ANNEXES O R September 2010 O R

IN SEARCH OF PROTECTION AND LIVELIHOODS

Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of Dadaab Refugee Camps on Host Communities ANNEXES o R September 2010 o R

S Y S S A S B A B M E M

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S H I S N I A N D A

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Y A Y O Republic of Kenya R O Republic of Kenya R 2 Annexes Annex S:Staticwaterlevels,selectedcampboreholes (1992-2009) Annex R:Borehole data Annex Q:Chartsshowingrangelandsamplingsurveyresults Annex P:Forest plotsummarydata Annex O:Somaliandbotanicaltree speciesnames Annex N:Impactsrelated togenderandage Annex M:Socialinfrastructure/social services Annex L:Firewood, building materialcollectionandenergysupply Annex K:SoilsoftheDadaabarea Annex J:Environmental assessment methodologies Annex I:SPSSanalysisofresponse to Annex H:SPSSanalysisfullpercentages Annex G:Qualitativequestionnaire Annex F:Quantitativequestionnaire Annex E:Listofdocumentsconsulted Annex D:Listofpeoplemet Annex C:Studyitinerary Annex B:Studytermsofreference Annex A:Dadaabhostcommunityinitiatives List ofannexes

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...... quantitative questionnaires

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...... 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 8 7 7 7 3 7 6 5 4 3 0 7 6 8 0 5 0 6 2 9 8 9 3 s 3UPPORT #ONTROL ¬s ¬s %NVIRONMENTAL ¬s 4HE ¬s 0RODUCTION s Project activitiescomprise: the host-communityareas. to also expanded been has activity the (2008-09) Later outside. activity limited was there while refugeearoundcamps, the and environmentin problemsmitigating mostly was RESCUE first At chief as identified then were livestock contributors tothedegradation. of number large the and material fencing and building degradation environmental emerging the problems connected with the refugee camps in the area. address The unsustainable harvest of firewood, to 1993 in created was and Cooperation), Technicalof Institute (German GTZ through run is program The land. regenerate to green-belts of creation and distribution firewood including projects several of up made Dadaab, in program (RESCUE) Education and Utilization Conservation, Supply, Energy Rational a initiated UNHCR 1. RESCUE(UNHCR–GTZ) Annex A:Dadaabhostcommunity initiatives s 3UPPORT ¬s s 0RODUCTION 3UPPORT ¬s ¬s s 3UPPORT ¬s omnt ad NC-T o te ucae rc fr rwo, u i nw xetd to expected now is but firewood, for price resume. purchase host- the the between on disagreements UNHCR-GTZ of and because 2009 community in halted was component project This an amountofmoneywhich isinsertedmainlyintothelocaleconomy. in increased unit costs due to transport element. The cost of this project is USD 600 000 annually, dead wood is collected although the distance is extended far from the camp over 50km resulting team of around 20 people made up of a both refugees employing and members contractor of each the host transporters, communities. Only 100 and gatherers 100 are there GTZ to According The firewood balanceissourced locallyfrom areas around thecamps. kg. 10 of delivery the for contractors the to werepaid 70 KSh programthroughand arethis met the collection and for transport of firewood. Using 0.7 kg/person/day as a guide 30% of members refugees needs community host to awarded contracts include benefits term Short tensions. The RESCUE projects hold clear benefits to the local community and consequently help to abate

Organized procurement anddistributionoffirewood totherefugees. use ofnaturalresources. Promotion of natural regeneration through live fencing of affected vegetation and sustainable community. livelihood activities. division environmental committees. banks. community around thecamps andupto100kmawayfrom thecamps. ESTABLISHMENT OF TO TO TO TO 0ROSOPSIS HOST COMMUNITY AND THE AND HOST COMMUNITY HOST COMMUNITY EDUCATION FUNCTIONING DISSEMINATION PROVISION OF GREENBELTS mathenge #!2% OF OF IN IN IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSORTED OF PRACTICING ). EXCAVATION 2!0 ESTABLISHING ENERGY TREE SAVING AGRO FORESTRY OF MANAGEMENT SEEDLINGS GRASS WATER COOKING RESEEDING PANS ACTIVITIES SPECIES STOVES STRUCTURES FOR PLOTS TO DOMESTIC FOR BOTH REFORESTATION FOR SUCH REFUGEES FODDER AND AS LOCATION AGRICULTURAL AND AND TO HOST HOST SEED AND 3 Annexes 4 Annexes h mi ojcie f h Frm a t poie h vros tkhles ih pafr to that platform community local a the by with raised concerns addressing stakeholders for strategy various comprehensive a develop the provide to was Forum the of objective main The officials. elected and representatives community agencies, partner departments, GoK relevant host community and their elected leaders. It was organized by UNHCR and with participation from the and levels) Geneva and Nairobi (Dadaab, officials UNHCR between years the over meetings has beenhostingrefugees intheDadaabcamp. an area of about 40 km radius (5000 km targets It 000. 472 USD of budget a with years, 3 for on go to 2009, July in started project The value chainsofwoodandnon-woodrangelandproducts. and management forest improved through participatoryincreased be will income Household focuses products. resource natural of marketing project new The program. rehabilitation and management environmental (UNHCR/GTZ) RESCUE the by now years 10 over for experienced 2 1 broadThe projectthis of objective host community 2. FAOSupporttoenvironmentrehabilitationofDadaabrefugeeand environmental degradationaround thecamps. camps. The area rehabilitated to date amounts to over 830 ha. However, there is still an ongoing the around vegetation restore to measures addressing communities, host and refugees both to Reforestation through establishment of green belts and household tree planting has been beneficial 2EDUCED )NCREASED s s The objectivescomprise: be will carried outbyUNHCR/GTZwithinaframeworksimilartothecurrentproject one. the of activities day to Day Dadaab. in UNHCR/GTZ of activities environmental the with collaboration close local councils. government Both these institutions government in are already involved in the current Programs Environment District the be will the represent government to central organ The level. local the at programs development Kenya’s of Government the with consistent framework a within implemented be will projectTo sustainability,the ensure sector, CBOs, NGOs,etc. private Institute, research Forestry Kenya Service, Forest Kenya the with collaboration 3USTAINABILITY s in Garissa from 31st March to 2nd April 2009. April 2nd to March 31st from Garissa in held was Concerns Community Host on Forum Stakeholders’ Complex Refugee Dadaab The 3. Forumonhost-communityconcerns project the by generated be will 000 through thecollection,processing andsaleofgumarabicfrom aboutcurrent 50haoftrees. 300 USD of balance A 000. 172 USD only is FAO from budget secured the 000, be 472 USD project is proposed budget total the the Although that Dadaab. effect in only the implemented to made was decision a budget, small the to Owing

The UNHCR stakeholder forum on host-community concerns (2009) The UNHCRstakeholder forumonhost-community concerns camp. FAO Project Document(Milimo,Nairobi January2009) refugee Dadaab the around and in land degraded rehabilitating and managing by livelihoods to Support FORMER PROVIDERS AND ECONOMIC TENSION THE ENSURED COMMUNITIES BETWEEN POTENTIAL BY A 1 is to scale-up the greenbelt establishment lessons learnt and greenbeltthe scale-up to is learnt lessons establishment HOST COMMUNITIES OF DEMAND DRIVEN THEMSELVES WOOD 2 ) around the Dadaab refugee camps, and includes close AND 2 It was the culmination of various consultative various of culmination the was It NON WOOD APPROACH AND REFUGEES PRODUCTS INVOLVING IN BY THE PRIVATE GAINFULLY MARKET SECTOR INVOLVING VALUE SERVICE CHAIN THE The NRC host-population initiative of about USD 0,5 million is small compared to the refugee the program, to which compared is small the main is occupation million (now 0,5 USD USD 11 about million). of The initiative engagement for host-population host-community NRC The CIDA are financingitsrefugee program. Norway,UNHCR, comprising UNICEF,EC, SIDA, WFP,OCHA, Qatar,ECHO, BPRM, and TIDES Donors population. refugee the with 2007 February since Dadaab in operating been has NRC 4. TheNorwegianRefugeeCouncil(NRC) task ofprioritizingwithintheratherextensive“wishing list”from 2009. degreelarger the a to Marchfocusing in 2010, conducted was forum new A implementation. for The status one year after the forum was held is that only few of these projects have been adopted so anoverallbudgetwasnotpresented. werelacking, projectcomponents individual the for estimates Cost commitments. binding make workshop could only indicate areas of possible interest and contribution, and were not prepared to representedthe agencies at the but perspective, years 5 a comprise to supposed was plan The mandates andpolicies. respective their of violation in be would this as communities, hosting refugee the from people to was responded that the represented agencies could not commit themselves to giving preferences the objective of employing more local host-community with persons in agencies, the refugee international programme. Here the it of policy employment the on raised were questions addition In #APACITY #OMMUNICATION s 0OVERTY s (YGIENE s (EALTH s )NFRASTRUCTURE s 3ECURITY s %DUCATION s 7ATER s s Specific initiativeswere definedandlistedforthefollowingsectors: +EY s 'ROUPS from the two districts, CBOs – representatives of the representativesYouth Community Host Groups, included Women They Groups, Forum. the the Disabled in participated people 61 of total A !N (OST s ! s s The Forumagreed on: LWF. NGOs – DRA, (LG), NEMA, ALRMP Local II, Government the Kenya Red Cross, GTZ, CARE and CONSTITUENCIES AND various UN agencies - UNHCR (Dadaab, Nairobi and Geneva), UNEP, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, FAO, )/- ECONOMIC DRAFT AND INDICATION ACTIONS REPRESENTATIVES COMMUNITY THE ENVIRONMENTAL REDUCTION AND BUILDING THE DEVELOPMENT (IROLA IN SANITATION ,AGDERA BY GOING DEVELOPMENT THE 7ILDLIFE OF LOCAL FORWARD OF AGENCIES MANAGEMENT AND PLANS VARIOUS #OMMUNITY ORGANIZATION &Al THAT PLANS ON CONSTITUENCIES GOVERNMENT THE THEY PLAN FOR #ONSERVATION ASPECTS MAY ,AGDERA BE DEPARTMENTS -EMBERS OF INTERESTED AND THE 4RUST &Al PROPOSED OF DISTRICTS ELECTED IN AND 0ARLIAMENT SUPPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL NATIONAL #OUNCILORS REPRESENTATIVES AND FROM INTERNATIONAL AND THE SOCIO TWO OF 5 Annexes 6 Annexes Host Communityinitiatives(USD‘000) also includesayoutheducationpackage. 3 (OST COMMUNITY interests isoutsideNRC’s normallineofwork,andcameasaresult ofincitementfrom UNHCR. on buildingthecapacityof thecommunity. being encouraged. The project also facilitates the community in growing vegetables, and focuses total of 16 hectares of plots (woodlots) have been established where natural vegetation growth is A 5. Borehole in and Alinjugur in project the by established been far so Twohave nurseries tree out byyouthandwomengroups intherespective project sites. with the local community as the beneficiary. Much of the project activities consequently are works carried project The Madhamarub). and Alinjugur (Welmarer,5, Boreholesites Yumbis,Fafi, six in FaIDA is currently carrying out environmental restoration in the Jararjilla division of the Fafi district (LWF), whichalso supportscapacitybuildingwithinFAiDA. involved withhost-communityprojects there onengagementbytheLutheranWorld Federation FAiDA isacommunitybasedorganization(CBO)operatingintheFafidistrict.Itcurrently 7. FafiIntegratedDevelopmentAssociation(FAiDA) R ipeet is otcmuiy niomn poet truh u-otat ih local a with sub-contract through projects environment host-community its implements NRC Host CommunityInitiatives(USD‘000) from BPRM. funds host- with FaIDA by the implemented is project for agro-forestry community host projects a Fafi community. panel In solar education, sanitation, hygiene, water, with involved is LWF 6. LutheranWorldFederation(LWF) is It district. Lagdera the in currently engagedinhost-community projects financedthrough NRC. operating (CBO) organization based community local a is RRDO 5. RRDO from outsideastheseare cheaperandmore willingtowork. that they are sub-contracted to refugees. Additionally, experienced all has contractors used NRC by companies, NRC host-population call in local workers by won are works for contracts When CBO calledRRDObasedinLagdera.

LWF/FAiDA total NRC/RRDO (total) Direct funding(outsideUNHCR) s s Direct funding(outsideUNHCR) Source: FAiDA informationleaflet 3OCIAL %NVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ARE CONCENTRATED 3 IN THE 2007 2007 160 160 AREAS OF 2008 2008 EDUCATION 294 294 76 76 55 2009 2009 ENVIRONMENT 587 423 187 400 400 114 2010 (budget) 2010 (budget) AND 472 200 264 208 202 WATER IT camp settings DRC will continue to follow the principle of 50% support to the refugees in the in camps and50%tothelocalpopulation. refugees the to support 50% of principle the follow to continue will in DRC working settings camp When sides. both at directed services further necessitating communities, host the by expressed frustration and animosity growing the as well as Dadaab in refugees the of needs growing the by justified is This DRC. by implementation direct for requested being is proportion significant more a CARE’sprogram, support to funds some request will onwards and 2010 for program new the Although Kenya. CARE to DRC via channeled previously was support Danida Kenya CARE with Hagadera campsandthesurrounding hostcommunities. struck and was Dagahaley Ifo, in partnership refugees the on a focuses program Dadaab when The above). (see 2005 International in Kenya in working started DRC 9. DanishRefugeeCouncil(DRC) The budgetfortheseactivitieswasaboutUSD85000in2009. 0ROMOTE 0ROMOTE s s 4 %NHANCE s CARE hasintroduced anEnhancedLivelihoodProject amongthehost-populationfocusing: regular logisticoperations. organization’sthe on conduct influenced to times ability at have members host-community from wanted to partake in the benefits from the programs designed for the refugee population. Actions established. The engagement for the host-community was a result of CARE has been active with support pressure,to the refugees in Dadaab since 1992 when the the camps were local population 8. CAREInternational "ASED s The followingtargetsare included inthenewprogram: also suffer from extreme povertyandlackofopportunities. hosts where areas in likely especially is This allocation. aid unfair of sense or tensions for scope reduce to is This activities. development local and livelihood of definition the around authorities ensureprovidedthoroughrefugees,to is and that to made information hosts efforts be Extra will !PP s !PP s !PP !PP s s

Danish RefugeeCouncil(2009):Project Document2010-11, page32 and increased communityownershipofsocialassets. management of alternative livelihoodopportunities. management ofalternative and training. water,infrastructureof health environmentalpackages and health sanitation public tailored to award ofdiplomaandcertificates(50/50splitbetweenrefugee andhost) education between refugees andhosts) split (50/50 business/farming expanded or start-up for (grants/in-kind) inputs receive and ON FORM GOOD ACCESS LIVELIHOODS STUDENTS !RTISANS PUBLIC HOUSEHOLDGROUPS FOUR GOVERNANCE TO HEALTH SECONDARY WILL WILL PROFESSIONAL THROUGH COMPLETE COMPLETE ASSESSMENTS IN INCREASED SCHOOL HOST WILL VOCATIONAL AND TRAINING COMPLETE 4 AND MARKETABLE STUDENT REFUGEE COMMUNITY HOST TRAINING TRAINING WILL COMMUNITIES COMMUNITIES SKILLS RECEIVE COURSES PARTICIPATION ROUND DEVELOPMENT SCHOLARSHIP IN IN AND TO ACCREDITED '3, FOSTER IN CAMP ANDOR THE FOR TO PEACEFUL IDENTIlCATION THE PROCEED INSTITUTIONS BLOCKS DRY YOUTH LAND COEXISTENCE WILL SECONDARY FARMING LEADING RECEIVE OF AND 7 Annexes 8 Annexes for thehostcommunityisintroduced. ADEO isaKenyanNGOwithcore areas includinghealth,malaria,andHIV. Asmallcomponent 16. AfricanDevelopmentandEmergency Organization(ADEO) funding comesfrom US-AID. only. Core areas includelivelihood,economicactivity, handicrafts,andinfrastructure. The Started activityinDadaab2010,andtheengagement compriseshostcommunityprojects 15. HornRelief(International) the hostcommunityandespeciallyyouths.Fundedmainlyfrom UNHCR. Core areas includeeducation,reproductive health,HIV-AIDS, sanitation, peaceeducationwith 14. NationalCouncilofChurchesKenya(NCCK) community initiatives. Core areas includechildprotection andfoodsecurity. Thenewprogram willfocusmore onhost 13. SavetheChildrenUK BPRM). Promoting filmasmedium ofeducation,andhasjuststartedworkinhostcommunities(funding 12. FilmaidInternational a womengroup inDadaab. volunteers, wheelchairs, of purchase the including initiatives, host-community few a Conducting 11. HandicapInternational )NCREASE s 5 4WELVE s 4HIRTY #ONDUCT s #ONSTRUCT s #ONSTRUCT s 0URCHASE s s Host Communityinitiatives(USD‘000) school infrastructure. ActivitiesintheperiodSeptember2008to2009comprise: water,areasof the in Districts Fafi and and sanitation Lagdera in support providinghumanitarian Objective: To reduce potential for conflict between host communities and refugee populations by LWF receives financingforitsprojects amongothersfrom BPRM–USA. 10. BureauofPopulation,RefugeesandMigration(BPRM-USA)

DRC/CARE/RCS Direct funding(outsideUNHCR) Source: BPRMinformationleaflet school asaresult oftheuse ofasolarlightingsysteminclassrooms. and Alijugur)onlatrineusagehygiene. Alijugur. COMMUNAL DAYS AVAILABLE AND EIGHT A OF CLEANING INSTALL SENSITIZATION SCHOOL LATRINES NIGHT LITER A CAMPAIGNS SUBMERSIBLE LATRINES &ERRO STUDY CONSTRUCTED CAMPAIGNING CEMENT HOURS IN TWO !LIJUGAR PUMP FROM FOR PER WATER FOUR AND THE FOR 2007 MONTH 575 575 ZERO TANK A HOST $ADAAB DAYS BOREHOLE TO AT AROUND COMMUNITIES TWO IN )FO 2008 EACH 380 380 PRE FOR HOST IN $ADAAB STUDENTS COMMUNITY &Al AND COMMUNITY $ISTRICT PRIMARY IN 2009 150 115 4OWN $ADAAB AT THE $ADAAB SCHOOL SECTION 2010 (budget) !LIJUGUR $AGAHALEY 548 548 $AGAHALEY PRIMARY 5 AND 0ROVIDE s %LIMINATE s 6 Interviews being are projectsimplemented by the UN, NGOs and GoK various to improve the living conditions for camps, the host community.refugee the of effects negative anticipated the for cater To the hostcommunity. affecting further and camps Dadaab the in refugees of number the increasingfuture, near the in continue to expected is Kenya into Somalia from refugees of influx The countries. neighbouring the of camps refugee the in refuge and protection seek and flee to persons additional caused has Somalia South-Central in for fighting community.Renewed host consequences the and socio-economic area surrounding the as well as environmental has density population low with Kenya of region semi-arid a in people of presence substantive This refugees. 300,000 to close of population total a had refugees, 90,000 hold to designed were which camps, the 2009 late By refugees. Somali primarily host and 1991 since existed have Dadaab in camps refugee The 2.0 Background and considerations camps inDadaabonthesurrounding area andhostcommunity. methodological purpose, the outline requirements for undertaking the socio-economic and environmental (ToR) impact study of the refugee Reference of Terms These 3ERVE s 0ROVIDE s It isanticipatedthatthestudywillbeajointGoK-donorwill: Kenya. North Eastern in Dadaab in camps refugee three the of presence the of impact socio- environmental the and economic of study a preparing of process the in are - stakeholders international and national Origin of Regions funded Danish of Kenya (GoK) and the Embassy of Denmark - together with Initiative in Kenya, the Government the of Review 2009 the of recommendations the Following – negative as remains largelyanecdotal. well as positive – impacts these of extent the of Knowledge areas. surrounding the on impacts environmental as well as socio-economic has world, the in settlement refugee biggest the currently are together which Dadaab, in camps refugee three the of presence The 1.0 Introduction Camps inDadaab,Kenya Socio-economic andEnvironmental StudyoftheImpactRefugee Annex B:StudyTerms ofReference host community that they are not benefitting significantly from the extensive service provision to provision service extensive the from significantly benefitting not are they that community host

Danida2009:Review oftheRegionsOriginInitiative inKenya impact onthesurrounding area. host andrefugee groups. protracted periods. Dadaab. in camps refugee the around and in implementation 6 with NGOs operating in the area indicate that there is growing concern among the among concern growing is there that indicate area the in operating NGOs with AS INSPIRATION AN MYTHS A ENTRY PLATFORM AND POINT FOR FACILITATE SIMILAR FOR FOR A JOINT AREAS HARMONISED AN INFORMED AROUND EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH DIALOGUE THE WORLD ON TO HOSTING DECISION MAKING THE INTEGRATED $ADAAB LARGE ACTIVITIES REFUGEE REFUGEE AND POPULATIONS ADDRESSING CAMPS PROGRAMME AND BOTH THEIR OVER 9 Annexes 10 Annexes 8 7 ENHANCED level, water the in reduction as such changes environmental reporting are area the in agencies aid and authorities locals, The camps. the around patterns in socio-economic changes and environmentalof indications are there past, the in undertaken been have studies major no While However, theGovernment’s capacitytoundertakethefunctionisatmomentlimited GoK. to administration refugee for responsibility over hand Refugee gradually to planning 2006 is UNHCR Bill, the of enactment the following However, UNHCR. with rests currently camps, The operational responsibility, e.g. registration, status determination and management of refugee the to conﬁned are camps inDadaabandKakumawithlimitedopportunitiesforseekingemploymentortravelling. Refugees refugees. the vis-à-vis policy encampment an pursuing is GoK refugees inDadaabtothe Kakuma refugee campintheTurkana DistrictofKenya. Somali 12,900 some of exercise relocation a on embarked also have UNHCR and GoK 1). box (see area the in camp fourth a of establishment the for land additional of allocation the on GoK and UNHCR between negotiation ongoing is there and overpopulated are camps Dadaab The Box 1-Dadaabgeographyandpopulation overall situationofthehostcommunityandreal impactofthecamps. the on available however is information community.Limited international the from refugees the box 2). (see opportunities employment and market increased as such consequences, economic as well

km 123,000 expansive an across spread people million 1.4 of population a has NEP Kenya. in camps were administratively the under 2007 the (before Garissa District Districts administration) Faqfi of North-Eastern and Province Lagdera (NEP) in located are camps refugee Dadaab the campcomplexhadaregistered populationofaround 258,000. 2010 January of as and 2008 January since increase 48% a refugees, 255,000 held threecamps the 2009 February In camps. the to movement refugee the increased has Somalia conflicts in of intensity increased the but refugees 90,000 hold to constructed originally were Dadaab town, and between 5 and 10 km apart, covering a total area of 50 km 50 of area total a covering apart, km 10 and 5 between and town, Dadaab complex Dadaab The threeAll of Hagadera. arekm and 18 Dagahaley within threeIfo, comprises camps: individual clans. Abdiwak and Aulihan Ogandan, the of of are background, majority ethnic the common which a share refugees the of bulk the and Locals background. will developitscapacity furtherinthefuture. DRA and refugeecamps, Dadaab and Kakuma in offices management Affairs(DRA) Refugee of Department of equipment and establishment the completed has GoK this, security.to and parallel cards, In identification of issuing registration,reception, on regulationsfocus The 2009. wereFebruary approvedAct in Refugees 2006 the of implementation the guiding Regulations The of anewRefugeeAct Implementation for Capacity Institutional – System Asylum and Refugee Kenyan the of Building Capacity (2009): GoK/Danida 2 of semi-arid land. The most prominent ethnic group is Somali with a pastoral nomadic pastoral a with Somali is group ethnic prominent most The land. semi-arid of lREWOOD COLLECTION AND GRAZING IMPACTS DUE TO THE INCREASED NUMBER 2 OF . The camps The . LIVESTOCK 7 . 8 AS The immediateobjectivesofthestudyare to: of optimization beneficial opportunities’. and impacts negative order of mitigation in for community options assess host to the knowledge furnish including to areas, surrounding the on Dadaab in camps refugee ‘ to is study the of purpose The 3.0 Purposeofthestudy joint approach todevelopment assistanceforthehostcommunity. a develop to stakeholders the enable to needed evidence the providing by direction that in step Dadaab. This however requires informed decision-making. The proposed study will serve as a first around community host the with dealing for approach joint a developing for scope now is there and the Arid Lands Resource Management Project. Interventions are not always coordinated and CrossRed Kenya the Society,as such organisations of interventions bilateral International CARE as well as area the in development to Teamapproach Country UN joint new the includes This Dadaab. around districts the for services of provision the to given being is GoK and NGOs UN, As the impact on the host community becomes more apparent, increased attention from donors, Box 2–MajorchangestoDadaabandsurroundingareas 9

