sign in sign up
<<
Home , Technology

The Beginnings of Digital Visualization of Historical in the Academic Field

(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany)

- point of architectural and art .1 - - - ferences for the establishment of digital architectural models for will be demonstrated.

certain. It has, however, been possible to prove that reduced-size made from were already in use in Italy from the middle of the 14th century to projects such as Florence Cathedral.23 A model of the city of Florence, made from cork in 1529 but lost today, is considered one of the 4 It was probably commissioned by Pope Clement VII for the purpose of espio- rule over his hometown.5 6 They were displayed in the Münchner Kunstkammer of Albrecht V, where they were accessible only to a small, select audience.7 To this day, tangible

- 21 -

- puter Aided (Architectural) , CA(A)D, is directly linked to technical developments of both - signing building projects. Its roots go back to the 1960s when Ivan Edward Sutherland developed on his doctoral thesis published in 1963.9 With the help of that programme two-dimensional ob- jects could be displayed on a screen and altered with a keyboard and a ‘light pen’ using a so-called 10 11

primarily used for mechanical .12 two-dimensional spaces and perhaps comparable to some kind of electronic drawing board.13 14 15

.16 - a process was most likely not yet technologically viable in the late 1970s, Müller paraphrased his depicted and combine several views of a vault simultaneously. We hope that we will be able to report on in a later .’17

had come up at MIT 19 by the - on within the framework of the .20 With the help of synchronized set on a wheeled carriage the three students took photographs of every

- 22 -

21 single images as seamless as possible.22 on a screen and without being there in person.23 24

25 moviemaps were created, some of which were accessible to the public in the form of 26 more recent Google Street View.

- 23 -

27 - (Silicon

This groundbreaking development helped to become the market leader in the early 1990s.29

subject of 3D technology was made at the conference 30

31- church from the early replaced by the present Winchester Cathedral in the 11th 32

- 24 -

33 The video comprised a pre-set route through the 3D model and dis- 34

- gy.36 the basis for the digital modelling.37 of the old church. demolished in the year 1093.39 accessible to the public.40 41

presented at the CAA42 medieval castle of Mathrafal in Wales, UK.43 This project had started four years earlier and was 44 technologies.45 The insights gained in this way were used to develop a strategy for the 46 turn the topographical data into a ‘computer-generated three-dimensional wire-frame surface, or digital terrain model’.47 -

- 25 -

49 With the help of the programme 50

The archaeologist Paul Reilly points out the importance of this approach for archaeological research:

51

undiscovered otherwise.52

- land.53 of Strathclyde, CAD.54 55 available in 1999, when the had taken hold and when it became possible to 56

- 26 -

, here showing George Square in the city centre with

ual buildings.57 Directed by the architect Manfred Koob and his company asb baudat in Bensheim, such scope before. 7337 individual components were constructed and merged into 320 assembly of 6000 individual images.

accessed.59 60 This TV programme had been produced held in Speyer in 1992.61

- 27 -

- 62

- 63

before 1991. It seems to have been the case only for a small amount of projects. This was caused programmes.64

- 29 -

- 65 Palladio’s villas were based on ground plans constructed in accord- deduce the fundamental rules from plans in the second of his work 66 Thomas Seebohm, professor of architecture at the University of Waterloo, Canada, 67

also included the lateral and the renaissance gardens pertaining to the buildings in his 69 An on-going comparison of com- puter generated plans of Palladio’s and of his completed villas proved to be very helpful . Therefore, the goal of Seebohm’s study – i.e. to

- 30 -

- torians seems to have focused predominantly on urban structures.70 Two-dimensional cadastral was de- veloped for the Dutch city of Maastricht in the early 1990s.71

showing a view of the main street and Town Hall in 1943.

showing a view of the main street and Town Hall in 1990.

