20263-- M K Tripathy

Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263 DoI No.: 10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00054.7

DIVERSITY OF TIMBER INFESTING FROM ODISHA

M K Tripathy* and Bimal Pradhan1

Department of Natural Resource Management; 1Department of Forest Product and Utilisation College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, Email: [email protected] (corresponding author)

ABSTRACT

A study was undertaken in coastal Odisha i.e. Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Khurda and Kandhamal to document diversity of wood feeding beetles. A total of 22 species were observed on different timbers during storage. Borers on these timbers were observed to belong to families like Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Lyctidae, Platypodidae, Silvanidae, Passalidae, Scolytidae and Curculionidae. In addition, three termite (Isoptera) species were also observed. Of the borers, the bamboo borer and auger were reared in sal pieces under laboratory condition. The larval, pupal and adult periods was found as 29.33± 0.56, 8.00± 0.51 and 19.20± 0.62 days for Dinoderus minutus; and 34.33± 0.49, 12.3± 60.25 and 43.53± 0.42 days for Sinoxylon anale, respectively. Total lifecycle of Xystrocera was found to occupy 44.03± 0.46 days; and pupal and adult periods were 6.02± 0.30 and 4.01± 0.51days, respectively.

Key words: Dinoderus minutus, Xystrocera globosa, biology, small hole borers, inventory, large hole borers, quarantine

