THE ART of MUSIC in GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911: a CASE for ROBERT CARVOR AS the ANONYMOUS SCOT
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ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: THE ART OF MUSIC IN GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911: A CASE FOR ROBERT CARVOR AS THE ANONYMOUS SCOT Debra Marion Livant Nakos, Master of Arts, 2020 Thesis directed by: Professor Barbara H. Haggh-Huglo Department of Music GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, the sole source of an anonymous music treatise, The Art of Music, is among the few manuscripts to have survived the Scottish Reformation. In answer to the puzzle of its authorship, masters of song schools in Edinburgh or Aberdeen have been proposed. A new reading of the text places the date of its creation between 1559 and 1567 and leads to a revised profile of the author, which, as is demonstrated here, the Scottish composer Robert Carvor (1487/8 – c. 1568) uniquely matches. Further supporting Carvor as the author of the treatise is its inclusion of a section of Carvor’s Missa L’homme armé and of a caricature strikingly similar to one found in the Carvor Choirbook (GB-En MS Adv. 5.1.15), where Carvor’s compositions bear his signature. An Appendix includes the first English translation of the rules of faburden, which are unique to The Art of Music (f.94r-f.112r). THE ART OF MUSIC IN GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911: A CASE FOR ROBERT CARVOR AS THE ANONYMOUS SCOT By Debra Marion Livant Nakos Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2020 Advisory Committee: Professor Barbara H. Haggh-Huglo, Chair Professor William Robin Professor J. Lawrence Witzleben © Copyright by Debra Marion Livant Nakos 2020 Dedication To my parents, in loving memory and gratitude ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Barbara Haggh-Huglo for her inspiration, her stimulating teaching, and the many hours she has spent patiently guiding me. Her love of early music and scholarship is contagious. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Thomas DeLio for his encouragement and belief that I could return to my studies after such an extended absence. I would also like to thank the faculty of the University of Maryland Music Department for welcoming me and providing me with the opportunity to pursue my dream. Lastly, I thank my family, especially my sons, for listening without complaint to every discovery or problem, and my husband, for his unwavering love and support through all. iii Table of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations and Permissions .......................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 The Scottish Art of Music between Destruction and Survival .......................... 7 1.1 GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911 ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 The Course of the Reformation in Scotland ....................................................... 11 1.3 Surviving Pre-Reformation Music Manuscripts ................................................ 17 Chapter 2 The Art of Music: Origin and Authorship ...................................................... 26 2.1 Locating The Art of Music’s Origin ................................................................... 26 2.2 Dating the Manuscript: Clues to the Author’s Religion and Age ..................... 29 2.3 Exploring Significant Characteristics of the Music Examples........................... 32 2.4 Linking The Art of Music and the Carvor Choirbook ........................................ 37 2.5 Proposing Candidates for Authorship of The Art of Music ................................ 45 Chapter 3 The Case for Robert Carvor ............................................................................ 49 3.1 Robert Carvor’s Biography ................................................................................ 49 3.2 Robert Carvor as the Anonymous Scot .............................................................. 57 3.3 The Survival of The Art of Music ....................................................................... 60 Chapter 4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 66 Appendix: English Translation of the Rules of Faburden in The Art of Music ............... 69 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 81 iv List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Scotland ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 2 The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.102v .............................................. 27 Figure 3 “The aucht canon,” The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.23v ................ 33 Figure 4 “The tent canon” and “Canon the levent,” The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.33r ............................................................................................................. 35 Figure 5 The Art of Music example, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.127v ............................... 38 Figure 6 The Carvor Choirbook, GB-En MS Adv. 5.1.15, f.62v ..................................... 38 Figure 7 Embellished letters from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, ff.5r, 14r, and 46r .................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 8 Comparison of faces in The Art of Music and the Carvor Choirbook ................ 40 Figure 9 Comparison of embellished letters ..................................................................... 41 Figure 10 Comparison of handwriting .............................................................................. 42 Figure 11 Comparison of letters ....................................................................................... 44 Figure 12 Illustration of Rule 7, Faburden Type 1, from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.95r ...................................................................................................... 73 Figure 13 Example of Faburden Type 1 from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.95v ...................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 14 Example of Faburden Type 2 from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.103r ..................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 15 Illustration of Rule 1, Faburden Type 3, from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.103v ................................................................................................... 76 Figure 16 Example of Faburden Type 3 from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.103v .................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 17 Example of Faburden Type 3 from The Art of Music (cont.), GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.104r ........................................................................................................... 78 Figure 18 Beginning of an example of Faburden Type 4 from The Art of Music, GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911, f.104v........................................................................................... 80 v Abbreviations and Permissions D-W MS 628 Helmstedt Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, MS 628 Helmstedt GB-A MS 28 Aberdeen, University Library, MS 28 GB-En MS Adv. 5.1.15 Scone Antiphonary; Carvor Choirbook. Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MS Adv. 5.1.15, digital images in the public domain GB-Eu MS 64 Dunkeld Antiphonary, Edinburgh, University Library, MS 64 GB-Eu MS Dk.5.14-15 St. Andrews Psalter or Wode Partbooks, Edinburgh, University Library, Dk.5.14-15 GB-Eu MS La III. 483 St. Andrews Psalter or Wode Partbooks, Edinburgh, (a)-(c) University Library, MS La III. 483 (a)-(c) GB-Lbl Add. MS 4911 The Art of Music Collecit Out of All Ancient Doctouris of Music. London, British Library, Add. MS 4911, ©British Library, digital images used with permission GB-Lbl Add. MS 33933 Wode Partbooks, London, British Library, Add. MS 33933 GB-WRec MS 178 Windsor, Eton College Library, MS 178 I-La MS 238 Lucca, Archivio di Stato, MS 238 IRL-Dtc MS 412 St. Andrews Psalter or Wode Partbooks, Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS 412 US-Wgu MS 10 St. Andrews Psalter or Wode Partbooks, Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Library, MS 10 VC-Vbc MS 14 Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Cappella Sistina 14 VC-Vbc MS 19 Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Cappella Sistina 19 vi Introduction The history of sixteenth-century Scottish sacred music suffers from a lack of sources of music and musicians’ names, and of the uneven survival of archival documentation. In 1501, James IV of Scotland reorganized the Chapel Royal at Stirling by establishing sixteen canonicates and six boy clerics “trained in song.”1 Presumably, this chapel was expected to sing polyphony regularly, but only two manuscripts of