Pathway to success A Career Guide To An Ayurvedic Graduate

I foreword

Dear Doctor, As you stand at the threshold of your future, having successfully completed your academic course, it is only natural to be gripped by a sense of excitement and apprehension. To have passed the rigors of academic training is a remarkable achievement and you must take immense pride in it. As healthcare professionals, your work will make a huge difference to the lives of many people.

While this is exciting, it carries with it great responsibility. There is a sense of apprehension over what lies ahead. What are the career choices available to you? How do you make the best possible use of the knowledge gained through your academic years? As graduates of Ayurveda, can you make a meaningful contribution to the field of modern medicine?

World over, Ayurveda is increasingly gaining popularity. The interest in this “Science of Life” has surged researchers and pharmaceutical companies in the West to study indigenous herbs like Neem and Turmeric and determine their potential in the treatment and prevention of various conditions. In the United States and United Kingdom, traditional medicine has been integrated into national healthcare systems, thereby expanding the scope of this discipline.

There are several challenging career opportunities in Ayurveda. This booklet takes you through the various career options available to Ayurvedic graduates. It provides you with a step by step guide on how to set up your own successful practice and help people live healthier, happier lives.

It also highlights the potential of pursuing research with pharmaceutical companies working in the area of contemporizing Ayurveda. Companies like Himalaya are pushing the boundaries of research in Ayurvedic medicine, in order to develop products that can complement allopathic medicine. For instance, Liv.52 prescribed by doctors across the world, is the result of years of research. Research invites bright minds. People with a passion to make a difference in the field of medicine, will find research a fulfilling career option.

This booklet also highlights other fields that offer exciting and lucrative opportunities to practitioners of traditional medicine.

Today, traditional medicine, which includes Ayurveda, is seen as complementing allopathic medicine. It is no longer viewed as a “last resort” in the treatment cycle. Well-researched, safe and efficacious herbal drugs are increasingly being integrated into modern healthcare. This means, the possibilities for the future of Ayurveda are endless. Fortunately, you are part of this movement and have the potential to make a difference in the lives of many.

Wishing you the very best!

President & CEO–Pharmaceuticals The Himalaya Drug Company III CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda – Then and Now...... 2

AYURVEDIC MEDICAL PRACTICE Financial Aspects of Clinical Practice...... 5

Specialty Practice in Ayurvedic Gynecology...... 9

Specialty Practice in Panchakarma...... 11

Specialty Practice in Kshara Sutra...... 13

Specialty Practice in Manasa Roga...... 15

Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice...... 16

BEYOND PRACTICE Career Options for Ayurveda Professionals...... 25

Career in Research...... 28

Career in Medicinal Plant Science...... 31

Career in Regulatory Affairs...... 33

Career in Medical Writing...... 36

Career in Pharmaceutical Marketing...... 38

Annexure: Personality Development...... 40

GET STARTED How to Choose Your First Job...... 43

How to Write a Resume...... 44

How to Write a Job Application...... 45

How to Dress Up for Job Interviews...... 47

How to Tackle Job Interviews...... 48

FURTHER READING How to Prepare for PG Entrance Examinations...... 51

How to Write a Scientific Paper...... 55

IV Introduction

1 AYURVEDA- THEN AND NOW

Dr Kishore Kumar R, MD (Ay.) PhD Research Officer, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (NADRI, a unit of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha [CCRAS]), Bangalore. Email: [email protected], [email protected] | Phone: +91 80 26562080, +91 9845829174

History of Modern Ayurveda later renamed as Department of Ayurveda, After the decline of Ayurveda practice Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and during the Mughal and British rules, there Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in November was a resurrection of Ayurvedic system of 2003. Efforts to develop research gained medicine under the rule of Peshwas during momentum in the postindependence era 1800s. Several events marked the origin of and as per the recommendations of various organized education of Ayurvedic system in committees grant-in-aid projects were India. These events were recommendation sanctioned to selected colleges. by the Indian National Congress Ayurveda at International Level Convention at Nagpur to accept Ayurvedic system of medicine as India’s national An increasing trend in the professional health-care system in 1920, inauguration practice of Ayurveda and alternative of Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College in medicine has been documented in the Delhi by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, and United States since late 20th century. establishment of Ayurveda College under There is a great potential for integration Banaras Hindu University at Varanasi by of Ayurvedic therapies into the health- Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya in 1927. care system in the United States. National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the In an effort to integrate Ayurvedic National Center for Complimentary and and mainstream medicines, important Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to explore committees were constituted by the complementary and alternative healing Government of India. In 1946, Chopra practices in the context of rigorous science, Committee recommended the evolution of train researchers in complementary and a common system from old and modern alternative medicine (CAM) including systems of medicines, and in 1958 Udupa Yoga and Ayurveda, and disseminate Committee recommended that there was authoritative information to the public and a need for integrated system of medicine professionals. According to NCCAM, 75 out and a training course in Siddha and of 117 US medical schools offered elective Ayurveda. These developments led to the courses in CAM in 1998. establishment of the Department of Indian Systems of Medicines and Homoeopathy Reports suggest that 80% of the population (ISM & H) under the Ministry of Health & in the developing countries rely on Family Welfare in March 1995, which was traditional medicine and 75% of the plant- 2 2 AYURVEDA- THEN AND NOW derived drugs, worldwide, were discovered Reasons for this dependence are based on the lead compounds from local • Lack of easy access to drugs of modern medicine. According to the World Health systems of medicine Organization (WHO), around 25% of modern • Prohibitive cost of the majority of medicines are derived from plants that modern drugs were originally used in traditional medicine • Toxicity and side effects associated with systems. Several other drugs are synthetic modern drugs analogs built on prototype compounds WHO encourages and promotes the use of isolated from plants. In India, 70% of modern alternative medicine. The global demand medicines are based on natural products. It for herbal products is growing at an annual is estimated that around 80% of the world rate of 7%. India, with its rich biodiversity, population depends on traditional systems of possesses highest rank in the availability of medicine for their primary health-care needs. medicinally important flora.

3 3 Ayurvedic Medical PRACTICE

4 Financial Aspects of Clinical Practice

DB Sajjanar, CA DB Sajjanar & Co., Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560 010. Email: [email protected], [email protected] | Phone: +91 9448016596

This rticlea covers the legal and financial ≤ Rs 150,000 in any of the three years prerequisites for setting up a new Ayurvedic immediately preceding the previous year clinic. To open a new Ayurvedic Clinic, should maintain books such as cash book, a doctor requires to be register under the ledger book, bill book, receipt book, and following: payment vouchers that would help the • Register under Shops and assessing officer to calculate the income tax. Establishments Act. Category B • Register under Income Tax by applying PAN. Individuals carrying on a “specified profession” with a gross receipt in the Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Unani profession >Rs 150,000 in all the three years professionals are exempted from professional tax. immediately preceding the previous year should maintain books such as cash book, In order to set up a new Ayurveda clinic, one journal, ledger, carbon copies of bills (serially should have sufficient capital for: numbered) exceeding Rs 25 issued by the • Advance/security deposit individual, original bills wherever issued to • Purchasing of furniture and fixtures and the individual, receipt with respect to the medical instruments expenditure incurred by the individual, and • Meeting other expenses payment vouchers prepared and signed by the individual in cases where bills and receipts Several nationalized banks offer special schemes (such as project loan or term loan) were not issued and the expenditure incurred for professionals in medical practice at lower does not exceed Rs 50. interest rates. In addition to the above, a medical Books to be maintained under section practitioner should also maintain the 44AA of Income Tax Act, 1956 following books under section 44AA. Medical profession is a specified profession under section 44AA and rule 6F. Medical • A daily case register as per Form No. professionals have been classified under 3C, with date, patient’s name, nature categories A and B on the basis of their of service rendered, fees received, and annual income. date of receipt. The form is available Category A at: http://www.incometaxindiapr. Individuals carrying on a “specified profession” gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/ with a gross receipt in the profession Forms/3C. pdf.

5 5 Financial Aspects of Clinical Practice

• An inventory under broad heads, as on 2010-2011 such person/doctor/clinic should the first and last days of the previous year, get their account books audited by a chartered of the stock of drugs, medicines, and accountant and submit the IT return along other consumable accessories used. with the audit report. As per section 44AB, if gross receipts of a clinic Auditing of books of accounts by the ≥Rs1,500,000 (in case of medicine sales, Rs chartered accountant 6,000,000) for the AY 2011-2012 such person/ As per section 44AB, if gross receipts of a doctor/clinic should get their account books clinic ≥Rs1,000,000 (in case of medicine sales, audited by a chartered accountant and submit Rs 4,000,000) for the assessment year (AY) the IT return along with the audit report.

Income tax rates for the AY 2010-2011 For resident woman (aged <65 years during the previous year)

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess Up to 190,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 190,000–300,000 (total income minus Rs 190,000) of income tax of income tax

Rs 11,000 + 20% of 2% 1% 300,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 300,000) of income tax of income tax Rs 51,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >500,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000) of income tax of income tax

For senior citizen (aged >65 years during the previous year)

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess Up to 240,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 240,000–300,000 (total income minus Rs 240,000) of income tax of income tax

Rs 6000 + 20% of 2% 1% 300,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 300,000) of income tax of income tax Rs 46,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >500,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000) of income tax of income tax

6 6 Financial Aspects of Clinical Practice

For any other individual, Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)/Body of Individuals (BOI)/artificial judicial person

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess 160,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 160,000–300,000 (total income minus Rs 150,000) of income tax of income tax

Rs 14,000 + 20% of 2% 1% 300,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 300,000) of income tax of income tax Rs 54,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >500,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000) of income tax of income tax

Income tax rates for the AY 2011-2012 For resident woman (aged <65 years during the previous year)

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess 190,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 190,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 190,000) of income tax of income tax

Rs 31,000 + 20% of 2% 1% 500,000–800,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000) of income tax of income tax Rs 91,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >800,000 (total income minus Rs 800,000) of income tax of income tax

For senior citizen (aged ≥65 years during the previous year)

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess 240,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 240,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 240,000) of income tax of income tax

26,000 + 20% of 2% 1% 500,000–800,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000 of income tax of income tax Rs 86,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >800,000 (total income minus Rs 800,000) of income tax of income tax

7 7 Financial Aspects of Clinical Practice

For any individual, every HUF/BOI/artificial judicial person

Net income range Education Secondary and Income tax rates (in rupees) cess higher education cess 160,000 Nil Nil Nil 10% of 2% 1% 160,000–500,000 (total income minus Rs 160,000) of income tax of income tax

34,000 + 20% of 2% 1% 500,000–800,000 (total income minus Rs 500,000) of income tax of income tax Rs 94,000 + 30% of 2% 1% >800,000 (total income minus Rs 800,000) of income tax of income tax

Union Health Union Bank of India offers Union Health loans for setting up a clinic, purchasing medical equipment, and acquiring premises. Details of the loans are given below.