- 31 -

In her thesis published in 1993, the architectural historian Patricia Alkhoven compared the help of the computer.72 She digitally layered the plans and to allow her to make much more precise statements about the reliability of the historical sources than had been possible by University of Utrecht how new technologies could advance research on the history of architec- ture and created a three-dimensional CAD model of the city of Heusden on the grounds of his- . - ed and single town brought back to former splendour. With the help of a so-called micro computer,73 the changes in the layout of the city between the individual 3D models.74 In that way, dynamic

of historical architecture, Werner Müller, composed that visualized the design early 1990s.75 Vaults 76

77 Therefore,

- 32 -

end of the 16th century.

- 33 -

- 79

-

started at the (LTA – State Museum of Technology and Labour, now being called ) in Mannheim. It featured printouts of -

- 34 -

the UK: A computer model was made for the visitor centre of Dudley Castle in the West Mid- The

by Sir William Sharrington for John Dudley, Duke of Dudley Castle ca 1550 by Peter Boland and Colin Johnson (1994).

-

in its present-day state. by Peter Boland and Colin Johnson (1994).

- 35 -

- and remained in use in the -

- of the Berlin Wall the plan to rebuild the church became feasible when the At the A team, - Historical pho- Architectural details were only depicted if there was evidence for them in the source materials, since the project was supposed to meet the standards of being both historically correct and of

- ic research in the 1990s was It is a very detailed, comprehensive digital 3D model 90 It visualizes the development of the city of Rome between 1000 BC and 550 AD.91 The project was started in 1995 at the University of California, Los Angeles 92 The ob-

- 36 -

long period of urban development.93 94

First 3D model of the project (1996).

Since people have been working on the project research on ancient Rome.95 hypotheses may be tried out and checked in the digital 3D model, in order to discuss them af- 96 the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, completed in 1999, as part of As a project leader, the archaeologist Bernard Frischer of the Department of Classics at the UCLA regularly checked the work on the model concerning its historical correctness and the data used

- 37 -

part of the project (1996).

- dated regularly, depending on the current state of research concerning the object under debate. In

-

as the rising number of projects presented at conferences demonstrates. This development may

97 99

CAA Methods in Archaeology) and had been held in Birmingham, UK, in 1973.100 The CAA, founded by - 101 conferences of the CAA non-European countries.

ACADIA 102 Every year they organize 103 ACADIA is closely con- 104 eCAADe 105eCAADe- 106 eCAADe - CAD. 107eCAADe

dedicated to the research on virtual reality and CA(A)D, forming interdisciplinary networks and - ity and areas of responsibility, which further the establishment of and research on CAD.

(ESC), founded in 109 ESC con-

- 39 -

on the environment and urban development. An early project of the ESC is a com puter generated

- proach when they set up a (CVRLab) at UCLA in 1997.110 They 111 Their 112 This could be ensured by 3D models being created by architects who were also trained historians and by an 113 114

- 115 With -

- 40 -

-

EVA was held in London in 1990.116 117- In 1996, the interdisciplinary conference (Elektronische Medien & Kunst, Kultur, Historie) took 119 other objects as as with current technologies in the area of 3D.120 To this day, is an 121 122

(VSMM), which was es- 123 Its focal point is on history, art, technology and engineering.

- - -

-

- 41 -

Before the - means of new computer technologies.

-

few instances even videos, may be found on the , but certainly not from every 3D project - - er lost to research, similar to some of the demolished buildings that they digitally reconstructed.

Another, equally important step to prevent oblivion are the catalysts of research: EVA, CAA or ACCADIAeCAADe. connected to the development of 3D architectural models, can be easily gathered from the contri-

- 42 -

Bibliography

- - baden, 1992), pp. 549-566.

Alkhoven, Patricia, : Heusden (Utrecht, 1993).

Allan, Roy A., 1st edn eBook

Arnold, , -

- ley Castle c. 1550’, in , Occasional , n. 114, ed. Tony Higgins (London, 1996), pp. 227-234.

(, 2004).

‘The Dresden Frauenkirche – rebuilding the past’, in ,

Cramer, Horst, ‘Auf den Spuren eines Mythos’, in Cramer and Manfred Koob (Heidelberg, 1993), pp. 14-19.