The most useful forest resource is timber either in diversity of insects damaging timbers, and knowledge raw or seasoned form throughout the world. A number on their biology/ morphology inadequate. Hence, of insects attack dry, seasoned or partly seasoned wood the present study with the objective of studying their in saw mills and so also the stored and seasoned timber, diversity along with biology and morphology of few finished timber products and furniture. But species wise important species. documentation and up-to-date knowledge on the biology and ecology of these are inadequate. India’s wood based MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 industry consumes a total of 30 m m of wood, which Four Government Timber Depots of coastal as well accounts only 10% of total wood consumption and 90% as interior Odisha were visited on monthly basis and is consumed in the form of small timber and fuel wood observed for incidence of pests from July 2018 (FAO, 2002). Some commercially important useful to June 2019. These include: Government Timber softwood and hardwood timber species are extracted Depots, Khapuria Saw Mill Cuttack, Nisarangae Global from the natural forests and stored in depot for several Timber Depot Ltd. Khurda, Government Timber Depot, purposes. The felled timber is usually stored in the open Kandhamal and Govt Timber Depot, Bhubaneswar for varying periods before transportation to the site of (GPS coordinates being: 20°27’N,85°52’E, 20 masl; utilization. During such periods of storage, the timbers 20°15’N, 85°52’E, 25.9 masl; 20.47°N, 84.23°E, 25.9 are susceptible to attack by various beetles which tunnel masl; 20°17’ N 85°49’ E, 45.0 masl, respectively). The into the wood and convert it into waste powder. The timber species examined include: Terminalia tomentosa, potential of damage can be assessed from the fact that Tectona grandis, and Mangifera about 130 species of insect borers are known from Sal indica at Cuttack, Samania saman at Khurda, Sal (Shorea robusta) timber alone in India (Beeson, 1941). Shorea robusta at Kandhamal, and pole size timbers Beetles and borers are major threats to the service life at Bhubaneswar Depot. The approximate mean mid of wood (Tsunoda, 1990; Highley, 1999). A number of girth of these timbers varied from 123 to 187 mm. insects attack dry, seasoned or partly seasoned wood in Insects were collected from stored timbers with special saw mills. Finished timber products and furniture are care taken to remove those remain in cracks, logs and also attacked by some (Wood, 1978). Some larvae and beneath bark of barked timber; and active searching, adults can reduce sapwood, particularly of hardwoods, beating, cutting and splitting the timbers were followed. into a powdery form, most commonly in tropical The identity of the timber was made from the depot countries (Beeson 1941; Liu et al., 2008; Beaver et records and expertise personnel. The specimen with al., 2011). In Odisha no such data is available on the 2 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263 piece of their natural diet was collected by collecting Research Institute, Dehra Dun and KFRI, Kerala. For bags or boxes. Wingless small insects were collected studying the biology, five pairs of active male and by small camel hair brush. female adults were released to a thin diameter tubular Sal timber which was pre splinted and joined by gums The culture of the beetle was maintained in the and rubber bands. The end of which are made uneven laboratory on a piece of wood of known weight. and adults were carefully released to the uneven end. Before release of borer the moisture content of wood The wooden tubes were kept in darkness and watched was measured by the incubator method. The collected daily for egg lying, egg period, larval and pupal periods. larvae/ adults were released in separate glass jars After emergence, adults were transferred to fresh containing food material, a piece of timber and saw tubes to observe the adult period. The insects studied dust of known weight and placed in the laboratory for biology include Sinoxylon anale Lesne, Lyctus (25± 2°C and 70± 5%RH). For rearing the powder-post africanus Lesne, Dinoderus minutes Fab., Belionota beetle Eaton and Hale (1993) was followed- cubes of prasina Thurnburg and Xystrocera globosa Oliver were 3 heartwood of size 2.5 cm were placed in glass jars of successfully reared in Sal wood pieces kept in plastic 500 ml capacity, each with 75g of saw dust from the jars. The fed dust collected from such Salpieces were same timber species. Large glass and plastic jars of recorded up to 34 days after which cessation occurs. 