Bureau of Land Management

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The Bureau of Land Management's Junior Explorer program introduces young explorers like you to the lands and resources the BLM manages. This activity book focuses on the unique geology and biological diversity found within the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument.

Rough-Skinned Newt

You can work through the activities on your own or invite a sibling, parent, or another adult you know to join you. After you complete the activities, go to page 21 in the book and say the Junior Explorer pledge, sign the certificate, and you're on your way to exploring and protecting America's public lands. We hope you have fun exploring and learning about this unique area and the wide variety of plants and animals that call it home!

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You're probably wondering, "what is biodiversity?" Well, it's the scientific term for lots of different living things. And here at the Monument, we have an amazing variety of plants and animals!

Five different ecoregions come together here. You can think of an ecoregion as a place where certain plants and animals live based on soil-type, temperature, rainfall, and elevation. These five ecoregions are the ingredients in our recipe for biodiversity.

Cascade Range

Great Basin Desert

Serra Nevada Mountains

Klamath Mountains

Siskiyou Mountains

Cascade Range Great Basin Desert Sierra Nevada Mountains Klamath Mountains Siskiyou Mountains 4 BIODIVERSITY WORD SEARCH

These are just a few of the species that can be found within the Monument. Now, see if you can find them!

N 0 R T H E R N G 0 S H A W K K N T U P P H W S R E b B A N b T R 0 U T G T F R ft R u z C y R V F 0 F b V u F R S T S I M 0 u N T A I N M A H 0 G A N y 0 S G £ T U c R F S R y E H S N £ I X s Q b b K y G c K A L H L G R E A T G R A y 0 W L M H H E W T T R E E F R 0 G M G M u L y & S I B Q R T Z G T H B S M R E R G b p s K c L X G E L H y F L R E G B B L K E A r K A W L K N e E W R P J V R E A A A L N A C e W 0 P w s L I I W L U A S N R A N b K s H M M I T N E G T R s V F G G M e E B F e N M s U y A K T I H E I A A A b E E F j F I J E L b K Q U L R R R C N N M A R D 0 N S K r p P E R b L 0 0 T b e y R M A R A P 0 s A L I L y K A 0 U e w K L W J C 0 L U M B I N E L b M R s R T L I T T I E B R 0 W N B A T F R A y y J e N N y C R E E K S U C K E R b T Q Q S B 0 P A c I F I £ F I 5 H E R K R F

BEAVER ROCK WREN DOUGLAS FIR JENNY CREEK SUCKER MARAPOSA LILY NORTHERN GOSHAWK PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS CHICKADEE SALAMANDER RATTLESNAKE MARDON SKIPPER SCARLET FRITILLARY BLACK BEAR ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT GREAT GRAY OWL KANGAROO RAT COLUMBINE TREEFROG REDBAND TROUT MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY PACIFIC FISHER LITTLE BROWN BAT SAGEBRUSH JUNIPER 5 ^I^JCOOTS BEEN MUimQ iT FOit xui&itS

You've probably heard the words, "be safe, be responsible, be respectful" at school, right? Well, the seven principles of Leave No Trace are very similar.

By following these seven simple rules you can help preserve the biodiversity that makes the Monument such a special place.

The Seven Leave No Trace Principles for Kids

• Know Before You Go • Choose the Right Path • Trash Your Trash • Leave What You Find • Be Careful With Fire • Respect Wildlife • Be Kind to Other Visitors

To learn more about the Leave No Trace Principles take the LNT interactive online course for kids, go to PEAK Online at https-7lnt.org/teach/peak/peakonline 6 Beavers are a keystone species. A keystone species affects many other organisms in an ecosystem, and helps to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. Beavers create and protect biodiversity by creating wetlands. The wetlands they create then become home to many other plants, animals, and birds who depend on the beaver for their own survival.