Eligibility: Any qualified medical practitioner/ Interest rate is fixed and will not undergo any dentist in the age group of 25 to 60 years with change till the loan amount is repaid in full. minimum 3 years of experience. Firms/companies engaged in medical profession Processing charge (excluding service tax) is in which doctors/dentists are partners or 0.5% of the loan amount. directors or proprietors. Security: Hypothecation of equipment/items Purpose: To acquire premises for setting up that are not purchased from bank finance. clinic and to furnish it. Collateral security equivalent to 50% of the loan To purchase machinery, medical supplies, and amount. other items required for starting a clinic. EM of premises in case the loan is taken for To purchase brand new electro-medical acquiring premises. and other sophisticated equipment such as operation theater equipment, air conditioners, Other details: Third-party guarantee is not generators, refrigerators, personal computers mandatory to apply for loan. and their accessories, and UPS systems. No prepayment penalty is charged if the loan is Quantum: An amount equivalent to 75% of the adjusted by the borrower from his own verifiable equipment cost and other assets to be financed. legitimate sources or genuine sale. However, 2% will be charged on an average outstanding Margin: Minimum 25% of the cost of equipment balance of last 12 months if the loan is closed on and other assets to be financed. takeover by other banks/financial institutions.

Repayment period: Maximum 7 years, through equated monthly installments (EMIs), including *Rate of interest prevailing on the date of an initial moratorium period of 3/6 months. sanction shall be applicable.

Rate of interest* (w.e.f: 1/07/2009) Courtesy: Dinesh Kadakkal, A fixed interest rate of 12.5% is charged against Union Bank of India, all loans. Regional Office, Bangalore – 560 001

8 8 specialty practice in Ayurvedic Gynecology

Vd. Deepali N Bhise, MD (Ay.), Bhise Ayurvedic Clinic, P.C.M.C. Swimming Pool complex, Sector-26, Nigdi Pradhikaran, Pune, Maharashtra - 411044 | Phone: +91 9226491020

Ayurveda, the time-tested science of life, has Location proved its significance and utility in treating The location should be preferably quiet, various diseases. More and more physicians uncongested, and nonsecluded and should be are venturing into exclusive Ayurvedic easily accessible. For a beginner, it is always practice due to the increasing awareness about preferable to start practice in an area where the efficacy of Ayurveda in treating several an awareness about Ayurveda is prevalent chronic disorders. Nowadays, Ayurvedic among women. doctors venture into more specialized Basic Infrastructure practices such as Ayurvedic gynecology Basically, the clinic should comprise: practice (Stree Roga)—a specialty that is beneficial in rendering better health services • Separate rooms for consultation, to the womankind. examination, Panchakarma, and procedure • A water closet and a bathroom Garbha-Garbhini Paricharya (Ayurvedic antenatal checkup and care) is one aspect • One medicine storage and dispensing cabin of Ayurvedic gynecology practice that can yield positive results, if done meticulously, • One reception counter with seating in improving the health of mother and child arrangement for patients during pregnancy and can ensure a normal The clinic should have adequate supply of delivery devoid of any complications. This water. The examination and Panchakarma article provides a few guidelines to set up an rooms should be well ventilated and should effective, authentic, and exclusive Ayurvedic provide privacy for women. gynecology clinic. Assisting Staff The basic prerequisites for setting up an Minimum staff required: Ayurvedic gynecology clinic include: • A receptionist (preferably female) with • Location good communication skills • Basic infrastructure • A trained female Panchakarma therapist • Assisting staff • A housekeeping staff

• Furniture Furniture • Equipment and instruments The basic furniture requirements for setting • Medicines up an Ayurvedic gynecology clinic are one office table with a chair, two chairs for patients, one examination table, heating

9 9 specialty practice in Ayurvedic Gynecology

apparatus (electrical or gas stove), one steam Pippalimula, Vidanga, Guduchi, Sahachara, box, and one massage table (Droni). Rasna, and Erandamoola However, to occupy less space one single Mixed churnas: Pushyanuga, Bhaskara lavana, apparatus can be modified into a Swedana box + Ajmodadi, and Rasnadi Procedure table + Droni. This table would serve the purpose for both Panchakarma (such as Coarse churnas: Dashamoola, Bala, Basti, Uttara basti, Nasya, and Shirodhara) and Yashtimadhu, Shatapushpa, Shatavari, specific gynecological procedures (such as Yoni Palaasha pushpa, Sahachara, and dhavana and Yoni pichu). Detachable rods and Erandamoola straps can be used to facilitate lithotomy position Bhasmas: Shilajatu, Tankana, Gairika, Vanga, for certain procedures, whenever required. Trivanga, Kajjali, Abhraka, and Pravala Equipment and Instruments Vatis: Chandraprabha vati, Sukumara kashaya An Ayurvedic gynecology clinic requires vati, Bilvadi gulika, Chitrakadi vati, and some specific equipment and instruments Dhatri loha in addition to those used for Panchakarma Rasa kalpas: Kamdudha rasa, treatment procedures. Garbhapala rasa, Madhumalini vasanta, These equipment and instruments Pratapalankeshwara rasa, and Laxminarayana include a weighing machine, stethoscope, Guggulu kalpas: Triphala guggulu, Rasnadi sphygmomanometer, torch, focus lamp, surgical guggulu, Medohara guggulu, and Yogaraja gloves, sterile cotton and gauze, antiseptic guggulu solution, sterilization drums with autoclave machine (pressure cooker can also serve Asava arishtas: Ashokarishta, the purpose), linen, sponge holding forceps, Dashamoolarishta, Lodhrasava, Pippalyasava, vulsellum, Cusco’s speculum, catheters (Simple and Panchakolasava Rubber Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11), disposable Tailas: Sahacharadi, Bala, Dhanwantara, and syringes with needles (2 and 5 mL capacity), Narayana 50 cc plastic syringes, Rubin test cannula, baby Ghritas: Phalaghrita, Kalyanaka ghrita, feeding tubes, douche can, essential vessels and Dadimadi ghrita, and Shatavaryadi ghrita containers, and stationery. Other useful medicines: Shatavari kalpa, Medicines Septilin tablet, and Evecare capsule Below-mentioned medicines should always be The above-mentioned basic prerequisites are available at the clinic. sufficient to set up an Ayurvedic gynecology Single drug churnas: Shatavari, Bala, clinic. Later, this basic set up can be expanded Ashwagandha, Gokshura, Ashoka, to a full-fledged Ayurvedic gynecology hospital, Sariva, Manjishtha, Yashtimadhu, Musta, catering to the health needs of women.

10 10 SPECIALTY PRACTICE IN PANCHAKARMA

Dr Rekha Bajpai*, Dr AK Dixit* *Lecturer, PG Dept of Kaya Chikitsa, State Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Lucknow. (This article also contains inputs from Dr Gururaj H, MD (Ay.) Asst Prof, Dept of Panchakarama, kvgamc & H, Sullia E mail: [email protected] | Ph – +91 9845732866, +91 9656757574)

Due to the increasing interest in Ayurveda • A staff room there has been a phenomenal increase in the • An office demand for specialized therapies of Ayurveda, All the rooms should be well lit and particularly Panchakarma, not only for adequately ventilated and furnished. The treatment of diseases but also for preventive entire premises of the Panchakarma center and promotive health care. As a result many should be clean and hygienically maintained. health centers and tourist resorts providing Panchakarma therapy have come up in the Staff country. • 2 Ayurvedic doctors References regarding the establishment of a • 4 paramedical staff/therapists (2 male Panchakarma theater are available in Ayurvedic and 2 female) treatises, which give information on the • 1 pharmacist location of and infrastructure required for • 1 multipurpose worker Panchakarma theater, materials and drugs used Panchakarma equipment in Panchakarma procedures, skill sets required • Abhyanga table (with Dhara pit) or for a physician/assisting staff to perform Panchakarma droni – 2 nos. Panchakarma procedures, and different types of • Dhara vessel with stand – 2 nos. Panchakarma and Upakarma procedures. • Bashpa sveda yantra – 2 nos. Basic Necessities • Nadi sveda yantra – 2 nos. Infrastructure • Matra basti syringe with disposable nozzle - QS The Center should have • Niruha basti yantra/enema can - QS • A consultation room • Karnika (dropper) – 2 nos. • Two therapy rooms with attached toilet • Shirobasti cap – 2 nos. and bathroom. The bathroom should have shower facility and supply of both • Agnikarma shalaka – 2 nos. hot and cold water Other equipment • A dispensing room/pharmacy • BP apparatus, stethoscope, torch, • A waiting area examination table, weighing machine, • A rest room height and weight chart

11 11 SPECIALTY PRACTICE IN PANCHAKARMA

• Vessels of various capacities, frying pan, Churnas/Avaleha spoons, cooker, mixer, grinder, stove • Kottamchukkadi Churna • Cotton, gauze, sponge, scissors • Jatamayadi Churna • Sterilizer – for instruments and linen • Upanaha Churna equipment • Madanphaladi Churna Ayurvedic Compounds • Kalyanakavaleha • Avipattikara Churna Kwatha Churnas • Triphala Churna • Gandharvahastadi Kvatha Churna • Shatsakara Churna • Dasamoola Kwath Churna • Panchsakara Churna • Rasnadi Kwath Churna • Ashwagandha Churna • Aragwadhadi Kwath Churna • Hingvashtaka Churna Tailas • Dhanvantara Taila Finance • Building • Prasarini Taila • Equipment, furniture, reference books, • Karpasasthyadi Taila and stationery • Kottamchukkadi Taila • Medicines, diet, and consumables for the • Sahacharadi Taila use of patients • Ksheerbala Taila • Lump sum contingency fund • Balaguluchyadi Taila Points to remember • Mahanarayana Taila • Safety of patients and visitors should be • Mahamasha Taila ensured with suitable measures. • Narayana Taila • All Panchakarma procedures should be • Prabhanjana Vimardana Taila done after receiving informed consent • Lakshadi Taila from the patient/client. They should • Saindhavadi Taila be instructed on the precautions to be • Chandana bala lakshadi Taila followed before, during and after the therapies. • Dasamoola Taila • Short lectures on Ayurveda, Panchakarma • Chandanadi Taila and wellness-therapies should be • Shadbindu Taila arranged for patients/clients. • Anu Taila • Eranda Taila

12 12 SPECIALTY PRACTICE IN KSHARA SUTRA

Dr Mahantesh M Salimath MS (Ay.) Asst Prof & Surgeon, SJG Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Koppal. Email: [email protected] | Phone:+91 9845010950 (This article also contains inputs from Dr Sheshashaye B, Sr Research Associate Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore. Email: [email protected] | Phone : +91 80 - 28567926) Anorectal disorders, such as hemorrhoids, abscesses, incontinence, and cancer, are common clinical conditions. Although majority of these conditions does not require surgery, they can be a serious and surgical emergency if treatment is neglected.