1.5 kg capacity with netting over the top or pores over Steps were taken to clean the hole mouth sealed with the lids were used for rearing in natural diet in timber saw dust by cotton. The date of emergence of adult, pieces and saw dust. After removal from natural holes from date of cessation of dust flow was countered as by using forceps, a small camel hair brush was used to pupal period. Morphometry of small borers was taken remove coarse dust or wood remains. Eventually the from either SEM or computer attached stereozoom body was cleaned by the brush by using ethyl alcohol. microscope with DeewinterDigichem software. For Adult specimens were taken alive within small, round large borerselectrical digital callipers were used. boxes with clear plastic bases, viz. specimen tubes or Up to date terminologies were used to describe the glass jars containing small holes on top of bottle, the cerambycids instead of those given by Stebbing (1914). box were filled with saw dust to avoid damage during transport RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Other equipment used during study include- 10- 60x In the survey, a total of 22 species of beetles magnifying lens, a sharp strong bladed, pen knife, axe, including three species of termites were collected from billhook, screw driver or chisel for lifting bark from tree timbers. Coleopterous borers were found to belong to trunks, a small flexible wire saw, scissors, labels, plastic families of Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Bostrichidae, bags etc. The boxes were provided with small pores at Lyctidae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae, Silvanidae and the top for facilitating aeration. Small quantity of dust Curculionidae. Species of Platypodidae, Bostrichidae, was kept inside the box to protect the insects from Silvanidae and Lyctidae cause small holes during damage. Dry insects were relaxed for stretching and feeding and make breeding sites. They appear in short to avoid brittleness before studying morphology under stumps, decay and dead wood tree as well as timber of a stereozoom microscope (model CDGT510CCD) in different stages of storage period and girth class. Pole the Post Graduate laboratory fitted with computer and sized timber including furniture and interior wood provided with Deewinter Digichem software. Details decorative of normal housing are severely damaged. of minute powder post beetles- their setae types, cloaca These species are given below with descriptions, and apertures and their measurements were obtained with with biology, in the species that were studied. scanning electron microscope (SEM model S3400N) at the Central Laboratory, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. Descriptions Specimens were analysed directly without any carbon Coleoptera or gold plating to avoid damage to tiny body parts. Bostrichidae Identification was made by comparison with 1. Auger beetles Sinoxylon crassum Lesne and S. named specimens available in the Department anale Lesne: S. crassum has its teeth on elytral declivity of Entomology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, contiguous, inserted on sutural interstriae, laterally Bhubaneswar/ other standard methods (Tripathy et compressed, triangular, with pointed lips, prominent al., 2018), and confirmations obtained from the Forest costae present on the lateral margin of the declivity at Diversity of timber infesting beetles from Odisha 3 M K Tripathy and Bimal Pradhan the same level and adhere weaker costae mare apically size posteriorly, very coarse at upper margin of declivity. and laterally, large species, 9 mm long. The larva is little, white, curved grub, with anterior segments. Three 2. Bamboo borer Dinoderus minutus F.: Head pairs of legs are available. Length after fully grown covered by pronotum, not visible from above. Pronotum is 5-6 mm. Pupa is white coloured, beetle like form, rounded anteriorly without larger horns or teeth at head, legs, and wings folded on to the under surface. anterior angles with protibial one apical spine, first Aggrieved head with densely developed temples behind tarsomeres not equal to second. Scutellum transverse, the legs, forming a clear tooth. Elytra parallel, twice as rectangular, pronotum with an obvious pair of foveae long as combined width. Antennae are 11 segmented, near base. Body hairs are dense towards elytra tips... last three segments are swollen and form club. Elytra Raised from depressions mostly 47 to 48 μm in length. deeply punctuated, punctured arrangement in stevia. Abdomen covered entirely with elytron which meets Pronotum sparsely punctuated and irregularly arranged. together tightly. Mature larva of D. minutes is grub like, Thorax length is 848 micron and width is 642 micron. curved and anterior curve bearing small blackish head (Figs. 1-8) and six short legs. Pupa with large prothorax, the mouth parts lying pressed against the hind thoracic and anterior Sinoxylon anale Lesne. has its head covered by abdominal segment. For tunnelling head is provided pronotum, not visible from above.Pronotum flattened with toothed projections. Mostly causes cylindrical anteriorly with hooks or teeth near the anterior angles, burrows over dried timbers. (Figs. 9-14) protibia with two apical spines, first tarsomer very much shorter than second. Intercoxal process of first 3. Oriental wood borer Heterobostrychus aqualis abdominal ventrite is broader and with a ventral face. Waterhouse: Head covered by pronotum, not visible Segment of antennal club flabellate, mandibles short from above. Pronotum rounded anteriorly, teeth near blunt, truncate at apices, which meet in middle elytra, the anterior angles. Protibia with two apical spines, disc angularity separated from declivity, elytra margins first tarsomere is very much shorter than the second. craniate below, costae above, not rounded, sub marginal Intercoxal process of first abdominal segment is carina along lateral margin of elytra curving dorsally broader and with a ventral metepisternum more at its posterior to join carina forming lower margin of broadly truncated behind. Metameron widely separated elytra declivity. Punctures of elytra disc increasing in from meta sternum and segments of antennal club