7ATER s 4HE 4HE s s 7ASTE s 4HE s Environmental: %MPLOYMENT ,OANS s 3ALE s )NCREASED s )NCREASED s s )NCREASED s Socio-economic: Possible changesforDadaabandsurrounding areas include: 4HE s 2) 1) ugse u t 8 k fo te ap. hs ais a b ajse b te em olwn initial following team the by adjusted be may radius assessments This camps. the from km 80 to up Suggested

Assess theenvironmental impactoftheDadaabrefugee campsonthesurrounding area $ADAAB the of size presenceand the that challenges and beneﬁts economic and social the Assess IN ARRIVALS by thehostcommunity. WATER ruhs hs e t tnin ad gtn aogt h rfge i te ap and camps the in refugees the BETWEEN amongst ﬁghting and tensions to led has droughts) EXPLOITATION NUMBER USE CURRENT REFUGEES AND SCARCITY FROM MANAGEMENT REFUGEE OF REFUGEES EXCHANGE PROVISION ACCESS TRADE WOOD .'/S NETWORK OF OPPORTUNITIES ARE OF EITHER LIVESTOCK CAMPS LOCAL AS

USING TO AND OF COOKING OF OF IS CREDIT AS VEGETATION SERVICE REFUGEE HAVE AN THE LATRINES VEGETATION OWNED A ISSUE CONSEQUENCE ses h scoeooi ad niomna ipc o the of impact environmental and socio-economic the assess HOST FOR ON FUEL DELIVERY TRADERS FOOD IS BY THE COMMUNITY IN AND POORLY THE REFUGEES AS HOST RATIONS BRANCHES FENCING INCLUDING WITHIN CAMPS MAINTAINED COMMUNITY OF THE TO IS THE MATERIAL AS BELIEVED HOST FOR INCREASED ELECTRICITY +ENYAN WELL THE POPULATIONS AND AND AS CONSTRUCTION IN TO FOR THERE THE 3OMALI +ENYA EXCEED DEMAND EDUCATION THE CAMPS ARE SURROUNDING AT COMMUNITY THE NO LARGE FOR OF NUMBER LATRINES SHELTERS HEALTH WATER FACILITIES OR AREAS FOR MAINTAINED IS EXTENSIVE RESULTING THE NEW AND 9 11 Annexes 12 Annexes enhancing discussionsand transparency ofthestudy process. Prior to the final report, the team will be expected to deliver a number of outputs to SAG aimed at 5.0 Outputs information/data from theirrespective institution. relevant any with team consultancy the provide to expected are committee the of members The the from assistance with SAG for secretariat as Embassy ofDenmark. act will Affairs Refugee of Department The c) b) a) The SAGwillmeetto: 13) 12) 11) 10) 9) 8) 7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) Denmark, andwillincluderepresentatives from: of Embassy the and GoK of Affairs Refugee of Department the by co-chaired be will SAG The on thestudyfindingstobeannexedfinalreport. and findings with the consultancy team, (b) discuss and provide a set of recommendations based The objectives of the SAG will be to: (a) review study reports and discuss methodology, progress, Study AdvisoryGroup (SAG)establishedforthisstudy. the stakeholders and these Terms of Reference (ToR), the team will report on study progress to a of needs the with aligned is it that ensure and study the of Tousefulness of degree the enhance 4.0 StudyAdvisoryGroup 4) 3)

of the refugees (including camp management and durable solutions for refugees & host community). & refugees for solutions durable and management camp (including presence refugees sustainable the of improved for recommendations provide options, these on Based ELEMENTS positive the optimizing and impact negative the addressing for options assess and Identify (May 2010) study final the of findings the on based recommendations of set a elaborate and Discuss Discuss thepreliminary findings withtheteamfollowingfieldstudy(March 2010) inception phase,February2010) of (end team the with study the of implementation planned and methodology the Discuss Donor representatives ECHO NGOs workingwithhostcommunity NGOs workinginDadaabrefugees camps World Bank UNHCR UNOCHA UNDP UNEP The Provincial Commissioner Ministry ofPlanning Kenya Ministry ofNorthEastern The MinistryofEnvironment OF THE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE $ADAAB REFUGEE CAMPS h peiiay nig ad ed ok iiain ad osdrto wl b icue i the in included be will consideration and debriefing note,whichwill bepresented anddiscussed withSAGpriortophase3. limitations work field and findings preliminary The outlined intheinceptionreport. Field work will be undertaken in Dadaab and surrounding areas in Phase 2–fieldwork accordance with the methodology be will which report, inception the in outlined presented toSAGbytheendofinceptionphase. be will phase inception the from findings The 4) 3) 2) 1) The inceptionphasewillfocusonfourmajortasks: Phase 1–inception The studywillbedividedintothree phases: 6.0 ScopeofWork Outputs oftheassignmentinclude: 3) 2) 1)

the findings.Finally, theSAGrecommendations willbeannexedtothereport. relatedto risks operational and political possible of overview an (vi) recommendations,and and conclusions ToR,(v) these in outlined objectives immediate and purpose the against findings study study,(iv) the to limitations on reflections methodology,(iii) (ii) background, report. study Final a revised process actionplan.Thedebriefingnoteshould notexceed10pages. results,(iii) the relatedto risks and uncertainties as well as study the of implementation the purpose and immediate objectives of the study, (ii) challenges and opportunities the against faced findings preliminary (i) during on: sections include will note The SAG. to presented be to note debriefing post-field a produce will team the drafting, report final the on engaging note. debriefing study Post-field after thestartofstudy. Theinceptionreport shouldnotexceed12pages. month one SAG to presented be will report The plan. action processrevised a include will aroundand reportin the study addition, field In and Dadaab. interviews stakeholder the for plan implementation and methodology detailed a (ii) and needed, is assessment additional main preliminary findings from the desk study, which will include an overview of areas where report. Inception Prepare forfieldresearch. Selectandtrainenumeratorsforthisresearch inDadaab. outlined furtherbelow. considerations methodological the (v) methodology,and quantitative as well as qualitative applying for need the (iv) assignment, the of aspects environmental and socio-economic critical most the on focusing for need the (iii) Dadaab, of context (ii) assignment, of scope (i) consideration: into taking methodology the outline will team methodology.The Develop implementing Parliament, GoK, NGOs, UN,anddonors. from Garissa and Nairobi in stakeholders key Interview (ii) withtheinformationavailableidentifypreliminary findingsforthestudy. will serve to: (i) map existing knowledge and identify areas, which merit further assessment, Desk study of relevant existing documentation related to the ToR objectives. The desk study The inception report will include two main sections: (i) an outline of the of outline an (i) sections: main two include will report inception The h fia rpr wl icue () td rtoae n udtd Dadaab updated and rationale study (i) include: will report final The olwn te opein f h fil suy u pir to prior but study field the of completion the Following 13 Annexes 14 Annexes SIZE activity, revenue collection data, water level in and around the refugee camps over time vs. camp economic patterns, refugees,migration of influx include: may (data NGOs and government local agencies, management camp Statistics, of Bureau National Kenya from data resource natural study. final the in inclusion possible for vetted be should and importance of be will topics following the 11 10 SURROUNDING representatives, host community members, refugees, and implementing agencies in Dadaab and agency line and government local with interviews semi-structured to: limited be necessarily not The study is expected to include both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This may include, but Overall methodsused guide thisprocess theconsultantwillneedtotakeintoconsiderationfollowing: The consultantwillbeexpectedtofinalisethemethodologyduringinceptionphase.To 7.0 Methodologicalconsiderations Phase 3willbedividedintotwosections: Phase 3–finalisationandlaunching the number narrowof topics to fit the study with the scope of the to ToRphase inception the use will team The nature. in different and many be to expected surroundingsarethe on camps Daadab the of environmentalimpacts and economic social, The Focusing assessments insimilarenvironments andpovertysocialimpactanalyses. impact environmental including studies similar from practices best on draw will Finally,team the in thelongrun(5-10yearsfrom now). future impact, i.e. the consequences of the outcome of the activities related to the Dadaab camps a consequence of the presence of the refugee camp hereimpact now,the and hand, one be to likely is which the on consideration, into taking impact, of definition the on reflect to required be will team The of Kenya(revenue generated, inflation,marketprices,droughtetc.). andrainpatterns

2) 1) effects oftheconsequencesactivitiesaround thecamps. long-term unintended the indirectlyas also but as camp, the of directconsequence a as only not well impact consider will team The impacts. as intended as glossary OECD/DAC with accordance in deﬁned be will Impact i.e.inputsandobjectives intheseToR.

WASTE and media. NGOs, donors, agencies, UN Parliament, of Members and agencies line GoK include will launch the for Invitees findings. report the on based recommendations main their present the of launching report in which the consultants will presenta the main findings and conclusions and SAG will hold will GoK, of leadership the under SAG, report. the of Launching final the produce will report andsubmitthistoSAG. consultants the final SAG from any received for is SAG feedback to Once distributed comments. be will report the the by finalisation, assurance the quality include Following will consultant. which team, the by report draft the of Finalisation COLLECTION AREAS FOCUS DATA GROUP ETC DISCUSSIONS ANALYSIS 10

OF SITUATION STATISTICAL . Reﬂections will also be needed on the likely IN AND ANALYSIS an effect of the activities undertaken as undertaken activities the of effect an AROUND 11 . Initial assessments indicate that OF ECONOMIC $ADAAB COMPARED AND ENVIRONMENTAL TO THE REST Environmental: Institutional: 12 Socio-economic: There are a number of different factors, which are likely to impact the results of the study and which theteamshouldconsideraspartofstudy.study Theseinclude: the of results the impact to likely are which factors, different of number a are There Factors ofinﬂuence

)NCREASED s 3OCIAL s 3PECIlC s +EY s See alsoUNHCR –ORSTOM1999study. 3ECURITY s ,IVESTOCK s #HANGES s )NCREASED s )NCOME s )NCREASED s -ODALITIES s (UMANITARIAN s s s !CCESS s !CCESS s 7ASTE s 'ENERAL s 0OPULATION s ,OCATION s )NCREASE s refugee campsthathasimportantimpactonhostcommunity. fencing insidethecamps. host andrefugee communities both beneﬁtting support development and humanitarian of provision including modalities patterns/activities ofhostpopulationandrefugeespatterns/activities ht n o wih cl. Te wo rfr t te oenet f ey, bilaterals, Kenya, of Government the to refers “who” development banks,NGOsandUNagencies). (The scale. which on and what establishment ofthecamps. for hostcommunitywithemphasisonhealth,waterandeducation. opportunities forthehostcommunity. electronics, foodrations,livestockandkhaat. access tocredits andremittances. f oa gos y i aece, mlyet potnte fr ot ouain ad the and refugees withaidagenciesandsub-contractors. populations host for opportunities employment agencies, aid by goods local of differences betweenrefugees andhostcommunity. culture. and Ethnicity forbothhostpopulation andrefugeespatterns compatible, complementaryorcompeting. patterns. Livelihood CHANGES RELATIONSINTERACTION MANAGEMENT TO TO ASSESSMENT CHANGES BASE IN AND SITUATION IN ECONOMIC ECONOMIC WATER GRAZING CONTROL ECONOMIC THE INCREASE FOR THE IN NATURE AND CHOPPING AND SUPPORT AVAILABILITY SOCIO ECONOMIC AND IN OF AND DEVELOPMENT AS Touse land associated the and systems livelihood arethe extent what LAND LABOUR IN OF LIVESTOCK OF AND ACTIVITY ACTIVITY SUSTAINABLE potnte ad hlegs eae t te tnct oelp and overlap ethnicity the to related challenges and Opportunities ACTIVITY PERCEIVED THE WATER THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND DOWN USE GENERATION OF AREA BETWEEN CAMPS MARKET ACCESS DUE FROM FOR PATTERNS ASSESSMENT FROM ACCESS OF ASSISTANCE HOST SITUATION TO WATER BY BUSHES NEW WITH CAMP TRADE TO HOST 0REVIOUSLY HOST 4HE COMMUNITY CARRYING AND TO BUSINESS RESPECT USAGE GRAZING COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC FOR GENERATION )TEMS OPERATIONS COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD OF IN HOST TREES IN THE THE CAPACITY TO DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING AND AS MARKETS THE COMMUNITY HOSTING REALISTIC TRADE FOR PRIVATE WELL SYSTEMS AROUND AND HOSTING USE lREWOOD 4HIS AND IN MAY AS AND REFUGEES RELATION AREA ETC AND OPTIONS AND REFUGEE CHANGES MAY THE FOR INCLUDE ENVIRONMENT PRESENT ! AND DISPOSAL CHARCOAL REFUGEE RELATED HOST INCLUDE TO DONOR LIVESTOCK INTERACTION MAPPING FOR lREWOOD TO COMMUNITY INCOME FACTOR ADJUSTING CAMPS OF THIS lNANCED THE CONSTRUCTION WASTE 12 FOLLOWING PROCUREMENT OF INCLUDES OF FOOD GENERATING WHO LIVELIHOOD FROM SERVICES SUPPORT ITEMS DOES AND THE THE THE 15 Annexes 16 Annexes &INALLY s 4HE s 2) 6) 5) 4) 3) ,ARGE s 1) The consultancyteamwillcomprise: The teamwillbeleadbyagroupandnationalconsultants. ofinternational 8.0 Team composition 4HE s refugee camps,whichgobeyondthescopeofthisstudy,the including: of presence the to pertaining issues of number a are there consequence, a As objectives. arethat issues those on greatestfocus of will be study to The assessed study the to importance Limitations

s s s field research, whichmayrequire modificationstothemethodology. methodology attheinceptionphase. feasible. An international environmental and natural resource management expert with previous previous with expert EXTENSIVE management resource natural and environmental international An understanding ofbothKenyanandSomalicontextculture. miia tcnqe fr h maueet f ims cvr sokn, odto and condition (stocking, cover biomass species) andappropriate samplingtechniques of measurement the and forestry for rangeland techniques of empirical knowledge substantive with expert environmental national A Kenya. Eastern A national institutional expert with substantive understanding of context and culture in North- ofAfricacountries. Horn the and enterprises small relatedand/or Kenya Somalia, previousfromin with experience working economy informal trade, level local in speciality with economist international An gender issues andmarginalisation. surveys, qualitative in experience specific with socio-economist international An methodologies. quantitative Previous experiencefromKenyawillbeanadvantage. North-Eastern and qualitative and techniques assessment environmental including marriageandsocialnetworkswillnotbeassessed. UNDERSTANDING An international team leader with extensive knowledge of socio-economic studies, studies, socio-economic of knowledge extensive with AND leader team international An should considerthesizeofcampasanindicatorimpact. Camp size. areas outlying the in communities around permitting. Dadaab,securityconcerns and Garissa in study the of part undertake will the team that foreseen is it consequence, a As range. impact their and camps the of location places like Garissa and Liboi. The team will need to take into consideration the geographical of the camps may be as far as 50 km away, at the same time the economic impact is felt in Spatial considerations cutting issuesinthestudy. cross- these in factor to requested be will team The impact. vis-à-vis considered be may refugeecamps affectedgroups.Finally,the HIV/AIDS in for stay also of possibly length the Gender,HIV/AIDS. and youth, PRESENCE TEAM ANALYSES SCALE THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEAM The size of the camp varies proportionally with the conflict in Somalia. The team WILL ENVIRONMENTAL OF IN OF DECIDE WILL THE FRAGILE QUALITATIVE NEED . Previous assessments have indicated that the environmental effects REFUGEE ON ENVIRONMENTS TO IMPACT ASSESSMENTS FURTHER WORK AS The impact is expected to differ relative to gender,differrelativeto to expected is and impact age, The CAMPS WELL WITHIN ASSESSMENT FOCUSING AS IS QUANTITATIVE THE KNOWLEDGE LIKELY SUCH SECURITY OF TO AS EXPERIENCE THE HAVE DRILLING STUDY METHODOLOGIES RESTRICTIONS OF CONSEQUENCES REFUGEE FOR DURING WATER THOROUGH IN AND PLACE LEVEL THE AND MIGRATION FOR RElNEMENT UNDERSTANDING TESTING AT KNOWLEDGE SOCIAL THE TIME WILL PATTERNS PATTERNS NOT OF OF AND THE THE BE OF Final agreement offundingwillbemadebetweentheinterested donors. contribute withfundingortheprovision ofaqualifiedconsultant(s)fortheassignment The funding of the assignment will be provided by interested donors and organisations, who may 9.0 Funding refugees, according tothefinalsurveymethodology that isagreed upon. recruited locallyviaNGOsoperatinginDadaab.Thesemayincludedbothlocalresidents and The teamwillbeassistedinthefieldworkbyagroup ofSomali-speakingenumeratorstobe All memberswillbefluentinwrittenandspokenEnglish. Security arrangementswillbesoughtcoordinated withtheUnitedNations. Royal Danish Embassy will provide an e-mail list of relevant stakeholders for the team to contact. The team will be required to make all travel and interview arrangements by their own means. The Final report willbefinalised forlaunchingnolaterthanfive(5)monthsafterstartofthestudy. Draft report will be submitted to the SAG no later than four (4) months after the out-set of the study. this planwillberevised uponfinalisationofagreement withtheteam. on thefollowingpage.Howeversubjecttofundingandidentificationofqualifiedconsultants, The assignmentisexpectedimplementedinaccordance withtheProcess ActionPlanoutlined 10.0 Timingandreporting 13

Danidahascommittedfundswhich shouldcoverroughly 50-60% ofthecostsforassignment. 13 . 17 Annexes 18 Annexes Annex C:Studyitinerary 22nd Apr 19th Apr 18th Apr 17th Apr 16th Apr 15th Apr 14th Apr 13th Apr 12th Apr 11th Apr 10th Apr 9th Apr 8th Apr 7th Apr Third mission,Dadaab/Nairobi 15th Feb 12th Feb 11th Feb 10th Feb 9th Feb 8th Feb 7th Feb 6th Feb Second mission,Dadaab/Garissa/Nairobi 15th Jan 14th Jan 13th Jan 12th Jan 11th Jan’10 First mission,Nairobi

Hagarbul Matheghesi Abak Khaile Social team GTZ, CARE,DRC. Team membersflyNairobi-Dadaab. PlanningmeetingswithDRA,KenyaRedCross, Presentation to1stmeetingofStudyAdvisoryGroup, Nairobi. Drive Garissa-Nairobi. Team discussions. Director ofEnvironment, LowerTana Water Resources ManagementAuthority. Council, KenyaRevenueAuthority, DistrictLivestockProduction Officer, Provincial Meetings withALRMP, DistrictStatisticalOfficer, KenyaRedCross, GarissaCounty inventory methodology. DriveDadaab-Garissa. Field visittoIfocampandcommunitymeetinginMatheghesivillage.testofforest andCDCmembers.MeetingsinDadaabwithNRC,UNHCR,CARE,GTZ. government Field visittoHagaderacampandBorehole 5.MeetingsinAlinjugurwithlocal members ofCDC,UNHCR,CARE,GTZ. Other teammembersflyNairobi-Dadaab. MeetingsinDadaabwithDRA,actingDC, NRM specialistinDadaab.Furtherplanningmeetings. NRM specialistbyroad to Dadaab. Preliminary planningmeetings. wrap-up discussions. Meetings withUNHCR,WFP. DebriefingwithDanishandNorwegianembassies.Team Meetings withGTZ,LWF, NRC,CARE. Red Cross/Danish RedCross. Meetings withMPforLagdera,MinistryofEnvironment &MineralResources, Kenya Meetings withUNHCR,UNDP, UNEP, UN-OCHA. Refugee Affairs. Meetings withRoyalDanishEmbassy, RoyalNorwegianEmbassy, Departmentof Presentation to2ndmeetingofStudyAdvisoryGroup, Nairobi Data analysisandreport preparation. FlyDadaab-Nairobi. Data analysis,Dadaab Dadaab town Data analysis,Dadaab Alinjugur Welmerer Borehole 5 Sebule Abak Khaile

Ifo camp,Abdisugur Abak Khaile/Ifocamp Abak Khaile Environment team Data analysis,Dadaab Saredho Ifo/Weldoni Yumbis Welmerer Wajir South Sebule Ifo camp,Wajir South

UNHCR &dataanalysis,Dadaab ADEO, IRC WFP, Relief NCCK,Horn Solidarité, SavetheChildren LWF, HI,FilmAid Ifo camp Sebule, Dagahaleycamp Hagadera camp Dadaab town,Hagaderacamp Dadaab town Dadaab town Economist Annex D:Listofpeoplemet UNHCR Embassy Royal Norwegian Royal DanishEmbassy Assembly Kenya National Management Project Arid LandsResource 2030 Natnl. Dev. &Vision Ministry ofPlanning, Management Authority National Environment & MineralResources Ministry ofEnvironment Ofﬁce ofthePresident Affairs Department ofRefugee Organisation Peter Kusimba Name Gloria Kisia Ceren Yuksel Salam Shahin Fafa Attidzah Kantande Bornwell Richard Floyer-Acland Venanzio Njuki John Burton A. JoseCanhandula Dorcas Gacugia Siv CatherineMoe Hellen Bonuke Betina Gollander Bo Jensen Suleiman Hassan Aden Dekow Farah Maalim Yassin Farah Alice Mwangi Adan Bika Mohammed Halakhe Judy Magu Mohamud Ali Agnes Yobterik Lawrence Lenayapa Bare SheikhAden Ahmed Madolee Peter Mutiso Bernard OleKipury Lawrence Korir Mohamed Sheikh Omar Dhabho Claus Folden Badu Katelo

Provincial Director ofEnvironment, Garissa Initiatives Director, Programmes, Projects & Strategic Permanent Secretary Acting Chief,Yumbis Assistant Chief,Welmerer District Officer, Jarajila Acting DistrictCommissioner, Dadaab Dadaab Translator, Dadaab Camp Manager, Dadaab Advisor Senior International Under Secretary, Protection Commissioner Position Health &Nutrition Officer, Dadaab Verification Officer, Dadaab Registration Officer, Dadaab Senior FieldCoordinator, Dadaab Senior OperationsOfficer, Dadaab Head ofSub-OfficeDadaab Associate Environment Officer Head ofTechnical Unit Deputy Representative Programme Officer, Dev. Cooperation First Secretary Programme Assistant Counsellor (Development) Ambassador PA toMPFafi PA toMPLagdera MP forLagdera Drought ManagementOfficer, Garissa National Project Officer Drought ManagementOfficer Natural Resource Mgmt.Coordinator District DevelopmentOfficer, Garissa

19 Annexes 20 Annexes LWF CARE International GTZ DRC NRC Kenya RedCross Danish RedCross UNEP WFP UNDP UN OCHA IRC Handicap International

Damit Mulu Mercy Mutai Joseph Kiai Soﬁa Malmqvist Lokiru Matendo Philip Wijmans Mwangi Timothy David Kang’ethe Juergen Feldmann Paul Gachie Michael Adams Muktar Sheikh David Mulwa Chege Gitau Paul Karanja Monica Mwangi Anne SophieLaenkholm Jim Kennedy Tracy Wise Jake Zarins Qurat-ul-Ain Sadozai Mukhtar Bulale Ahmed Ibrahim Margaret Mungai Aisha Maulana Lars Iskjaer Henry Ndede Peter Otieno Felix Ochieng Sam Okara Josephine Mahiga-Janabi Pippa Bradford Beatrice Teya Stephen Cheshewa Carolin Waldchen Lucy Dickinson

