Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose: a Case Study of Guntur Channel Command Area, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 1849-1858 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 11 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.209 Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose: A Case Study of Guntur Channel Command Area, Andhra Pradesh, India K. Sai Manogna1*, A. Mani2, G. Ravi Babu3 and V. Radha Krishna Murthy4 1Department of SWE, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, 522101, India 2College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, 522101, India 3Department of Soil and Water Engineering, CAE, Bapatla-522101, India 4Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Bapatla-522101, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The study was conducted to understand the ground water quality by using different K e yw or ds irrigation water suitability indices in Guntur channel command area for drinking and irrigation purpose. Total twenty five ground water samples were collected during post and Groundwater quality, pre-monsoon season. Physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, Drinking, Irrigation, Command area calcium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids were analysed using standard procedures. The values obtained were Article Info compared with the standards of BIS and WHO. A comparison of groundwater quality parameters in relation to specified limits for drinking water shows that concentration of Accepted: 15 October 2018 EC, bicarbonates, sodium, total dissolved solids exceeded the desirable limits in many Available Online: samples. Water quality assessment revealed that Ananthavarapadu, Vatticherukuru, 10 November 2018 Parthipadu, Kondepadu, Pallapadu, Mutluru, Godavarru, Namburu, Garapadu, Etukuru, Suddapalli villages, water is not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Introduction polluted one, if it is polluted once difficult to retrieve it. Water quality is based on physical Ground water is one of the most important and chemical constituents due to weathering natural resources. Ground water as a natural of parent rocks and anthropogenic activities. resource and an element of the environment, used in human activities, is of dual character Ground water is part of the rain water reaches (Borevsky et al., 1989). the earth surface and percolates into the earth, during the percolation it comes into contact Groundwater is thought as one of the purest with a number of mineral present in the soil form of water available in nature that meets which may dissolved in the water. the overall demands of population. Ground Contamination of ground water may occur by water is the water present beneath earth’s percolation of toxic substances through the surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures soil to ground water (Sargaonkar et al., 2006). of rock formations. Ground water is the least Due to rapid increase in industrialisation and 1849 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 1849-1858 urbanisation has increased the disposal of sampling to ensure that ground water to be untreated effluents without any proper sampled was representative of ground water treatment. It is important to know the quality aquifer. The samples were collected in 250ml of water in any command area for better plastic bottles. Two drops of toluene chemical management of water resources. was added to all water samples to prevent the microbial growth of bacteria and fungi. The objective of the present study to know Collected samples were properly labelled and whether the ground water in Guntur channel brought to laboratory for analysis. Samples command area is suitable for drinking and were analyzed in the laboratory to measure the irrigation purpose. The water suitability for concentration of the quality parameters using irrigation was calculated on the basis of SAR American Public Health Association standard (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), Residual Sodium methods (APHA, 1995). pH, EC, Ca+2, Mg+2, + -2 - Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio. To Na , CO3 , HCO3 , total dissolved solids and demonstrate the spatial variability of different Total suspended solids were the major ions in physicochemical parameters of ground water groundwater of the study area. Calcium and quality spatial maps were developed using Arc Magnesium concentrations were determined GIS software. by Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration using Eriochrome black-T as Study area indicator. The study area is the Guntur channel Sodium concentration was determined by command area, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. using flame photometer. Bicarbonate and Channel was excavated for irrigation in left Carbonate