Common Disorders Causing Anal Pain These pain management techniques work best • Anal fissure when implemented in conjunction with each • Anal fistula another. • Hemorrhoids Kshara Sutra in Anal Fistula • Abscess Application of Kshara Sutra • Cancer • Negotiate the probe through a path of Pain Management Procedures least resistance • Use local anesthesia if pain is not tolerable Massage • Massage of the anal region is an effective • Use plain barber thread for primary pain management technique used to threading. Switch over to kshara sutra relieve muscle inflammation and swelling. later; this sequence helps minimize pain Massage also improves blood circulation • Use thin (6×4×2 instead of 11×7×3) and boosts immunity. kshara sutra for minimizing pain

Hydrotherapy After application of Kshara Sutra • In this technique, warm water is used to • Pain relievers: Control pain with relieve muscle stiffness and stress. Shoolaghna, Shothaghna, and Cutaneous stimulation Ropana drugs. • Cutaneous stimulation can be done by • External treatment: Sitz bath with using external pain relievers such as cold Panchavalkala kwatha, Triphala kwatha, packs and hot packs, which facilitate and Asanadi kwatha two or three times superficial cooling or heating of skin to a day alleviate pain. • Internal treatment: Triphala Guggulu, Rest and sleep Gandhaka Rasayana, Asanadi kwath, • Lack of rest and sleep can be a reason for Varunadi kashaya, and Anulomana pain. Adequate rest and sleep are essential dravyas. Continue these medicines till the for accelerating pain management. fistula gets cut through. 13 13 SPECIALTY PRACTICE IN KSHARA SUTRA

Kshara Sutra in Hemorrhoids • Rao’s Kshar-Sutra Chikitsa Sansthan 48/A, Cross street-2, Smrithinagar, Application of Kshara Sutra Bhilai-490020, Chattisgarh • Kshara sutra produces negligible Phone: 0788-2392354 discomfort when applied to internal hemorrhoids. However, local anesthesia is • Gujarat Ayurveda University International required to reach the mass. Centre for Ayurvedic Studies Post Bag No. 4, Jamnagar–361008, Gujarat • Local anesthesia is also required for Phone: 0288-677324, 676854, 558260 application of kshara sutra to external E-Mail: [email protected]; hemorrhoids. [email protected] After application of Kshara Sutra Website: www.ayurveduniversity.com • Pain relievers • Rajasthan Ayurved University • Sitz bath Kadwad, Jodhpur–Nagaur Highway Road, • Oral medications Jodhpur–342037, Rajasthan Phone: 0291-2111701, 2111702, 2111706 List of Centers Providing Training in Website : Kshara Sutra Therapy http://www.raujodhpur.org/ • Susrutha Anorectal Hospital and • Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National Research Centre Academy of Ayurveda) Ministry of 17-B, Ksharpani Banglow, Lokmanya Health & Family Welfare, Dept. of Nagar, Gangapur Road, Nasik-422002, AYUSH, Govt. of India, Dhanwantari Maharashtra Bhawan, Road no. 66, Punjabi Bagh Phone: 0253-2314084, 2319943 (West), New Delhi-110026 Phone: 011- E-mail: [email protected]; 25228548, 25229753 [email protected] • Dayanand Ayurvedic College Mahatama Hans Raj Marg, Jalandhar-144008, Punjab Phone: 0181-2253571

14 14 Specialty Practice in Manasa Roga

Dr Suhas Kumar Shetty Asst Prof, Dept. of PG Studies in Manasa Roga, SDM College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan. Email: [email protected] | Phone: +91 9449603234

In the recent times, there has been a substantial increase in the number of patients suffering from different minor or major psychiatric disorders. The aim of this article is to educate Ayurvedic students on the management of some of these disorders and extensive application of common pharmacological therapies and psychotherapies in their clinical practice. The following table presents the application of Ayurveda in the management of mental disorders.

Sl. Vyadhi Shodhana Shamana Satvavajaya No 1 Unmada i) Vataja type – Mustadi i) Vataja type – Kalyanaka Ghritha i) Insight-oriented (psychotic Yapana Basti ii) Pittaja type – Kushmanda Ghritha family therapy disorders) ii) Pittaja type – Virechana iii) Kaphaja type– Panchagavya Ghritha ii) Supportive iii) Kaphaja type – Vamana iv) All types - Himalaya’s Ashvagandha and psychotherapy Brahmi capsules 2 Apasmara i) Vataja type – Mustadi Vega kaalina chikitsa: Sanjna prabhodhana Train the patient to live (epilepsy) Yapana Basti nasya with Vacha, White Onion, Katphala with epilepsy ii) Pittaja and Kaphaja types Choorna – Virechana Vegantara kaalina chikitsa: Vamana to be done only if i) Vataja type – Kalyanaka Ghritha absolutely necessary ii) Pittaja type – Brahmi Ghritha iii) Kaphaja type – Vachadi, Maha Panchagavya Ghritha iv) All types – Smriti Sagar Rasa, Mentat tablet and syrup 3 Madatyaya i) Vamana i) Combination of Anuloma, Yakrit i) Cognitive behavioral (alcohol- ii) Mrudu Anulomana Uttejaka and Medhya Rasayana therapy induced ii) Shrikandasava ii) Family therapy disorders) iii) Draksharista iii) Motivation iv) Liv.52 syrup and tablet 4 Chittodvega i) Virechana i) Ashvagandha i) Relaxation technique (anxiety ii) Murdhni taila ii) Tagara ii) Yoga disorders) iii) Brahmi iii) Pranayama iv) Geriforte syrup 5 Vishada i) Vamana i) Jyotishmati i) Supportive (depression) ii) Nasya ii) Jatamamsi psychotherapy iii) Panchagavya Ghritha ii) Dynamic activities iv) Manasa Mitra Vati iii) Motivation v) Mentat syrup 6 Nidranasha Murdhni taila (Ksheerabala i) Sarpagandha Vati (insomnia) Taila, Brahmi Taila, ii) Maamsyadi Kvatha Tungadrumadi Taila) iii) Sarasvatarista iv) Geriforte syrup

15 15 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Dr Palaniyamma D*, MD; Dr Pralhad S Patki**, MD *Medical Advisor,**Head - Medical Services & Clinical Trials, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Introduction physician to establish the diagnosis and Various disciplines of science such as prognosis of a disease, confirm the clinical biochemistry, microbiology, hematology, interpretation, and monitor the therapy. immunology, clinical microscopy, biophysics, Hematology and cytogenetics form the base for clinical Some common hematological investigations laboratory investigations. Results of these and their clinical implications are given clinical investigations are useful for a in Table 1.

Table 1. Common Hematological Investigations and Their Clinical Implications Conditions with increased levels of Conditions with decreased Parameters Normal range parameters levels of parameters Polycythemia Hemoglobin Hypoxia Male: 13.5–18 g/dL Anemia (Hb) Renal conditions where excess Female: 11.5–16.5 g/dL erythropoietin is produced Smoking Adults Erythrocyte Male ≤50 years: <15 mm/hr sedimentation Male >50 years: <20 mm/hr Acute inflammatory response Heart failure rate (ESR; Female ≤50 years: <20 mm/hr Pregnancy Sickle cell anemia Westergren Female >50 years: <30 mm/hr Anemia Treatment with steroids method) Children Oral contraceptive pill users Newborn: 0–2 mm/hr Neonatal to puberty: 3–13 mm/hr Bacterial infection Pregnancy Posttrauma Viral infection White blood cell Posthemorrhage Bacterial infection count(WBC) 4500–10,000 cells/μL Malignancy Drugs Myocardial infarction Renal failure Diabetes mellitus Drugs

Infections Thyroid disease Cirrhosis Bone marrow suppression Neutrophils 1 X 109/L Aplastic anemia Radiation Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Drugs

16 16 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Conditions with increased levels of Conditions with decreased Parameters Normal range parameters levels of parameters Allergic reaction Polyarteritis Reticulocytosis Leukemia Corticosteroids Congenital causes Eosinophils 6% Shock Scarlet fever Trauma Acute rheumatic fever Arthritis Smoking Irradiation Hepatitis Hodgkin disease Toxoplasmosis Tuberculosis 45% Tuberculosis Lymphocytes Renal failure Syphilis Drugs Lead poisoning Postirradiation Drugs Infectious mononucleosis Tuberculosis Chronic infection Monocytes Hodgkin disease 4%–10% Endotoxin-producing infections Leukemia Glucocorticoid use Lymphoma Solid tumors Bone marrow hypoplasia Bone marrow infiltration Vitamin B12 deficiency Trauma Immune thrombocytopenia Inflammation Infections Platelets 150–400 X 109/L Malignancy Hypersplenism Thrombocytosis Hemorrhage Postexercise Liver disease Uremia Drugs Alcohol Prothrombin Liver disease 12–15 seconds time (PT) Decreased vitamin K Excessive vitamin K Decreased or defective factor VII Blood vessel defect 2–9 minutes Bleeding time Platelet aggregation defect Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Low plasma concentration of Clotting time 4–10 minutes prothrombin or some other factors

17 17 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Clinical Biochemistry Some of the common biochemical investigations are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Common Biochemical Investigations and Their Clinical Implications Conditions with increased levels of Conditions with decreased levels of Parameters Normal values parameters parameters Viral hepatitis Alanine aminotransferase Toxic hepatitis End-stage liver disease (ALT) or serum glutamic 5–35 IU at 37°C Alcoholic hepatitis Renal insufficiency pyruvic transaminase Infectious mononucleosis (SGPT) Polymyositis Renal disease Liver insufficiency Albumin 3.3–4.8 g/dL Dehydration Severe malnutrition Pregnancy Burns Intrahepatic cholestasis Alkaline phosphatase Adults: 20–8 IU Extrahepatic cholestasis Hypophosphatemia (a rare inherited (ALP) Children: 93–221 IU Osteoblastic disease disorder) Pregnancy Pancreatitis Perforated peptic ulcer 60–180 Somogyi Acute ethanol ingestion Amylase Extensive destruction of pancreas units Severe renal disease Salivary gland disease Obstruction of pancreatic duct Hepatocellular destruction (viral, toxic, Aspartate aminotransferase alcoholic) (AST) or serum glutamic Myocardial infarction End-stage liver disease 8–38 IU at 37°C oxaloacetic transaminase Pulmonary infarction Pregnancy (SGOT) Musculoskeletal disease Posthepatic conditions Hemolytic jaundice Hepatocellular destruction (viral, toxic, alcoholic) Bilirubin (total) 0.1–1.0 mg/dL Neonatal physiological hyperbilirubinemia Gilbert’s disease Posthepatic conditions Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Hypoalbuminemia Metastatic carcinoma Chronic renal disease 9.0–11.0 mg/dL Calcium Myeloma Acute pancreatitis (4.5–5.5 mEq/L) Sarcoidosis Malnutrition Thyrotoxicosis Rickets Osteomalacia Myocardial infarction Creatine phosphokinase Male: 15–30 IU Progressive muscular dystrophy Physical inactivity (CPK) or creatine kinase Female: 15–110 IU Dermatomyositis Decreased muscle mass (CK) at 37°C Convulsions Surgery C-reactive protein (CRP) <4 mg/L Acute infective inflammatory response Creatinine 0.7–1.5 mg/dL Impaired renal function