BOX-O RANCH After being gone for decades, beavers have returned to Jenny Creek. The BLM and others have worked hard to restore riparian areas along Jenny Creek in and around the old Box-O Ranch. The absence of cattle, riparian restoration efforts, and less human activity, have made Jenny Creek a wonderful habitat for beavers, redband trout, and the Jenny Creek Sucker. It's also a great place for birding!

INTERESTING BEAVER FAQS: • Beavers live in lodges, not dams • Beavers can swim almost twice as fast as an Olympic swimmer (that's impressive!) • Beavers don't eat wood, they eat cambium. Cambium is the juicy nutrient filled tree layer below the bark • Beavers' ability to change the landscape is second only to humans Beaver Lodge 7 FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, SPACE These are the four things that all living things require; food to eat, water to drink, shelter for safety, and space to grow and live. Match the animals in the center column with the food they need in the left column and their habitat in the right column. There may be more than one correct answer. Draw an animal of your choice in the blank box, and see if you can identify its food and habitat!

FOOD ANIMAL HABITAT

Ant Black Bear City

Redband Pileated Trout Woodpecker Meadow

Grey Sbuirrel Human Forest

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Great Gray Blackberries Owf\ Stream \

Redband Hamburger Trout Snag

Draw Draw Draw Your Your Your Choice Choice Choice

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Many animals are hard to see because they're so well camouflaged. Some only come out at night, meaning they're nocturnal. Many animals also make an effort to avoid humans and disappear before we have a chance to see them. This is discouraging if you're out looking for wildlife, but you can always find evidence that an animal has been there. Hike like a detective, look for clues such as scat, fur, feathers, and tracks.

Tracks found in the mud or sand can help us understand what kind of animals live in a certain area, how many animals live in an area, and even which direction they're traveling.

Can you discover who left these tracks behind? Write the name of the correct animal below their tracks.

Black Bear

1. 2.

Grey Squirrel

3. 4.

Golden Eagle What is a beaver's adaptation to living both on land and in the water?

HINT: study it's tracks!

Coyote

5.

GO FOE THE GOLD! Math Challenge Problem

Imagine that in a particular part of the Monument there are both salamanders and bluejays. Together there are 78 feet and 27 heads. How many salamanders and bluejays live in this part of the Monument? 19 Sometimes called the Phantom of the North, the great grey owl is the world's longest owl. Their large facial disks, known as "ruffs", focus sound and assist them in hunting.

10 An amazing 202 bird species have been reported from the Monument! Here, many birds are found near the edge of their range. A bird's range is how far north, south, east, or west they call home. For example, the blue-grey gnat catcher and California towhee are at the edge of their northern range, meaning that you wouldn't be likely to find those birds further north than the Monument.

Northern Goshawk

Spell the scrambled bird names correctly in the boxes on the right. The circled letters can then be correctly placed to complete the final phrase below.

WOCKOEREDP

TUULERV

EETWHO

HXWA

WSLALWO

EMAPIG

A \ WORC There are at least 111 butterfly species present in the Monument. When you consider that there are only 162 known species in all of Oregon, the Monument has a pretty amazing assortment of butterflies! Butterflies are good indicators of plant diversity since the caterpillars of individual species only feed on specific plants, called host plants.

Let's take a look at a few host plants, the caterpillars that depend on them, and the butterflies those caterpillars become.

Butterfly or moth- what's the difference?

• Butterflies tend to be active during the day. Moths are usually more active at night. Pacific Madrone Caterpillar Blue Azure

• Butterflies usually have brightly- colored wings. Moths are generally drab in color.

• Butterflies will rest with their wings folded up above their bodies. Moths rest with their wings down at their sides or tented over their Oceanspray Caterpillar Pale Tiger Swallowtail backs.

• Butteflies have thin antennae that are clubbed at the ends. Moths have feather-like antannae.

• Butterflies have slender, smooth bodies. Moths often have stout, hairy, or furry-looking bodies.

Wild Strawberry Caterpillar Two-Banded Checkered Skipper

• Can you identify the butterfly?