Fig.1-8. Sinoxylon crissum- 1, adult (dorsal view); 2, fore claws; 3, fore legs; 4, larvae; 5, pupa; 6, fore tibial hairs; 7, hind claws; 8, hind legs. 4 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263

Fig. 9-14. Dinoderus minutus- 9, damage holes; 10, damage to pole size timbers; 11, larva; 12, pupa; 13, adult- lateral view; 14, abdomen tip with hairs not flabellate. Mandibles long, pointed at apices, brightly shining and purely punctate. Pronotum slightly almost always crossing in mid line. Posterior angles spreading anteriorly. And narrower than elytral base. of pronotum lobed and projecting. Posterior part of Setae arises from head prothorax and elytra are different pronotum with large, deep punctures. Male with two from legs antennae and last abdominal segments and tubercles on elytra declivity, the outer forming an long slender and arises from plane not in sunken places. elongate costa, the inner forming a strong, pointed tooth Vertex strongly hairy in places between the compound directed inwardly and upwardly; frons without a nearly eyes. Fore leg measures about 828 micron and tarsal punctate shining area in middle. Female without strong claws are 70 micron. Hind legs short, about 640micron. tubercles on elytra declivity, imaginations between Tibia is longer than femur in the legs. Tarsi four anterior angles of pronotum, broad, extending about segmented. Larvae are creamy coloured with blackjaws three quarters of distinct between eyes; frons without and three pairs of jointed legs on hatching; these about a tuft of hairs. Larva is white, curved, constricted 3.5 mm long and straight body which later become c- posteriorly, with a brownish black coloured head and shaped. (Figs.15-22) three pair of jointed legs on thoracic segment. Silvanidae Lyctidae 1. Flat bark beetle Silvanedeous spp.: Small 1. Powder post beetles Lyctus africanus Lesne: slender, faint brown, flat, reddish brown, elongated and Head directed to the front, fully visible from above, found under the bark of freshly cut log or stacked logs. pronotum more or less flattened with complete lateral Fed upon the fungi and dead wood material. Aggrieved margin; disc not tuberculate, near about 2.65 mm long head with distinctively developed temples, behind and 0.728 mm width. Body moderately flattened, elytral the eye forming a clear tooth, elytra parallel, twice as punctures usually serrated. Antennae is 11 segmented long as combined width. Antennae 11 segmented, last and clubbed with 3 terminal antennomere ovoid and three segments swollen to form club. Elytra deeply densely hairy. Ultimate segment is longer than the punctuated, punctuated arrangement in pronotum is penultimate one with its apex being narrower. Setae on sparsely punctuated and irregularly arranged. Thorax the body long and piliform. Antennae measures about length is 848 micron and width is 642 micron, head 539 μm and club measures 222 micron. Pronotum and length is 588 micron and width is 363 micron. Total elytra with short, fine, yellowish hairs, elytra usually length of head and thorax is about1446 mm and width Diversity of timber infesting beetles from Odisha 5 M K Tripathy and Bimal Pradhan

Fig.15-22. Lyctus africanus- 15, adult; 16, middle leg tarsi; 17, fore leg tarsi; 18, head; 19, mouth parts; 20, cloaca; 21, larva; 22, pupa along the abdomen is 304micron.Hairs are present yellow head and bulky posterior parts, front legs are at a distance of 42.4 to 26.8 micron. Setae pointed short and straightened. Antennae are ten segmented and simple. Length of elytra is 3.02 mm and width is with three basal narrow segment and others are wider. 314 micron. Elytra are convex. First four abdominal Under surface of body is pubescent, legs are long and segments are prominently visible outwardly. (Fig. broad (Fig. 26). 23-24) F. Cerambycidae D. Platypodidae Commonly called as long horn beetle, attack matured 1. Pinhole borer Euplatypus compositus Say: freshly felled as well as stored timbers of higher girth. Adults possess slender elongated body with shorter Eggs of these beetles are laid under the bark and the abdomen even lesser than metathorax in lateral view neonates are fed under the barks which again proceed measuring about 4.2 mm. The front of the head is to boring large holes towards inner, filled with crash densely punctured above. First tarsal segment is longer and excreta. Prior to pupation most species bore in to than the combined length of remaining segments. Adults heart wood causing considerable damage to timbers. are positively phototropic. Pronotum is provided with a Both larvae and adult are considered as important pest pair of tiny pore. Metaepisternum impression is armed of forest trees, many orchard plants and bushes and by small spines on its anterior margin. Elytral declivity more prevalent in the tropics. The nature of damage is prominent, Pronotom bright yellow. Apices of both turned them to fall in xylophagus category. A total of the elytra do not unite and densely pubescent. Antennae five species were observed. clubbed, lamellate and seven segmented. Causes slightly larger holes than scolytids with discharge of 1. Furniture beetles Stromatium barbatum F.: powdery mass. (Fig. 25) Adult beetle is reddish brown, faintly pubescent. Head dense and coarsely punctured dorsally and lateral sides. Passalidae Less strongly punctured in the front. Antennae much Peg beetles are brownish, small beetle, dark brown longer than body. Prothorax very dense covered with Prothorax, shining, large, square shaped, distinguishable strong, course puncture. The disk is provided with because of prominent longitudinal ridges which runs five slightly radish tubercles. Elytra coarsely and very down the elytra alternate with rows of punctate. densely punctured, each with two fairly distinct dorsal Elytra covers whole of body, antennae curved upward, and one or two short lateral costae. Apex of each with mandible are dark brown, large and prominent. Present a short suturaltooth. Body segment of larvae is flattish. outwardly in the head. Head thinly punctate, rectangular The larvae are whitish, hairy, with black mandible, process is seen at the basal junction of the elytra. Body shining prothorax, large in width than the rest of body oval, larvae is a grub, bulky, curve with prominent (Fig. 27). 6 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263