18 18 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Conditions with increased levels of Conditions with decreased levels of Parameters Normal values parameters parameters Diabetes mellitus Insulinoma Endocrine disorders (such as thyrotoxicosis, Hypopituitarism acromegaly, and hyperaldosteronism) Adrenal cortical insufficiency Stress Severe liver disease Glucose (fasting) 70–110 mg/dL Chronic renal failure Extrapancreatic neoplasm Pancreatitis Ethanol ingestion Drugs such as steroids, thiazides, and oral Drugs such as sulfonylurea, contraceptives salicylates, phenformin, and insulin Hyperaldosteronism Renal glomerular disease Renal tubular disease Adrenocortical insufficiency Diuretic therapy Potassium 3.8–5.6 mEq/L Excessive intravenous therapy Gastrointestinal loss of potassium Diabetic ketoacidosis Malnutrition Metabolic alkalosis Dehydration Salt-losing nephritis Loss of hypotonic gastrointestinal fluids Gastrointestinal loss of sodium Sodium 133–146 mEq/L Diabetes insipidus Adrenal insufficiency Salt poisoning Diuretic therapy Skin losses (burns excessive sweating) Overhydration Dehydration Renal disease (protein losing) Myeloma (IgG, IgA) Hepatic insufficiency Total proteins 6–8 g/dL Sarcoidosis Malnutrition Chronic inflammation Agammaglobulinemia Malignancy Primary hyperlipidemia Total cholesterol <225 mg/dL Secondary hyperlipidemia due to diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and cholestasis Diabetes mellitus Nephrotic syndrome Malnutrition 10–190 mg/dL Excessive alcohol intake Triglycerides Congenital abetalipoproteinemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia Pregnancy Gout Renal failure Renal tubular defect (such as Fanconi Leukemia syndrome and Wilson disease) Uric acid 2.0–7.0 mg/dL Polycythemia Administration of Ketoacidosis adrenocorticotropic hormone Chronic lead nephropathy Excessive lactate (after ingestion) Prerenal conditions (diabetes mellitus, shock, congestive heart failure, etc.) Severe liver insufficiency Impaired renal function Overhydration Postrenal conditions Urea nitrogen 7–23 mg/dL Pregnancy (third trimester) Gastrointestinal bleeding Malnutrition (particularly, decreased High protein diet protein intake) Drugs such as corticosteroids, and tetracyclines

19 19 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Microbiology Some of the culture techniques that should be followed to identify and diagnose certain disease conditions are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Common Microbiological Investigations and Their Clinical Implications Suspected conditions Suggested cultures Comments Cultures of blood and fluids from sterile sites such as Septicemia pleura and joint Blood cultures Meningitis Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the absence of any contraindications Blood culture Mycobacterial culture should be done Osteomyelitis Bone biopsy and tissue biopsy in cases of chronic in high-risk groups osteomyelitis Crystal analysis of joint fluid aspiration and blood Septic arthritis culture Feces culture for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Arthritis Reactive arthritis and Yersinia Paired sera may be collected for antibody studies Rheumatic fever Throat swab and antistreptolysin O titer Throat infection Intranasal swab is the optimal investigation for pertussis Pneumonia and Purulent or mucopurulent sputum Additional plain chest x-ray Respiratory chronic obstructive Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (in investigation tract pulmonary disease immunosuppressed patients) infection Pleural effusion Culture of pleural fluid collected in a sterile bottle Lung abscess and Pus culture empyema Routine stool analysis Culture and sensitivity testing of gastric Diarrhea Bacteriology biopsy samples for Helicobacter pylori is Microscopy for parasites recommended Routine urinalysis Urinary tract infection Urine culture and sensitive test Blood cultures (for patients with spreading cellulitis or Skin lesions of primary and secondary severe skin sepsis) syphilis should be considered in the Skin infection/wound Mycobacterial culture for subdermal lesions differential diagnosis Pus culture is preferable to swab culture Urethral, cervical, rectal, and pharyngeal swab for Polymerase chain reaction (in viral Neisseria gonorrhea transport medium) and serum for Sexually transmitted infection High vaginal swab for Candida and Trichomonas syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV Vesicles/ulcer swab for Spirochetes and Herpes simplex Blood cultures for malaria Infective causes are responsible for 70% Serology for enteric fever, brucellosis, leptospirosis, of acute PUO and 40% of chronic PUO Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, Blood culture for mycobacteria requires Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) syphilis, and legionellosis special blood culture bottles that Mycobacterial investigations such as Mantoux tests, are available from the microbiology sputum, urine, and marrow microscopy and culture laboratories on request In cases with a history of animal contact or consumption Other lines of investigation may include Zoonoses of unpasteurized milk, investigate for mycobacteria, leptospirosis, tetanus, Lyme disease, Brucella, Salmonella, Q fever, listeria, and campylobacter psittacosis, and toxoplasmosis Fecal microscopic examination for worm infestation Send thick and thin blood smears for Parasitic infection/infestation Malaria should be considered in patients, with fever, hematological investigations (tropical) who have come from endemic areas 20 20 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

Some common serological tests of clinical • Pyuria: Urinary infections importance are given in Table 4. • Eosinophiluria: Allergic interstitial Table 4. Common Serological Tests and Their Clinical nephritis, atheroembolic disease Importance Test Suspected conditions • Red blood cell casts: Glomerulonephritis, Venereal disease research vasculitis, and malignant hypertension Syphilis laboratory test (VDRL) • White blood cell casts: Acute interstitial Widal test Typhoid and paratyphoid Antistreptolysin O (ASO) Streptococcal diseases nephritis, exudative glomerulonephritis, IgM rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid arthritis and severe pyelonephritis CRP Active infection Hepatitis B surface antigen Hepatitis B infection • Heme granular casts: Acute tubular necrosis Other Investigations of Clinical • Crystalluria: Acute urate nephropathy Importance (acute uric acid nephropathy [AUAN]) Urinalysis • Calcium oxalatin: Ethylene glycol toxicity Urine analysis (urinalysis) is performed Presence of certain compounds in the urine to diagnose urinary tract or kidney has clinical implications as mentioned below. infection, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis • Glucose: Diabetes mellitus (inflammation of the kidneys), and rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal • Bilirubin: Increased rate of red blood cell muscle); evaluate the causes of kidney failure; destruction, liver damage (as in hepatitis and screen the progression of some chronic and cirrhosis), and obstruction of the conditions such as diabetes mellitus and common bile duct (as with gallstones) hypertension (high blood pressure). • Ketone bodies: Diabetic ketosis, Abnormalities in the color, clarity, and ketoacidosis cloudiness of the urine may be due to • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG): conditions such as infection, dehydration, Pregnancy hematuria (blood in the urine), liver disease, Stool examination and breakdown of muscle or red blood Stool test is conducted to diagnose different cells in the body. Change in urine color disease conditions such as colorectal may be observed in patients taking certain cancer, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, colon medications. Large amounts of protein in the polyps, peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, urine (proteinuria) may result in foamy urine. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), The number and types of cells and the and Crohn’s disease. A fecal occult blood test presence of materials such as urinary casts (FOBT) is conducted to diagnose conditions may suggest a specific diagnosis as (such as colorectal cancer) that cause bleeding given below. in the gastrointestinal system. • Hematuria: Kidney stones, infections, Microscopic examination of the stool is tumors, and other conditions conducted to detect bacterial and parasitic 21 21 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

diseases such as ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, Dittrich’s plugs, broncholiths, and sulfur and hookworm and whipworm infections. The granules in the sample. examination can also be performed to detect Microscopic examination is done to determine viruses such as rotavirus and toxins from the presence of pus cells, red blood cells, heart bacteria such as Clostridium difficile. failure cells, carbon-laden cells, Curschmann’s Chemical test: Fecal pH test helps in spirals, myelin globules, elastic fibers, charcot diagnosing Escherichia coli or rotavirus leyden (bronchial asthma), fatty acid (chronic infections and digestive problems such tuberculosis), hematoidin (hemorrhage in as lactose intolerance. Steatorrhea can be the lungs), cholesterol (empyema and chronic diagnosed with the help of fecal fat test that lung abscess), and parasites such as Entameba determines fat malabsorption. histolytica, strongyloides, and roundworm in the sputum. Synovial fluid analysis Synovial fluid analysis helps in the diagnosis Peritoneal fluid analysis of gout and joint arthritis and infections. Peritoneal fluid analysis is performed to diagnose ruptured viscus, intra-abdominal Semen analysis hemorrhage, peritoneal tuberculosis, Semen analysis is performed to evaluate carcinoma, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic the characteristics of the semen or sperm trauma, acute abdominal pain of unknown in the semen based on various parameters. etiology, postoperative hypotension, and Routine physical test of semen is conducted to ascites. determine the volume, viscosity, appearance, pH, and liquefaction time of semen. Pleural fluid analysis Routine microscopic tests are conducted to Abnormal pleural fluid accumulation or determine the total sperm count (million/ pleural effusion can be caused by increased mL), motility, morphological abnormality, and capillary permeability and hydrostatic the presence of other cellular elements such as pressure and decreased plasma colloid white blood cells. osmotic pressure and lymphatic drainage.

Routine biochemical tests are conducted X-ray to determine the seminal fructose and acid X-rays are done to detect any abnormality phosphate levels. in the skeletal system and soft tissues. Sputum analysis Chest x-rays help in the diagnosis of lung Physical examination of sputum is conducted diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer, to evaluate the quantity, color, consistency, and pulmonary edema. Abdominal x-ray is appearance, odor, layer formation, and done to detect intestinal obstruction, free air presence of cheesy masses, bronchial casts, (from visceral perforations), and free fluid

22 22 Utility of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice

(in ascites). X-rays are also conducted to Conclusion detect gallstones and kidney stones. Laboratory investigations such as computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance Electrocardiography imaging scan, positron emission tomography Electrocardiography is done to evaluate signs scan, and mammography are performed and symptoms that could indicate heart to diagnose several disease conditions. problems such as myocardial infarction, Physicians should prescribe relevant ischemia, and arrhythmias. laboratory investigations judiciously to their patients.