Shelter Project Manager, Dadaab Programme Director, Kenya&Somalia Regional HealthOfficer, NorthEastern Regional Manager, NorthEastern Public HealthManager Head ofHealth&SocialServices Country Coordinator, Kenya Coordinator, KenyaCountryProg. National Officer, Dadaab National Project Officer, Nairobi Project Officer, Nairobi Head ofRefugeeOperations,Kenya Deputy CountryDirector Recovery Team Leader, DisasterRiskReduction& Prog. Specialist,CrisisPrev. &Recvry. Associate Expert Humanitarian Affairs Officer Field Coordinator Hagadera Training AdvisortoFaiDA,Jarajila Coordinator, SomaliaRefugeeProg. Programme Manager Country Representative, Kenya WASH SectorCoordinator, Dadaab Programme Manager, Dadaab Senior Programme Manager, Dadaab Programme DevelopmentManager Senior SectorManager, Prog. Quality Firewood OperationsManager, Dadaab Community ServicesCoordinator Country Programme Manager, Kenya Deputy RegionalDirector Environmental impactconsultant WASH Advisor, Dadaab

RRDO FaiDA NCCK Relief Horn ADEO

Oliver Otsimi Silas Otieno Daniel Kimutai Mohammed Aden Pauline Choka

Programme Manager, Dadaab Programme Manager, Jarajila Project Manager Project OfficerDadaab 21 Annexes 22 Annexes Camp. 2005. Frontières, sans Environmentalistes Services Section,UNHCR, Geneva. Activities Supported by UNHCR in Kenya. 2002. Ithagu, Julius and Davey,Christopher,Njuki Venanzio for GTZ,UNHCRandGoK. Zones. Harvesting on Supply and Harvesting Firewood of Impact the ad availability 1999. Committee, Evaluation and Monitoring Fuelwood Dadaab Research Paperno.126,PolicyDevelopmentandEvaluationService,UNHCR, Geneva. 2006. ______, Areas ofKenya Jeff,1999. Crisp, Study prepared forUNHCRbyDanieleLantagne,CleliaPezziandAbdirahmanMahamud. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. for EvaluationandPolicyAnalysisUnit,UNHCR,Geneva. CASA Consulting, 2001. Nairobi. 2009. International, CARE and Environmental Services Section,Geneva. of Natural Resources around Dadaab Refugee Camps. ______, 2000b. Report 00/13,UNHCREngineeringandEnvironmental ServicesSection,Geneva. 2000a. Nicolas, Blondel, Beentje, H.,1994. Kenya. Report byInstitutdeRecherche pourleDéveloppementforUNHCR,Geneva. Dadaab/Kakuma, Camps, Refugee the in System Information Geographical and Beaudou, Alain, Luc Cambrézy and Marc Souris, 1999. Développement forUNHCR,Geneva. Kenya Region, Dadaab in Deforestation and 1999. Cambrézy, Luc and Alain Beaudou, 2008. Consultancyreport commissionedbyUNHCR,Nairobi. ASAL Engineering Consultants, 2009. 184, PolicyDevelopmentandEvaluationService,UNHCR,Geneva. 2009. Erik, Abild, Annex E:Listofdocumentsconsulted Consultancy report commissionedbyUNHCR,Nairobi. . Working Paperno.16,Evaluation andPolicyAnalysisUnit,UNHCR,Geneva. Forced Displacement in Africa: Dimensions, Difficulties and Policy Directions. Policy and Difficulties Dimensions, Africa: in Displacement Forced

Creating Humanitarian Space: A Case Study of Somalia of Study Case A Space: Humanitarian Creating A state of insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Refugee-populated Violencein of Economy Political The insecurity: of state A Kenya Trees, ShrubsandLianas. Action Plan for the sustainable Collection of Firewood and the Management

Evaluation of the Dadaab Firewood Project, Kenya.

Firewood Survey around Dadaab Refugee Camps (Kenya). Camps Refugee Dadaab around Survey Firewood

Solid Waste Survey for Hagadera Refugee Camp, Dadaab. Camp, Refugee Hagadera for Survey Waste Solid Environmental Audit Report for Dadaab Refugee Camp, Consultancy report for Engineering and Environmental . Vol. 1 of study by Institut de Recherche pour le pour Recherche de Institut by study of 1 Vol. .

eue Cms n Evrnet Landscape Environment: and Camps Refugee niomn Adt eot o Dda Refugee Dadaab for Report Audit Environment NationalMuseumsofKenya,Nairobi. W Mission Report 00/14, UNHCR Engineering ater Safety Plan: Dadaab Refugee Camps.

Environment, Cartography, Demography Review of Environment-related of Review

vlain f Fuelwood of Evaluation . Research Paper no. ResearchPaper . Report no. 2001/08 Field report Field Mission CARE, Main

______, 2005a. ______, KenyaandOtherAridLands Northern Kenya. of Government Office. ______, 2005b. Nairobi. Gibb Eastern Africa, 2004. commissioned inDadaabrefugee campsbyUSAID. Violence. Gender-Based and Planning, Family Health, Reproductive of Knowledge 2008. and Project, (ESD) Delivery Service Extending omnso, irm 2009. Vikram, Kolmannskog, Norwegian RefugeeCouncil. 2010. Jim, Kennedy, Resource SurveysandRemoteSensing,Nairobi. on the Environment: A Case Study of Dadaab Refugee Camp Kiama, David, J. Njenga, J. Kimani and P.W. Wargute, 2007 Nairobi. Jarajilla Division of Fafi District, North Eastern Province, Kenya. _____, 2009. Hosting Area 2008 IUCN, Kennedy Njenga,FritsPenningdeVries andDouglasMerrey. Kenya. District, Isiolo Drought-prone in Systems Livestock 2006. Institute, Management Water International Crisis. Watch,Rights Human 2009. Working Paperno.38,Evaluation andPolicyAnalysisUnit,UNHCR,Geneva. Horst, Cindy, 2001. Commissioned byUNICEFKenyaCountryOffice. 2006. Ltd., (E.A.) Survey Groundwater Conducted bystaff ofNationalEnvironment Management Authority, Nairobi andGarissa. ______, 2009 Officer, Garissa. Monitoring report by Provincial Director of Environment, Provincial Forest Office and District Forest Publishers, London 2009. M., Ioan Lewis, UNHCR, Geneva. Africa. from Evidence HumanRightsWatch, NewYork. .

. ReportofworkshopconvenedbyUNHCRDadaab,July2008. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report on the Proposed Refugee Camp in eeoig Cmuiy niomna Mngmn Pa: aab Refugee Dadaab Plan: Management Environmental Community a Developing . Control Audit Report for Dadaab Refugee Camps and Impacts on the Environment. Monitoring and Evaluation Report on GTZ Refugee Fuelwood Project. Design Manual for Water Supply in Kenya. in Supply Water for Manual Design

Vital Links in Social Security: Somali Refugees in the Dadaab Camps, Kenya. hle ad h Evrnet n aab Camp Dadaab in Environment the and Shelter

eerh ae n. 8, oiy eeomn ad vlain Service, Evaluation and Development Policy 180, no. Paper Research Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya of Lands Semi-Arid and Arid Understanding Somalia and Somaliland – Culture, History,Culture, – Somaliland and Somalia Understanding Society.

Study of the Merti aquifer. From Horror to Hopelessness: Kenya’sHopelessness: to Horror From Refugee Somali Forgotten lmt Cag, iatr Dslcmn ad irto: Initial Migration: and Displacement Disaster, Change, Climate

Borehole site investigations: Dadaab refugee camps. refugee Dadaab investigations: site Borehole

Assessing Water Availability under Pastoral under Availability Water Assessing

Commissioned by UNICEF Kenya Country oai eue Attds Perceptions, Attitudes, Refugee Somali . Ministry of State for Development of Development for State of Ministry . Study by Banci Mati, John Muchiri, John Mati, Banci by Study . Technical Report no. 167, Dept. of . Study commissioned by UNHCR, The Impact of Human Settlement Ministry of Water and Irrigation, and Water of Ministry Cnutny eot for report Consultancy . External External Study Hurst 23 Annexes 24 Annexes Report, 04/14,UNHCRTechnical Support Section,Geneva. Owen, Matthew and Anna Ingwe, 2004. RESCUE III. for Planning Action Environmental 1999. Chege, Nancy and Hahn Christoph Matthew, Owen, programme. Planning. Project and Collection Data Baseline 1998. Matthew, Owen, Refugee Studies,MoiUniversity, Eldoret. report for ORSTOM (Ofﬁce de la Recherche Scientiﬁque et Technique d’ Outre-Mer) by Centre for Kenya Area, Dadaab the in Camps Refugee around Study Sensing-GIS Remote A 1999. Ucakuwun, E.K. and B.D.O. Odhiambo, rehabilitation. their for recommendations and camps Consultancy report forGTZ. refugee Hagadera and Dagahaley Ifo, 1996. D., Ogweno, and E. Ochieng, Paper forOCHAKenyaandSomalia,Nairobi. OCHA, 2009. CARE KenyaandRefugeeConsortiumofKenya. by 2007 2005-Dec Jan implemented initiatives of Council Refugee Danish for Report Evaluation 2008. Solomon, Nzyuko, Kenya” heldinMay2007atTheKenyaSchoolofLaw, Karen, Nairobi. Eastern Province. Nunow, Abdirizak, 2007. funded byNorwegianMinistryofForeign Affairs, Oslo. 2009. Council, Refugee Norwegian report forDanishMinistryofForeign Affairs. 2009. Bryld, Erik and Finn Nielsen, Senior Environment Coordinator, Geneva. 2008. Valentine, Ndibalema, Environmental Project. by Large Carnivores In Garissa District, Kenya Murithi, E.M., 2007 around Dadaabrefugeecamp. P.,2009. Milimo, and UNHCR,Nairobi. Kenya. Kakuma, and Dadaab in Awareness-Raising Environmental Matovu, Martin, 2009. Research Paperno.143,PolicyDevelopmentandEvaluationService,UNHCR,Geneva. Lindley, Anna, 2007. Consultancyreport byPenroche DevelopmentServicesLtd.forGTZ.Nairobi. Cross Border Issues and Responses. Paper presented at workshop on “Attaining Development Parity in North Eastern Support to livelihoods by managing and rehabilitating degraded land in and in land degraded rehabilitating and managing by livelihoods to Support . A Report on the Ecological and Social Determinants of Livestock Depredation

Protracted Displacement and Remittances: The View from Eastleigh, Nairobi.

Review and Needs Assessment of Refugee Environmental Education and The Impact of Refugees on the Environment: The Case Study of North

Support to refugees and host communities in Dadaab and Nairobi. and Dadaab in communities host and refugees to Support nry aaeet n Evrnetl eaiiain Project: Rehabilitation Environmental and Management Energy

Dadaab Environmental Programme. Environmental Dadaab FAO Project Document. Review of the Regions of Origin Initiative in Kenya. in Initiative Origin of Regions the of Review lmt Cagd Pol Displaced. People Changed: Climate

Solar Cooker Evaluation, Kakuma and Dadaab. xet n ted o vgtto dgaain around degradation vegetation of trends and Extent . Study for Terra Nuova East Africa Trans-boundary Consultancy report for GTZ Dadaab environmentDadaab GTZ reportfor Consultancy

Impact of Refugee Settlement on Vegetation: on Settlement Refugee of Impact Inter-Agency Standing Committee Discussion Consultancy report for IUCN for report Consultancy Mission Report by UNHCR by Report Mission hmtc Report Thematic . Consultancy . Mission Mission

Section and CARE International, Geneva. Section andCAREInternational, the Environment in Refugee-related Operations UNHCR and CARE International, undated. ______, 2007. UNHCR, 2005. country office,Nairobi. 2009. UNEP, Concerns. 2009. Ltd., Tacitus Water andSanitationOfficer, Geneva. 2008. Dinesh, Shrestha, Policies 1992-2002 Salmio, Tiina, 2009. Kenya andOtherAridLands. Kenya. in Lands Arid 2009b. ______, Refugees intheDadaabRefugeeCamps. ______, 2009a 2030,Nairobi.Planning, NationalDevelopmentandVision 2008b. ______, 2030,Nairobi.National DevelopmentandVision ______, 2008a. ______, 2006. Development. Population andDevelopment,Nairobi Sustainable for Policy Population National 2005. Kenya, of Republic Project, Technical Reportno.2. Pukkala, T., 1991. Water andSanitationOfficer, Geneva. Porteaud, Dominique, 2009 Countries. 2003. Melissa, Phillips, humanitarian-crisis-on-the-kenya-somalia-border/file Border. 2009. International, Oxfam http://www.oxfam.ca/news-and-publications/publications-and-reports/addressing-the- Working Paperno.84,EvaluationandPolicyAnalysisUnit,UNHCR,Geneva. Report onGarissaplanningworkshopbyfacilitating consultantsforUNHCR,Nairobi.

nta Evrnetl pria – aab eue Cm, Kenya. Camp, Refugee Dabaab – Appraisal Environmental Initial H Environmental Guidelines. andbook forEmergencies.

Woody Biomass Baseline Survey: Nakuru and Nyandarua Intensiﬁed Extension . Web Reportno.49,Institute ofMigration.

Refugees and the Environment: An Analysis and Evaluation of the UNHCR’s Ministry of State for Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Northern Northern of Lands Semi-Arid and Arid of Development for State of Ministry h UHR tkhle Frm n aab eue Hs community Host Refugee Dadaab on Forum Stakeholder UNHCR The

The RefugeeAct.

Faﬁ District Development Plan 2008-2012.

. A Water and Sanitation in Dadaab. in Sanitation and Water h Rl ad mat f uaiain ses n Refugee-hosting in Assets Humanitarian of Impact and Role The

Lagdera District Development Plan 2008-2012. Plan Development District Lagdera National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi- and Arid of Development Sustainable the for Policy National ai Dsrc Srtgc ln 0521 fr mlmnain f the of Implementation for 2005-2010 Plan Strategic District Wajir . Report of the Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee on the Status of

Water and Sanitation in Dadaab.

FinnidaincooperationwithKenyaForest Department,Nairobi. drsig h Hmntra Cii o te Kenya/Somalia the on Crisis Humanitarian the Addressing Geneva. 3rd edition,Geneva. Framework for Assessing, Monitoring and Evaluating . Toolkit Modules 1-7. Mission Report by UNHCR Senior UNHCR by Report Mission ainl oriain gny for Agency Coordination National Mission Report by UNHCR Senior Ministry of State for Planning, UNHCR Technical Support Ministry of State for State of Ministry NP Kenya UNEP 25 Annexes 26 Annexes 1. General Note toenumerator:Tick onlyoneoftheboxesasappropriate Note: tobeﬁlledoutbasedonGPSinformation Enumerator Place Date Annex F: Quantitative questionnaire 5. Water 4. Transport 3. Health 2. Schools 5e 5d 5c 5b 5a 4b 4a 3b 3a 2a 1a 2b 1b 1d 1c 1e 1f

Dadaab Distance to Sex ofrespondent Distance tolivestock waterduringdryseason water haschanged Have youexperiencedthataccess todrinking Distance todrinkingwaterduring wetseason Distance todrinkingwaterduring dryseason source main water What isyour catch thispublictransportfrom When youusepublictransport,where doyoumainly ups) changedduringthelastdecade Have youruseofpublictransport(bus,matatu,pick- Where doyoumainlyaccess healthservices facilities haschanged Have youexperiencedthataccesstohealth school haschanged Have youexperiencedthataccesstoprimary Where doyourchildren gotoprimaryschool Age ofrespondent Number ofpeopleinhousehold Clan name Number ofwivesinhousehold House

…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. Up to10km Borehole 10-20 km Male 20-30 2 1 Thatch roof Worse In village In village Worse 20-30 km hour walk Less than1 Worse hour walk Less than hour walk Less than In ornearvillage Less use walking distance 1hour Within well Hand-dug Female 30-50 3-5 2 Iron sheetroof distance our walking two Within ½ ½

1-3 hourwalk Same walk ½ walk ½ -2hour -2 hour 30-40 km and reservoirs Earth dams camps refugee In ornear change No camps In refugee Same camps In refugee Same 50 andabove Above 5 More walk More than3 hour Improved walk More than2hour walk More than2hour Above 40km camps and refugee Both village More use Other Improved river bed Scoop in Other Improved 7. Sellingproducts 6. Employment 9. Useofwood 8. Buyingofitems 9d 9c 9b 9a 8a 7a 6b 6a 5h 5g 5f 9f 9e 8b 7b 8c 7c 8d 7d 7e most ofyourfirewood From howfardoyouget compound (name3) fencing around your you prefer forconstructing Which speciesofwooddo your house(name3) you likebestforconstructing Which speciesofwooddo (name3) you likebestforfirewood Which speciesofwooddo needed householditemsfrom Where are youbuyingyour products Are youmainlysellingyour employed labour Is anybodyfrom yourhouseholdhaving you were paidasalary Have youhadanyemploymentwhere Are youaccessingwaterintherefugee camps water haschanged Have youexperiencedthataccesstolivestock Distance tolivestockwaterduringwetseason Do yousellfirewood Do youbuyfirewood needed food Where are youbuyingyour markets What are yousellingtothe you are buyingfrom theDadaab The mostimportantitemsthat from thistrade household monthlyincome What isyouraverage or refugee campmarkets from Dadaabandrefugee camps month onaveragetobuyitems What isyourhouseholdusingper your products Main marketwhere yousell NGOs ortheUN Are yousellingproducts to from village walking distance Within Yes Yes Damaja Damaji/ Marer Bisiq in community Directly toothers Milk shillings Below 500 village In ornearby No village Locally in village Locally in Food shillings Below 500 ½ hour community your Within Yes Dirkba Darakaa/ Dirkba Darakaa/ Rig Khansa/ To middlemen Livestock shillings and 3000 Between 500 market In Dadaabtown Yes someof my products village walking distancefrom Within No No Yes Worse hour walk Less than1 In othervillages In othervillages items Household shillings and 3000 Between 500 ½ With localcontractor With No Marer Rig Khansa/ Marer to1 ½ No Same 1-3 hourwalk hour yourselves at markets Do yousell materials building Firewood/ 6000 shillings Between 3000- camps In refugee Yes, mostof my products market In Dadaab market In Dadaab Rig Khansa/ Abaq Abaq Animals 6000 shillings Between 3000- village walking distancefrom More than1 Abaq Damajo Damaji/ Kordobo local NGOs refugee agency/ With Improved walk More than3hour Other Other shillings Above 6000 Other camps market In refugee camps In refugee Others shillings Above 6000 ½ hour Other Other Other 27 Annexes 28 Annexes 14. Livestock/donkeys 13. Livestock/shoats 12. Livestock/cattle 10. Livelihoodandincome 11. Livestock/camels 14c 14b 14a 10a 9g 13c 13b 13a 12c 12b 12a 11c 11b 11a 10b 9h 10c 10d 10e 10f 10g Main livelihoodofhousehold firewood If yes,howoftendoyousell household 15yearsago Number ofcamelsownedby household 5yearsago Number ofcamelsownedby household now Number ofcamelsownedby Secondary livelihood firewood at What pricedoyousell district family orfriendsfrom outsidethe Do youreceive remittances from the mostimportantemployer If youhaveemployment,whoare Do membersofyourhousehold regularly receive foodaid month total householdcashincomeper What isyourestimatedaverage household Main source ofcashincomefor household now Number ofdonkeysownedby household 15yearsago Number ofdonkeysownedby household 5yearsago Number ofdonkeysownedby household 15yearsago Number ofshoatsownedby household 5yearsago Number ofshoatsownedby household now Number ofshoatsownedby household 15yearsago Number ofcattleownedby household 5yearsago Number ofcattleownedby household now Number ofcattleownedby 1-2 timesamonth shillings abundle Less than5 Less than10 Less than10 Lessthan10 Less than10 Less than10 Lessthan10 Lessthan10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Lessthan10 Livestock Livestock No community Other peoplein Yes 2.000 shillings Less than products Sell livestock Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 Between 10-40 3-4 timesamonths 5-10 shillingsabundle Employment Employment month shillings pr Less than1500 contractors Local No shillings and 6000 Between 2000 Employment Above 40 Above 40 Above40 Above 40 Above 40 Above40 Above 40 Above 40 Above40 Above 40 Above 40 Above40 Trade Trade pr month 5000 shillings Between 1500- agencies Refugee 12.000 shillings Between 6000- fencing material building and animal fodder, Sell firewood, month More than5timesa bundle More than10shillingsa Other Other month shillings pr Above 5000 Government shillings Above 12.000 products Sell other 16. Population 15. Grazingandforaging 17. Wealth ranking 15e 15d 17a 16d 16c 16b 16a 15c 15b 15a 16e 16f to othersinthevillage How doyouconsideryourselvesrelative to otherpeople Do yourent outpasture land animals Do youtendotherpeople’s Reasons forsettlinginarea area If no:Numberofyearsin Were here youborn established When wasvillage grazing duringlast20years Changes inavailabilityof during wetseason Distance tograzing/foraging during dryseason Distance tograzing/foraging in centre Reason fornotbeingsettled house/place How muchdoyouliveinthis No No More available walk Less than1hour walk Less than1hour production Livestock years Less than5 Yes years ago Less than5 production Livestock All yearround Rich village from the Yes topeople the village people from Yes for No change 1-3 hourwalk 1-3 hourwalk Employment 5-15 years ago 5-15 years Other Most ofyear Average village from outside Yes topeople outside village Yes forpeople Less available hour walk More than3 hour walk More than3 distribution Food years More than15 No years ago More than15 year Only partof Poor Yes torefugees the refugee camps Yes forpeoplefrom Much lessavailable Trade places Mainly inother Destitute Other 29 Annexes 30 Annexes Employment Transport Health Schools Water General Interviewer Place/village Date Annex G:Qualitative questionnaire Household (sedentary/mobile) Number ofwivesinhousehold Number ofpeopleinhousehold,there respective ageandsex Age ofrespondent Sex ofrespondent How muchwhere youpaid? Where andwithwhom? Have youhadanyemployment withsalary? What haschangedinyourpersonaluseoftransportduring thelastdecade? What meansoftransport?–andtowhere? Are yousometimesusingtransport? Where doyouaccessdifferent typeofhealthservices? Who supportedthehealthfacilityconstruction?–andwhatwere yourefforts? how hasaccessinpractisechangedforyouandyourhousehold? What changeshaveyouexperiencedwiththehealthsysteminlast10years?–and your efforts? How oldistheschoolandwhosupportedconstruction?–whatwere How manyofyourgirlsare attendingschool?Andhowandwhyhasthischanged? What isthemainreason forsendingchildren toschool?(boysandgirls) 10 years?–hasaccesschangedforyou(kmtoschoolnowascompared toearlier)? What changeshaveyouexperiencedwiththeschoolsandeducationsystemlast Apart from peopleofthissettlement/community, whohasaccesstowater? Who decidesonaccesstowaterinthissettlement/community? Are youexperiencingconflictsoveraccesstowater?–withwhom? important changesthatyouhaveexperiencedintermsofaccesstowater? Have youseenchangesinaccesstowater?Explain?–andwhatare themost How muchdoyoupayforwaterorisitfree? Where doesyourlivestock getwaterfrom? Howfar?Whatkindofwater? Where doyougetyourdaily waterfrom? –howfar?Whatkindofwater?