Fig. 23, 24. Silvanideous spp.- 23, adult- dorsal view; 24, abdomen tip; Fig. 25.Euplatypus composites; Fig. 26. Peg beetle

2. Albizia borers Xystrocera globosa Oliver and the rest two. Pronotum is provided with one yellow Xystrocera festiva Thomson: Adult beetle is reddish, pubescent and a central tridentousglabrous area. Tarsi prothorax with the front and hind are brown. In X. covered with hairs, tibia provided with prominent festivait is black coloured with antennae much longer spine and claws of each leg are curved. Pronotum light than body, femur much swollen than X. globosa. Tarsi reddish (Fig. 30). four segmented, lateral segments much slender and elongated bearing narrow claw. The outer and apical 4. Mango stem borer rufomaculata border of elytra also runs a longitudinal median band, DeGeer: Stout longicorn beetle with long antenna and which directed anteriorly but obliquely towards the legs. Elytra colour is dull black with a series of dirty shoulder, which metallic blue in colour. Head is densely yellowish spots. Dark powerful mandible with dark punctate. First antennal segment is aspirate with spin coloured antennae. Prothorax with transverse ridges form anterior process at the apex. The prothorax dense and on the anterior and posterior edges with irregular and finely granulated on the disk of both the species. ridges wavy line in the intermediate portion. Each side Prosternum of both the species transversely striated, of thorax at the level of fore legs bears small sharp glossy band of metallic colour lies close to the front and pointed tooth. Two orange colour crescent shaped margin and the rest are dull red in colour. Elytra spot are present on both sides of the head. Base of densely and strongly punctate, each with three slightly elytra bears raised dense spots. At the base of union raised longitudinal lines, two dorsal and one ventral. of elytra bears a white shape roughly squared spot. The larvae are bright yellowish white with a small Four segmented tarsi, last segment larger than others brownhead and black mandible (Figs. 28-29). bearing two strong claws. Elytra truncated at the base with well-marked shoulder which end with small sharp 3. Banded ash borer Neolyctus spp.: It is a teeth. The base quarter of elytra is studded with small medium to average size beetle blackish in colour with shiny setter elevations which are larger at side and three discontinuous bands extending the whole elytra. decrease anteriorly and rest of surface is smooth. Last Swollen femur and ten segmented antennae. The first segment of body is exposed by elytra, ventral side is three segments are narrow and distinct from rest of the shinnying with broad lateral white strip running each segments. Hind legs are prominently elongated than side and legs are black.

Fig. 27. Stromatium barbatum; Fig. 28. Xystocera globusa; 29. Xystrocera festiva; Fig. 30. Neolyctus spp. Diversity of timber infesting beetles from Odisha 7 M K Tripathy and Bimal Pradhan