Douglas Spirea Caterpillar Mourning Cloak

12 BUTTERFLY COLORING PUGE

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Vol. MMXIV No. 1 STORIED CAST " DRIG! iT EDTURE ONE-EYED CHARLEY'S BIG SECRET man-known for her colorful language and nights at much of this scandalous discovery but the facts the saloon. She could break a man's nose in a fight could not be denied. She held her own as one of Hard Living as fast as she could break a rowdy horse, and was the West's most colorful characters and finest rumored to have shot and killed at least one bandit stagecoach drivers. Catches Up who tried to rob her coach. With Stage Applegate Trail Coach Legend Opens at Last No stranger to the Siskiyous, Charley Parkhurst was one of the most famous stagecoach drivers in history. Charley was actually short for Charlotte, but it was a secret she kept until her death. Born in Vermont, she was orphaned at an early age but later dressed as a boy to escaped the orphanage. She found the masquerade opened a lot of doors that She may have also been the first woman to vote in were closed to girls and women in early California. She proudly registered to vote in 1868 in 19th century America. She worked as a order to support Ulysses S. Grant's bid for U.S. stable hand before moving west and President. But inl879 her hard living lifestyle caught adopting the rough and tumble lifestyle up with her. It wasn't until then that her secret was as a stagecoach driver, where she became known by all. At the funeral home, the mortician In 1843 Charles, Jesse, and Lindsay Applegate known as One Eyed Charlie. She was made an unexpected discovery; One-Eyed Charlie, led their families west along the Oregon Trail as tough and gruff as any pioneer was really a woman. Newspapers at the time made from Missouri to what was then known as Oregon Country. It was a long hard journey, and a particularly sad one for the Applegates. Two Old Reelfoot of the Applegate children were lost on the journey down the Columbia River. The harships Strikes Again! they faced along the way influenced the family to find an easier and safer way to the Willamette Just to mention the name of "Old Valley. Reelfoot," the grizzly, back in the 1870s and '80s, was enough to raise Jesse and Lindsay, along with Levi Scott and a the hair on a brave man's neck-and host of others, began the task of finding to make the frontier women call a more southerly route to Oregon in 1846. At their kids inside their log cabins Fort Hall, Idaho, the new route departed and drop the bar across the door. from the Oregon trail and headed south along "Old Reelfoot" was one of the the Humbolt River before passing through the worst stock-killing grizzlies the Black Rock Desert in present-day Nevada. The West has ever known—crafty, and trail then entered into nothern California with immense strength, he would fell before crossing into southern Oregon. It a cow with one blow, and eat his fill. followed Keene Creek to the Siskiyou Mountains, For 20 years, from 1870 to 1890, Old then followed the Rogue River and headed north Reelfoot killed literally hundreds of towards their final destination: the Willamette cattle. Valley. With a combined bounty of The trail led weary travelers to the Green- nearly $1700 on his head, Reelfoot springs, located in the heart of the monument. was no stranger to being hunted but Springs, green glades, lush meadows, and shady on April 10, 1890, Reelfoot's luck ran towering forests were a welcome relief. out. Stock-man Bill Wright had Tub Springs, now maintained by the Oregon sworn revenge after his prized bull State Parks and Recreation Department, still was killed. He and Purl Bean finally flows today, providing modern travelers with caught up with the giant bear and the same plentiful fresh source of water it once shot him near Pilot Rock. provided to settlers traveling the Applegate 14 Trail. PILOT ROCK OREGONS VERY OWN DEVILS TOWER

Important both historically and geologically, Pilot Rock stands out as one of the most striking features of the Monument. It rises 570' to an elevation of 5,910'. It is popular with hikers and rock climbers, and provides important habitat for peregrine falcons.

The remnant of an ancient volcano, Pilot Rock is visible from much of the Shasta Valley in northern California and parts of the Rogue Valley in southern Oregon. Over time, the exterior volcano-eroded away, leaving behind the impressive columnar basalt of the ancient volcano's central 'vent. Fossil sites near Pilot Rock contain leaf impressions and conifer cones that became embedded in volcanic ash beds 25-35 million years ago.