…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. Division oflabourinyourhousehold(male/female) Trade andproduction energy Alternative Solid waste Trees Firewood Who fetchwater? Who collectgrass,fodder? Who collectfirewood? Who watersthelivestock? Who isherding livestock? Who sellslivestock? Who sellsmilk? And towhatextenthastherole ofmenandwomenchangedintheproduction? last decade?–andwhatdoyouseeasthemostimportantproducts thatyoutrade What doyouseeasthemainchangesinyoursellingandbuyingofproducts duringthe market? How oftenare youoranotherpersonfrom yourhouseholdsellingmilk?Andtowhat market? How oftenare youorsomebodyfrom thehouseholdsellinglivestock?Andtowhat What products are youselling?Andwhere? What are youbuying? Where doyoushop? Any experiencewithsolarpanelsinthiscommunity?Explain? What doyoutoyourownsolidwaste? Do youexperienceanyproblems withsolidwastefrom therefugee camps?Whatkinds? Do youseeimpactsfrom theso-calledgreenbelts? What impactdoesfencingmaterialcollectionhaveonyourarea? Are youbeingimpactedby thepresence ofMahengeinyourarea? –How? Has thevegetationcoverchanged?–How? Has thecompositionoftrees changedinthearea? How? What impacts?Why? Have you? Have anyoneinthecommunityplantedtrees? Do yousellfirewood? Are peopleinthiscommunity sellingfirewood? To whom?Atwhatprice? What changeshaveyouexperiencedingettingfirewood? Where doyougetyourfirewood from? –howfar? whom? Do somebodyinyourhouseholdhavepaidworkforothers?Whatkindofwork?With 31 Annexes 32 Annexes Experience withdevelopmentprojects Farming Grazing andforaging Livestock Livelihood andfood projects and development actors? What changesinlocalorganisation haveyouexperiencedbydealingwithdevelopment with whom? Have youbeeninvolvedinexpressing yourneedsfor support? How, towhom?Together How haveyoubeeninvolved inimplementingthedevelopmentprojects? - whatresults? What developmentprojects haveyouexperiencedinyourcommunity, withwhatagencies? Do youhaveanyexperienceinfarming?Positiveornegative? Is there competitionforgrazingandforage?Howhasitchangedwhy? Who? Howmuch?Whatimpactdoesthishaveonyou? Are anybodyinthecommunitygettinggrazingfeesfrom othersusinggrazinghere? or grassproduction? Are anybodyinthecommunityorfrom outsidehavingprivateareas (fenced)forgrazing and formilkingherd? Havethere beenchanges? Are there areas inthiscommunitythatare reserved forgrazingduringthedryseason? When itrains,howisthegrassingafterthat?Hasthatchanged? Have youseenmajorchangesincompositionofgrasses? Any significantchangesinavailabilityofgrazingandforage?-Why? During dryseason?–howfar? Where doyougrazeyouranimalsduringwetseason?–howfar? Who islookingafterthehouseholdlivestock? What isthemostimportantfactorimpactingyourlivestockproduction? composition? What changeshaveyouexperiencedinlivestockownership?–changenumbersand How muchdoyourhouseholdown? What istheaverage? Do youownmore orlesslivestock thantheaverageincommunity? What doyouconsideryourmainoccupation? Have youchangedyourconsumptionoffood?How? When duringtheyear, doyoufeelthathaveenoughfood? What isthemostimportantactivitythatyoulivefrom? Who decidesonuseofhouseholdincome? Do yougetremittances from outsidefamilyorfriends?–howmuch? How doyoumainlygetyourmoney? How doyoumainlygetyourfood? And towhatextentare you employingotherstodosomeofthework?–who? To whatextentare youemployedbyotherstodosomeofthework?–who? What haschangedintermsofdivisionlabourduringthelastdecades? Links withrefugees session they areonlyaskedlastinevery Obs onlythequestionlisted belowmentiondirectlytherelationshipwithrefugees – itisimportantthat Wealth ranking Insecurity Development opportunities/challenges Leadership andgovernment For thosenotincentre: Population andhistoryofsettlement Clan, family, relationships Are there links intermsofclans,family and friendswiththerefugee population? Have youhadanyinteraction withrefugees? Whatkind? Average, Poor, Destitute? How doyouconsideryourselvescompared totheotherpeopleincommunity? Rich, Are there differences ininsecurityincidencesforsettled andnomadicpopulations? Has itchanged?Explain? kind? Have youyourselvesexperiencedanyincidencesofinsecurity? Where? How?What What kindofinsecurityare womenfacingwhenmovingaround awayfrom settlements? In whatwayshouldtheagenciesworkwithyouandkindofsupport? What willyourchildren grow uptodointhefuture? What kindoflivelihooddoyouthinkwillbethemostimportantinfuture inthisarea? agenciesareWhat government havingactivitiesinyourarea? What decisionsare takenbymenandwomeninthehousehold? How are youinfluencingsuchdecisions? community? –are theyalsotheonestakingdecisionsincommunity? Who are themostimportanttolistenwhendecisionshavebemadein Where andhowdidyoumovebefore ascompared tonow? What shouldhappenbefore youwouldsettle? What are theupsideswith notbeingsettledinthecentre? Whatare thedownsides? What hasbeenthemostimportantreason foryousettlinghere? How andwhenwasthesettlementstarted?Why?Upsideswithsettlement?Downsides? Have youexperiencedchangesinthepopulationofthisarea? Explain? Where were youbefore? For howlonghaveyoubeensettledinthisarea? Where were yourfatherandmotherborn? Where were youborn? the centre? Otherplaces? Outsidecountry? What relationship doyouhave withpeopleoutsidethesettlements/withsettledin of clan,family, friends?-andhoware theyimportant? Where inthearea (withinonedayswalk)andoutsidedoyouhaveimportantlinksinterms What isyourclanaffiliationandrelationship withotherclans? 33 Annexes 34 Annexes For otherrelevant notes... Registration What hasbeentheimpactofthis? refugees? What aboutpeoplefrom other partsofNortheastKenya?–havetheyregistered as Do youknowsomeonethatare orhavebeenregistered asarefugee? Who,why? Have anyrefugee settledin thevillageornearbyareas outsiderefugee camps? Are there anypeopleinthevillagethathascomefrom Somalia?–explain? refugees? What doyouthinkisimportantinthefuture fortherelationship betweenyouandthe refugee presence? Have youexperiencedchangesinhowyourowncommunityfunctionasaresult ofthe Do youknowofwaystonegotiatedealswithrefugee population?Explain? impact dothedifferences have? Are there majordifferences amongthedifferent refugees andwhattheydo?And does itmeanforyourdailylife? What similaritiesdoyouseebetweenandtherefugees? –whatdifferences? –what 3. Health 1. General 2. Schools 4. Transport 5. Water Annex H:SPSS analysisfullpercentages 2b 5b 1f 1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 5a 4a 3b 3a 2a 4b (N=396) Distance todrinkingwaterduring dryseason (N=394) What isyourmainwatersource Distance toDadaab ups) changedduringthelastdecade(N=393) Have youruseofpublictransport(bus,matatu,pick- services (N=391) Where doyoumainlyaccess health health facilitieshaschanged(N=391) Have youexperiencedthataccessto catch thispublictransportfrom (N=392) When youusepublictransport,where doyoumainly House (N=394) (N=386) Number ofwivesinhousehold (N=392) Number ofpeopleinhousehold Clan name Age ofrespondent (N=390) Sex ofrespondent (N=389) school (N=394) Where doyourchildren gotoprimary primary schoolhaschanged(N=397) Have youexperiencedthataccessto

Up to10km

21,9 92,6 Borehole 88,1 Thatch roof 90,9 1 11,5 2 31,3 20-30 37 Male 10-20 km 99 In village 8,6 Worse 53,2 In village 41,9 Worse 28,6 27,3 walk Less than 0 walking distance 1hour Within 16,0 Less use 85,5 In ornearvillage 27,4 20-30 km ½ 14,6 distance our walking two Within hour 5,6 Hand-dug well 11,9 Iron sheetroof 7,5 2 32,4 3-5 53,3 30-50 63 Female 13,9 walk ½ -2 hour 3,8 No change 7,1 refugee camps In ornear 1 camps In refugee 7,3 Same 32,0 camps In refugee 10,2 Same 30-40 km 12,1 1,8 and reservoirs Earth dams 58,8 walk More than2hour 1,6 More 56,1 Above 5 15,1 50 andabove 0 Other 83,9 Improved 80,2 More use 7,4 camps and refugee Both village 40 to50km 0,3 Other Improved 47,8 10,1 bed 0 in river Scoop 35 Annexes 36 Annexes 7. Sellingproducts 8. Buyingofitems 6. Employment 8d 8c 8b 6b 8a 7e 7d 7c 7b 7a 6a 5c 5d 5e 5f 5g 5h (N=393) Distance todrinkingwaterduringwetseason water haschanged(N=394) Have youexperiencedthataccesstodrinking (N=396) Distance tolivestockwaterduringdryseason (N=396) Distance tolivestockwaterduringwetseason water haschanged(N=383) Have youexperiencedthataccesstolivestock (N=391) Are youaccessingwaterintherefugee camps refugee camps (N=393) buy itemsfrom Dadaaband per monthonaverageto What isyourhouseholdusing markets (N=392) Dadaab orrefugee camp that youare buyingfrom the The mostimportantitems needed food(N=395) Where are youbuyingyour employed labour(N=136) Is anybodyfrom yourhouseholdhaving (N=394) needed householditemsfrom Where are youbuyingyour NGOs ortheUN(N=355) Are yousellingproducts to your products (N=368) Main marketwhere yousell from thistrade(N=360) household monthlyincome What isyouraverage markets (N=361) What are yousellingtothe products (N=350) Are youmainlysellingyour were paidasalary(N=368) Have youhadanyemploymentwhere you 91,8 No 37,8 village In ornearby 33,6 shillings Below 500 53,7 Milk 36,9 community others in Directly to 21,4 shillings Below 500 84,4 Food 60,8 village Locally in 35,8 village Locally in 64,0 community your Within 12,2 Yes 50,6 3000 shillings Between 500and 14,5 Household items 0,8 In othervillages 4,8 In othervillages 5,6 products Yes someof my 25,8 market In Dadaabtown 52,2 3000 shillings Between 500and 31 Livestock 49,4 To middlemen 82,7 walk Less than 3,3 Worse 4,5 walk Less than1hour 59,1 walk Less than1hour 4,2 Worse 10 Yes ½ hour 2,9 localcontractor With 87,8 No 14,2 walk ½ 10,9 Same 7,3 walk 1-3 hour 38,4 walk 1-3 hour 13,1 Same 90 No 22,6 6000 shillings Between 3000- 1 Animals 23,5 In Dadaabmarket 32 In Dadaabmarket 2,3 products Yes, mostof my 36,4 In refugee camps 12,5 shillings Between 3000-6000 2,2 materials Firewood/building 8,9 yourselves Do yousellatmarkets -2hour 3,1 More than2hourwalk 85,8 Improved 87,9 More than3hourwalk 2,5 More than3hourwalk 82,8 Improved 33,1 agency/local NGOs refugee With 5,3 shillings Above 6000 0 Others 14,9 camps In refugee 27,4 camps market In refugee 0 Other 1,7 shillings Above 6000 13 Other 4,9 Other 10. Livelihoodandincome 9. Useofwood 10f 10e 10d 10c 10b 10a 9h 9g 9f 9e 9d 9c 9b 9a (N=188) What pricedoyousellfirewood at (N=193) If yes,howoftendoyousellfirewood Do yousellfirewood (N=387) Do youbuyfirewood (N=395) your firewood (N=392) From howfardoyougetmostof compound (name3)(N=398) for constructingfencingaround your Which speciesofwooddoyouprefer (name 3)(N=398) best forconstructingyourhouse Which speciesofwooddoyoulike best forfirewood (name3)(N=398) Which speciesofwooddoyoulike (N=397) income permonth total householdcash estimated average What isyour (N=398) receive foodaid household regularly Do membersofyour employer (N=144) the mostimportant employment, whoare If youhave (N=395) outside thedistrict family orfriendsfrom remittances from Do youreceive (N=390) Secondary livelihood household (N=397) Main livelihoodof 24,7 2.000 shillings Less than 97,2 Yes 41 in community Other people 94,2 No 83,6 Livestock 86,9 Livestock 19,1 bundle 5shillings a Less than 85,5 month 1-2 timesa 10,9 Yes 46,3 Yes 4,3 from village walking distance Within 96,5 Damaja Damaji/ 98,5 Marer 66,8 Bisiq 57,7 shillings and 6000 Between 2000 2,3 No 1,4 contractors Local 1,5 month shillings pr Less than1500 5,1 Employment 5,5 Employment ½ hour 4,5 Dirkba Darakaa/ 9,5 Dirkba Darakaa/ 47,7 Rig Khansa/ 11,4 3-4 timesamonths 88,4 No 53,2 No 61,2 village walking distancefrom Within 27,1 bundle 5-10 shillingsa 11,8 shillings 6000-12.000 Between 20,8 agencies Refugee 1,5 month shillings pr 1500-5000 Between 9,0 Trade 7,3 Trade 46,6 Marer 73,6 Rig Khansa/ 80,9 Marer ½ to1 ½ 82,6 Rig Khansa/ 96,2 Abaq 75,9 Abaq hour 5,8 Above 12.000shillings 32,6 Government 2,8 Above 5000shillingsprmonth 2,3 Other 0,3 Other 3,1 month More than5timesa 34,3 village walking distancefrom More than1 53,7 bundle More thanYshillingsa 63,5 Abaq 4 Damaja Damaji/ 24,1 Kordobo ½ hour 0 Other 0 Other 0 Other 37 Annexes 38 Annexes 12. Livestock/cattle 11. Livestock/camels 14. Livestock/donkeys 13. Livestock/shoats 15. Grazingandforaging 11c 11b 12c 12b 12a 10g 14c 14b 14a 13c 13b 13a 11a 15a (N=195) by household15yearsago Number ofcamelsowned (N=197) by household5yearsago Number ofcamelsowned household now(N=199) Number ofcamelsownedby (N=331) by household15yearsago Number ofcattleowned (N=331) by household5yearsago Number ofcattleowned household now(N=334) Number ofcattleownedby (N=392) income forhousehold Main source ofcash 15 yearsago(N=327) Number ofshoatsownedbyhousehold 5 yearsago(N=327) Number ofshoatsownedbyhousehold now (N=328) Number ofshoatsownedbyhousehold (N=396) foraging duringdryseason Distance tograzing/ household 15yearsago(N=136) Number ofdonkeysownedby household 5yearsago(N=136) Number ofdonkeysownedby household now(N=160) Number ofdonkeysownedby 87,8 products Sell livestock 25,7 Less than10 27,5 Less than10 37,7 Lessthan10 34,9 Less than10 37,6 Less than10 55,3 Lessthan10 0,5 walk Less than1hour 6,1 Employment 19,3 Less than10 22,6 Less than10 37,5 Lessthan10 86,8 Less than10 81,6 Less than10 90,6 Lessthan10 Between 10-40 47,6 Between 10-40 9,7 Between 10-40 31,4 11,3 Between 10-40 37,1 Between 10-40 30,7 Between 10-40 5,6 1-3 hourwalk 2,8 material and fencing building animal fodder, Sell firewood, 1,5 Between 10-40 13,2 Between 10-40 5,6 Between 10-40 10,4 Between 10-40 31,8 Between 10-40 37,5 Between 10-40 Above 40 14,7 Above40 64,7 Above 40 41,1 53,8 Above 40 25,4 Above 40 14,1 Above40 93,9 hour walk More than3 3,3 Sell otherproducts 11,8 Above 40 5,1 Above 40 3,8 Above40 70,3 Above 40 45,6 Above 40 25 Above40 17. Wealth ranking 16. Population 16f 16e 16d 16c 16b 17a 16a 15e 15d 15c 15b (N=396) in thishouse/place How muchdoyoulive settled incentre (N=384) Reason fornotbeing area (N=391) Reasons forsettlingin area (N=296) If no:Numberofyearsin (N=366) Were here youborn others inthevillage(N=396) How doyouconsideryourselvesrelative to established (N=396) When wasvillage (N=396) land tootherpeople Do yourent outpasture animals (N=395) Do youtendotherpeople’s (N=395) grazing duringlast20years Changes inavailabilityof (N=396) foraging duringwetseason Distance tograzing/ 58,8 All yearround 85,4 production Livestock 73,7 production Livestock 10,5 Less than5years 32,8 Yes 0,3 ago Less than5years 100 No 100 No 0,8 More available 58,6 walk Less than1hour 41,2 Most ofyear 14,6 Other 7,9 Employment 5-15 years 61,1 35,6 5-15 yearsago 5,6 Rich 0 from thevillage Yes topeople 0 from thevillage Yes forpeople 1,5 No change 39,9 1-3 hourwalk 74 Average 0 Only partofyear 12,8 Food distribution years More than15 28,4 66,1 No 63,4 years ago More than15 0 village from outside Yes topeople 0 outside village Yes forpeople 48,6 Less available 1,5 hour walk More than3 20,5 Poor 0 Mainly inotherplaces 5,6 Trade . 0 Yes torefugees 0 camps from therefugee Yes forpeople 49,1 available Much less 0 Destitute 0 Other 39 Annexes 40 Annexes Questions 1-19: number ofrespondents applicableinthespecificanalysisquestion. In thefollowingresponses are giveninpercentages, andthetotalrepresents thetotal quantitative questionnaires Annex I:SPSS analysis ofresponseto 6b Employment 6a Employment 2. 6b Employment 6a Employment 1. With refugee agency/NGO With With refugee agency/NGO With With localcontractor With With localcontractor With Within community Within Within community Within Yes Yes

Number ofcamels Number ofcamels Up to10km Up to10km Distance Distance Dadaab Dadaab 44,4 3,4 50 40 0-10 0-10 65,5 59,1 43,5 now now 0 10-20 km 10-20 km 36,8 8,9 20 0 10-40 10-40 20,7 34,1 26,1 50 20-40 km 20-40 km 28,9 42,5 26,7 50 13,8 30,4 40+ 40+ 6,8 50 Above 40 Above 40 11,1 2,3 6,7 km km 0 Total Total 29 44 23 2 Total Total 45 87 45 4 3. Employment 6a Employment 6b 5. Number ofyearsinarea Number ofyearsinarea Number ofyearsinarea 4. Born invillage Born Number ofyearsin 6. area With refugee agency/NGO With Yes With localcontractor With

Within community Within 5-15 years < 5years < 5years < 5years Yes

Wealth ranking

Rich 0,8

Number ofcamels Number ofcattlenow Number ofcamels Number ofshoats 0-10 47,3 now Number ofcattlenow Number ofcattlenow 0-10 0-10 0-10 19,2 34,8 46,7 now now

Average 68,3 0-10 0-10 25,6 31,6 33,3 48,5

10-40 10-40 10-40 61,5 56,5 53,8

10-40 37,4 10-40 10-40 51,3 55,3 33,3 43,9

Poor 30,8

19,2 40+ 40+ 40+ 8,7

0 23,1 13,2 33,3 40+ 40+ 7,6

15,4 40+ Total 120

Total Total Total 26 23 15

Total Total 39 38 66

3 Total 91 41 Annexes 42 Annexes Income Income 8. area Number ofyearsin 7. area Number ofyearsin Years inarea Income <5 years 6000-12.000 6000-12.000 6000-12.000 2000-6000 2000-6000 2000-6000 >12.000 >12.000 >12.000

<2000 <2000 <2000

5-15 years 5-15 years

Up to10km Distance to Dadaab Number ofcamels Number ofshoats Number ofcattle 9,7

Number ofcattlenow Number ofshoats 0-10 0-10 0-10 16,7 34,6 37,6 42,6 18,4 33,5 61,5 57,1 58,7 67,3 now now now 25 20

0-10 0-10 34,3 now 37 10-20 km 41,9

10-40 10-40 10-40 38,5 37,2 50,8 34,6 42,9 43,3 27,5 28,8 50 36 60 50

20-30 km 19,4

10-40 10-40 48,1 40,4 30-40 km 33,3 26,9 26,5 20,2 31,6 15,7 36,7 13,8 40+ 40+ 40+ 16,1 3,8 3,8 15 0

40-50 14,9 25,3 40+ 40+ 12,9 km

Total Total Total 489 197 109 18 26 94 20 38 78 30 52 7

Total Total Total 154 166 31

12. 9. Clan 13. 10. 11. Main market Buying food Selling toUN/NGOs Employment withagency/NGO Refugee camps Refugee camps Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Balat Gare Har MZ

Yes, some Yes, most

Income <2000 Wealth ranking 22,2 53,3 31,4 16,3 100 50

0 0 0 Income <2000 14,2 Rich Yes

Wealth ranking 2000-6000 Rich 0 0

77,8 33,3 43,8 70,2 Wealth ranking 100 100 100 2000-6000 50 0 Average 75,4 74,6 Rich

4,4

12.000 Average 6000- 13,3 17,8 7,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 60

6000-12.000 Average Poor 25,4 71,1

9 >12.000 6,4 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Poor 25 40 Poor 24,4

>12.000 1,5

Total 59 Total 185 141 15 9 1 1 2 2 2 Total Total 45

20 8

Total 134

43 Annexes 44 Annexes Cattle now Cattle now Camels now Donkeys now Shoats now Shoats now Camels now 14. Between 10-40 Above 40 Above 40 Above 40 Above 40 Above 40 Above 40 Above 40 Between Between Between Between Between Between 10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40

Camels 15yearsago Donkeys 5yearsago Shoats 15yearsago Camels 5yearsago Cattle 15yearsago Shoats 5yearsago Cattle 5yearsago Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 Less than10 33,3 12,3 20,7 24,6 37,5 27,2 33,3 29,6 48,1 37,7 39,3 39,3 8,6 50

10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40 10-40 29,6 13,6 23,5 39,6 50 25 10-40 46,6

Total 28 61 Total Total Total Total Total Total

121 122 158 159 27 61 81 81 48 48 6 8 Clan Dadaab Distance 15. Donkeys now Dadaab Distance 16. 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km Above 40 Auliyahan Abduwak Between Up to10 Up to10 Magabul Bahgari Asharaf 10-40 Balat Gare Har MZ km km

water duringwetseason water duringdryseason water duringdryseason Donkeys 15yearsago Distance tolivestock Distance tolivestock Distance tolivestock < 1hourwalk < 1hourwalk < 1hourwalk Less than10 10,6 83,3 97,5 23,4 81,5 50,9 43,7 22,2 0,7 4,4 2,3 7,1 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-3 hour 1-3 hour 1-3 hour 10-40 10,5 walk walk 12,6 74,5 16,7 47,4 50,6 11,1 walk 2,5 9,3 6,9 2,8 2,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 > 3hourwalk > 3hourwalk > 3hourwalk 97,5 80,4 85,1 89,7 96,5 80,3 66,7 100 100 100 100 100 100 2,1 1,9 1,8 5,7 50 0 Total Total Total 107 114 142 183 108 114 40 48 87 40 47 87 15 2 2 2 1 9 1 Total 6 8 45 Annexes 46 Annexes Clan 18. Firewood 17. 19. wood Construction Fence wood Darakaa/Dirkba Damaji/Damaja Khansa/Rig Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Marer Balat Gare Abaq Har MZ

Khansa/Rig Kordobo Darakaa/Dirkba Damaji/Damaja Marer Abaq Bisiq Khansa/Rig water duringwetseason

Marer Distance tolivestock Abaq

< 1hourwalk 77,7 88,9 100 100 100 100 22 50 0 How manyusedthis Percentage species 66,8 24,1 75,9 80,9 47,7 Percentage How many used this

species 96,2 73,6 98,5 9,5 1-3 hour 4 How manyusedthisspecies 76,6 walk 19,6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage

> 3hourwalk 63,5 82,6 46,6 96,5 4,5

11,1 1,4 2,7 50 0 0 0 0 0

Total 141 184 15 2 2 2 1 9 1 Questions 20-42according todistancecamp: Distance Dadaab 20. 24. Dadaab Distance Distance Dadaab 21. Dadaab Distance 23. Distance Dadaab 22. 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km Up to10 20-30 km 10-20 km Up to10 Up to10km Up to10km km 10-20 km 20-30 km 30-40 km 40-50 km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km km

Up to10km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km At whatpricedoyousellﬁrewood

How oftendoyousell 1-2 timesamonth Sell firewood Firewood distance Less than5shillings < 1/2hour 16,2 10,7 19,6 firewood Yes 3,4 0 73,6 96,3 81,6 92,3 13,2 96 0,9 4,2 0 0 27,9 48,7 0 Buy firewood 64,1 56,3 46,8 21,2 65,1 Yes 1/2-1&1/2 3-4 timesa 51,7 63,1 56,6 56,3 95 month 16,3 3,7 7,7 17 4 shillings 5-10 41,9 20,5 7,5 More than1&1/2 Total More than5timesa 103 112 37 48 87 48,3 35,1 30,2 39,6 5 More than10 Total month 109 113 39 48 86 9,4 shillings 0 0 2 0 30,2 30,8 92,5 Total 111 106 87 48 40 Total Total 27 25 49 39 53 43 39 53 47 Annexes 48 Annexes Distance Dadaab 29. Distance Dadaab 28. 27. Distance Dadaab Distance Dadaab 26. 25. Dadaab Distance Up to10km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km 40-50 km 30-40 km Above 40km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km 20-40 km 10-20 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km Above 40 20-40 km 10-20 km