23 23 BEYOND PRACTICE

24 Career Options for Ayurveda Professionals

Dr Kishore Kumar R, MD (Ay.) PhD Research Officer, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (NADRI, a unit of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha [CCRAS]), Bangalore, Karnataka Email: [email protected], [email protected] | Phone: +91 80 26562080, +91 9845829174

Academic and Career Options Quality control in Ayurveda pharmaceutical After BAMS industry Ayurvedic graduates are required in Postgraduate degree and diploma courses pharmaceutical companies to monitor quality After graduation, students can opt for either control and standard operative procedures specialization or research in areas/fields in the preparation of pharmacological related to Ayurveda. Specialization courses formulations. However, there are no formal include MD, MS, diploma, and certification in pharmacy courses offered in Ayurveda. Panchakarma, Kshara, Agnikarma, Dentistry, Cultivation of Medicinal Plants, and Hospital Spa Ayurveda Administration. Ayurveda graduates can also Applicability of Ayurvedic principles in enroll for courses in allied health sciences such preventive health care and oil- and medicinal as MD in Yoga and MSc in Yoga, Medicinal herb-based physical therapies led to immense Plants, Anatomy, Physiology, and Applied popularity of Ayurveda in the hospitality and Botany. Auxiliary short-term health courses in luxury industry during mid-1990s. Ayurveda sports medicine, cardiac care, rehabilitation, physical therapies are offered by a majority and nutrition psychology are also available. of spas, star hotels, and clubs. Ayurveda Specialty practice in Ayurveda professionals are recruited in Ayurveda- The trend of specialty practice in Ayurveda based health resorts and wellness centers for can be traced back to the times when training consultations and monitoring of therapies. was given by traditional practitioners. Even Cosmetic Ayurveda after standardization of education, this trend Nowadays, most of the obesity and seems to have continued, especially, among slimming centers offer Ayurveda tips to their graduates with traditional family background. clients. Ayurveda rejuvenation centers use Some of the popular specialty practices are “Panchakarma,” a highly technical Ayurvedic Anorectal, Agada (toxicology), Beauty and jargon, to imply rejuvenation, beautification, Cosmetology, Bone Care (fractures and massage, and traditional cosmetic technique. other orthopedic problems), Cardiology, These rejuvenating centers and Ayurveda Dentistry (Ayu), Dietetics, Dermatology beauty parlors recruit Ayurvedic graduates for (Ayu), Gomutra, Panchakarma, Sexual Health consultations. Clinics, Shalakya (ENT), and Marma.

25 25 Career Options for Ayurveda Professionals

Government service Research The central and state governments have Research in Ayurveda has immense scope for their own establishments in terms of clinical development. Research activities in India are services, pharmaceutical manufacturing conducted mainly by the government bodies. units, and research units. Ayurveda Central Council for Ayurvedic Research graduates are recruited to these centers was established in 1962 as an Advisory body either directly or through public service and Central Council for Research in Indian commission. Pay packages are as per the Medicine & Homoeopathy (CCRIM&H) was existing pay commission recommendations. established in 1969. In 1970, the government The process of recruitment may involve of India passed the Indian Medical Central entrance examination and personal interview. Council Act to standardize qualifications for Selection is done based on merit and other Ayurveda and accredit institutions offering constitutional directives. A postgraduate courses in Ayurveda. CCRIM&H initiated degree in Ayurveda is essential for pursuing research programs in the Indian Systems career in academics and research. of Medicine & Homoeopathy in different parts of the country. Central Council for Clinical research Research in Yoga & Naturopathy (CCRYN) As clinical research is becoming a lucrative was established with both fundamental and career option, nowadays there are a number of private institutions offering different short- allied objectives of initiation, aid, guidance, and long-term courses in this field. Many development, and coordination of scientific BAMS graduates enroll for these courses and research in different aspects of Yoga and find a career in this field. Naturopathy. The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (CCRAS)—an Career Options After MD/MS/PhD apex body for the formulation, coordination, and development of research in Ayurveda and Teaching and academics Siddha on scientific lines—was established Most of the postgraduates prefer pursuing a in March 1978. The council executes its teaching career in university colleges offering research program through a network of 86 BAMS and postgraduate degrees. As their work profile demands them to be both an research projects (about 30 major institutes/ academician and a physician at a time, this centers and 56 small units) and monitoring can be a satisfying career option for these and supervision of these research activities are Ayurveda professionals. controlled by the headquarters. CCRAS has now been reorganized into about 40 institutes Private specialty practice and centers. Ayurveda specialists begin with general practice as the specialty practice is not so popular among There are very few agencies and universities public. Nevertheless, a few specialty practices that provide funds for conducting research such as surgical management of anorectal in Ayurveda. However, some of the diseases and reproductive medicine are found to pharmaceutical companies are taking initiative be lucrative. in funding research. 26 26 Career Options for Ayurveda Professionals

Pharmaceutical industry Discussion In India, several pharmaceutical companies An Ayurveda professional frequently finds recruit graduates and postgraduates with himself at crossroads of orthodox and liberal expertise in Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals for Ayurveda. Orthodoxy, unlike liberal Ayurveda, developing the drugs, conducting clinical is nonlucrative but is considered to be the trials, and marketing these drugs. mark of a genuine professional. Poor research, Overseas documentation, and applications have been Some of the Ayurveda professionals associate a bane for lack of lucrative opportunities in themselves with holistic health professionals Ayurveda. Training in scientific skills and or nonmedical professionals (in foreign methodology is as important as it is in the countries) with business interests in Ayurveda. basics of Ayurveda. Although there are many These professionals work as Ayurveda opportunities for an Ayurveda professional, a consultants in organizations such as Maharishi severe dearth exists in talent pool. Ayurveda. The scope of work in these References organizations is limited only to general health consultations, administration of oil-based 1. Mishra L, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Healthcare and disease management preventive therapies, and educative talks. in Ayurveda. Altern Ther Health None of these are permanent jobs and involve Med. 2001;7(2):44-50. periodic visits. Generally, European countries (such as United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, 2. Wetzel MS, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk Spain, Italy, and France), United States, Japan, TJ. JAMA. 1998;280(9):784-787. and Middle East are preferred locations. 3. Wakdikar S. Electron J Professionals with good communication skill, Biotechnol. 2004;7(3):214-220. especially, those who can explain Ayurveda in English appropriately are preferred. Prakruti, Panchakarma, and Nadi are popular catchwords abroad.

27 27 Career in Research

Dr Baidyanath Mishra, MD (Ay.) Senior Research Scientist-Agrotech, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore - 562123. Email: [email protected]

Ayurveda is the traditional science of • Implement the modern diagnostic medicine practiced in India since centuries. techniques The collective consideration of the mind and • Meet the regulatory compliances body is the core concern of the Ayurvedic • Evaluate the efficacy and safety of new system of medicine. As there is an increase products in the popularity of Ayurveda worldwide, • Evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of it is important to have an evidence-based Ayurvedic drugs data regarding the safety and efficacy of this system of medicine. This can be achieved Ayurveda professionals can be part of research with rigorous research activities and best activities in various organizations and projects quality management. Quality management at both national and international levels: standardizes the quality control and assures National level good manufacturing and clinical practices for • Ayurvedic drug companies as a part of developing Ayurvedic products. their R&D activities Evidence-based study reports that support the • Departments of botany, biology, complete analytical, preclinical, and clinical pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry safety and efficacy are required to comply with at various universities/institutions the requirements of regulatory bodies such as • Nongovernment organizations such as US FDA and the European Commission. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local World Health Organization (WHO) has Health Traditions (FRLHT) emphasized on the standardization of • Central Council for Research in Ayurveda herbal products, which has paved the way & Siddha (CCRAS) for more research activities in the fields of • Modern research institutions of cultivation, pharmacognosy, formulation and government of India, such as Council of development, and pharmacovigilance. Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Intensive research activities are required in Indian Council of Medical Research Ayurveda to: (ICMR), Indian Council of Agricultural • Study the pharmacological properties of Research (ICAR), Central Drug Research new plants and formulations Institute (CDRI), Industrial Toxicology • Identify the nutritional properties of new Research Centre (ITRC), National food products Botanical Research Institute (NBRI),

28 28 Career in Research

and Central Institute of Medicinal and • Improper description of selected Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) study designs • Golden Triangle project involving • Complication in the calculation of department of AYUSH, CCRAS, CSIR, probability and power due to and ICMR missing values • Lack of well-developed infrastructure as International level compared to the conventional medicine • WHO • Lack of appropriate facilities and trained • National Center for Complimentary and research personnel Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) The documentation and evaluation of research • University of Texas Center for Alternative studies require scientific database of literature Medicine Research that would help in conducting a research • American Botanical Council work. Some of the databases available are • Universities and medical schools in the listed below. United States and the United Kingdom • Databases developed by CCRAS Despite the above-mentioned opportunities, and CSIR there are several drawbacks and challenges, as • Database (Traditional Knowledge listed below, in conducting research activities Digital Library [TKDL]) developed in in Ayurveda. collaboration with CSIR, Ministry of • Lack of electronic databases for Science and Technology and Department Ayurvedic studies of AYUSH, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare • Requirement of manual search for • Database (AyuSoft) developed by Centre collecting references and interviews for Development of Advanced Computing of experts (C-DAC) • Nonavailability of adequate number of • Diagnostic software (Ayata-Nidana) studies in common databases such as developed by Tilaka Maharashtra NCBI, EMBL-EBI, and CAM Vidyapeeth in collaboration with CSIR • Use of regional languages in publications; • Classified directory of PG and PhD theses many of these are available only (titled Researches in Ayurveda) developed as abstracts by Wealth of Asia • Lack of centers for excellence In order to bring Ayurvedic system of • Nonavailability of publications on health medicine at par with contemporary medicine, services research and health technology intensive research is required in the fields of assessment pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, bioavailability, and bioequivalence. The action • Methodological errors due to small plan for research in Ayurveda and herbal study population medicines should include:

29 29 Career in Research

• Focused R&D and interdisciplinary • Effective quality control and packaging approach to reduce wastage • Extensive and detailed research into • Strict regulations for Good Agricultural cultivation and propagation techniques Practices (GAP),Good Laboratory • Global survey of medicinal and aromatic Practices (GLP), Good Manufacturing plants (MAP) cultivation in terms of Practices (GMP), and Good Clinical species, volume, and value Practices (GCP) • Buyback arrangement for producers Graduates and postgraduates in Ayurveda have the following career opportunities in • Strengthened global, regional, and research. national networking activities related to conservation and sustainable utilization • New drug discovery research (NDDR) of medicinal plants • Process development (P&D) • Methods to improve the quality and • Formulation and development (F&D) standards of phytomedicines • Clinical trials and bioequivalence and • Awareness toward regional, national, toxicological studies and international legislations regarding • Quality control access to wild harvest, collection, and • Drug and cosmetics formulation development of medicinal and aromatic plant resources

30 30 Career in Medicinal Plant cultivation

Dr Archana PM, MD (Ay.) Research Scientist-New Product Initiatives,The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore. Email: [email protected]