Pilot Rock, like Ship Rock in New Mexico and Devils Tower in Wyoming,.is considered to be a volcanic neck or plug. It was exposed after the sedimentary rocks eroded and fell away.

PEREGRINE FALCON FACTS.

• Like hawks and eagles, falcons are raptors • They are sometimes called duck hawks • They are the fastest flying bird in the world-diving at speeds up to 200 mph! • Peregrine falcons eat other birds such as songbirds and ducks, as well as bats • They catch their prey in mid-air • There are an estimated 1650 breeding pairs in the United States and Canada • Peregrine falcons are found on every continent except Antarctica

16 s4e YOU'LL NEED: A volcano - talk to an adullt about making a volcano out of paper mache, plaster, or salt dough. You can also use clay, or if you Ye in a hurry to make your volcano, use a mound of dirt outside. A small container... something about the size of a 3oz. paper cup Red and yellow food coloring. This is optional and not recommended for indoor eruptions! Vinegar Liquid dish washing soap 3 TYPES OF VOLCANO STRUCTURES WHAT TO DO: Shield volcanoes are large • Go outside or prepare for some clean-up inside structures with long, gentle • Put the paper cup into the volcano at the top slopes built up almost entirely from fluid lava flows. This type • Add two tablespoons of baking soda of volcano is built slowly and • Add one tablespoon of dish soap can have multiple vents. Their lava is the most fluid and they • Add four drops each of red and yellow food coloring are the least explosive type of volcano. In addition to being here on planet eart, they can NOW FOR THE ERUPTION! also be observed on Mars! • Add about an ounce (1 /3 of a paper cup) of vinegar into the cup and-watch your volcano come alive.

Composite volcanoes are also known as stratovolcanoes. This type of volcano is cone shaped with steep, bare slopes and a branched vent. Magma is HOW DOES IT WORK? emiitted from a reservoir deep in the earth's crust. These A volcano is produced over thousands of years as heat a explosive volcanoes are the pressure build up. That aspect of a volcano is very difficult type that make up the Cascade Range. to recreate in a home experiment. However, this volcano will give you an idea of what it might look like when a volcano erupts flowing lava. This is a classic experiment in which a chemical reaction can create the appearance of a physical volcano eruption. Look at pictures of volcanoes Qnder cone volcanoes are to be familiar with the different types. (A shield volcano, the simplest of volcano . structures and are prevalent ( for example, is the most common kind of volcano, and yet in western North America. They few people know about them) The reaction will bubble up are typically small in size and very steep; made up of lots of and flow down the side like a real volcano (only much rocks and ash. Lava is blown into faster!) Look for videos of volcanoes erupting and be sure the air where it cools and solidifies into small rocks or that you understand how heat and pressure work to really cinders. make volcanoes erupt. MAKE IT AN EXPERIMENT The project above is a demonstration; to make it a true experiment answer these questions: • Does vinegar temperature affect how fast the volcano erupts? • Does the shape of the volcano affect the direction the eruption travels? • What can be added to the "lava" to slow it down and make it more like real lava? • What combination of vinegar and baking soda creates the biggest eruption? 17 HOW THE PEOPLE GOT ARROWHEADS A SHASTA LEGEND

In the days when the first people lived, they used to go hunting with arrows that had pine-bark points. They did not know where to get obsidian, or they would have used it, for obsidian makes a sharp, deadly point which always killed the animals that were shot.

Ground Squirrel was the only one that knew that Obsidian Old Man lived on Medicine Lake, and one day he set out to steal some obsidian. Taking a basket filled with roots, he went into Obsidian Old Man's house and offered him some. Obsidian Old Man ate the roots and liked them so much that he sent Ground Squirrel out to get more. While Ground Squirrel was digging for them, Grizzly Bear came along.