Main Livelihood Number ofcattlenow Number ofcamels15yearsago Number ofcamels5yearsago Livestock Number ofcamelsnow 87,5 85,4 90,8 96,5 70,1 0-10 42,9 39,2 30,9 45,7 18,5 0-10 43,8 41,2 77,8 0 60 50 0-10 41,2 54,9 35,3 0-10 29,4 56,3 29,4 4,3 4 Employment 10-40 11,5 45,7 46,4 41,4 6,3 5,5 0,9 52 5 77,8 10-40 0 41,2 28,6 30,8 11,1 10-40 50 17,6 11,3 10-40 9,8 8,7 32,4 26,8 43,1 48 Trade 17,2 7,5 8,3 3,7 2,7 11,4 22,7 12,9 40+ 8,8 52,9 32,4 60,8 40+ 100 17,6 11,4 19,2 11,1 3,7 40+ 87 6,3 26,5 18,3 21,6 40+ Other 48 1,1 0 0 0 0 Total Total Total Total 16 34 70 52 27 Total 109 113 34 71 51 23 102 34 71 51 25 40 48 87 35 97 70 27 26 31. Distance Dadaab Distance Dadaab 30. Distance Dadaab 32. 35. Distance Dadaab 34. Distance Dadaab Distance Dadaab 33. Above 40km Above 40km Above 40km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km Up to10km 10-20 km 20-30 km 30-40 km 10-20 km 40-50 km 20-40 km 10-20 km Above 40 10-20 km 20-40 km 10-20 km 20-40 km 20-40 km 10-20 km km

Number ofshoatsnow Number ofdonkeysnow Number ofshoats15yearsago Number ofcattle15yearsago Number ofshoats5yearsago Number ofcattle5yearsago 0-10 29,9 34,1 34,1 21,2 0-10 60 93,3 88,5

0-10 0-10 23,5 30,2 23,5 23,5 28,6 12,2 30,9 23,3 0-10 23,3 14,6 22,9 19,2

0-10 21,6 37,9 26,5 20 10-40 22,7 46,4 29,3 51,5 39 10-40 3,3 7,7

10-40 10-40 33,3 29,9 43,8 16,7 2,9 7,8 8,8 22

10-40 16,3 12,5 12,3 10-40 4,9 34,3 30,4 29,5 33,8

17,3 23,7 26,8 36,6 27,3 40+ 40+ 3,3 3,8

38,1 65,9 39,2 32,9 40+ 73,5 53,1 68,6 67,6 40+

45,7 32,6 39,7 40+ 48 60,5 80,5 64,6 68,5 40+

Total Total 75 97 82 41 33 Total Total 30 26 102

Total 42 82 97 73 68 96 34 102

35 95 68 Total 43 82 96 73

49 Annexes 50 Annexes 36. Distance Dadaab Dadaab Distance 39. Dadaab Distance 38. 37. Distance Dadaab 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km 10-20 km 20-30 km 30-40 km 40-50 km Up to10km Up to10 Up to10km Up to10 20-40 km 10-20 km Above 40 10-20 km 20-40 km 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km Above 40 km km

km km

Distance tograzingduringwetseason Distance tograzingduringdryseason Number ofdonkeys15yearsago Number ofdonkeys5yearsago < 1hourwalk < 1hourwalk 72,7 90,7 100 97,5 20,8 82,4 48,7 44,8 0-10 68,4 81,7 82,4 0-10 73,7 0,9 0,9 100 90 90 85

0 0 0

18,2 5,3 0 10-40 1-3 hour 1-3 hour 10-40 15,8 13,3 17,6 10 6,7 walk

77,1 17,6 49,6 52,9 walk

0 0 0 2,3 9,7 8,3

0 0 0 9,1 0 4 > 3hourwalk > 3hourwalk 15,8 26,3 40+ 40+ 3,3 15

0 5 0

0 97,7 89,4 90,7 100 100 2,5 2,1 1,8 2,3

0 11 18 75 Total Total 17 30 19 60 19 30 60 17 Total Total

113 108 108 113 87 48 40 40 48 87

Questions 20-42according torespondent’s clan: Clan 21. Clan Dadaab Distance 40. 20. Clan 22 40-50 km 30-40 km 20-30 km 10-20 km Up to10 Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf km Balat Gare

Har MZ

Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Balat Gare Har MZ

Changes inavailabilityto Firewood distance More available Auliyahan Abduwak Bahgari grazing Asharaf < 1/2hour Balat 2,5 1,9

0 0 0 12,5

6,1 2,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buy ﬁrewood 41,5 100 100 100 Yes 44 50 60 0 0 change 1/2-1&1/2 5,6 No 64,4 37,5 0 0 0 0 100 100 50 57 20 0 0 available Less 72,9 34,3 52,7 58,6 25

Sell ﬁrewood More than1&1/2 20,6 Yes 50 0 0 0 28,9 40,1 100 100 50 50 80 0 0 Much less available 72,5 27,1 58,3 47,3 41,4 Total 141 183 15

2 2 2 1 9 1 Total 180 140 2 2 2 Total 180 142 15 Total 2 2 8 1 1 2 108 112 40 48 87

51 Annexes 52 Annexes 23 25 Clan Clan Clan Clan 26 24 Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Auliyahan Bahgari Abduwak Asharaf Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Asharaf Balat How oftendoyousellﬁrewood Gare Auliyahan Abduwak Har Magabul MZ Balat Gare Bahgari Asharaf Har MZ

Balat Gare

Har MZ

At whatpricedoyousellﬁrewood Number ofcamelsnow 1-2 timesamonth Main Livelihood Less than5shillings Livestock 90,1 84,9 73,3 100 100 100 98,2 83,3 50 100 100 100 0-10 59,4 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 33,3 30,9 100 Magabul 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gare Har MZ Employment 3-4 timesamonth 100 6,5 6,7 5 0 0 0 0 0 16,7 100 10-40 1,8 18 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 5-10 shillings 28,6 38,3 14,5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trade 100 4,3 8,6 50 20 0 0 0 0 More than5timesamonth More than 10 shillings 15,6 40+ 0 12,5 16,7 0 0 71,4 66,7 30,9 85,5 100 100 100 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 64 0 12 8 1 1 Total Total 141 185 94 55 15 Total 7 6 1 1 0 1 1

100 2 2 2 1 9 1 55 1 1 0 1 6 6 0 Clan 27 Clan 28 Clan 29 Auliyahan Auliyahan Auliyahan Abduwak Abduwak Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Magabul Magabul Magabul Bahgari Bahgari Bahgari Asharaf Asharaf Bahgari Asharaf Balat Balat Balat Balat Gare Gare Gare Gare Har Har Har Har MZ MZ MZ MZ

Number ofcattlenow Number ofcamels15yearsago Number ofcamels5 years ago 0-10 42,1 33,8 46,2 100 100 0-10 50 25 50,9 66,7 43,2 28,1 100 100 100 100 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 43,6 20,3 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 10-40 41,3 50,3 53,8 50 75 0 0 0 0 10-40 34,2 33,3 32,4 53,1 66,7 100 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10-40 15,6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,7 15,9 40+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,9 24,3 18,8 33,3 40+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46,4 64,1 40+ 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 Total 126 151 13 2 0 1 0 1 8 Total 114 111 64 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 1 Total 110 64 0 1 2 0 0 3 1 53 Annexes 54 Annexes Clan 30 33 31 Clan Clan Clan 32 Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Auliyahan Abduwak Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Balat Gare Bahgari Asharaf Abduwak Har MZ Balat Asharaf Gare Balat Gare

Har MZ Har MZ

Number ofcattle5 Number ofshoatsnow Number ofcattle15yearsago Number ofshoats5yearsago years ago 0-10 33,6 28,2 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 48,4 33,3 66,7 100 50 27 50 50 0 0-10 26,6 100 100 30 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 35,2

0 10-40 40,8 28,2 46,2 12,5 50 0 0 0 0 10-40 40,4 30,6 53,3 33,3 50 50 50 0 0 10-40 10,5 15,4 9,3 0 0 0 0 0 0 10-40 45,6

0 25,6 43,6 53,8 87,5 40+ 50 0 0 0 0 32,6 13,3 40+ 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 62,9 60,7 84,6 40+ 100 100 0 0 0 0 19,2 40+ 100

Total 125 149 13 2 0 1 0 1 8 Total 141 124 15 0 1 2 2 2 9 Total 124 150 13 Total 124 2 1 0 1 0 8

2 34 35 Clan Clan Clan 36 Auliyahan Abduwak Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Magabul Auliyahan Bahgari Asharaf Bahgari Magabul Asharaf Bahgari Balat Gare Balat Gare Balat Har Gare MZ Har MZ Har MZ Auliyahan

Abduwak

Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Balat Gare Har MZ

Number ofdonkeys5yearsago Number ofshoats15yearsago Number ofdonkeysnow 0-10 83,1 78,9 0-10 16,5 27,2 100 100 100 100 16,5 100 100 100 100 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 97,5 87,8 100 100 100 100 100 100

0 10-40 10-40 10-40 25,9 33,3 12,8 11,7 21,1 2,5 6,7 100 50 6,7 7,9 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57,6 66,7 40+ 100 93,3 75,5 40+ 40+ 5,6 100 100 5,2 60 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 139 Total Total 139 125 15 40 90 77 38 15 2 2 1 9 0

1 1 2 1 0 6 5 0 5 0 1 2 1 0 9 0 1 2 2 2 55 Annexes 56 Annexes Clan Clan Clan 39 38 37 Clan 40 Auliyahan Abduwak Bahgari Asharaf Auliyahan Abduwak Auliyahan Abduwak Magabul Magabul Bahgari Asharaf Bahgari Asharaf Auliyahan Abduwak Balat Balat Gare Magabul Gare Bahgari Asharaf

Har Har MZ MZ

Balat

Gare Har MZ

Changes inavailabilityto < 1hour walk Number ofdonkeys15yearsago 0,7 0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More available < 1hourwalk grazing 1,6 77,2 19,9 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0

0 1-3 hourwalk 0-10 89,5 100 100 100 100 87 10,9 0 0 0 0,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Distance tograzingduringwetseason Distance tograzingduringdryseason 1-3 hourwalk No change 3,3 20,7 80,1 100 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

> 3hourwalk 98,6 88,6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10-40 1,3 2,6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 available > 3hourwalk Less 80,9 100 29 50

2,2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Much less 11,7 40+ 7,9 available 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66,1 19,1 50 0

Total 141 184 15 Total 9 1 184 141

2 2 2 1 15 2 2 2 9 1 1 Total 77 38 Total 183 141 0 5 0 1 2 1 0 2 2

Questions 43-55: Sex 50-55 Sex 45+46 Sex 43 +44 47-49 Age Magabul Balat Gare female 50 andabove Har MZ Male

Female Female Male Male 30-50 20-30

Reasons forsettlingin Born HereBorn Livelihood Livestock Have youhademploymentwithsalary Livestock 86,5 86,7 23,7 38,1 Yes

73,6 73,6 area

0 0 0 0 0 Employment 13,8 11,5 Yes 86

4,9

7 Employment 7,9 8,6

0 0 0 0 0 Total 131 226 Trade

8,6 5,6

distribution Food 13,2 12,1 22,2 73,3

100 100 0

Other 0,7 0 Trade 5,4 5,7 Total

188 113 77,8 26,7 100 58

0 0 Total 245 143

Total 242 140

15 9 1 1 2 57 Annexes 58 Annexes 24 hours,minustheamount ofwoodnowinthehome). last the in delivered wood day,any previous plus the household the in present wood of amount the (being household each in consumption fuelwood daily out work to arithmetic simple using processedspreadsheetand a resultswereenteredin The wereminimised. distributions) food or errors were smoothed out and the effects of unusual variations (perhaps related to religious days weighing minor ensuredthat period survey day eight errors.An correctany approach and the of forms and a set of weighing scales. They were survey supervised ten each with day issued to each conﬁrm and their methodology understanding the on instructions given were enumerators The The enumeratorswere then askedto: There are severalwaystomeasure theenergyconsumptionofhouseholdsinrefugee camps: 1. Fuelwoodconsumptionsurvey Annex J:Environmental assessmentmethodologies 3. 2. 1. b) a)

size asperUNHCRrationcards, butthenumberofpeoplecookingtogethereachday. section of household sizes from two to 11 persons (one of each). This was not the family cross- a include to asked were They all). in households 50 (thus monitor to households ten selected they where block different a to assigned each were and supervisor camp GTZ’s sampled through Ifo in recruited 50 were enumerators Five period. in 8-day an over wood households weighing of approach cost-effective and objective relatively the survey: weighing Wood this approach. 100 least at pathways, of number resourcesand requiredsupervision, precludedbeen the close have with would enumerators and camps the of growth the with but 1998), Owen, (e.g. Dadaab in previously used was method This camp. the into brought being load weight for each type of transporter, it is possible to calculate the total weight of wood child, donkey cart, etc). Conducting the survey over several days and knowing the average and each load of inbound wood recorded according to type of transporter (man, woman, Intake survey: approach andwastherefore avoided. on fuel as a surrogate for weight may reduce the error margin, but this is still a subjective spend they money much how Asking information. false give deliberately may or poorly weights estimate may respondents because inaccurate be to tends this but consume, survey: Questionnaire for weighingbefore goingtothefireplace forcooking. This hours. 24 previous requiredaside set respondentswas the of wood ensurecooperation incoming to the all that during household the into brought firewood any Record Record theamountoffirewood present ineachhouseholdthemorning. All incoming pathways to a camp can be monitored during daylight hours t s osbe ipy o s wo ues o mc fe they fuel much how users wood ask to simply possible is It h coe mto fr eiig ul osmto was consumption fuel deriving for method chosen The delivered. be should services which in way the and refugeeslive the way revisethe orderperceptionsto of thereconsumption, energy om thereforeis in co-habitation on data better gather to need clear a that both figures are significantly higher than average ration card size. Unrelated to this discussion and together living actually people of number to similar is size group cooking that probable is It camps. the of out move members family some that event the in options survival morediversified provide to and items non-food more receive to units family sub-dividing for preference their to many people are typically cooking together than the ration cards might suggests, due presumably ration card defines “family size”. Even this short sampling study suggests that more than twice as the that assumes agencies humanitarian the by standards delivery service against assessment co- or groups cooking cards, habiting ration individuals is an issue to of wider importance according in the camp size context, where most household planning and average of discussion The habits orfuelwoodprices. was assumed to apply across all three camps, as there are no major differences in foods, cooking chart gives average fuelwood consumption across the whole camp o 7.6, of size a group cooking gives figures these of average an Takingrespectively. 8.3 and 7.1 households of 219 averages and found 128 covering Ifo in blocks other two in while commissioned 7.3, surveys was separate households sampled 50 the in average The this. than higher much is together The average family size according to UNHCR data is 3.3, but the actual number of people cooking good estimateofaveragecookinggroup size. group sizes. To calculate overall fuel consumption in the camps it is therefore important to have a The survey findings show that Results ofwoodweighingsurvey, Ifocamp 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 HH size 0.89 0.96 1.06 1.19 1.36 1.59 1.96 2.63 4.35 (kg p.p.p.d.) consumption Fuelwood 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.77 0.82 and using this figure in the formula for the best-fit line in the above the in line best-fit the for formula the in figure this using and per capita fuel consumption reduces significantly with larger cooking f 1.0 kg p.p.p.d. This figure mean 59 Annexes 60 Annexes scale uptheIfofigure toanoverallestimateforallthree camps. 14 Results oflivestockcensus,Ifocamp 8% of shoats and 3% of cattle remain confined to the camp that assumed was it purposes survey For camp. the leave not do animals young very because total observed the than higher be will livestock of number actual The cattle. and sheep goats, all 12 recordingof straightforwardthrough period, the week one a over at Ifo aroundareas assembly known enumerators through commissioned was count a Such them. count to opportunity take them out for the day. The period when they are being gathered together who graziers presents hired to an over excellent handed areperimeter, they camp where the around points gathering agreed to herdedare They grazing. for morning each out taken are camps the in kept Livestock 2. Livestock census Total livestock: Multiplier forallcamps:3.17 Total registered popn:272,029 Popn. ofIfo:`85,693 Total no. % incamp(younganimals) Sub-total: N15 N8 C3 A11 E1 B23 B17 A1 C9 B9 Block A3 Based in turn on the assumption lambs and kids are fed in the camp for 3 months and on average live for 3 yrs, while yrs, 3 for live average on and months 3 for camp the in arefed kids and lambs assumption the on turn in Based calves stayinthe campfor2monthsandliveonaverage for5yrs. 10,493 3,305 8% 3,030 103 129 114 390 455 425 126 301 113 225 358 291 Sheep 42,765 13,472 8% 12,349 244 828 886 1,664 1,649 1,627 615 1,827 523 923 735 828 Goats 14 and a multiplier was then applied to 8,410 2,649 3% 2,561 91 83 43 118 70 - 177 401 213 453 441 471 Cattle The plotcoordinates (indecimal degrees) were asfollows: was this and Dadaab around rangeland accomplished through empiricalmeasurement atthe following40sampleplots: the of condition the determine to sought study The 3. Rangeland biomassassessment NE1 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 Code 0.34269 0.31755 0.13328 0.20635 0.2141 0.26556 0.15952 0.0702 0.1246 0.1236 0.12788 0.17434 0.15393 0.16405 Latitude 40.43989 40.4459 40.39255 40.50587 40.45276 40.64961 40.84286 40.42865 40.21809 40.30382 40.30424 40.3314 40.29106 40.29411 Longitude S3 S2 S1 NW7 NW6 NW4 NE2 SE5 SE4 SE3 SE2 SE1 S5 S4 Code 0.02861 -0.03772 -0.06245 -0.14821 -0.26147 -0.01749 -0.03484 -0.18747 -0.15255 -0.25563 0.1647 0.32905 0.19066 0.18749 Latitude 40.33993 40.47165 40.50866 40.56918 40.78338 40.39597 40.39044 40.32269 40.39337 40.39313 40.08556 40.16236 40.03764 40.37343 Longitude W7 W6 W5 W4 W3 SW6 SW5 SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1 SE6 Code 0.12561 0.12547 0.06087 0.1081 0.12439 0.01514 0.01662 -0.00367 -0.0203 -0.06088 -0.1233 0.03136 Latitude 40.05173 40.09455 40.27799 40.28004 40.16559 40.1158 40.06962 40.27599 40.21841 40.10937 39.98888 40.32219 Longitude 61 Annexes 62 Annexes 15 Measuring 20mplotradius At eachsampleplotacircle of20mradiuswasmeasured andmarkedontheground. distance. that at impacts community host from indistinguishable were or km 50 than more at found not these were often over-grown or impassable due to rain. Refugee impacts were in any case either and access for cut-lines old on relied team the but away further plots visit to hoped been had It Police Administration officers. two and vehicle escort an by accompanied assistants, two period byateamcomprisingforester and and Their four were surveyed GPS each day over a ten day km. a in 55 entered towere coordinates 1 from distances straight- line and camps the from all representdirections to selected were plots The Within thiscircle theteamrecorded:Within

c) Weight ofusable NUMBER s NUMBER s CROWN s BASAL s SPECIES s b) Foreachofthosetrees: A Commiphora spp. of logs lightweight example, for include, not did so marketable, potentially and dry dead, mean to taken was “usable” 4HE Survey kit:Clipboard,datasheets,measuringtape, Survey NUMBER diameter tape,clinometer, GPS,markingstick AND DIAMETER HEIGHT OF OF TYPE "LONDEL STEMS STEMS OF USING TREES WITH

15 USING dead wood REMOVED BRANCHING A OF THE A BASAL A CLINOMETER AID FORESTERS BY OF DIAMETER FROM  HUMAN 2 cmdiameter(usinga0-50kgdial-typebalance). 3OMALI SPEAKING AND THE DIAMETER SAME TANGENT ACTIVITY CM Plot markedoutonground TAPE OR STUMP BY ABOVE CALCULATIONS ASSISTANTS OBSERVATION BY OBSERVATION BASED AND WITH ON AND OBSERVER REFERENCE EYE TO HEIGHT "EENTJE

16 calculations. as limited mensuration work has been carried out in Kenya’s drylands on which to base volumetric Calculating the volume of usable woody biomass per plot (and hence per ha) was more complex from thesampledareas toaﬁgure perhectare bystraightforward multiplication(by7.96). up scaled were plot each on wood dead of quantity and cut stems of number specimens, tree individual of number The analysis. for spreadsheet a into entered were plot each from data The Measuring basaldiameter The followinghybridapproach wastherefore adopted: to limitations practical are there because measuring dense,thorny, low-spreading and vegetation. diameter trunk same the of trees individual as volume combined same the have to assumed be cannot forms multi-stem such because exhibiting trees difﬁcult), measurement diameter (making ground the above immediately divide often transferable because dryland trees tend to have lower and wider-spreading forms, because stems

The authors are indebted to forester Keith Openshaw, Deputy Project Manager of the Kenya Fuelwood Cycle Study in Study Cycle Fuelwood Kenya the of Openshaw,Manager ProjectKeith foresterDeputy to indebted are authors The b) a) the early1980s,for histechnicalinputonmethodology development.

cm: cylinder,long, tapering a 2-4 basal diameter of stems applied for following formulawas the essentially stem each with forms multi-stem exhibited trees smaller the of most that Given o tes f aa daee o 5 m n aoe te olwn frua eie fr free- for derived formula following the above, standing trees ofsinglestems innon-closedforests wasapplied(Pukkala,1991): and cm 5 of diameter basal of trees For v =stemvolumeindm where ln(v) =-1.64932+2.235673*ln(d) d =diameteratbreast heightincm(assumedtobe85%ofbasaldiameter) Pi *r where form factor(taper)=0.85 ht=height inm r =radiusinm

2 16 *htformfactor

ln =naturallog Reliable formulae exist for tree species in wetter areas but these are not always not are these but areas wetter in species tree for exist formulae Reliable Pi =3.1415926

3 (cubicdeci-metres) Weighing deadwood 63 Annexes 64 Annexes sampling locations of 40-45 m Trial calculations using this approach yielded standing volumes in the more distant and undisturbed alignment withthethree refugee camps). filled using an image from 1 18 17 km (1.920 km 60 x 40 area: visible from above. Both images were therefore cropped to an oval smaller than the general study morebe would less away hence further and degradation species-specific that but camps, the of It was expected that the satellite image from 2010 would reveal land cover changes within 20 km latest cloud-free image pre-dating the refugee camps was obtained on 26 a of error.risk introduces The which date, from an earlier imagery using be “gap-filled” therefore must scenes Post-2003 data. missing of bands by marred is date that since produced imagery http://glovis.usgs.gov for interest of government: US the from area download free for available also proposed is imagery study. Landsat impact the the covers conveniently so square row km 166, 185 path is image scene: Each satellite 060. (TM) mapper thematic Landsat a of centre the in falls Dadaab 4. Satelliteimagerytimeseriescomparison undisturbed plots would be expected on to average 46 m volume standing mm/yr, 325 of area Dadaab the in rainfall average Assuming other’s growth: to adopt the following procedure to allow for the interference of trees in close proximity with each stemmed trees. After observing the growth characteristics of different specimens, it was decided multi- for cater to applied was multiplier a stem, each for volumes preliminary obtained Having was compared with the most recent cloud-free image from 2 yield of 1.2 to 1.7 t/ha (15% moisture content), depending on rainfall, being 4.8% of standing stock. Asimilarannualyieldwasassumedforthesampledsites. of 4.8% being rainfall, on depending content), moisture (15% t/ha 1.7 to 1.2 of yield reliable to apply across all the sample plots. Western and Ssemakula further estimated an annual and RemoteSensingassistedwithcropping andclassification. Surveys Resources of Department the of staff and Sensing Remote and Mapping Surveying, in CentreServices Regional for Nairobithe in by out carried was alignment image and Rectification of year, itwashopedthatseasonalityeffects couldbeminimised. ra wt 2030 m f anal e anm euvln sadn vlm o 3-0 m 35-50 of volume standing equivalent annum, per rainfall of mm 250-350 with areas for t/ha 22-31 of weight standing dry average found who (1981) Ssemakula and Western with

c) FOR B FOR A

The input of Anthony Ndubi at the Regional Centre and Jacob Kimani and Merceline Ojwala at DRSRS is DRSRS at Ojwala gratefully acknowledged. Merceline and Kimani Jacob and Centre Regional the at Ndubi Anthony of input The Assuming 15%moisture content(airdry)and1.4m3perair-dry t.

was totalnumberofstems. for trees with three stems or more, the volume of one stem was multiplied by (n-1), where n DOUBLE STEMMED SINGLE STEMMED / However, the Landsat TM sensors began to deteriorate in 2003 and and 2003 in deteriorate to began sensors TM Landsat the However, TREES TREES st 2 January 2010. By taking scenes from approximately the same time from By 2010. scenes approximately taking January ), centred on Dadaab town and tilted 22 tilted and town Dadaab on centred ), 3 /ha of above-ground usable woody biomass. This was consistent VOLUME THE VOLUME REMAINED 3 /ha. The methodology was thus considered sufficiently OF ONE AS STEM CALCULATED WAS nd MULTIPLIED 18 February 2010, which was gap- was which 2010, February ABOVE o from north (for NNW-SSE (for north from BY th January 1987. This This 1987. January AND 3 /ha. 17 classes definedbyERDAS. cover land the categorise to them using and GPS using points those locating image, 2010 the from points 12 pre-selecting by field the in out carried was truthing Ground 2010. and 1987 for friendly final images and to produce attribute tables listing the area of land falling within each class sequentially.applied pixels, 7x7 and 5x5 3x3, of cells with viewer-generate to used then was ERDAS filter majority a using smoothed then were scenes classified The simplicity. and accuracy different with experimentation some After between compromise best the 7. achieve to found was and classification 6-way a classes, of 5 numbers 4, 3, 2, 1, Bands TM on based PC, a on decided was it So study. the instead to conduct unsupervised classification of of the two images using ERDAS Imagine software component minor a only was process, sensing expensive remote and and however, time-consuming a is This classes. land-cover different on-screen of manual, out digitisation carry to is nature this of scenes classifying to approach preferred The 26 th Jan1987

(TM bands2,3and4inblue,greenredrespectively) Landsat imagesofareawithin20kmrefugeecamps 2 nd Feb2010 65 Annexes 66 Annexes Source: Annex K:SoilsoftheDadaabarea C C Ps20 Ps15 Ps24 Ps3 Ps1 A7 o d e

Exploratory SoilMapofKenya (KenyaSoilSurvey,Exploratory 1980); IRD(1999);Blondel(2000a).

