c;l. 0Ver~eniging 0 10 Africa. Vanderbijl~rk Sharpeville ,. 2,0 km Boycott all Kellogg's products. Write to: President, Kellogg's Co. 1 Kellogg Square. Battle Creek, Michigan 49016-3599. Organize a boycott of Kellogg's cereal in your school breakfast program. Call on local supermarket chains to remove Kellogg's cereals from their shelves. Write to Educators Against Racism and Apartheid for more information Maps from The Two South Africas: A People's Geography about the boycott. (Please support the Shell and Coke boycotts, too.) RaclslII In Education Desegregration or Resegregation ofSchools - The Role ofthe Courts AIM: Young people will examine the role of the Courts in determining the direction of desegregation of public education. INTRODUCTION: When we discuss institutional racism, we talk about racism which is built into the laws of a society. The Supreme Court, as well as Federal, state, and local courts have played a pivotal role in determining whether the public schools will be desegregated and whether schools will provide education for all youth. Many adults were of us were taught that the Court system is "neutral." That is a myth. Judges are either appointed by elected officials, or they are elected by registered voters. They are a reflection of the ideology of those in power. They are selected or elected from a pool of predominantly white lawyers. "Five of the last six presidential elections were won by candidates promising restrictions on desegregation plans. All appointments to the Supreme Court during these two decades were made by conservative presidents who favored restrictions on school desegregation. The period ended with the Court under a Chief Justice, ?William Rehnquist, who had opposed the original Brown decision while serving as a clerk to a Supreme Court Justice in the early 1950's." (from Status ofSchool Deserreration. p. 15)
ACTIVITIES: Critical Discuss this 1/19/92 excerpted article from the New York Times. What is the role of the Supreme thinking: Court in school desegregation? How does segregation affect education?
The Nation's Schools Learn A 4th R: Resegregation By Karen De Witt Thirty-eight years after Chief Justice Earl Warren minority youngsters find themselves increasingly in warned that the South's system of dividing schools by separate and unequal schools••• race gave black children "a feeling of inferiority," Those advocating more integration see little help segregated schools are on the rise again in many parts of from the courts, either. The first crucial setback to the country. The notable exception is the South, where segregation was the 1974 Milliken v. Bradley case, in the vigilance of court-mandated desegregation was which the Supreme Court ruled that two-way busing centered. between Detroit's mainly black city schools and its white Now, according to a study sponsored by the Nat! suburban schools could not be ordered. That effectively School Boards Association•••it is the North's urban undercut the cities' efforts to integrate across urban centers and suburbs and in the West that suburban lines•••
(Excerpted from The New York Times. 1/19/92, p.ES)
Research: Work in groups to compile a list of Supreme Court decisions related to desegregation of education and housing. What is the relationship of housing to school segregation/desegregation? How important is the Supreme Court in determining the future of desegregation? How are Supreme Court judges appointed? What role can the public play in this process? Review microfilms at the public library of the hearings for Supreme Court nominees such as Bork, Souter, Thomas. Drama: Role play the Supreme Court making a decision regarding one of the cases on your lift above. For example, research about the 1954 Brown v Board ofEducation or the 1969 Alexander v. Holmes decisions. Some youth will represent the 9 judges. Others will represent the school systems or parties filing suit. You will need lawyers representing each side. An audio-visual club at your school or in your district may want to video your dramatization for broadcast on a cable station or for other classes. Research: Use resources at the public library, State legislators or civic organizations such as the NAACP to compile a list of state court rulings which have had an impact on desegregation in your state. Which state judges are elected, which are appointed? Guest speaker:
Reading/ research: Action:
Wlscon.in Mandat•• Natlv. Curricula A new law requiring Wisconsin public schools to teach the history, culture, and tribal sovereignty of the state's native tribes, went into effect Sept.1 despite vocal opposition from a right-wing group opposed to Indian treaty rights. The law, referred to as Act 31, requires that the state's public schools teach the curriculum units at least twice in the elementary grades and once in the high school. It was passed by the legislature in 1989 following the upsurge in anti-Indian racism as crowds of whites tried to prevent the state's Chippewa Indians from exercising spear-fishing rights. Of course, implementation of the law is the next problem. In Milwaukee, a committee of teachers has drafted a Native American curriculum. For information, contact Ed Neudauer at (414) 475-8099. (Information about Wisconsin is from Huractin. Summer, 1992.)
.loin Educator. Agaln.t Racl... and Aparth.ld EARA is dedicated to education and action to end racism in the U.S. and apartheid in South Africa. The membership contribution is $1 O.(Please make payable to Educators Against Apartheid.) _, would like to join Educators Against Racism and Apartheid. _I would like to make a contribution of -1.- to help expand the outreach work of EARA.
NAME. ADDRESS C1TY .STATE_ZIP _
PHONE! ) SCHOOUORG. Send to EARA.164-04 Goethals Ave.Jamaica,NY 11432 (Board of Directors: Paula Rogovin Bower, Arthur Colen, Joyce Duncan, Joseph Edelman, Pam McCarthy-Bomba, Rebekah Richie-Pagan, Carole Storch-Dladla, Claudia Zaslavsky)
A Youth's Thoughts About Columbus "•.•If I lived in Asia and I came to Ameriea and kissed the ground and decllJred it mine, people would think I was crazy and probably lock me up. Another thing is when Columbus went back to Spain, he broug1U Native people with him as slllves and said the Indians wiU do good as slllves. All he did when he went there is kiU people and introduce new diseases and take over tluIt whole pkce oflIInd. Erie Douglllss Bower, Age 10 .... ~~:..~ -:~.:\: . .' ._,,-,:~:..... ;& v:~_'",,- _~-~.i:::_~:~:;)~'_:·:~::;~~:~;-~il~i
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-~ ~ ~- Stop the violence in South Africa! -,~. Vote on Nov. 3 for an end to collusion with the apartheid regime!
Educators Against Racism And Apartheid 164-04 Goethals Avenue Jamaica, NY 11432
Help combat racism in the U. S. and apartheid in South Africa! Vote in November!