"Sit down," Grizzly Bear said. "Let me sit in your lap. Feed me those roots by the handful."

Ground Squirrel was very much afraid of huge Grizzly Bear, so he did as he was told. Grizzly Bear gobbled the roots and got up. "Obsidian Old Man's mother cleaned roots for someone," he said as he went away.

Ground Squirrel returned to Obsidian Old Man, but there were only a few roots left to give him. Ground Squirrel told him what Grizzly Bear had done and what he had said as he departed. Obsidian Old Man was extremelyr anqra yJ at the insult to his dead mother. - "Tomorrow we will both go find roots," he said.

So early the next morning they set off. Obsidian Old Man hid near the place where Ground Squirrel started digging. Soon Ground Squirrel's basket was filled, and then along came Grizzly Bear.

"You dug all those for me!" he said. "Sit down!"

Ground Squirrel sat down, as he had the day before, and fed Grizzly Bear roots by the handful. But just then Grizzly Bear saw Obsidian Old Man draw near, and the bear got up to fight. At each blow, a great slice of the grizzly's flesh was cut off by the sharp obsidian. Grizzly Bear kept fighting until he was all cut to pieces, and then he fell dead. So Ground Squirrel and Obsidian Old Man went home and ate all the roots and were happy. Early next morning, Obsidian Old Man awakened by Ground Squirrel's groaning.

"I am sick. I am bruised because that great fellow sat upon me. Really, I am sick," he was groaning.

Obsidian Old Man was sorry for Ground Squirrel. "I'll go and get wood," he said to himself. "But I'll watch him, for he may be fooling me. These people are very clever."

So he went out for wood, and on the way he thought, "I had better go back and look."

18 When he crept back softly and peeped in, he saw Ground Squirrel lying there, groaning. "He is really sick!" Obsidian Old Man said to himself, and went off in earnest, this time for wood.

But Ground Squirrel was very clever; he had been fooling all the time. As soon as Obsidian Old Man was far away, he got up. Taking all the obsidian points and tying them up in a bundle, he ran off.

As soon as Obsidian Old Man returned, he missed Ground Squirrel. He dropped the wood, ran after him, and almost caught him but Ground Squirrel ran into a hole in the ground. As he went, he kicked the earth into the eyes of the old man, who was digging fast, trying to catch him.

After a while, Obsidian Old Man gave up and left. Ground Squirrel came out the other end of the hole, crossed the lake, and went home.

He emptied the bundle of points on the ground and distributed them to everyone. All day long the people worked, tying them onto arrows. They threw away all the old bark points, and when they were hunting they used the new arrow points and killed a great many deer.

Oral tradion is when the customs and history of a people are handed down through speaking instead of writing. In the case of the Native Americans, this is often in the form of story telling. Though many stories are entertaining, they serve to teach as much as they do to entertain. It's important to always honor the story regardless of it's purpose.

Many Native American stories are considered sacred, and are not told in social situations, or by just anyone. They might be shared by a respected elder to a person who has reached a certain age as a rite of passage. Other stories are traditionally told during the long winter nights to entertain both children and adults. These stories are full of colorful characters; often the animals and that connect the people to the earth. Even in these entertaining stories there are lessons to be learned. It's impoertant to honor the story

NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY WITHIN THE MONUMENT

The lands within the Monument were formerly inhabited by the Takelma Indians. The Shasta and Klamath Indian Tribes also utilized the area. Following the Rogue Indian Wars in 1856, surviving Takelma and Shasta Indians were relocated to reservations in northern Oregon, where their descendants are members of two federally recognized tribes; the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz. Shasta natives also managed to survive south of the border in California; descendants of the Shasta Indians are federally recognized as the Quartz Valley Rancheria.