DAC 77, (Piscataway, 1977).

Das Reich der Salier 1024-1125, Ausstellung im Historischen Museum der Pfalz, Speyer (Sigmarin- gen, 1992).

- 43 -

Dylla, Kimberly, Frischer, Bernard, Mueller, Pascal, Ulmer, Andreas and Haegler, Simon, ‘Rome 2010), pp. 62-66.

), , n. 61, eds. Lothar Haselberger and John Humphrey Cloth (Portsmouth, 2006), pp. 321-334.

(Piscataway, 1977), pp. 275-276.

Frischer, Bernard, Favro, Diane, Liverani, Paolo, De Blaauw, Sible and Abernathy, Dean, ‘Virtual Reality and Ancient Rome: The UCLA Cultural VR Lab‘s Santa Maria Maggiore Project’, in Virtual -

past, present and of cultural virtual reality’, in

, eds. Bernard Frischer

Frommel, Christoph Luitpold, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance (London, 2007).

Grellert, Marc, ‘Ulrich Best, Bundeskunsthalle Bonn. Interview mit Ulrich Best, Leiter der Abteilung am 5. September 2003’, in (Bielefeld, 2007), pp. 495-500.

- Darmstadt’ in , 2 vols. (Vienna, 2014), vol. 2, pp. 91-94.

- 44 -

Hersey, George and Freedman, Richard, ble ones

Kernchen, Eberhard,

Architektur als Vision, eds. Horst

+, 175 (2005), p.11.

, ed.

, eds. Wolf- gang Behringer and Bernd Roeck (Munich, 1999), pp. 66-72.

Pro (Caracas, 2002), pp. 94-96.

in , 116 (2014), (Straubing,

Mitchell, William J.,

, 29 (1976) 4, pp. 339-341.

- 45 -

Steinmetzkunst’, in – , ed. Thomas W. Gaehtgens (Berlin, 1993),

Ausstellung im Landesmuseum für Technik und Arbeit in Mannheim (Mannheim, 1999a).

Architektur (Weimar, 1999b).

, (Petersberg, 2005).

( Mark T. Bolas (San Jose, 1997), pp. 297-307.

Presence journal, 15 (2006)

– Design Research in Asia, (Cyberjaya, Malaysia, 2002), pp. 309-316.

zur Form, II: Der Virtuelle Steinmetz’, , 12 (1991), pp. 120-133.

Reilly, Paul, ‘Three-dimensional modelling and primary archaeological data’, in , eds. Paul Reilly and Paul Rahtz (London, 1992), pp. 147-173.

(Munich, 1967).

- 46 -

Reuther, Hans, ‘Wesen und Wandel des deutschen Architekturmodells’, in Deutsche Architek , eds. Hans Reuther and Ekhart Berckenhagen (Berlin, 1994), pp. 11-13.

Ronchi, Alfredo M, (Berlin and Heidelberg, 2009).

Rooney, Joe and Steadman, Philip (eds.),

Seebohm, Thomas, ‘A Possible Palladian Villa’, in Proceedings (Los Angeles, 1991), pp. 135-166.

Steele, James, (Munich, 2001).

Stenvert, Ronald, (Utrecht, 1991).

, 5

Sutherland, Ivan Edward, , Technical Report,

1, ed. J.D. Wilcock, published in 9 (1973), pp. 17-21.

- 47 -

provided by Egon Heller, Architectura Virtualis GmbH.

net/dudley/sharrington01.htm (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

net/dudley/sharrington01.htm (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

net/dudley/chapel.htm (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

net/dudley/chapel.htm (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

Digital Ro 02.02.2015).