The substantial increase in the demand for • Good harvesting practices medicinal plants from the herbal industry and • Good storage practices traditional health-care practices, worldwide, National and state medicinal plant boards and has made the cultivation and conservation of horticultural and agricultural boards provide medicinal plants crucial. special training in medicinal plant cultivation. The Indian systems of medicine have identified 1500 species of plants with Medicinal Plant Cultivation as a medicinal properties, of which 500 are Business Opportunity widely used for the preparation of drugs. Financial assistance The international market of herbal products Organizations such as National Horticulture is estimated to be US $62 billion, whereas Mission (NHM), National Medicinal Plants its Indian market is estimated to be US $5.5 Board (NMPB), and State Medicinal Plants billion. That is, India’s share in the global Board (SMPB) offer financial support for the market of medicinal plants trade is <0.5%, cultivation of medicinal plants and assist in despite its rich biodiversity. setting up postharvest facilities. Cultivation and supply of medicinal plants could be a great career option for Ayurveda End customers of cultivators graduates. Medicinal plants can be cultivated Various organizations that offer buyback from as monocrops or intercrops along with other cultivators are commercial or food crops. Following are the • NMPB and SMPB prerequisites for initiating the cultivation of • University of Agricultural Sciences, medicinal plants. Dharwad and Gandhi Krishi Vignana • Land for cultivation Kendra (GKVK), University of • Fertile soil Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore • Manpower • Private consultancy services/vendors • Financial investment • Phytopharmaceutical industry • Water supply Career opportunity in the corporate sector In addition to these basic requirements, the An Ayurveda professional, with cultivator should have the knowledge of: expertise in the field of medicinal plant • Good agricultural practices cultivation, can join as an executive or • Good cultivation practices manager in the Agricultural division of a 31 31 Career in Medicinal Plant Science

phytopharmaceutical company engaged in Skill sets required large-scale procurement and handling of raw • Ability to conduct extensive field work materials. Alternately, one can be linked to the • Business acumen—for negotiation corporate sector as a trader by offering raw of deals material for bulk processing. • Effectiveness in networking with agricultural and corporate sectors

Eligibility Master’s Degree in Graduate in any of the following disciplines: Botany, Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants Agriculture, or Ayurveda. Sciences (Ayu Age: Minimum 20 years | Duration: 2 years (annual pattern) medicinal plants)— Number of students in one academic session: 15 (few seats are reserved Gujarat Ayurved for foreign students) University, Jamnagar, For more details visit: http://ayurveduniversity.com/cou_no9.php Gujarat Phone: +91-288-2552014 | Fax: +91-288-2552014 Email: [email protected] Doctor of Philosophy Eligibility in Medicinal Plants A candidate holding master’s degree in Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD [Ayu Sciences or Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant Sciences or equivalent. medicinal plants])— Age: Not specified Gujarat Ayurved Admission criteria: Academic record and research aptitude University, Jamnagar, Duration: Minimum 2 years Gujarat For more details visit: http://ayurveduniversity.com/cou_no20.php Institute: Gujarat Phone: +91-288-2552014 | Fax: +91-288-2552014 Ayurved University, Email: [email protected] Jamnagar

32 32 CAREER IN REGULATORY AFFAIRS

Dr Vijendra Prakash, MD (Ay.) In Charge—Regulatory Affairs, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore – 562123. Email: [email protected]

Regulatory Affairs, also called Government External regulations include: Affairs, is a profession developed by Obtaining permissions like the Manufacturing governments to protect public health license, Product license, Loan license, by controlling the safety and efficacy of Certificate of Pharmaceutical product, Free pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, Sale Certificate etc from Food and Drug medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, Administration (FDA) authorities or AYUSH cosmetics, and complementary medicines. Centre/State Licensing Authority.

Importance of Regulatory Affairs in Nowadays, companies are in a race to place Pharmaceutical/Health-Care Industry their new products in the market to gain the maximum market share and earnings. Regulatory Affairs department is the first In such a scenario, a small delay in gaining point of contact between the government market access may result in huge loss in authorities and the company. Regulatory terms of market share and revenue. The key Affairs department in a pharmaceutical to success for pharmaceutical companies lies company is a vital unit that drives the in obtaining timely marketing approval from R&D efforts of the company to the market regulators. Hence, in order to obtain this successfully. Lapse in the regulation seriously timely marketing approval companies can affects the quality and safety of the medicine. either strengthen the regulatory department Today, Regulatory Affairs department is a or rely on the expert advice of independent dynamic business unit that works with a regulatory consultants. focus to get products to the market, with a commercially viable label, in the least possible Role of Regulatory Affairs department while time and expenses. registering products in international market is crucial, as the registration data developed Pharma companies are always regulated for one country may not be applicable to other internally and externally. countries. A Regulatory Affairs professional Internal regulations include: with a sound knowledge in these aspects can GACP (Good Agricultural and help in handling this process easily. Cultivation Practice) History of Regulatory Affairs GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) In the late 1980s, the European Community GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) (later the European Union) started to GCP (Good Clinical Practice) harmonize the regulation of health-care products in its member states. Although the 33 33 concept of regulating medicines was well • Providing advice on legal and scientific established in most of the member countries restraints and requirements. (similar to that of US model), many countries • Collecting, collating, and evaluating the did not have any significant medical device scientific data generated by research and regulation. development department. Regulatory Affairs in India • Presenting registration documents to regulatory agencies and carrying out all Department of AYUSH regulates the the subsequent negotiations necessary functioning of the Indian system of Medicine. to obtain and maintain marketing “The Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940 and authorization related to the products. Rules thereunder” is the basic resource to learn about the Regulatory Affairs in India. • Providing valuable strategic advices Regulations in Ayurveda have been described throughout the life cycle of a product. in detail in chapters I and IVA of the “Drugs Attitudes and actions of the Regulatory Affairs and Cosmetic Act, 1940.” It has also been professionals will influence the perceptions of elaborated in Part XVI, Part XVI (A), Part the government officials toward a company. XVII, Part XVIII, and Part XIX of the “Drugs The response of the government officials will and Cosmetic Rules, 1945.” be more favorable toward a company whose Responsibilities of a Regulatory Affairs representatives have a sound knowledge in Professional scientific and legal issues. A good Regulatory Affairs professional plays Educational Qualification Required an important role in coordinating scientific • Graduate in any discipline or an endeavor with regulatory demands. Following equivalent qualification from a are the main responsibilities of a Regulatory recognized university/institute. Affairs professional. • Preference is given to science and law • Ensuring the company’s compliance with graduates with additional qualifications the regulations and laws pertaining to its such as Postgraduate Diploma in business. Regulatory Affairs or MSc in Regulatory • Working with local, state, and federal Affairs. regulatory agencies (such as FDA, European Medicines Agency) and Useful Web Links personnel on specific issues relevant to http://indianmedicine.nic.in/ the company’s business. http://www.ccras.nic.in/ • Keeping track of the current legislation http://www.who.int/medicines applicable to regions/countries where the www.ich.org company distributes its products. www.fda.gov

34 34 CAREER IN REGULATORY AFFAIRS

Difference Between Law, Act, and Rule Act is a decision or determination of a Law is a rule of conduct or action prescribed sovereign, legislative council, or court of or formally recognized as binding or enforced justice. It is the formal product of a l by a controlling authority. Law implies egislative body. imposition by a sovereign authority and the Rule is a regulation or bylaw, governing obligation of obedience on the part of all procedure or controlling conduct. In case subject to that authority. Law constitutes acts, of any contradiction in rules and act, the statutes, amendments, notification, rules, bill provisions of act prevail and apply accordingly. in parliament, state laws, central acts, and legal Therefore, as per the above definitions every opinion and advice. system including medical and pharmaceutical industries is regulated by laws, acts, and rules.

35 35 Career in Medical Writing

Dr Jayashree B Keshav, BAMS, MA (Sanskrit) In Charge—Scientific Publications, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore – 562123 . Email: [email protected]

Medical writing is the presentation of clinical writing, which involves the documentation of and scientific data/information that would be research findings for journal publication. useful for the medical fraternity and health Scope of medical writing conscious readers. Medical writer develops documents that are in compliance with the Well-written, standards-compliant regulatory requirements and journal or other documents are important for easy and quick guidelines in terms of content, format, and understanding of the product during the structure. approval and marketing stages. An increase in the market size of health-care products Types of medical writing has resulted in an increase in the demand Medical writing is classified into two: for these product-related information from regulatory medical writing and educational the consumers, patients, and health-care medical writing. professionals. Regulatory medical writing: Documentation Role of a medical writer in different of clinical study protocols and reports, organizations patient informed consent forms, investigator Medical writers in contract research brochures, and summary documents that organizations (CROs) and pharmaceutical summarize and discuss the data collected companies prepare documents for regulatory during the course of developing the drug or submissions and publication. Apart from the device. These documents are required by the above, medical writers in pharmaceutical regulatory agencies for the approval of the companies also prepare training manuals and medical product. promotional material for marketing purposes and websites. Whereas medical writers in Educational medical writing: Developing communication agencies prepare manuscripts documents related to drugs, devices, and for publication and materials (such as biologics for specific readers such as health- poster, abstracts, and slide presentations) care professionals. These documents contain for conferences, pharmaceutical marketing, product information of drugs and devices, training, and multimedia. data presentation for medical conferences, medical articles for journal publication, and Educational qualification and skill sets materials for continuing education (CE) and required continuing medical education (CME). Graduate or postgraduate degree in life Scientific writing constitutes a part of medical science or medical science is required. Apart

36 36 CAREER IN medical writing from the educational qualification, candidates • Keep sentences as short and simple should also possess the following skills. as possible • Good writing and word processing skills • Avoid using strange and • Good interpersonal skills complicated terms • Good attention to detail • Use active voice rather than passive voice • Good knowledge of medical terms and • Define new terms, concepts, symbols, or basic human anatomy and physiology infrequently used terms in the first occurrence • Computer knowledge • Avoid redundancy and in-depth Following are some of the instructions for explanation of familiar techniques and medical writing: terminologies • Avoid plagiarism • Cite all references, tables, and figures • Gather information from in the text authentic sources • Check for grammatical errors • Spell check and proofread the paper carefully

37 37 Career in Pharmaceutical Marketing

Dr Hemanth RK, BAMS, DCRRA, PGDMM Product Manager-Pharmaceutical Division, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore – 562123 Email: [email protected]