19 My family and I were on the vacation ever. We decided to visit Cascade- adjective

Siskiyou National Monument in southern Oregon. As we were driving towards Hyatt Lake the most

thing happened, we saw a(n) . It was adjective animal adjective When we got to the campground I went straight to the . We looked place (outdoors)

at the wildflowers and and I got to see a(n) butterfly. It was really adjective adjective

We must have seen different butterflies, and I even found a few number adjective

wild strawberries growing. They were I adjective

The next day we decided to hike a section of the Pacific Crest Trail. We packed some

and plenty of and headed for Hobart Bluff. There were a lot of food liquid in the trees and everywhere. I saw the tracks of a(n) plural noun plural noun

which was pretty cool. The hike was and the views were animal adjective

. even saw a golden eagle soaring overhead. adjective person

When we returned to camp I was ready to do some fishing. I tied a(n) on noun

to my line and cast into the lake. I felt a tug and reeled in a inch trout." " number exclamation

I exclaimed, "that is the fish I ever saw!" We decided to take it back to camp for adjective

dinner. cooked it over the fire with some and , name food food

it was delicious.

We awoke early the next morning and packed up camp, it was time to drive back to

. I can't wait to return again next , what a fun trip! place season 20 BUREAU OF LAMB MANAGEMENT

CASCADE-SISKIYOU NATIONAL MONUMENT

As a Bureau of Land Management Junior Explorer, I promise to:

• do all I can to help preserve and protect the natural and cultural resources on our public lands, H 4 &f • be aware of how my actions can affect other living things and the evidence of our past, • keep learning about the importance of nature and our heritage, and

• share what I have learned with others!

Date Explorer Signature GLOSSARY & KEY

Adaptation • a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment Biodiversity • the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem Biology • the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields Cambium • a cellular plant tissue Camouflaged • an animal's natural coloring or form that enables it to blend in with its surroundings Central Vent • the place in the earth's surface from where lava and gas are erupted Chemical Reaction • a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance Columnar Basalt • volcanic rock that shows the vertical cracks or fracturing formed by rapid cooling Conifer • a tree that bears cones and evergreen needlelike or scalelike leaves Diversity • a range of different things Ecoregion • a major ecosystem defined by distinctive geography and receiving uniform solar radiation and moisture Ecosystem • a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment Elevatoion • the height above a given level, esp. sea level Environment • the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Erosion • the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents Geology • the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it Habtat • the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism Host • an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives Igneous Rook • rock having solidified from lava or magma Indicator Species • an animal or plant species that can be used to infer conditions in a particular habitat Keystone Species • a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically Landscape • all the visible features of an area of countryside or land Lava • hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this Lodge • a beaver's den Nocturnal • done, occurring, or active at night Nutrient • a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life Oral Tradition • the cultural and historical traditions passed from one generation to the next by word of mouth without written instructions Organism • an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form Rancherla • (in Spanish America and the western US) a small Indian settlement Range • the area over which a thing, esp. a plant or animal, is distributed Restoration • the action of returning something to a former condition Reservation • an area of land set aside for occupation by North American Indians Riparian • of or relating to wetlands adjacent to rivers and streams Sedimentary Rock • rock that has formed from sediment deposited by water or air Snag • a dead tree Soil-type • how soil is defined based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in its make-up Topography • the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area Volcanic Ash • the tiny particles of rock, minerals, and volcanic glass created during volcanic eruptions Volcanic Plug • a column of igneous rock formed by cooled lava in the central vent of a volcano; later exposed by erosion Wetland • land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land

Wilderness Area • a region where the land is in natural state; where impacts from human activities are minimal MATH CHALLENGE PROBLEM

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The Bureau of Land Management's National Conservation Lands include many national monuments in nine western states. These national monuments encompass landscapes of tremendous beauty and diversity, ranging from rugged California coastline to vividly-hued desert canyons.

National monuments are currently managed by agencies including the National Park Service, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Land Management. Some of the BLM-managed national monuments are pictured below.

Where will you explore next?

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U.S. Department of the Interior • Bureau of Land Management • Medford District roIJ'^FPVATiON 3040 Biddle Rd. Medford, OR 97504 • ph. 541 -618-2200 LANDS