5. Sal heart wood borer Hoplocerambyx H. Curculionidae spinicornis Newman: Adult beetle is dark brown Medium size weevil, with brown colouration with with variable size, antennae much longer than body. dark brown patches and antennae narrow to swollen tip Antennae ten segmented and 3-10 segments apically elbowed with swollen femur, tarsi ends with single claw. provided with spines. Head bears median groove, Tarsal segment are five in number. Stout is long and pronotum transversely and irregularly wrinkled with projected. Cause small hole by feeding and puncturing broken edges. Each elytron is with a long spine with a of log. A total of 2 weevils are collected in the present suture at apex and truncated margin. Four segmented study. body, head prominent and projecting, prothorax, abdomen and legs are covered with fine greyish hairs. I. Buprestidae Elytra are more densely covered with silky yellowish These are beetles of various sizes with a bright grey hairs. Head with eye separated by a deep groove, coloured body with metallic lustre. The larvae are called prothorax longer than broad, the disk with slightly as flat headed borers because of characteristically large raised oblong space in middle. Each elytron obliquely flat prothorax with small head. Female laid eggs in the truncate at the apex, with a spine at the suture and a sick standing tree and recently felled ones with thicker small tooth at the outer angle. Pupa is whitish yellow diameter which continue to damage in the storage yard in colour. The head is however pressed down upon the up to several years. The neonate after hatching feeds upper part, the leg and rudimentary wings are covered under the bark by making irregular galleries, which are on upper chest part. Seven abdominal segments are later on filled by excreta and fras material. Two species visible on dorsal surface of pupae. The antennae are of such borers are encountered and one is not identified. curved backward and lies pressed against the side of the pupae (Figs. 31). Jewel beetles Belionota prasine Thurnburg: Beetles vary in size, torpedo shaped and sub triangular, G. Scolytidae the greatest width being usually at the shoulder, while These are known as bark beetles, and are the first rest are constricted behind. Elytral apices are spineed. to attack freshly felled timbers. Construction of typical The head is short and embedded in the prothorax to the galleries by the beetles between the bark and sapwood eyes. The eye is elliptical and set obliquely. Antenna makes its easy identification. It is a small beetle are inserted on the front, eleven jointed and serrated, attacking small branches and twigs and sometimes each segment bears few hairs. The first and third called as ambrosia beetle. Engraved with mandibles segment elongated than others in female with a length stout black antennae and clubbed at the end. Thorax of 776 μm. Each segment bears more hairs in females, is wider than longer, centrally punctate, which are mandibles are short, sprout and thick, prothorax is larger towards lateral side. Elytra glabrous medially cylindrical. The posterior margin emarginated. Elytra and finely punctate. Cause comparatively larger holes entirely coversabdomen. Lower wings are wide and in the infested woods with frass coming outside along longitudinally fold at the base of union. The prosternum with excreta (Figs. 32). is ridge and wide, fitting into the mesostermum and metasternum. The legs are relatively short, the tibiae usually slender with two small terminal slander spurs. Tarsi are five segmented and claws are unarmed. Larva is yellow to whitish yellow in colour, legless with a black horny head and yellow orange prothorax. The head is very small and circular. Mandibles are black and prominent. Prothorax is broad, flat or circular and very much larger than other segments; other segments are narrow and slender. Pupa is yellowish to white in colour, flat and often rather square in shape, the anterior wings and legs pressed to sides (Figs. 33-40).

Isoptera

Fig. 31. Sal heart wood borer; Fig. 32. Galleries formed by A. Termitidae shot hole borer on S. robusta Wood feeding termites Odontotermes obesus 8 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263

Fig. 33-40, Bellinota prasine- 33. adult (female); 34. Adult (male); 35. larva; 36, prepupa; 37, pupa (1st stage); 38. pupa (2nd stage); 39. pupa (3rd stage); 40. pupa (4th stage)