Sedim Sealin Sealin sedim Lower Flood S Sedi o i l

t y m m g g e p e p p level

ntary plain plain ntary loam plain plain loam plain loam lain lain ntary plain plain ntary e entary plain entary

(50 km from camps) from km (50 As above, bu above, As lo clay sandy pla sand Red bu above, As sand sealing d Moderately plai clay Grey d deep, Very D

e s area Hosting c r i p t i o n

y a a a e t t t t in. d deep, Very n. Very deep, da deep, n.Very loam loam Dadaab less deep deep less o differentiation rk grey, very fir very grey, rk m ep, brown,ep, extr m m a e e f brown greyish rk rk red to dusky dusky to red rk Dagahaley underlying clay clay underlying

mely firm, clayl Ifo

Hagadera r o , very firm clay clay firm very , loam more abru more loam ed, friable, sand friable, ed, am, with tops a with am, p p y y o o loam to to loam t il of drai drai p to Imp drai Imp D drai Well Imp r a n n n n i e e e o o n ed ed ed ed ed rfectly rfectly rfectly orly orly a g e

dark Raam g Ber Kunia yello loam ad sand, A L o dab if c a w y m r l l u

e ed pure ed a and and /beige Raama Raama n duud ore when a m e and normallynotforown use. firewood is taken over by the men using donkey carts. Firewood collected in this way is for selling As the distances to “good quality” of firewood are becoming greater and greater this collection of Commercialisation offirewood andbuildingmaterials access tothegoodqualityandtheywillhavebuy it. and scrub due to labour or money available. Many households in the centres do not have regular branches small of firewood on rely to have many but one every preferredby firewoodthe is This household basis as well. The good quality of firewood consists of big branches and parts of trees. The so-called good quality firewood and building materials (live trees) are collected on an individual and girlsgotocollectfirewood. women bush the in out far how to limits arethere as firewood of source main the are scrub and branches households many In scrub). and (branches firewood of quality lowering of acceptance the lower is the quality of the firewood, which women and girls can collect. There seems to be an distance to the greatercamps in a time spend at on collecting. communities However the and closer the camps centre is to to the close camps, own centres/communities between difference for big no collected is firewood where households in be to Thereseems collect. to day second every hours 2-5 spend girls and women consumption that shows study the from findings The Firewood forownconsumption quality. Firewood iscollected forownconsumptionaswellselling. branches. This firewood is the preferred one by people but not all households have access to this quality,good a thick thereis of Then firewoodconsisting scrubs. is and which branches small of consists firewood,which of quality low A categories. main two firewoodinto of quality the divide From the findings of the qualitative questionnaires it turn out that local people in host communities their area. affected contracts no that satisfied quite were people contracts, firewood by affected not areas those In depletion. resource of terms in problems the felt only but benefits any see not did they firewoodthe as to werecontracts negative communities very the generally in interviewed People not. were communities host other but contracts GTZ these in included were communities host leaders collect. Firewood and building materials is collected through the GTZ contractors. Some increasinglybut communities host residentssome by also agreementin who camps in local with fromlocals by both organised is commercialIt for use. activity an as is it as well as consumption The collection is organised in different ways. People collect on individual household basis for own communities andinrefugee camps. host in settled peoples growingof a number as expand will and huge is materials these for The need building others. and and refugees Firewood communities, host solved. of being members fromby conducted far is still collection materials is issue this study the in findings the From the degradationcausedbyfirewood andbuildingmaterialscollection. address to programme main the been has RESCUE but organisations other under up set been also have programmes Other GTZ. through implemented been has which Education program, and (RESCUE) Utilization Conservation, Supply, Energy Rational the up set UNHRC activities. the by addressed been these of impacts environmental time the due area the long in working agencies and a organisations various for has materials building and firewood of collection The and energysupply Annex L:Firewood,buildingmaterialcollection 67 Annexes 68 Annexes this program competefortheresources withotherlocal users. the with solved be anyway and need actual the cover not does it cannot as programGTZ approachRESCUE by the run of It resources. these for demand the increase will communities host and camps in peoples of number increasing an and energy of source only their is it as down go not will materials these for need peoples and Refugees questions. some raise to reasons gives The need for going further and further away from camps to collect firewood and building materials Future perspectivesonenergyandbuildingmaterials needs 3000 shillingsprdonkeycarts(5-6bagsof50kg at aprice500shillingsprbag). for illegal activities. A full load of charcoal could give a much higher income for a trip around 2500- not be that big, even it is prohibited. Firewood collectors are anyway already now being accused might burning charcoal to jump the carts donkey using collectors firewood For charcoals. using of advantages the of aware fully are people but big that not is difference price the moment the For days. 20 - 15 around for last will bag this and bags kg 50 pr shillings 500 for town Dadaab example in bought charcoalbe Now can household. of size last average an in aroundmonth for two can load A shillings. 1200 for camps refugee in sold be now can carts donkey on kg) 300 (250- firewood good of load A spend. efforts and time the for pay can that income an secure to in the bush for several nights to collect the firewood, charcoal burning might be an option for them and longer travel to longer distances have to the resourcesconvoys (firewood the and live trees)in they areworking searching people and have to If stay out foreseen. be easily burning camps fromradius km the area100 community to host up the in place take wherewill charcoal burning camps. In Dadaab town charcoal can be bought for 500 shillings for a 50 kg bag. A development Charcoal is imported to the area. Bags with charcoal come regularly to Dadaab town and refugee Charcoal the campscanpayforgoodquality. refugeesin Many refugeecamps. the in materials building firewoodand their sell convoys These agreement withlocalleaders inthecommunities. in place taken is collection this said also was It increasing. is materials building and firewood of quality good to distances when place take mainly will convoys of organisation the like seems It These convoys are organised and conducted convoys. by men from the camps accordingin to people interviewed. camps refugee to return then and materials building for trees live chop and firewood the collect to two or night a out stay convoy.will a men in The bush the to going carts donkey carts – it was reported by interviewed that it was not unusual to see 15 to over 40 donkey The more organised collection of firewood and building materials is conducted by several men with in theotherhostcommunitiesincludedstudy. (over 40 km to Dadaab with many shops and teashops) buying of firewood is more common than Garissa roadto main the centreon a is which Hagarbul, in and Borehole5) and (Dadaab camps to close communities in that indicate questionnaires quantitative the from results However,the selling firewood islimitedinthecommunities. of firewood willnormallybeteashopsandhouseholdswithcashincomes,butthemarketfor will beinvolvedinthecollectingandsellingfirewood inthisway. Inthecommunitiesbuyers The communitiesplacedbetween10-40kmfrom thecampsare theoneswhere peoplemostly firewood/building materials. the selling from income the share they Then collect. to time the have who person a and donkey cart/ donkey a of owner an between cooperation often is firewood of collection it that questionnaires out quantitative came the From activity. this in involved are communities the from Men be from 1200 shillings. Men will on an individually basis go to collect and sell it locally or in camps. to the refugee camps. The local price will be around 400-600 shillings while in camps the price will The price for selling a full load of firewood depends on if it is sold locally in communities or brought of naturalresources. utilisation local on entirely built not is that found is solution sustainable a not if - environment the of degradation severe in result not will resources local on dependency in development this how the refugee camps who have the same needs for utilizing the natural resources it is difficult to see in Togetherpopulation collection. the materials with building and firewood and grazing for areas same the use will people more and more as resourcesincrease natural pressureon The others. and Wagir District, TanaLiboi River,from nomads also but camps around and in pastures the ongoing using an normally nomads attracting only is not process a is This communities relief. services food social and infrastructures to and in access easy the pastoralists to due nomadic speed increasing an the in continue will of which process, concentration the like seems It be will found tocomplywiththeactualdemandforfirewood. solutions local grow materials building for trees live and firewood of quality good the to were carts donkey reported to of be convoys active in These areas resources.of several these of for the communities demand included in the the study.satisfy to As found the distances be will The organisation of the collection by using donkey carts in convoys only show that local solutions increase. will environment the on pressure the area, community host the in collected (firewood) energy traditional on build is communities and camps refugee for supply energy the as long As 69 Annexes 70 Annexes “owners” and other users get access to this water, which save people for spending hours at the water the at hours spending points. for people save which water, this to access get users between other agreements and local “owners” certain under also can households these of Neighbours pipes. from coming the queue will normally be very long at the water points. Several households have access to “tapped” water In Dadaab town there are several water points (10 water points). Due to the high population in Dadaab town, water.Thereforedrinking fetchingwaterand bringittothecompoundcaneasilytaketwothree hoursperday. for points water the at lines long be will often there as water the get to time take might it half to an hour walking distance from the compound. However, it was pointed out by the respondents that morebe than not normally will points water the but community the of size the on depend points water the It is still mainly the women and the girls who bring the water to the household. The distances for people to fetching waterandbringittothecompoundcaneasily taketwotothree hoursper day. water.drinking for points water the at lines therelong as be water will the often get to time take Therefore might it that respondents the by out pointed However,was compound. it the from distance walking hour an to half morethan be not normally will points water the but community the of size the on depend points water the to people for distances The household. the to water the bring who girls the and women the is It nomads mightcomeforwaterhumansandlivestock. approach the water troughs. The water association members can be very busy in the dry season as many can users the which in order the of inform users of list a that way the in regulatedare livestock for access the collect also who associations water The livestock. the watering and water drinking for in coming fromusers as local well as users fromlocal money by controlled access and maintained are boreholes The of use changed and attracts livestock of pastures. supply concentration water higher in reliable results the which Furthermore districts, other settlement. from increase pastoralists to tendency clear a with lifestyles pastoral mobile more living people influence boreholes these from water of supply stable and good The Besides dams,privatewellsandreservoirs are used. The boreholes supply around 92% of host community members with drinking water and water for livestock. as itattractsthenomadsfrom distancesfaraway. the for troughs several livestock water has been drinking constructed in for all points communities. These water areas with and troughs boreholes are Besides very busy high. in the is dry season water drinking of The access to water has become easier and more secure for people and for livestock as well as the quality Access towaterforpeopleandlivestock in thehostcommunityareas. and dispensaries. Communication has also been developed as mobile telephone connection is wide spread Besides these, the transport sector is well developed and solar energy is introduced into mosques, schools infrastructures forwater, healthandeducationintheeightstudycommunitiescanbeseen: Social infrastructure is well developed in the host communities. In the tables below the availability of social Annex M:Socialinfrastructure/social services Dadaab town Welmerer Sebule Matheghesi Hagarbul Borehole 5 Alinjugur Abak Khaile X X X X X X X X Borehole X X X X X Water tank X X X X X X X X school Primary X X school Boarding X X X clinic Mobile X X X X X Dispensary had beentrainedas“midwifes”. women local communities the of some In up. came complications if camps the and Dadaab in the hospitals at as well as communities in place take to was said were diabetes delivery Child and problem. a area be to the also in mentioned experienced illness serious and common most the considered is Malaria free. Generallyhospitalsinthecampsare accessedfree ofcharge. are camps refugee the in hospitals while treated, being for pay to have people that mean which practice, some as well as members community host access the by hospitals in Garissa if used they are living also closer to Garissa. The are hospital in Dadaab camps has a shared refugeecost and Dadaab in Hospitals dependent onhealthservicesprovided byprivateclinicsandhospitalinthecamps. or three month. This makes access to health services in the local communities unreliable and people more some communities it in was furthermore recorded and that them, the of outreach some clinics in would drugs/medicine come and on irregularlynurses of basis once lack every a two is there but communities host the serve dispensaries and clinics Outreach explained. be easily can opinions differencein This improved. had access found 48% around while declined had opinion it found 42% Around diversified facilities. health to access a the on had members community Host Health. of Ministry Kenyan the with cooperation communities in host with working organisations and agencies the of many by addressed been has Health andsanitation Access toanduseofhealthservices every child.Thefeewillpaythesalaryof“teachers”. All children attend these schools and as with the primary schools there is a fee (200-300 KSh a month) for Besides the formal schooling, all communities settled and mobile have one or more in built Matheghesi andinWelmerer.being now are like schools Boarding organisations communities. by host with provided working (DRC) are Counci Nairobi Refugee Danish and Garissa in education school secondary for Scholarship a nomadicschoolprogramme. from benefitting were family nomadic extended an recordedthat also was it case one in Only villages. the areas makes it possible for children from mobile families to attend schools as they will stay with relatives in like would and important childrentheir structurefamily extended The education. attend to community host the in people the among very is education find members community Host education. primary received adult as population, adult literacy education is not taken place. Several young women who grew the up in Sebule or Dadaab town have have among high 5) is Borehole rate illiteracy and the that Sebule is result town, The Dadaab education. any (except received communities host in population adult the of Few socio-economic situationofthehousehold. the on depending various household each by paid fee school of amount the like seems It child. pr month teachers of salary pay pr shilling from300 various to fee 100 School etc.). cook (school school the to at working persons other and paid is fee school and itself community the from initiatives on employed often Teachersare education. addressing in active been has Care organisations Especially by communities. provided host with been working have etc. desks school and construction for work Materials people. voluntary local by by constructed been partly have programs community host under initiated schools The mentioned thattheywere paying schoolfee. but all interviewed people mentioned that the children available of their households would attend schools school and they all community host the However in enrolled schools. boys and girls the of number attend the on girls data exact and no is there boys both that questionnaires qualitative the in informed was It communities educationwassaidtohaveimproved. host all In years. 15 over for schools had have Sebule and Dadaab like towns/communities but old years host communities (communities) have been provided with a primary school. Several of the schools are 3-5 All communities. the in down settle for reason main a as education gave people interviewed the of Most Access toanduseofeducationinthearea training inmaintenance. UN communities. host Care, Danish with Refugee Council and example Norwegian Refugee Council. They have supplied materials needed and as well working as (ALRMP) organisation Program Management Resource major Land Arid the and UNICEF like all organisations nearly by addressed been has Water dukas (Koran schools). 71 Annexes 72 Annexes infrastructures attractsalsopeoplefrom otherdistrictsfurtheraway. in communities and thereby leaving the pastoral life style in return for a settled life style. The access to social The establishment of social infrastructures in the communities has resulted in concentration of Future perspectives the population Dadaab townaswellinrefugee camps. in bought be can cart energy.telephone solar Mobile by recharges are They communities. the in peoples Mobile telephone connection is available in all the visited host community communities and is used by many agenciesareand government alsosuppliedwithelectricityfrom theirownelectricgenerators. camps refugee In hotels. and cantinas private electric generators are the only source for electricity. shops, The compounds of the different the organisations serve which generators, electric is private electricity by town Dadaab supplied in Even generators. electric private of use through available only is Electricity the of owner the by business scale rechargers runonsmallsolarenergy.small a as run often is and phones mobile energy recharge Solar to communities. used also the is in dispensaries and schools mosques, many in installed is energy Solar Access toelectricityandcommunication and buyfoodotherproducts. Theyare alsousetobringwaterthecompounds. cash low Donkey carts is widely used both for firewood and building very materials transport and going to markets to sell with households in especially common very still is incomes. foot on walking people However serve to come matatus and pick-ups smaller busses, people. Theycanalsocarrygoatsandsheepinsiteare inmanycasespreferred duetolowerprice. by served not are which communities, some In moretransport andaround 85%saidtheycouldcatchpublictransportinornearthevillagecentre. public used they that answered respondents the of 80% to Up livestock. sell and bags) kg 50 in etc. flower wheat and maize rice, and (vegetables food buy to and facilities health relatives,access and friends visit trade, to Dadaab to and camps refugee to go to transport this use communities of Members to GarissaandNairobi. and camps refugee the communities to on the other Garissa site of and refugee camps Nairobi and then from come back come next day to might go the Busses opposite way back “taxis”. and pickups matatus, busses, to access regularly of form in transport improved have all study the in included communities The Access totransport with constructed been have They used. widely but assistance ofdonors,agenciesandorganisationworkingwithhostcommunities. few are they communities, all in seen are Latrines

in the area while around 24% of the male respondents were from the area. Inter-marriage takes place. big quite be can wife differenceand age husband the between and wife takes one morethan have males Some Inter-marriage area. the from were respondents male the of 24% around while area the in Results from the quantitative questionnaire indicate that around 38% of the female respondents were born worked andhowtojointhem. in activities their of profit the share would women werewomen many awareHowever accordancenot investments. groups, and these needs of they to how the that said was It etc. activities handicraft some processing, milk butchering, be could activities Their entities. cooperating generating income mainly were Women’s groups were found in several communities. These groups were organised by local initiatives. They economy mightexceedincomesfrom theirlivestock. household to contribution their and common more much are activities generating income other and trade households are seen more often as well as household with weak family structures. Women’s engagement in Borehole 5 and to certain degree Hagarbuul, have trends of township. In these communities female-headed town, Dadaab areas. urban more to similar trends some have area study the in communities the of Some men haveexperiencewithemploymentthanwomenandare more involvedintradethanmen. the quantitative questionnaire men and women find themselves equally involved in livestock activities. More From incomes. cash households the to contribute basis daily a on which activities, all - miraa and clothes like commodities different trade or shop small a teashop, a having like activities in generating income involved other be will Several (boiled)). processed milk the reselling and nomads from (buying trade milk in engaged be will women Several communities. in down settling when needed are often which women, of activities additional some be will there However activities. domestic other for responsible as well as use, household for water the fetching firewood, collecting of terms in same the be will duties girls and Women chewing, smokinganddomesticdebt). miraa (e.g. problems social of number a to contributes and trend problematic a is males of employment under- This employment. casual have or collection firewood “commercial” in engaged not are they if low in communitiesarein thiswayreduced the householdeconomycanbevery and theirdailylabourinputto these animals will often be with relatives living a nomadic pastoral lifestyle. The duties and workload of men numbers, larger in sheep and goats and camels cattle, have still communities in people If them. herd can groupa into animals herding.their any pool be will boys communities then in and livestock of owner Often not might there and afternoon the in return and morning the in grazing of search in out going eventually - decrease. As people are no longer will mobile, men the of livestock workload close general to the the like communities look will it be case in many smaller in numbers and dramatically change often will duties boys and workload the and Men based. gender communities very be still will in labour of division down the However change. to settle seems responsibilities to lifestyle pastoral nomadic a from shift people When children, of care take use, household handling themilk,prepare thefoodandare responsible forotherdomestichouseholdrelated activities. for water fetch firewood, collect girls and Women livestock. the – over fifty years. In all communities visited in the study area study the in visited communities all In years. fifty over – T Annex N:Impactsrelatedtogenderandage education inGarissa. students get scholarship young or the Some family invest in years. their children 20 to attend secondary to school or higher 15 of age the between married be to seen are Girls observed. were he division of labour in host community areas are gender based. Men and boys are herding and watering large numbers of children under 7 years 7 under children of numbers large 73 Annexes 74 Annexes Annex O:Somali and botanical treespeciesnames Terminalia prunioides Terminalia orbicularis Salvadora persica Prosopis juliflora Premna resinosa Pentas parvifolia Pentas bussei Ochna mossambicensis Maerua decumbens Harrisonia abyssinica Grewia tenax Grewia mollis Grewia forbesii Grewia densa Grewia bicolor Govotia gosai Gardeni fiorii Dobera glabra Diospyros wajirensis Dalbergia spp Cordia sinensis Commiphora incisa Commiphora edulis Commiphora africana Boswellia neglecta Boscia coriacea Balanites rotundifolia Acacia zanzibarica Acacia tortilis Acacia senegal Acacia reficiens Acacia nilotica Acacia mellifera Acacia horrida Acacia elatior Abutalon hirtum Botanical name Ximenia americana Wrightia demartniana Warabreb Dibirkh, Dabarrik Hammes sagara Bebeh Darkiyah/Dakayare Kulan Fulai, Jikh Abak, Kura Adadgeti, Ethad-geri Khansa Tugerr Bil-el, Lanen Abak/Serman Burra Sulube Somali name Madarau, Madarud Hanya, Haya-haya,Maiyo Hareri Bisakh Ade, Adhei “Mathenge” Gradha-gradha Gora Gora Majaba Ohia sagara Eddih-chabel Damak, Dekha Debi-ad, Ged-Mured Da’bi Bebhi Tebi, Debhi Kosai Karro Garas Gomo gomo Dusiya Meded, Marer Annex P:Forest plotsummarydata N7 Plot no. N6 N3 W4 S5 SE5 S4 N5 SE6 N4 W5 E5 NE2 SW4 E7 SE4 E6 N8 E3 SW3 W3 S3 SE3 S2 NW6 E4 NW7 NE1 W6 SW6 SE2 S1 SW2 SW5 W7 NW4 E2 SW1 E1 SE1 Distance from camp (km) 10.5 11.4 13.3 14.3 15.4 15.4 15.5 16.4 16.4 16.5 19.2 21.9 23.4 23.5 26.9 27.6 28.2 28.2 28.2 30.8 34.6 53.4 53.8 1.3 1.6 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 4.4 4.7 6.7 5.7 7.4 8.7 8.8 20 22 43 4 Trees perha 199 119 334 151 398 231 382 398 263 223 398 239 215 255 263 541 271 183 199 310 470 613 454 318 358 334 366 318 374 509 621 175 390 493 183 358 382 589 374 Total species on plot 10 11 12 12 10 11 10 10 12 6 4 6 2 8 8 7 9 9 6 9 5 5 7 9 9 5 8 4 6 7 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 8 7 9 Standing vol (m ha) 35.9 21.8 11.7 20.0 28.5 20.6 11.6 20.9 18.5 48.3 18.1 12.7 11.3 10.4 42.5 32.2 33.0 32.6 28.0 31.0 21.6 19.2 48.8 12.0 38.2 11.5 42.2 45.8 8.7 0.8 8.5 9.7 2.1 9.2 9.4 2.6 6.4 8.7 3 / Deadwood (kg/ha) 2,546 2,952 1,790 1,631 1,775 1,735 3,716 1,727 1,592 1,273 2,515 2,594 2,531 621 923 143 111 151 708 955 279 159 199 24 24 40 88 44 40 48 95 24 80 28 - - - - Cutstems per ha 1,202 1,066 1,066 963 477 883 310 907 517 828 223 589 111 159 135 223 64 32 16 56 32 32 72 32 8 ------75 Annexes 76 Annexes survey results Annex Q:Chartsshowingrangeland sampling