Recently, there was a report in the newspaper The pharmaceutical industry is a knowledge saying ‘Five doctors, a lawyer and a fashion driven industry. Unlike the marketing of designer are among those who have made it to other products, pharma marketing needs a the IIM-C. And IIM-C old timers say that this sound knowledge of the basic science. As is perhaps the first time that the institute has there are tremendous career opportunities such a variety. in marketing, it is obvious that doctors are Few years back the ‘Marketing’ was very seriously looking to make Marketing as distant for many and this is truer if you are their career. a medico. But those days are gone and now, Role of Doctors in Pharmaceutical people have started thinking seriously to make Marketing and Product Management their career in marketing. Pharmaceutical marketing is the business of A doctor with knowledge of medical science advertising or otherwise promoting the sale of and with the techniques of marketing will pharmaceuticals or drugs to the doctors. It is be a big asset to the organizations like said that a Product Manager breaths life to the pharmaceutical industry, corporate hospitals, product. Hence sound product knowledge is health care industry, wellness industry, an integral apart from varied skill sets. clinical research, medical transcription, health A doctor in the product management can insurance, to name a few. understand the product easily and can help in Pharmaceutical Industry the market segmentation, positioning of the The pharmaceutical industry is the world’s product in the market thereby contributing largest industry due to worldwide revenues in formulating the strategies for new and of approximately US$2.8 trillion. The total existing products. A new dimension can be Indian Pharmaceutical Market (IPM) is itself provided by a doctor for the promotion of over 40,000 crores. There are nearly 250 large these products. companies controlling 70% of the Indian Career growth opportunities market. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is The career in marketing starts with Product poised for high consistent growth over the executive, and can progress to become next few years, driven by a multitude of factors Product Manager, then Group product including the huge population and poor manager, Marketing Manager, Business infrastructure. head, Chief Operating Officer (CEO), Vice- president and President. Depending on the 38 38 CAREER IN pharmaceutical marketing individual strength, one can reach higher • Innovation / Creativity: Think and do management like Business head/CEO in new activities so that the freshness in the a span of 10-12 years. The more years one promotion is maintained. puts in the lower rank, the better will be the • Influencing: while communicating with exposure to the ground level functioning various departments and with the field thereby decision making becomes easier when staff (sales team) higher management portfolio is handled. • Prioritization and time management: Multitasking and ability to handle Role of a Product Executive/Manager thinking and operational task at the • Formulating new strategies for new & same time. existing products. • Computer proficiency: Is a must. Basic • Launching new products knowledge of Microsoft Office like • Market research activities word, excel and power point is required. • Brand Management Awareness on online searching for • Handle market development activities medical and other relevant data is essential. • Identify market opportunities • Monitoring the implementation of various Educational qualification strategies A postgraduate degree in Marketing or an • Sales analysis & forecasting MBA is useful as it gives a clear understanding • Giving Marketing inputs during training on the marketing concepts and strategies. program Now, specialized post graduate courses for • Handling Sales Meetings Pharma Marketing are offered by various business management schools that can Required skill set be opted. • Analytical Ability: Ability to identify gaps in the market and positioning products

39 39 Personality development

Himalaya Infoline. 2010; vol. 6(Q1):17.

Personality is the complex of all • Exude a confidence and inner strength characteristics—behavioral, temperamental, that make others listen to you emotional, and mental—that makes a • Get rid of negative thoughts and stay away person unique. Personality development is from people who pull you back a continuous process that brings out your capabilities and strengths, making you aware • Look at yourself in a different way than of your inner self. Individuals with a pleasing you are used to personality may create an atmosphere that Be social is conducive for achieving success in their Maintain good relations with people around lives. Following are the 10 important tips to you and adopt the positives you observe in improve your personality. them in your life. Always keep a smile on your Build your self-confidence face when you talk to others. Self-confidence is a feeling or belief in your strengths and abilities. Self-confident Develop good reading habits individuals understand the impact of believing Use your leisure time for reading. It is in themselves and relying on their abilities. important to develop a good reading habit to expand your knowledge. You can follow this simple formula to build your self-confidence: Help and respect others • Make a list of your strong points and focus Develop the quality of helping and respecting on those points that require others. When you respect others, you increase further improvement the respect that others extend to you. 40 40 personality development

Be conscious about yourself Keep a positive body language Identify your weakness and strength and work Keep a positive body language, as it may on improving them. help you to create a positive, lasting first impression. Your gestures, stance, position, Learn from your mistakes and movement can all convey a sense of Learn from your mistakes, as it is important to openness to others, depending on how you acknowledge them to improve your skills. use them. Compliment others Dress well Compliment others as that makes them Select a dress that makes you feel good and feel good and helps in breaking the ice and more comfortable in. It may help to improve creating good relationships. your confidence level. Make decisions for yourself Respect others’ opinion, but it is always good to have your own say in decisions related to your life.

41 41 GET STARTED

42 How to Choose Your First Job

Himalaya Infoline. 2009; vol. 5(Q2):12.

1. List all the jobs you are attracted to. see yourself doing in 5 or 10 years. Talk to people who you know that have that job. Interview them. Check out Internet 2. Take some time each day to explore facts forums and online articles about people in about each job and/or stream you might that line of work, and email them to find be interested in. For example, a lawyer out if they like it. needs reading and writing skills. Keep all this information in a word file for later use. 6. Take action and find an internship or volunteer position in the field of your choice while you are going to college. Do 3. Take a look back at the list you created not wait to act. Do not wait until after you as you progress through college. Re-read graduate. Try as many jobs as you can it and look at the notes you prepared. early, while you are still in college. Get This would be a good time to look for involved with what you want to do as soon internships/volunteer opportunities in as you can. the jobs you still find interesting. Call the boss of the place, go in and talk to them, and persist until they let you have a job/ 7. Carefully consider your personal values, internship. and begin to assess potential employers who are also aligned with these values. For example, if you are strongly inclined 4. Look at your list and then eliminate all the to grow and reward others, seek jobs you dislike after trying them out and employers who are not very financially researching the major that you will need focused; rather seek those firms who to accomplish your goal of getting that reward team building, support other particular job. offices or groups, and believe that money is an outcome of success, 5. Look at the list of jobs, ultimately and not the sole reason. critically, and try to pick one that you can

43 43 How to Write a Resume

Himalaya Infoline. 2010; vol. 6(Q1):13.

A résumé is essential when you start searching Achievements for a job after your studies. Before writing a If you have played any sport or took part résumé, be clear in your mind on the nature of in any competition at the state, national, or the job you are looking for and the skills and international level and won, include them in this experience required for it. section. Mention those achievements on top that A typical résumé includes: you think the employer would care about.

Personal Details Concluding Section Specify your name, address, contact number, Include your strengths and hobbies in this and e-mail address on top of the first page of section. Highlight your skills related to the the résumé. job you are applying for and also explain the employer how it would actually benefit to Objective his/her organization. Finally, mention your State a clear and to-the-point objective of what father’s name, permanent address, date of you would like to do for the organization if birth, and alternative telephone number. you are appointed. It should not exceed more Review, edit, and proofread the résumé once than two or three lines. you finish writing. It is better to have a printed Educational Qualifications résumé instead of a handwritten one, unless Educational qualifications should be listed specified by the employer. in descending order, that is, your most recent qualification should come first in the Basic do’s and don’ts while list. For example, for a PG student, his/her writing a résumé postgraduation should come first in the list, • Avoid spelling mistakes or followed by graduation, Class XII, and Class X. grammatical errors Experience • Avoid using fancy fonts and bullets Freshers need not to include this section. • Do not use multiple fonts Experienced candidates should list down their • Highlight your qualification and employment history also in descending order, achievements as it is listed in the educational qualification • Use bullets to list your qualification section. Make sure to mention the name of the company you worked for, the duration you • Use action words such as prepared, worked there, and the designation you were managed, developed, monitored, appointed for. and presented

44 44 How to Write a Job Application

Himalaya Infoline. 2009; vol. 5(Q2):13.

For most jobs, you will need to apply in Structure of your job application handwriting or computer print. This normally In the opening paragraph, explain the purpose means preparing two things: one is letter of of your letter. Mention the position you are application or covering letter and second is applying for and where you heard about it or your resume. A job application is an important where it was advertised. element in the selection process. In the next paragraph, mention that you can do the job and do it really well—you Before you start writing your application, should focus on covering concisely your you should ensure that: qualifications, skills, abilities, and experience. • You have researched the employer and the Highlight what makes you perfect for the job position you are applying for. advertised. • You have identified which of your skills, Next, highlight how keen you are to work attributes, knowledge, experience, and for the company and why. Try to give some qualifications are going to appeal to the information about what type of person you employer the most. are. Keep in mind what you know about the What is to be included in your job employer and mention the personal qualities application you have that you think they are looking for. • Customize every cover letter so it Before finishing, thank them for taking the is relevant to the employer and the time to review your application. Also mention particular job. any attachments including your resume and • Focus on what the employers want to any work samples. know, not what you want from them. Try to convince them that you can do Final check of your job application the job, that you will do a great job, and Before sending your application, check it over that you will fit in and be an asset to their or have someone else read through it to ensure organization. there are no mistakes and ensure that you • Make sure you include your contact have read the job advertisement and any other details. information thoroughly. For example, some employers may ask you to send several copies • Keep your letter to no more than one of your application. Others might want you to page—you do not want to overwhelm the address specific selection criteria. If you miss employer with too much information. things like these, the employer might think you lack attention to detail.

45 45 How to Write a Job Application

You should also complete the following – make sure it is easy to read the print, check: there are spaces between paragraphs, • Do not send too much: Employers a suitable font size, and appropriate are very busy and will not want to be margins bombarded with information they haven’t – use an A4 envelope so that you don’t asked for. have to fold your application • Send only copies of your documents: If – use a standard font, nothing too fancy the employer has requested copies of – tailor your application to the job you certificates and other formal documents, are applying for. If you are applying for a creative industry, it might be send copies only. You can show them the appropriate to show your creativity. originals, if required, at your interview. For most jobs, however, concentrate • Ensure your application is professionally on making the application clear, presented as employers pride themselves simple, and to the point on their professionalism and are looking – number the pages in the application at your application to ensure that you and include your name in the header share their values. For example: or footer of each page just in case they – type your application, unless become separated they specify that you write it – if you intend to post your application, – use clean A4 paper make sure you send it in plenty of time; otherwise try and drop it off in – do not make manual corrections, such person. as crossing something out or using correction fluid