Rambur, Microtermes obesi Holmgren and 9 bostrichids, 8 scolytids and 5 platypodids were Coptotermus formosanus Shirak: All the species of reported by Teerapol et al., (2010); S. Anale was the termites are found to be prevalent in all type of woods of single dominant rubber wood insect of as all girth class, based upon moisture content and period observed by Kamanerdratana et al. (1970) and others- of storage, old logs are attracted more. Both worker Hutacharenand Tubtim (1995), Sittichayaet al. (2009), and shoulder class are found forming mud plasters but and Hutacharen et al., (2007), Sattichaya and Bearern because of common occurrence details have not been (2009). The bostrichid H. aqualis and powder post under taken in this study. beetle in the genus Sinoxylon were key pests of rubber wood in Thailand - Lek- Uthai (1981) and Lek- Uthaiet Several workers had reported wood attacking al. (1982). In the Euro-Mediterranean area S. Anale was insects both from India and abroad. Beeson (1941) reported from: Australia, Belgium, Finland- Borowski had reported 130 species of insects infesting Sal (2007), France- Brustel and Aberlene (2014), Great timbers alone in India. This study enlists 22 species. Britain- Borowski (2007), Iran- Liu et al., (200), Previously 1200 cerambycids from stored timbers had - Argaman (1987), The Netherlands- Schuiten been reported by Nair (2007). In the present study two and Roorda (1984), Poland- Dominik (1970), Borowski buprestids are recorded including one unidentified (2007) and Ukraine-Gumovsky (2010). one. Belionotaprasina infestation had been reported from Kerala (Anonymous 1982) and Goa (Ramasamy, II. Biology of important borers 2018) in India and Ghana (Nair, 2007).Several earlier As given in Table 1, the larval, pupal and adult period workers had observed bostrychidson stored timbers of bamboo borer was 29.33, 8.00 and 19.20 days for D. i.e. from Kerala (Anonymous, 1982), from minutus; and 34.33, 12.36 and 43.33days, for S. anale, (Narsham, 2013), Thiland (Sittichaya et al., 2009,) respectively. D. minutus has a worldwide distribution. and (De Silva and Amarsenkara, 1995). It is native to Asia and known from Israel, West Africa, The powder post beetles are of global distribution. In South Africa, North America, Central America, South South Thailand, 22 species of wood boring beetles, America, Germany and other European countries. Diversity of timber infesting beetles from Odisha 9 M K Tripathy and Bimal Pradhan .0.1 0.02 0.03 1.20 0.04 0.02 ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.2 1.0 8.3 4.0 (0.90-1.20) (1.00-1.40) (0.62-0.82) (7.00-9.00) (3.00-5.00) 0.82 0.728 Mean width Adult 0.3 .04 0.3 0.10 0.03 0.06 ± ± ± ± ± ± 9.0 2.05 22.3 (2.0-2.30) 2.35 2.65 24.2 (0.80-1.00) (2.50-2.70) (23.4-30.5) (20.0-26.8) Appearance 0.5 0.5 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 ± ± ± ± ± ± 9.4 Mean width (2.0-2.3) (1.8-2.0) 2.1 1.9 25.5 (8.0-11.3) 1.75 2.00 (1.70-1.90) (1.90-2.10) (23.5-28.5) Pupa Appearance white coloured white coloured, beetle like white coloured, beetle like form Pale or dusty white, small Initially creamish yellow gradually turns metallic blue creamy white and gradually changed to reddish --- 0.6 ---- .0.1 0.02 0.04 ± ± ± ± 7.1 Mean width (1.0-1.2) (1.0-1.7) 1.5 1.1 1.6 (1.40-1.70) (4.00-8.25) _ 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.22 ± ± ± ± ± 55 Mean length 2.6 2.76 17.6 49.5 (11.0-23.0) (32.0-59,0) (2.50-2.80) (45.2-53.3) Final instar larva Appearance Small grub like, curved, head small and blackish Small, yellowish white and curved small, yellowish white, curved grub, Three pairs of legs creamy coloured black jawad three pairs of jointed legs Yellowish to cream coloured Found in pupal case bright yellowish white with a small brown and black head mandible _ ± ± ± ------0.56 0.42 0.46 Total 56.53 90.02 44.03 _ ± ± ± ± ± 0.62 0.53 0.71 0.58 0.51 30.5 4.01 43.33 14.37 Adult 19.20 longevity _ ± ± ± ± ± 0.51 0.25 0.30 0.47 0.30 8.00 6.50 6.02 Pupal 11.51 12.36 period Total lifecycle (days) Total _ ± ± ± -- --- 0.56 0.49 0.58 29.33 34.33 34.00 period Larval Table 1. Biology and morphometry of few timber infesting beetles reared on Sal Table Family Bostrichidae Bostrichidae Bostrichidae Lyctidae Buprestidae Cerambycidae Species Dinoderusminutus Sinoxylonanale Sinoxyloncrassum Lyctusafricanus Belionotaprasina Xystroceraglobosa ; * Reared on mango---- Data not recorded; Figures in parentheses give range; All measurements in mm ; * Reared on mango---- Data not recorded; Figures in parentheses give range; name ±S.D Common Bamboo borer Auger beetle Auger beetle Lyctid powder post beetle Jewel **beetle Albizia borer 1 2 3 4 5 6 S. No. *n= 10; 10 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20263