Usable standing volume (cu m/ha) No. of trees per ha (> 2 cm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 300 400 500 600 700 100 200 0 0 - - 10.0 10.0 Standing volume Distance fromclosestcamp(km) Distance fromclosestcamp(km) No. oftrees 20.0 20.0

Visible cut stems per ha 30.0 30.0 1,000 1,200 1,400 200 400 600 800 0 - 40.0 40.0 10.0 Distance fromclosestcamp(km) 50.0 50.0 Cut stems 20.0 60.0 60.0 30.0

No. of species per sample plot 40.0 14 Usable dead wood (t/ha) 10 12 - 2 4 6 8 1,000.0 1,500.0 2,000.0 2,500.0 3,000.0 3,500.0 4,000.0 500.0 - 0.0 50.0 - 10.0 10.0 Distance fromclosestcamp(km) No. ofspecies 60.0 Distance fromclosestcamp(km) Dead wood 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 40.0 40.0 50.0 50.0 60.0 60.0 Source: SWL =SurfaceWater Level,inmetres belowground surface Annex R:Boreholedata 11-Mar-96 26-Feb-96 13-Feb-96 18-Dec-95 04-Dec-95 06-Nov-95 09-Oct-95 23-Sep-95 09-Sep-95 26-Aug-95 22-Jun-95 08-Jun-95 25-May-95 11-May-95 15-Apr-95 01-Apr-95 16-Mar-95 02-Mar-95 16-Feb-95 02-Feb-95 19-Jan-95 05-Jan-95 19-Dec-94 16-Nov-96 05-Dec-94 05-Oct-96 19-Nov-94 22-Sep-96 08-Sep-96 05-Nov-94 25-Aug-96 24-Oct-94 11-Aug-96 28-Jul-96 10-Oct-94 14-Jul-96 17-Sep-94 30-Jun-96 02-Jun-96 03-Sep-94 19-May-96 25-Aug-92 05-May-96 21-Apr-96 19-Apr-92 07-Apr-96 Date 25-Mar-96 Dag BH1

111.31 111.29 111.53 111.58 111.65 111.56 111.70 111.70 111.60 111.50 111.39 111.41 111.40 111.37 111.40 111.34 111.34 111.31 111.36 111.37 111.30 111.25 111.38 111.81 111.35 111.81 111.26 111.77 111.76 111.29 111.81 111.28 111.80 111.06 111.25 111.71 111.40 111.41 111.51 111.38 111.51 111.08 111.16 111.17 110.40 111.30 SWL 111.35 2008-2009: CARE International, Dadaab 2008-2009: CAREInternational, Africa,2004 1992-2003: GibbEastern 27-Mar-96 13-Mar-96 27-Feb-96 13-Feb-96 20-Dec-95 06-Dec-95 08-Nov-95 11-Oct-95 25-Sep-95 11-Sep-95 28-Aug-95 18-Jun-95 01-Jun-95 16-May-95 02-May-95 18-Apr-95 04-Apr-95 20-Mar-95 06-Mar-95 20-Feb-95 06-Feb-95 23-Jan-95 09-Jan-95 22-Nov-96 23-Dec-94 16-Nov-96 09-Dec-94 07-Oct-96 24-Sep-96 25-Nov-94 10-Sep-96 11-Nov-94 27-Aug-96 13-Aug-96 24-Oct-94 30-Jul-96 10-Oct-94 16-Jul-96 02-Jul-96 25-Sep-94 04-Jun-96 11-Sep-94 21-May-96 07-May-96 17-Aug-92 23-Apr-96 Date 09-Apr-96 Dag BH3 109.90 109.26 109.28 109.56 109.70 109.70 109.69 109.65 109.60 109.51 109.76 109.48 109.50 109.47 109.49 109.50 109.45 109.34 109.34 109.38 109.38 109.41 109.42 109.83 109.40 109.94 109.42 109.94 109.92 109.38 109.91 109.58 109.84 109.82 109.40 109.81 109.38 109.81 109.76 109.50 109.71 109.50 109.56 109.86 109.61 109.55 SWL 109.93 28-Apr-96 16-Apr-96 28-Mar-96 16-Mar-96 28-Feb-96 28-Jun-95 27-Jun-95 25-Apr-95 10-Apr-95 22-Mar-95 06-Mar-95 23-Feb-95 05-Feb-95 15-Dec-94 15-Nov-94 01-Nov-94 25-Oct-94 11-Oct-94 27-Sep-94 13-Sep-94 15-Aug-94 24-Jul-94 30-Jun-94 16-Jan-97 30-May-94 30-Dec-96 31-Mar-94 16-Dec-96 28-Nov-96 22-Feb-94 21-Nov-96 28-Jan-94 16-Nov-96 29-Oct-96 16-Dec-93 16-Oct-96 25-Aug-93 28-Sep-96 16-Sep-96 27-Jul-93 28-Aug-96 06-Oct-92 16-Aug-96 28-Jul-96 30-Aug-92 28-May-96 Date 16-May-96 Hag BH3 115.46 115.23 115.26 115.20 115.17 115.05 114.93 115.00 115.10 115.07 115.20 115.00 115.30 115.03 114.92 114.90 114.95 114.85 115.01 114.99 114.98 114.98 114.99 115.22 114.79 115.20 114.80 115.21 115.20 114.80 115.23 114.80 115.22 115.22 114.81 115.22 115.00 115.20 115.23 115.10 115.22 115.10 115.22 115.22 114.70 115.39 SWL 115.34 28-Apr-96 16-Apr-96 28-Mar-96 16-Mar-96 28-Feb-96 16-Feb-98 02-Jul-95 28-Jun-95 26-Jun-95 25-Apr-95 10-Apr-95 22-Mar-95 06-Mar-95 23-Feb-95 05-Feb-95 15-Dec-94 15-Nov-94 01-Nov-94 25-Oct-94 11-Oct-94 27-Sep-94 13-Sep-94 15-Aug-94 16-Dec-96 25-Jul-94 28-Nov-96 25-Jun-94 21-Nov-96 16-Nov-96 31-May-94 19-Oct-96 25-Feb-94 16-Oct-96 28-Sep-96 15-Dec-93 16-Sep-96 25-Nov-93 28-Aug-96 16-Aug-96 15-Jun-93 28-Jul-96 04-Oct-92 16-Jul-96 28-Jun-96 01-Sep-92 28-May-96 Date 16-May-96 Hag BH4 115.41 115.49 115.44 115.49 115.37 115.33 115.31 115.36 115.28 115.20 115.40 115.40 115.45 115.40 115.40 115.38 115.30 115.40 115.30 115.30 115.30 115.27 115.25 115.46 115.27 115.45 115.35 115.48 115.49 115.20 115.45 115.25 115.48 115.49 115.33 115.50 115.33 115.47 115.50 115.40 115.52 115.20 115.47 115.50 115.20 115.63 SWL 115.40 25-Sep-94 24-Sep-94 11-Aug-94 22-Jul-94 01-Feb-94 31-Jan-94 28-Jan-94 24-Jan-94 21-Jan-94 17-Jan-94 14-Jan-94 10-Jan-94 07-Jan-94 03-Jan-94 29-Nov-93 01-Nov-93 29-Aug-93 07-Aug-93 15-May-93 23-Apr-93 20-Apr-93 17-Apr-93 11-Apr-93 13-Mar-96 30-Mar-93 06-Mar-96 28-Mar-93 04-Nov-95 28-Apr-95 17-Mar-93 07-Apr-95 11-Mar-93 17-Mar-95 03-Mar-95 22-Feb-93 17-Feb-95 24-Jan-93 03-Feb-95 20-Jan-95 03-Oct-92 06-Jan-95 15-Oct-91 16-Dec-94 09-Dec-94 31-Aug-91 25-Nov-94 Date 24-Oct-94 Ifo BH1 108.73 108.71 108.20 108.21 108.63 107.37 107.44 107.56 107.61 107.53 107.22 107.44 107.63 107.11 108.42 108.42 108.26 108.22 108.40 108.36 108.36 108.34 108.33 108.50 108.36 108.40 108.37 108.40 108.28 108.34 108.72 108.33 108.72 108.72 108.32 108.72 108.32 108.70 108.65 108.40 108.68 108.33 108.60 108.61 108.44 108.62 SWL 108.68 19-Jul-96 04-Jul-96 16-May-96 10-May-96 06-Apr-96 23-Mar-96 13-Mar-96 06-Mar-96 04-Nov-95 28-Apr-95 07-Apr-95 17-Mar-95 03-Mar-95 17-Feb-95 03-Feb-95 20-Jan-95 06-Jan-95 16-Dec-94 09-Dec-94 25-Nov-94 24-Oct-94 15-May-93 22-May-97 28-Mar-93 07-May-97 16-Mar-93 19-Apr-97 08-Apr-97 11-Mar-93 19-Mar-97 22-Feb-93 05-Mar-97 19-Feb-97 16-Feb-93 01-Feb-97 24-Jan-93 19-Jan-97 04-Jan-97 03-Oct-92 20-Nov-96 15-Jul-92 08-Oct-96 01-Oct-96 03-Feb-92 12-Sep-96 Date 05-Sep-96 16-Aug-96 Ifo BH6 108.48 108.48 108.53 108.48 108.83 108.85 108.90 108.80 108.70 109.00 109.05 109.06 109.02 109.00 109.00 109.09 108.96 108.98 108.93 108.90 108.99 108.66 108.57 108.32 108.55 108.37 108.53 108.60 108.31 108.66 108.25 108.68 108.68 108.36 108.58 108.39 108.56 108.58 107.97 108.52 107.85 108.68 108.58 108.35 108.48 SWL 108.48 108.48 77 Annexes 78 Annexes 07-Mar-98 16-Feb-98 02-Feb-98 16-Jan-98 04-Jan-98 16-Dec-97 03-Dec-97 16-Nov-97 02-Nov-97 16-Oct-97 02-Oct-97 18-Sep-97 03-Sep-97 17-Aug-97 07-Aug-97 16-Jul-97 02-Jul-97 18-Jun-97 02-Jun-97 16-May-99 18-Apr-99 18-May-97 03-Apr-99 08-May-97 19-Mar-99 17-Feb-99 16-Apr-97 03-Feb-99 02-Apr-97 19-Jan-99 03-Jan-99 16-Mar-97 02-Dec-98 02-Mar-97 18-Sep-98 02-Sep-98 16-Feb-97 19-Aug-98 02-Feb-97 02-Aug-98 19-Jul-98 16-Jan-97 02-Jul-98 02-Jan-97 19-Jun-98 12-Jun-98 16-Dec-96 19-May-98 02-Dec-96 04-May-98 16-Apr-98 21-Nov-96 02-Apr-98 Date 17-Mar-98 Dag BH1 111.69 111.70 111.61 111.62 111.62 111.58 111.59 111.59 111.58 111.58 111.60 111.58 111.50 111.65 111.62 111.64 111.63 111.62 111.64 111.78 111.76 111.57 111.78 111.58 111.80 111.80 111.86 111.80 111.88 111.71 111.72 111.91 111.70 111.91 111.70 111.69 111.87 111.64 111.86 111.55 111.68 111.86 111.65 111.83 111.64 111.61 111.83 111.64 111.37 111.65 111.64 111.82 111.72 SWL 111.64 04-May-98 16-Apr-98 02-Apr-98 18-Mar-98 07-Mar-98 16-Feb-98 02-Feb-98 03-Dec-97 16-Nov-97 02-Nov-97 16-Oct-97 02-Oct-97 18-Sep-97 03-Sep-97 17-Aug-97 07-Aug-97 16-Jul-97 02-Jul-97 18-Jun-97 16-Jun-99 31-May-99 02-Jun-97 16-May-99 18-May-97 18-Apr-99 03-Apr-99 08-May-97 19-Mar-99 16-Apr-97 04-Mar-99 17-Feb-99 02-Apr-97 03-Feb-99 16-Mar-97 19-Jan-99 03-Jan-99 02-Mar-97 16-Dec-98 16-Feb-97 02-Dec-98 18-Sep-98 02-Feb-97 02-Sep-98 16-Jan-97 19-Aug-98 02-Aug-98 02-Jan-97 19-Jul-98 16-Dec-96 02-Jul-98 19-Jun-98 02-Dec-96 12-Jun-98 Date 19-May-98 Dag BH3 109.65 109.62 109.64 109.55 109.59 109.39 109.52 109.54 109.52 109.50 109.55 109.55 109.57 109.47 109.63 109.63 109.63 109.63 109.63 109.80 109.76 109.61 109.76 109.61 109.72 109.78 109.61 109.92 109.86 109.72 109.72 109.88 109.73 109.86 109.72 109.70 109.86 109.74 109.86 109.70 109.70 109.85 109.68 109.85 109.70 109.70 109.85 109.68 109.83 109.66 109.64 109.36 109.63 SWL 109.70 16-Jul-98 29-Jun-98 16-Jun-98 28-May-98 28-Apr-98 16-Apr-98 28-Mar-98 16-Mar-98 28-Feb-98 16-Feb-98 28-Jan-98 16-Jan-98 28-Dec-97 16-Dec-97 28-Oct-97 16-Nov-97 28-Oct-97 28-Sep-97 28-Aug-97 31-Aug-99 15-Aug-99 20-Aug-97 01-Aug-99 02-Aug-97 14-Jul-99 01-Jul-99 19-Jul-97 16-Jun-99 29-Jun-97 01-Jun-99 18-May-99 28-May-97 04-May-99 17-May-97 28-Apr-99 16-Apr-99 29-Apr-97 31-Mar-99 16-Apr-97 16-Mar-99 27-Feb-99 28-Mar-97 16-Feb-99 16-Mar-97 29-Dec-98 16-Dec-98 01-Mar-97 28-Sep-98 16-Feb-97 16-Sep-98 28-Aug-98 28-Jan-97 16-Aug-98 Date 28-Jul-98 Hag BH3 115.30 115.30 115.30 115.40 115.30 115.30 115.25 115.30 115.22 115.24 115.15 115.15 115.16 115.15 115.17 115.24 115.25 115.30 115.12 115.44 115.45 115.32 115.46 115.48 115.45 115.43 115.32 115.46 115.46 115.49 115.42 115.27 115.50 115.32 115.50 115.46 115.31 115.48 115.50 115.44 115.44 115.33 115.43 115.31 115.35 115.35 115.29 115.30 115.29 115.32 115.35 115.42 115.50 SWL 115.30 28-May-98 28-Apr-98 16-Apr-98 28-Mar-98 16-Mar-98 28-Feb-98 16-Feb-98 28-Jan-98 16-Jan-98 28-Dec-97 16-Dec-97 28-Oct-97 16-Nov-97 28-Oct-97 28-Sep-97 19-Sep-97 28-Aug-97 20-Aug-97 02-Aug-97 14-Jul-99 01-Jul-99 19-Jul-97 16-Jun-99 29-Jun-97 01-Jun-99 18-May-99 28-May-97 04-May-99 17-May-97 28-Apr-99 16-Apr-99 29-Apr-97 31-Mar-99 16-Apr-97 16-Mar-99 28-Feb-99 28-Mar-97 16-Feb-99 16-Mar-97 28-Dec-98 16-Dec-98 01-Mar-97 28-Sep-98 16-Feb-97 16-Sep-98 28-Aug-98 28-Jan-97 16-Aug-98 16-Jan-97 28-Jul-98 16-Jul-98 30-Dec-96 29-Jun-98 Date 16-Jun-98 Hag BH4 115.45 115.50 115.30 115.25 115.46 115.22 115.45 115.45 115.43 115.45 115.50 115.35 115.46 115.24 115.52 115.53 115.43 115.52 115.67 115.74 115.74 115.52 115.74 115.63 115.76 115.70 115.60 115.80 115.62 115.80 115.73 115.69 115.76 115.69 115.79 115.75 115.61 115.74 115.63 115.60 115.60 115.53 115.56 115.56 115.53 115.60 115.51 115.60 115.52 115.60 115.50 115.45 115.60 SWL 115.60 19-Nov-97 05-Nov-97 19-Oct-97 05-Oct-97 19-Sep-97 05-Sep-97 22-May-97 07-May-97 19-Apr-97 08-Apr-97 19-Mar-97 05-Mar-97 17-Feb-97 01-Feb-97 18-Jan-97 04-Jan-97 18-Dec-96 04-Dec-96 20-Nov-96 19-Dec-98 05-Dec-98 29-Oct-96 19-Sep-98 22-Oct-96 05-Sep-98 19-Aug-98 08-Oct-96 05-Aug-98 01-Oct-96 19-Jul-98 05-Jul-98 12-Sep-96 19-Jun-98 05-Sep-96 06-Jun-98 20-May-98 16-Aug-96 08-May-98 19-Jul-96 19-Apr-98 05-Apr-98 04-Jul-96 19-Mar-98 16-May-96 05-Mar-98 19-Feb-98 10-May-96 05-Feb-98 06-Apr-96 19-Jan-98 08-Jan-98 23-Mar-96 19-Dec-97 Date 06-Dec-97 Ifo BH1 108.10 108.30 108.21 108.26 108.20 108.20 108.25 108.22 108.20 108.28 108.40 108.38 108.95 108.26 108.27 108.24 108.38 108.14 108.19 108.35 108.40 108.28 108.23 108.28 108.35 108.35 108.28 108.35 108.18 108.36 108.28 108.18 108.27 108.18 108.30 108.20 108.18 108.29 108.18 108.21 108.24 108.18 108.28 108.16 108.23 108.19 108.10 108.21 108.36 108.09 108.01 108.40 107.94 SWL 108.60 19-Jan-99 05-Jan-99 19-Dec-98 05-Dec-98 19-Sep-98 05-Sep-98 19-Aug-98 05-Aug-98 19-Jul-98 05-Jul-98 19-Jun-98 06-Jun-98 20-May-98 08-May-98 19-Apr-98 05-Apr-98 19-Mar-98 05-Mar-98 05-Feb-00 19-Jan-00 19-Feb-98 05-Jan-00 05-Feb-98 19-Dec-99 05-Dec-99 19-Jan-98 19-Oct-99 08-Jan-98 05-Oct-99 19-Sep-99 19-Dec-97 05-Sep-99 06-Dec-97 19-Aug-99 05-Aug-99 19-Nov-97 19-Jul-99 05-Nov-97 05-Jul-99 19-Jun-99 19-Oct-97 05-Jun-99 05-Oct-97 19-May-99 05-May-99 19-Aug-97 19-Apr-99 03-Jul-97 05-Apr-99 19-Mar-99 17-Jun-97 05-Mar-99 Date 19-Feb-99 05-Feb-99 Ifo BH6 108.59 108.75 108.72 108.70 108.60 108.75 108.68 108.65 108.60 108.68 108.27 108.30 108.50 108.60 108.53 108.65 108.64 108.58 108.94 108.87 108.50 108.80 108.53 108.83 108.76 108.38 108.87 108.20 108.90 108.87 108.45 108.85 108.30 108.75 108.75 108.60 108.77 108.42 108.78 108.75 108.42 108.72 108.46 108.72 108.68 108.72 108.70 108.66 108.32 108.59 108.66 108.85 SWL 108.85 108.85 28-Nov-00 21-Nov-00 14-Nov-00 07-Nov-00 31-Oct-00 16-Oct-00 30-Jul-00 16-Jul-00 30-Jun-00 16-Jun-00 30-May-00 16-May-00 16-Apr-00 31-Mar-00 16-Mar-00 29-Feb-00 16-Feb-00 20-Jan-00 16-Jan-00 29-May-01 22-May-01 31-Dec-99 01-May-01 16-Dec-99 24-Apr-01 10-Apr-01 31-Oct-99 03-Apr-01 16-Oct-99 27-Mar-01 19-Mar-01 30-Sep-99 13-Mar-01 16-Sep-99 06-Mar-01 27-Feb-01 31-Aug-99 20-Feb-01 16-Aug-99 13-Feb-01 06-Feb-01 31-Jul-99 31-Jan-01 16-Jul-99 23-Jan-01 17-Jan-01 30-Jun-99 09-Jan-01 16-Jun-99 02-Jan-01 26-Dec-00 31-May-99 12-Dec-00 Date 05-Dec-00 Dag BH1 111.93 111.90 111.87 111.90 111.85 111.87 111.91 111.88 111.95 111.94 111.85 111.82 111.87 111.81 111.85 111.85 111.84 111.85 111.85 112.65 112.68 111.80 112.70 111.85 112.63 112.60 111.83 112.45 111.78 112.23 112.15 111.80 112.20 111.81 112.10 112.20 111.75 112.15 111.70 112.15 111.95 111.74 112.15 111.76 112.10 111.90 111.79 111.60 111.79 111.90 111.85 111.74 111.93 SWL 111.90 12-Dec-00 05-Dec-00 28-Nov-00 21-Nov-00 14-Nov-00 07-Nov-00 31-Oct-00 16-Oct-00 30-Jul-00 16-Jul-00 30-Jun-00 16-Jun-00 30-May-00 16-May-00 16-Apr-00 31-Mar-00 16-Mar-00 29-Feb-00 16-Feb-00 28-Aug-01 03-Jul-01 30-Jan-00 19-Jun-01 16-Jan-00 05-Jun-01 01-May-01 31-Dec-99 24-Apr-01 16-Dec-99 17-Apr-01 10-Apr-01 31-Oct-99 03-Apr-01 17-Oct-99 27-Mar-01 20-Mar-01 30-Sep-99 13-Mar-01 16-Sep-99 06-Mar-01 27-Feb-01 31-Aug-99 20-Feb-01 16-Aug-99 06-Feb-01 31-Jan-01 31-Jul-99 23-Jan-01 16-Jul-99 17-Jan-01 09-Jan-01 30-Jun-99 02-Jan-01 Date 26-Dec-00 Dag BH3 109.90 109.80 109.90 109.90 109.88 109.80 109.95 109.72 109.85 109.85 109.92 109.90 109.80 109.83 109.90 109.85 109.90 109.95 109.90 110.10 110.80 109.95 110.70 109.79 110.85 110.70 109.75 110.75 109.80 110.82 110.70 109.72 110.65 109.79 110.35 110.20 109.79 110.15 109.81 110.10 110.15 109.74 110.25 109.79 109.98 110.09 109.79 110.10 109.79 110.22 110.00 109.79 109.90 SWL 109.95 21-Nov-00 12-Nov-00 07-Nov-00 24-Oct-00 17-Oct-00 10-Oct-00 03-Oct-00 26-Sep-00 19-Sep-00 12-Sep-00 05-Sep-00 29-Aug-00 15-Aug-00 08-Aug-00 01-Aug-00 20-Jul-00 07-Jul-00 14-Jun-00 31-May-00 25-Apr-01 17-Apr-01 01-May-00 15-Apr-01 16-Apr-00 04-Apr-01 27-Mar-01 01-Apr-00 20-Mar-01 16-Mar-00 13-Mar-01 06-Mar-01 01-Mar-00 27-Feb-01 18-Feb-00 20-Feb-01 13-Feb-01 05-Feb-00 06-Feb-01 18-Jan-00 30-Jan-01 23-Jan-01 04-Jan-00 17-Jan-01 10-Dec-99 09-Jan-01 02-Jan-01 31-Oct-99 26-Dec-00 20-Oct-99 19-Dec-00 12-Dec-00 18-Sep-99 05-Dec-00 Date 28-Nov-00 Hag BH3 115.56 115.50 115.56 115.58 115.58 115.56 115.55 115.58 115.57 115.55 115.60 115.54 115.55 115.55 115.53 115.50 115.55 115.54 115.52 115.52 115.51 115.52 115.52 115.53 115.60 115.60 115.52 115.45 115.53 115.63 115.62 115.52 115.60 115.50 115.65 115.63 115.50 115.61 115.47 115.60 115.52 115.44 115.60 115.45 115.55 115.55 115.50 115.56 115.46 115.57 115.56 115.44 115.58 SWL 115.56 17-Oct-00 10-Oct-00 03-Oct-00 26-Sep-00 19-Sep-00 12-Sep-00 05-Sep-00 29-Aug-00 15-Aug-00 08-Aug-00 01-Aug-00 20-Jul-00 07-Jul-00 15-Jun-00 01-Jun-00 15-May-00 01-May-00 16-Apr-00 01-Apr-00 27-Mar-01 20-Mar-01 15-Mar-00 13-Mar-01 01-Mar-00 06-Mar-01 27-Feb-01 18-Feb-00 20-Feb-01 05-Feb-00 13-Feb-01 06-Feb-01 18-Jan-00 30-Jan-01 04-Jan-00 23-Jan-01 16-Jan-01 10-Dec-99 09-Jan-01 31-Oct-99 02-Jan-01 26-Dec-00 20-Oct-99 19-Dec-00 18-Sep-99 12-Dec-00 05-Dec-00 31-Aug-99 28-Nov-00 15-Aug-99 21-Nov-00 14-Nov-00 01-Aug-99 07-Nov-00 Date 24-Oct-00 Hag BH4 115.88 115.88 115.88 115.89 115.88 115.86 115.80 115.89 115.90 115.88 115.87 115.83 115.84 115.85 115.85 115.83 115.80 115.84 115.82 115.92 115.92 115.84 115.94 115.82 115.94 115.92 115.79 115.94 115.78 115.94 115.93 115.73 115.93 115.72 115.90 115.93 115.69 115.90 115.81 115.90 115.92 115.81 115.90 115.74 115.85 115.85 115.73 115.90 115.75 115.89 115.85 115.75 115.87 SWL 115.87 19-May-00 05-May-00 19-Apr-00 05-Apr-00 19-Mar-00 05-Mar-00 19-Feb-00 05-Feb-00 19-Jan-00 05-Jan-00 19-Dec-99 05-Dec-99 19-Oct-99 05-Oct-99 19-Sep-99 05-Sep-99 19-Aug-99 05-Aug-99 19-Jul-99 19-Dec-00 12-Dec-00 05-Jul-99 05-Dec-00 19-Jun-99 29-Nov-00 19-Nov-00 05-Jun-99 12-Nov-00 19-May-99 05-Nov-00 19-Oct-00 05-May-99 12-Oct-00 19-Apr-99 05-Oct-00 29-Sep-00 05-Apr-99 19-Sep-00 19-Mar-99 11-Sep-00 05-Sep-00 05-Mar-99 29-Aug-00 19-Feb-99 19-Aug-00 12-Aug-00 05-Feb-99 05-Aug-00 19-Jan-99 19-Jul-00 05-Jul-00 05-Jan-99 19-Jun-00 Date 05-Jun-00 Ifo BH1 108.50 108.60 108.52 108.72 108.73 108.80 108.65 108.57 108.52 108.43 108.49 108.38 108.55 108.56 108.55 108.52 108.65 108.44 108.45 108.73 108.55 108.45 108.55 108.43 108.56 108.60 108.40 108.60 108.41 108.51 108.54 108.37 108.64 108.38 108.53 108.58 108.45 108.80 108.45 108.53 108.62 108.64 108.63 108.25 108.55 108.52 108.55 108.60 108.42 108.56 108.57 108.62 108.66 SWL 108.56 19-Jan-01 12-Jan-01 05-Jan-01 29-Dec-00 19-Dec-00 12-Dec-00 05-Dec-00 29-Nov-00 19-Nov-00 12-Nov-00 19-Oct-00 12-Oct-00 05-Oct-00 29-Sep-00 11-Sep-00 05-Sep-00 29-Aug-00 19-Aug-00 19-Sep-01 12-Sep-01 12-Aug-00 31-Aug-01 05-Aug-00 30-Jun-01 19-Jun-01 29-Jul-00 12-Jun-01 19-Jul-00 05-Jun-01 31-May-01 05-Jul-00 19-May-01 19-Jun-00 12-May-01 05-May-01 05-Jun-00 30-Apr-01 05-May-00 19-Apr-01 12-Apr-01 19-Apr-00 05-Apr-01 05-Apr-00 31-Mar-01 19-Mar-01 19-Mar-00 12-Mar-01 05-Mar-00 05-Mar-01 28-Feb-01 19-Feb-00 12-Feb-01 Date 05-Feb-01 29-Jan-01 Ifo BH6 109.06 109.02 109.02 109.02 109.01 109.00 109.00 108.98 109.01 108.92 109.02 109.22 108.90 108.91 108.80 108.85 108.81 108.83 108.94 109.02 108.85 108.82 108.85 109.00 109.00 108.85 109.01 108.86 108.96 108.98 108.89 109.00 108.96 109.00 108.92 108.95 108.95 108.90 108.94 108.98 108.86 109.00 109.02 109.02 109.05 109.06 109.07 109.23 109.07 109.08 109.02 109.09 SWL 109.03 109.02 79 Annexes 80 Annexes 29-Jul-02 19-Jul-02 11-Jul-02 01-Jul-02 30-Jun-02 21-Jun-02 10-Jun-02 01-Jun-02 21-May-02 10-May-02 01-May-02 16-Apr-02 08-Apr-02 08-Mar-02 02-Mar-02 22-Feb-02 15-Feb-02 02-Feb-02 02-Dec-01 20-Apr-03 10-Apr-03 23-Nov-01 30-Mar-03 16-Nov-01 20-Mar-03 10-Mar-03 10-Nov-01 28-Feb-03 28-Oct-01 20-Feb-03 10-Feb-03 21-Oct-01 31-Jan-03 06-Oct-01 20-Jan-03 10-Jan-03 28-Sep-01 31-Dec-02 28-Aug-01 20-Dec-02 10-Dec-02 10-Jul-01 30-Nov-02 03-Jul-01 20-Nov-02 10-Nov-02 26-Jun-01 31-Oct-02 12-Jun-01 21-Oct-02 10-Oct-02 05-Jun-01 20-Aug-02 Date 10-Aug-02 Dag BH1 111.30 111.40 111.50 111.50 111.70 111.80 111.80 111.70 111.90 111.90 111.80 112.00 111.85 111.90 111.50 111.80 111.90 111.85 111.85 111.50 111.90 111.60 111.80 111.90 111.80 111.70 111.85 111.80 111.75 111.80 111.80 111.88 111.80 111.80 111.80 112.00 112.00 111.80 112.00 111.80 111.90 112.67 111.50 112.70 111.80 111.80 112.70 111.80 112.67 111.80 111.38 112.60 111.50 SWL 111.30 28-Feb-03 20-Feb-03 10-Feb-03 31-Jan-03 20-Jan-03 01-Jan-03 31-Dec-02 20-Dec-02 10-Dec-02 30-Nov-02 20-Nov-02 10-Nov-02 31-Oct-02 24-Oct-02 08-Oct-02 20-Aug-02 30-Jun-02 21-Jun-02 10-Jun-02 05-May-09 30-Apr-09 31-May-02 19-Apr-09 22-May-02 01-Apr-09 26-Mar-09 10-May-02 20-Mar-09 01-May-02 03-Mar-09 28-Feb-09 16-Apr-02 20-Feb-09 08-Apr-02 02-Feb-09 31-Jan-09 15-Mar-02 23-Jan-09 08-Mar-02 10-Jan-09 31-May-03 01-Mar-02 20-May-03 23-Feb-02 10-May-03 30-Apr-03 16-Feb-02 25-Apr-03 08-Feb-02 10-Apr-03 30-Mar-03 01-Feb-02 20-Mar-03 Date 10-Mar-03 Dag BH3 110.00 110.10 110.20 110.40 110.20 110.20 110.10 110.00 110.00 110.20 110.10 109.90 110.20 110.30 109.53 109.50 109.95 110.00 110.00 110.42 110.42 110.20 110.45 110.00 110.40 110.45 110.00 110.50 109.90 110.55 110.35 110.20 110.40 110.40 110.40 110.48 110.20 110.35 110.00 110.30 109.50 110.05 110.00 110.08 110.00 110.00 110.01 110.20 110.12 110.00 109.50 110.10 110.40 SWL 109.50 15-Mar-02 08-Mar-02 01-Mar-02 22-Feb-02 15-Feb-02 08-Feb-02 01-Feb-02 24-Jan-02 17-Jan-02 10-Jan-02 03-Jan-02 24-Dec-01 13-Dec-01 06-Dec-01 29-Nov-01 15-Nov-01 08-Nov-01 25-Oct-01 18-Oct-01 10-Dec-02 03-Dec-02 11-Oct-01 26-Nov-02 25-Sep-01 19-Nov-02 12-Nov-02 18-Sep-01 05-Nov-02 11-Sep-01 22-Oct-02 15-Oct-02 03-Jul-01 08-Oct-02 26-Jun-01 01-Oct-02 27-Aug-02 19-Jun-01 20-Aug-02 12-Jun-01 13-Aug-02 06-Aug-02 05-Jun-01 30-Jul-02 25-May-01 23-Jul-02 16-Jul-02 18-May-01 09-Jul-02 11-May-01 25-Jun-02 11-Apr-02 04-May-01 04-Apr-02 Date 22-Mar-02 Hag BH3 115.66 115.68 115.69 115.65 115.67 115.68 115.69 115.70 115.68 115.69 115.68 115.70 115.69 115.62 115.72 115.72 115.72 115.72 115.72 115.67 115.67 115.72 115.67 115.72 115.68 115.67 115.72 115.68 115.72 115.67 115.68 115.53 115.69 115.55 115.68 115.67 115.54 115.67 115.52 115.67 115.66 115.53 115.67 115.53 115.67 115.68 115.57 115.69 115.58 115.68 115.67 115.55 115.69 SWL 115.69 08-Feb-02 01-Feb-02 24-Jan-02 17-Jan-02 10-Jan-02 03-Jan-02 24-Dec-01 13-Dec-01 06-Dec-01 29-Nov-01 22-Nov-01 15-Nov-01 08-Nov-01 25-Oct-01 18-Oct-01 11-Oct-01 25-Sep-01 18-Sep-01 11-Sep-01 05-Nov-02 22-Oct-02 03-Jul-01 15-Oct-02 26-Jun-01 08-Oct-02 01-Oct-02 19-Jun-01 27-Aug-02 12-Jun-01 20-Aug-02 13-Aug-02 05-Jun-01 06-Aug-02 25-May-01 30-Jul-02 23-Jul-02 18-May-01 16-Jul-02 11-May-01 09-Jul-02 25-Jun-02 04-May-01 11-Apr-02 25-Apr-01 04-Apr-02 22-Mar-02 18-Apr-01 15-Mar-02 11-Apr-01 08-Mar-02 01-Mar-02 04-Apr-01 22-Feb-02 Date 15-Feb-02 Hag BH4 115.92 115.94 115.90 115.94 115.95 115.90 115.93 115.94 115.94 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 116.02 115.95 115.95 115.83 115.95 115.85 115.94 115.95 115.86 115.94 115.85 115.95 115.94 115.84 115.95 115.83 115.95 115.94 115.85 115.95 115.90 115.95 115.94 115.83 115.95 115.85 115.97 115.92 115.88 115.94 115.89 115.93 115.94 115.90 115.95 SWL 115.93 29-Oct-01 22-Oct-01 15-Oct-01 08-Oct-01 30-Sep-01 19-Sep-01 12-Sep-01 31-Aug-01 30-Jun-01 19-Jun-01 12-Jun-01 05-Jun-01 31-May-01 19-May-01 12-May-01 05-May-01 30-Apr-01 19-Apr-01 12-Apr-01 09-May-02 02-May-02 05-Apr-01 29-Apr-02 31-Mar-01 18-Apr-02 11-Apr-02 19-Mar-01 04-Apr-02 12-Mar-01 18-Mar-02 11-Mar-02 05-Mar-01 04-Mar-02 28-Feb-01 18-Feb-02 11-Feb-02 12-Feb-01 04-Feb-02 05-Feb-01 17-Jan-02 10-Jan-02 29-Jan-01 03-Jan-02 19-Jan-01 26-Dec-01 19-Dec-01 12-Jan-01 12-Dec-01 05-Jan-01 05-Dec-01 26-Nov-01 29-Dec-00 12-Nov-01 Date 05-Nov-01 Ifo BH1 108.55 108.55 108.58 108.62 108.53 108.54 108.47 108.43 108.61 108.52 108.62 108.54 108.60 108.65 108.65 108.80 108.55 108.52 108.55 108.55 108.51 108.53 108.45 108.54 108.64 108.57 108.63 108.55 108.71 108.69 108.57 108.62 108.61 108.70 108.57 108.55 108.67 108.65 108.65 108.60 108.47 108.66 108.63 108.62 108.60 108.60 108.58 108.40 108.56 108.50 108.50 108.58 108.50 SWL 108.45 06-Oct-02 24-Jun-02 13-Jun-02 11-Jun-02 06-Jun-02 20-May-02 09-May-02 02-May-02 29-Apr-02 18-Apr-02 11-Apr-02 04-Apr-02 18-Mar-02 11-Mar-02 04-Mar-02 18-Feb-02 11-Feb-02 04-Feb-02 04-Sep-09 27-Aug-09 17-Jan-02 08-Aug-09 10-Jan-02 31-Jul-09 09-Jul-09 03-Jan-02 02-Jul-09 12-Dec-01 25-Jun-09 18-Jun-09 05-Dec-01 11-Jun-09 28-Nov-01 04-Jun-09 28-May-09 12-Nov-01 21-May-09 05-Nov-01 15-May-09 12-Feb-09 29-Oct-01 23-Jan-09 22-Oct-01 24-Nov-08 11-Nov-08 15-Oct-01 29-Oct-08 08-Oct-01 13-Oct-08 10-Jun-08 30-Sep-01 08-Jan-08 Date 23-Oct-02 14-Oct-02 Ifo BH6 108.78 108.75 108.78 108.79 108.85 108.89 108.81 108.77 108.85 108.90 108.95 108.89 108.74 108.76 108.83 108.77 108.88 108.86 109.76 109.80 108.87 109.77 108.99 109.68 109.70 108.89 109.72 108.96 109.70 109.64 108.93 109.69 108.90 109.68 109.69 108.83 109.70 108.96 109.65 109.65 108.93 109.66 108.92 109.53 109.48 108.95 109.54 109.00 109.56 109.51 108.90 109.50 SWL 108.65 108.72 03-Sep-09 31-Aug-09 24-Aug-09 08-Aug-09 27-Jul-09 15-Jul-09 08-Jul-09 30-Jun-09 22-Jun-09 06-Jun-09 28-May-09 15-May-09 05-May-09 30-Apr-09 19-Apr-09 01-Apr-09 26-Mar-09 20-Mar-09 03-Mar-09 28-Feb-09 20-Feb-09 02-Feb-09 31-Jan-09 23-Jan-09 10-Jan-09 31-May-03 20-May-03 10-May-03 30-Apr-03 Date Dag BH1 112.52 112.55 112.53 112.50 112.35 112.41 112.38 112.39 112.41 112.40 112.38 112.35 112.25 112.29 112.28 112.30 112.15 112.15 112.12 112.10 112.20 112.30 112.35 112.30 112.30 111.90 111.80 111.80 111.80 SWL 03-Sep-09 31-Aug-09 24-Aug-09 08-Aug-09 27-Jul-09 15-Jul-09 08-Jul-09 30-Jun-09 22-Jun-09 06-Jun-09 28-May-09 15-May-09 Date Dag BH3 110.55 110.50 110.51 110.45 110.65 110.69 110.64 110.50 110.42 110.48 110.49 110.45 SWL 09-Nov-09 04-Sep-09 27-Aug-09 20-Aug-09 13-Aug-09 07-Aug-09 30-Jul-09 23-Jul-09 16-Jul-09 10-Jul-09 03-Jul-09 25-Jun-09 18-Jun-09 12-Jun-09 05-Jun-09 10-Jun-03 03-Jun-03 27-May-03 20-May-03 13-May-03 06-May-03 29-Apr-03 22-Apr-03 15-Apr-03 08-Apr-03 25-Mar-03 18-Mar-03 11-Mar-03 04-Mar-03 25-Feb-03 18-Feb-03 11-Feb-03 28-Jan-03 21-Jan-03 14-Jan-03 07-Jan-03 24-Dec-02 17-Dec-02 Date Hag BH3 115.99 115.98 116.20 116.13 115.97 115.95 116.12 116.01 115.90 115.98 116.11 116.00 115.95 115.97 116.00 115.69 115.67 115.68 115.67 115.66 115.68 115.68 115.69 115.69 115.67 115.67 115.68 115.67 115.69 115.67 115.68 115.67 115.68 115.68 115.67 115.68 115.66 115.67 SWL 09-Nov-09 04-Sep-09 27-Aug-09 20-Aug-09 13-Aug-09 07-Aug-09 30-Jul-09 23-Jul-09 16-Jul-09 10-Jul-09 03-Jul-09 25-Jun-09 18-Jun-09 12-Jun-09 05-Jun-09 10-Jun-03 03-Jun-03 27-May-03 20-May-03 13-May-03 06-May-03 29-Apr-03 22-Apr-03 15-Apr-03 08-Apr-03 25-Mar-03 18-Mar-03 11-Mar-03 04-Mar-03 25-Feb-03 18-Feb-03 11-Feb-03 04-Feb-03 28-Jan-03 21-Jan-03 14-Jan-03 07-Jan-03 24-Dec-02 17-Dec-02 10-Dec-02 03-Dec-02 26-Nov-02 19-Nov-02 12-Nov-02 Date Hag BH4 116.28 116.28 116.28 116.28 116.27 116.25 116.21 116.28 116.27 116.25 116.21 116.28 116.27 116.25 116.21 115.93 115.95 115.95 115.94 115.94 115.95 115.94 115.95 115.95 115.94 115.94 115.94 115.95 115.94 115.95 115.95 115.94 115.94 115.93 115.94 115.94 115.95 115.94 115.95 115.94 115.95 115.95 115.94 115.94 SWL 08-May-09 01-May-09 22-Apr-09 15-Apr-09 04-Mar-09 12-Feb-09 23-Jan-09 05-Jan-09 22-Oct-08 13-Oct-08 10-Jun-08 08-Jan-08 14-Jun-03 07-Jun-03 29-May-03 22-May-03 15-May-03 07-May-03 28-Apr-03 21-Apr-03 17-Apr-03 01-Apr-03 27-Mar-03 18-Mar-03 13-Mar-03 05-Mar-03 28-Feb-03 20-Feb-03 13-Feb-03 05-Feb-03 27-Jan-03 17-Jan-03 10-Jan-03 22-Dec-02 16-Dec-02 09-Dec-02 02-Dec-02 23-Nov-02 12-Nov-02 06-Nov-02 23-Oct-02 14-Oct-02 06-Oct-02 20-Aug-02 13-Aug-02 05-Aug-02 21-Jul-02 12-Jul-02 05-Sep-02 24-Jun-02 13-Jun-02 06-Jun-02 01-Jun-02 20-May-02 Date Ifo BH1 109.07 109.10 109.25 109.00 109.12 109.07 109.11 109.10 109.40 109.40 109.50 108.80 108.66 108.57 108.64 108.72 108.69 108.65 108.64 108.62 108.69 108.60 108.47 108.58 108.70 108.57 108.52 108.50 108.57 108.60 108.73 108.62 108.57 108.68 108.57 108.65 108.60 108.70 108.60 108.59 108.55 108.59 108.60 108.40 108.44 108.50 108.60 108.55 108.52 108.59 108.65 108.55 108.57 108.59 SWL Date Ifo BH6 SWL 81 Annexes 82 Annexes Date Dag BH1 SWL Date Dag BH3 SWL Date Hag BH3 SWL Date Hag BH4 SWL 04-Sep-09 27-Aug-09 08-Aug-09 31-Jul-09 09-Jul-09 02-Jul-09 25-Jun-09 18-Jun-09 11-Jun-09 04-Jun-09 28-May-09 21-May-09 15-May-09 Date Ifo BH1 109.18 109.20 109.18 109.05 109.10 109.13 109.15 109.40 109.10 109.05 109.03 109.03 109.07 SWL Date Ifo BH6 SWL Note: 3OURCE boreholes (1992-2009) Annex S:Staticwater levels, selectedcamp