-

- Projects/trajans_forum.htm (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

1 - - - the last 25 years was published by the architects Marc Grellert and Mieke Pfarr-Harfst in 2014 (Grellert and Pfarr-Harfst 2014). 2 3 4 5 6 7 9- 10 11 12 13 14 15

- 49 -

16 17- - : [last update: 04.03.2004] (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 19 20: [last Update: 04.03.2004] (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 29 30 CAA since 1973, which have been published online on the website of the CAA: - ence.org/ (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 31 ac.uk/project12.html [state of 12.03.2012], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 32 33 , (last accessed on 02.02.2015) and see the project de- - Reilly 1992, esp.: pp. 152-154. 34 kcl.ac.uk/project12.html [state 12.03.2012], (last accessed on 02.02.2015) and see Reilly 1992, p. 152. 35 36 ac.uk/project12.html-

- 50 -

- ologist Paul Reilly: Reilly 1992, esp.: pp. 152-154. 37 ac.uk/project12.html [state 12.03.2012], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57- 59 60 61 62 63 64 the problems in art history see ibid. 65 66 67

- 51 -

69 70 71 72 work on the city of Heusden: Alkhoven 1993. 73 74 see Alkhoven 1993. 75 76 77 79 the website of ARCH+: , last accessed on - ley Castle: Boland and Johnson 1996. - (last accessed on 02.02.2015). Collins et al. 1995. 90: com/ [State of 1. August 2013], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 91 92 93 [state from 1. August 2013], (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

- 52 -

94 state of can be found on the website , which was created by the CVRLab of the UCLA from 2002 to 2005: (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 95 [state from 1. August 2013], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 96- 97 - - 99 100 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). Most of the conference proceedings, which have been published since 1973, are available online on the website of the CAA: (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 101 (last accesseded on the 02.02.2015). For 102 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 103 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 104 - al_Design_in_Europe [State: 27.01.2015, 19:04], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 105eCAADe see the website of the : (last accessed on at Wikipedia: - ed_Architectural_Design_in_Europe [state: 27.01.2015, 19:04], (last accessed on 02.02.2015). Among the CAADRIA founded in Asia in 1996, and in the Arabic-speaking world, founded in 2001 (see ibid). 106eCAADe www.ecaade.org/ (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 107: (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 1990s can be found in: Paranandi and Sarawgi 2002, pp. 314-315.

- 53 -

109 (last accessed on 02.02.2015) and Steele 110- ects of the VRLab at the Los Angeles UCLA (see: , last accessed on 02.02.2015). About the history of the CVRLab see website of the (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 111 of the University of California at Los Angeles UCLA: (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 112 113 114 of the University of California at Los Angeles UCLA: (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 115 at the University of California at Los Angeles UCLA: (last ibid. 116- (last accessed on 02.02.2015) and website of EVA London: about-eva-london (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 117 119 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 120- lin.de/eva-berlin/archiv/archiv1996.html (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 121 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 122 (last accessed on 02.02.2015). 123 Italy: (last accessed on 02.02.2015) and VSMM 2014 in Hong Kong: www.vsmm2014.org/ (last accessed on 02.02.2015).

- 54 - PALATIUM e-Publication 3

Virtual Palaces, Part II Lost Palaces and their Afterlife Virtual Reconstruction between Science and Media

Edited by Stephan Hoppe & Stefan Breitling

With the assistance of Heike Messemer

PALATIUM München 2016 PALATIUM e Volume 3 Series Editors: Krista De Jonge and Pieter Martens

Published in the same series: Vol. 1 The Habsburgs and their Courts in Europe, 1400–1700 Edited by Herbert Karner, Ingrid Ciulisová and Bernardo J. García García (2014)

Vol. 2 Edited by Pieter Martens, with the assistance of Heike Messemer (2016)

, 2010-2015.

The was established in 1974 to pro- PALATIUM Science Fund (FWF) Austrian Academy of (ÖAW) Research (GACR) Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR) Danish - - for Science and Technology, Portugal (FCT) Slovak Academy of Scienc- es (SAV) Slovak Agency (APVV) Carlos de services. Swedish Research Council (VR).

The PALATIUM workshop Bamberg.

Copyright: distributed under the same license. Copyright is retained by the authors.

Cover image: of the surrounding area, as it is today. Breitling/Buba/Fuhrmann/Uni Bamberg 2012, building research by Burandt

Cover design: Heike Messemer.