content was estimated by using over patch in between Nagarjuna Sagar acid-base titration method. Irrigation water Project and Krishna Western Delta ayacut. It quality Indices namely SAR, RSC, RSBC, is a major irrigation scheme in Guntur district KR, MAR, PI were calculated. with starting point of channel at upstream of Prakasam barrage. The length of the channel is Results and Discussion 47 Km. The benefited mandals are seven and thirty three villages. Tadepalli, Mangalgiri, Electrical conductivity (dS/m) Pedakakani, Guntur, Chebrolu, Vatticherukuru and Prathipadu. The annual minimum and Electrical conductivity values ranged from 0.6 maximum temperature are 150C and 470C. to 8.57 dS/m in post monsoon season and The average rainfall in the Guntur district is spatially varied between 0.87 to 8.99 dS/m in 830 mm. pre-monsoon. The EC values were higher during pre-monsoon compared to post Materials and Methods monsoon season. The primary effect of high EC water on crop productivity is the Twenty five groundwater samples were incapability of the plant to compete with ions collected from bore wells/hand pumps (in pre in the soil solution for water. and post monsoon seasons at identical same locations in November (2017) and April pH (2018). Locations of sampling points were determined using a Global Positioning System The pH values varied from 6.85 to 7.97 during (GPS) (Figure 1). Hand pumps were post monsoon season and ranged from 7.04 to continuously pumped prior to ground water 8.25 during pre-monsoon season (Fig. 2). 1850 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 1849-1858 Carbonates Pedavadlapudi, Kaza, Kondepadu, Vejendla, Chamallamudi and Ananthavarapadu villages The permissible limits of Carbonates in during post monsoon season. Magnesium drinking water as prescribed by BIS were 75 concentration was lower during pre-monsoon mg/l. The carbonate values ranged from 0 to season compared to post monsoon season 12.31 mg/l during post monsoon season. All because of recharging of water due to rains. the command area villages recorded carbonates value within the acceptable limit. Sodium Carbonates values varied from 0 to 381.89 mg/l during pre-monsoon (Fig. 3). Maximum Sodium content varied from 227.52 to 755.73 values were recorded at Parthipadu mandal. mg/l during post monsoon season and values ranged from 227.97 to 2116.79 mg/l during Bicarbonates pre-monsoon season (Fig. 7). Higher values were noticed (1443.52 to 2116.79 mg/l) at The bicarbonates values varied from 334.23 to villages namely Kondepadu, Yamarru, 603.03 mg/l during post monsoon season in Ananthavarapadu and Chamallamudui during villages of channel command area and values pre-monsoon season due to high evaporation, ranged from 309.55 to 1036.80 mg/l during salts might have risen to surface. The pre-monsoon season (Fig. 4). Higher values permissible limit of sodium in drinking water (813.3 to 1122.09 mg/l) were observed in as prescribed by BIS is 50 mg/l. Sodium villages namely Kaza, Pedavadlapudi, content values exceeded the acceptable limit Kondepadu and Ananthavarapadu during post in both the seasons. Hence, ground water in monsoon period. channel command area is unsuitable for drinking. Calcium Total dissolved solids The calcium content varied from 49.91 to 355.53 mg/l in the villages of Guntur channel The TDS values spatially varied from 385.11 command area during post monsoon season to 5465.31 mg/l during post monsoon season and values ranged from 44.55 to 168.38 mg/l and values ranged from 552 to 5755.51 mg/l during pre-monsoon season was depicted in in pre-monsoon season (Fig. 8). Maximum Figure 5. Maximum values of calcium content concentration of TDS (3525.23 to 5465.31 (229.69 to 355.53 mg/l) were noticed at mg/l) was recorded in villages namely Ananthavarapadu, Godavarru and Narakoduru Etukuru, Ananthavarapadu and Chamallamudi villages during post monsoon season. Higher during post-monsoon season. Similar trend values of Ca hardness during post monsoon was observed with higher values recorded in season are due to dissolution of CaCO3 by the same villages during pre-monsoon season. water recharge (Kupwade and Langde, 2013). Total Suspended Solids Magnesium The total suspended solids concentration was The magnesium content varied from 32 to lower compared to all other parameters. The 127.16 mg/l during post monsoon season and TSS values ranged from 0.009 to 2.05 mg/l values ranged from 22.2 to 108.2 mg/l during during post monsoon season and varied from pre-monsoon season (Fig. 6) Maximum values 0.92 to 3.39 mg/l during pre-monsoon season (90.57 to 127.16 mg/l) were recorded at (Fig. 9). 1851 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 1849-1858 Fig.1 Location map of ground water sampling stations Fig.1 Spatial variation of EC in ground water of Guntur channel command area Fig.2 Spatial variation