Static water level (mbs) Static water level (mbs) Static water level (mbs) 111.50 111.00 110.50 110.00 113.00 112.50 112.00 110.00 109.50 109.00 108.50 108.00 107.50 107.00 116.50 116.00 115.50 115.00 114.50

31-Aug-91 30-Aug-92 19-Apr-92

mbs =metres belowsurface. 31-Aug-92 30-Aug-93 19-Apr-93

31-Aug-93 30-Aug-94 19-Apr-94

31-Aug-94 30-Aug-95 19-Apr-95

31-Aug-95 30-Aug-96 19-Apr-96

31-Aug-96 30-Aug-97 19-Apr-97 'IBB

31-Aug-97 30-Aug-98 19-Apr-98

31-Aug-98 19-Apr-99

%ASTERN 30-Aug-99 Dagahaley BH1 Hagadera BH3 31-Aug-99 19-Apr-00 30-Aug-00 Ifo BH1 31-Aug-00 19-Apr-01 30-Aug-01

31-Aug-01

!FRICA 19-Apr-02 30-Aug-02 31-Aug-02 19-Apr-03 30-Aug-03 31-Aug-03

19-Apr-04

30-Aug-04 31-Aug-04 19-Apr-05 30-Aug-05 31-Aug-05 19-Apr-06 30-Aug-06 31-Aug-06

19-Apr-07 30-Aug-07 31-Aug-07

19-Apr-08 30-Aug-08 31-Aug-08

19-Apr-09 30-Aug-09 31-Aug-09 Linear(2003-2009) Linear(1992-2003) 2003-2009 1992-2003 Linear(2003-2009) Linear(1991-2003) 2003-2009 1991-2003 Linear(2003-2009) Linear(1992-2003) 2003-2009 1992-2003 #!2% )NTERNATIONAL

Static water level (mbs) Static water level (mbs) Static water level (mbs) 111.00 110.50 110.00 109.50 109.00 110.00 109.50 109.00 108.50 108.00 107.50 107.00 117.00 116.50 116.00 115.50 115.00

17-Aug-92 03-Feb-92 01-Sep-92 $ADAAB 03-Feb-93 01-Sep-93 17-Aug-93

03-Feb-94 01-Sep-94 17-Aug-94

03-Feb-95 01-Sep-95

17-Aug-95 03-Feb-96 01-Sep-96

03-Feb-97 01-Sep-97 17-Aug-96

03-Feb-98 01-Sep-98 17-Aug-97

03-Feb-99

01-Sep-99 Dagahaley BH3

Hagadera BH4 17-Aug-98 03-Feb-00 01-Sep-00 Ifo BH6 17-Aug-99 03-Feb-01 01-Sep-01

03-Feb-02 01-Sep-02 17-Aug-00

03-Feb-03 01-Sep-03 17-Aug-01

03-Feb-04 01-Sep-04 17-Aug-02 03-Feb-05 01-Sep-05

03-Feb-06 17-Aug-03 01-Sep-06

03-Feb-07 01-Sep-07 17-Aug-04

03-Feb-08 01-Sep-08 17-Aug-05 03-Feb-09 01-Sep-09 17-Aug-06 Linear(2002-2009) Linear(1992-2002) 2002-2009 1992-2002 Linear(2003-2009) Linear(1992-2003) 2003-2009 1992-2003 17-Aug-07

17-Aug-08

17-Aug-09 83 Annexes