It occurs in almost all the South Asian countries. In beetles of Thailand. Tropical Natural History 11: 135-158. , it is detected in many cities, except a few cities Beeson C F C, Bhatia B M. 1937. On the biology of the Bostrychidae in the north (Singh, 1974; Sandhu, 1975; Singh and (Coleopt.). Indian Forest Records (New Series) Entomology 2: 223-323. Bhandhari, 1988; XuTiansen et al., 1993; Chang Yuzhen Beeson C F C. 1941. The ecology and control of forest insects of India and Xue, 1994; Zhang Shimei and Zhao Yongxiang, and the adjoining countries. Government of India. 767 pp. 1996). For X. globose the larval period may be slightly Borowski J. 2007. Family Bostrichidae Latreille, Catalogue of >34 days as recorded, where procured seasoned Sal log Palaearctic Coleoptera, Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, was found to be infested with internal borers only after Lymexyloidea, Cleroidea, Cucujoidea,. Apollo Books, Stenstrup two day of procurement. This was marked by exudation 4: 320-328. of saw dust after two days. After 1st instar the larva Brustel H, Aberlenc H P. 2014. Les Bostrichidae Latreille, 1802 was found boring along the metaxylem and tightly fix de la faune de France: espècesautochtones, interceptées, introduitesou susceptible deletre (Coleoptera). Revue de the faecal matter behind it. The larval tunnel grew as Association Roussillonnaise Entomologie 23(2): 65-68. it grew to succeeding instars. After about three weeks De Silva H S, Amarasckera H S. 1996. Investigation of wood destroying the larva was observed boring downward along the fibre insects in Sri Lanka in different climatic zones of Sri Lanka. length. After end of larval period, it prepared a pupation Proceedings. Sixteenth annual forestry symposium. Sri Lanka. chamber before development into a pupa. Dominik J. 1970. Observations on some species of insects of foreign origin imported into Poland with wood products. Sylwan 114(1): Beeson and Bhatia (1973) revealed that Dinoderus in 35-39 the tropics can breed up to a maximum of 7 generations/ Eaton R A, Hale M D C. 1993. Wood decay, pests and protection. year; but in temperate climate only 5 generations. D. Chapman and Hall London, UK. minutes mostly have an annual lifecycle and pass the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2002. International standards for phytosanitary measures: guidelines for regulating wood winter as adult. The present observations corroborate packaging material in international trade. FAO. 15. with those of Beeson and Bhatia (1937) on the biology Gumovsky A V. 2010. A record of SinoxylonanaleLesne in Ukraine with of D. minutus; and those of Norhisham (2015) who notes on false powder-post beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and observed this as 98 days. The adult longevity of X. their Chalcidoid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Ukrain Ska Entomo Globosa observed now corroborates with those of faunistika 1(2): 1-8. 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(Manuscript Received: July, 2020; Revised: September, 2020; Accepted: September, 2020; Online Published: February, 2021) Online published (Preview) in www.entosocindia.org Ref. No. 20263