46 46 How to Dress Up for Job Interviews

Himalaya Infoline. 2009; vol. 5(Q2):13. Applying for jobs can be an exciting and stressful experience. With self confidence and a little work, you can pull yourself together to get the job you want. Once your resume is short-listed, it is time for that all-important interview where you get to meet your possible future employer face to face. Considering the amount of hard work you put in to reach this stage, definitely you would not want to let yourself down by dressing inappropriately for the interview. Although there are no hard-and- fast rules that you have to follow a particular dress code, be sure that you appear neat and tidy when dressing for your job interview. Surely, no employer will offer you a job on account of your good looks, but they may have second thoughts if you look untidy or disorganized. Following are few valuable tips for your interview attire. Men Women • Wear buttoned-down long-sleeved shirts of • Tone down contrasting colors and huge floral lighter shades such as white, sky blue, or off- prints for whatever look you opt for: be it white along with trousers of darker shades Indian, Indo-western, or western. such as black or navy. Make sure that the cuff • If you prefer an Indian look, salwar-kameez of the trousers falls lightly over the shoes and with a matching dupatta will be the best option. your socks is not seen. For the western look, a smart business suit in • If you intend to wear a suit, choose conservative color (preferably darker shades conservative colors such as navy or gray. Do such as navy or black) or a skirt/pant (darker not combine a suit jacket with nonmatching shades) with light-colored solid shirt is more trousers. preferable. Be sure to use good judgment as far • Do not wear ties with large prints, cartoon as the length of the skirt is concerned (knee- characters, holiday motifs, or anything that is length skirts are the ideal). flashy or vulgar. The width of your tie should • Wear a simple pair of shoes or sandals be between 2 3/4” and 3 1/2” and should (matching your attire) with a medium-sized extend to your trouser belt. The size of the heel. Avoid extremely high heels, ankle boots, knot should be small. stilettos, and shoes with elaborate bows and • Wear a belt that matches your shoe color. buckles. Avoid huge buckles. • Make sure that your hair is neat and • Wear well-polished, wing-tipped, or lace-up professional looking. Long hair should be leather shoes in black or brown color. pulled back and out of your face. • Wear a small amount of fresh and clean- • Make sure that your nails are well manicured smelling cologne. Avoid old spice and fruity and of medium length. Stick to neutral shades flavors. if you are applying nail polish. • Do pay close attention to personal hygiene. • Go easy on the makeup. Stay away from bright Hair should be neatly cut and styled. If you lipsticks and eye shadows. Be sparing with the have long hair, make sure that it is neatly foundation and blush and strive for a natural pulled back into a ponytail. If you have facial and subtle look as much as possible. hair, be sure that your beard or mustache • Do not wear excessive or flashy jewelry such as is neat and trimmed, although it is always hooped or dangling earrings and multiple rings preferred to have a clean-shaven look. or bracelets.

47 47 How to Tackle Job Interviews

Himalaya Infoline. 2010; vol. 6(Q1):13.

The most crucial and decisive part of the whole job searching process is handling job interviews. During the interview, the employers usually evaluate the confidence level and interpersonal skills of the candidate. So your attitude and personality are the most important factors in the decision- making process of the interviewer while finalizing a candidate for the available post. Listed below are some fundamental do’s and don’ts for the candidates to tackle job interviews.

Do’s • Make sure your resume is correct and updated with proper contact information. • Be honest in your answers. If dishonesty is found, it may lead to withdrawal of job offer or firing. • Dress appropriately and conservatively to show that you are serious about the interview. • Be sure that you know the exact time and location of the interview and plan to arrive at least 15 minutes early. • Be respectful to those you meet, as their first impression may influence the hiring decision. • Always refer to interviewers by title (Mr, Ms, or Dr) and last name until you are being asked to do otherwise. • Maintain good eye contact and stay attentive. • Be prepared to discuss the details of your resume. • Be confident in your responses and try to use specific examples about your experiences whenever possible. • Be prepared to ask questions to the interviewers. Do some research about the employer prior to the interview and be sure to check out their website. This will show that you are interested in the position and well prepared for the interview. • Before you leave, thank the interviewer and inquire about the next step in the hiring process.

48 48 Don’ts • Don’t ever lie. Answer the questions put across by the interviewer honestly and succinctly. • Don’t make negative comments about previous employers or employment experiences. • Don’t smoke or chew gum during or before interview. • Don’t show up late or be unprepared. Being unprepared can make you look foolish and uninterested. • Don’t attend phone calls during the interview. Keep your mobile on silent mode. • Don’t ask about salary and benefits until the issue is brought up by the interviewer. You don’t want to give the impression that you are only interested in the salary. You can discuss about salary during the second round of the interview if it has not already been discussed. • Don’t slouch or sit too rigidly in your seat. • Don’t respond to an unexpected question with an extended pause. Ask for the question to be repeated to get you a little more time to think about the answer. Also, a short pause before responding is okay.

49 49 Further reading

50 How to prepare for pg entrance examinations

The syllabus for both graduate and • Revise important points of a topic after postgraduate (PG) courses in Ayurveda was reading completely designed by the Central Council of Indian • Use mnemonics and tips for Medicine (CCIM) to maintain uniformity in easy recollection standards throughout the country. Gujarat Following are some useful tips that will Ayurveda University (Jamnagar), Banaras help you manage your time wisely in the Hindu University (BHU) (Varanasi), examination hall. Andhra Pradesh University of Health Sciences (Vijayawada), National Institute of • Read the instructions carefully Ayurved (NIA) (Jaipur), University of Kerala • Proofread (recheck) the answer sheet after (Trivandrum), and Rajiv Gandhi University of completing the exam. Health Sciences (Bangalore) conduct entrance • Divide your time well between questions examinations for admission to PG degree • Do not spend more time on courses in Ayurveda. These tests contain difficult questions mainly objective type questions. List of the colleges that have been permitted Following are some tips to prepare for PG by the government of India for giving entrance examinations. admission to postgraduate course and the • Read and analyze previous number of permitted seats are given in Table 1. question papers • Read reference books in detail

Table 1. List of Colleges Permitted by the Government of India for Giving Admission to PG Courses Sl Govt./ Courses with number Name of the college State No private of seats 1. Dr. B R K R Government Ayurveda College, Hyderabad Andhra Govt. 5 PG courses (26 seats) Pradesh 2. Dr. N. R. Shastry Government Ayurved College, Vijayawada Andhra Govt. 1 PG course (5 seats) Pradesh 3. Government Ayurved College, Guwahati Assam Govt. 3 PG courses (12 seats) 4. Govt. Ayurveda College, Patna Bihar Govt. 2 PG courses (8 seats) 5. Govt. Ayurved College, Raipur Chhattisgarh Govt. 5 PG courses (17 seats) 6. Government Akhandananda Ayurveda Medical College, Ahmedabad Gujarat Govt. 2 PG courses (11 seats) 7. Institute of PG Training & Research Gujarat Ayurved University, Gujarat Govt. 10 PG courses (50 seats) Jamnagar 8. Rajiv Gandhi Government Postgraduate Ayurvedic College, Paprola Himachal Govt. 6 PG courses (24 seats) Pradesh 9. Jammu Institute of Ayurved & Research, Nardhani Raipur, Ban Talab Jammu & Private 3 PG courses (15 seats) Road, Jammu Tawi Kashmir 10. ALN Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa Karnataka Private 3 PG courses (16 seats) 11. Alva’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Moodbidri Karnataka Private 6 PG courses (30 seats)

51 51 How to prepare for pg entrance examinations

12. Government Ayurved Medical College, Bangalore Karnataka Govt. 4 PG courses (28 seats) 13. Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore Karnataka Govt. 2 PG courses (12 seats) 14. Govt. Taranath Ayurved Medical College, Bellary Karnataka Govt. 1 PG course (7 seats) 15. Hubli Ayurveda Seva Samiti’s Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Old Hubli Karnataka Private 2 PG courses (7 seats) 16. JSS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Mysore Karnataka Private 1 PG course (4 seats) 17. Karnataka Liberal Education Society’s Shri BM Kankanwadi Ayurved Karnataka Private 2 PG courses (9 seats) Medical College, Belgaum 18. NK Jabashetty Siddharudh Math Ay. Medical College, Bidar Karnataka Private 4 PG courses (18 seats) 19. Shri DGM Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital & PG Research Karnataka Private 4 PG courses (19 seats) Centre, Gadag 20. Shri DM College of Ayurved, Udupi Karnataka Private 9 PG courses (41 seats) 21. Shri JGCH Cooperative Ayurveda Medical College, Ghataprabha Karnataka Private 2 PG courses (4 seats) 22. Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Karnataka Private 6 PG courses (24 seats) Hassan 23. Government Ayurved College, Ernakulam Kerala Govt. 1 PG course (5 seats) 24. Government Ayurved College, Kannur Kerala Govt. 2 PG courses (10 seats) 25. Government Ayurved College, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Govt. 12 PG courses (63 seats) 26. Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier Ayurveda College, Malappuram Kerala Private 2 PG courses (10 seats) 27. Ashtanga Ayurveda College, Pune Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (9 seats) 28. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya Shri Shivaji Nagar, Ahmednagar Maharashtra Private 6 PG courses (27 seats) 29. Ayurved Seva Sangh Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nasik Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (10 seats) 30. Ayurvidya Prasarak Mandal’s Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Mumbai Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (6 seats) 31. Bharatiya Sanskriti Darshan Trust Ayurved Vishwashanti Dham, Pune Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (9 seats) 32. Bharti Vidyapeeth’s College of Ayurved, Pune Maharashtra Private 14 PG courses (57 seats) 33. Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Shikshan Sanstha’s Ayurved Maharashtra Private 2 PG courses (8 seats) Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad 34. DMM Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Yeotmal Maharashtra Private 1 PG course (3 seats) 35. Government Ayurveda College, Nanded Maharashtra Govt. 7 PG courses (21 seats) 36, Govt. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur Maharashtra Govt. 4 PG courses (13 seats) 37. Hon. Annasaheb Dange Ayurved Medical College, Sangli Maharashtra Private 1 PG course (2 seats) 38. Maharashtra Arogya Mandal’s Sumati Bhai Shah Ayurved Maharashtra Private 6 PG courses (18 seats) Mahavidyalaya, Pune 39. P.D.E.A.’s College of Ayurveda & Research Centre, Pune Maharashtra Private 2 PG courses (8 seats) 40. RA Podar Ayurved College, Mumbai Maharashtra Govt. 8 PG courses (22 seats) 41. Shri Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (14 seats) 42. Smt. KG Mittal Punarvasu Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Mumbai Maharashtra Private 4 PG courses (16 seats) 43. Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Pune Maharashtra Private 14 PG courses (44 seats) 44. Vidarbha Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Amaravati Maharashtra Private 1 PG course (1 seat) 45. Yashwant Ayurvedic College, Kolhapur Maharashtra Private 3 PG courses (6 seats) 46. National Institute of Ayurved, Jaipur Rajasthan Govt. 14 PG courses (104 seats) 47. Govt. Rishikul Ayurved College, Haridwar Uttaranchal Govt. 3 PG courses (17 seats) 48. Faculty of Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Govt. 16 PG courses (20 seats)

Subject-Wise Seat Distribution at Some website (www.bhu.ac.in & www.imsbhu.nic. Major Institutes in) or can be obtained from the office of the Banaras Hindu University Director, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, The application form along with information Varanasi, by sending a written request through brochure either can be downloaded from the registered post along with a demand draft 52 52 How to prepare for pg entrance examinations drawn in favor of the Director, IMS, BHU, Tables 3 to 5 present the subject-wise payable at Varanasi. Table 2 shows the subject- distribution of postgraduate seats at NIA wise distribution of postgraduate seat at BHU, (Jaipur), IPGT&RA (Jamnagar), and GAAC Varanasi. Table 2 shows the Subject-Wise (Ahmedabad). Distribution of Seats at BHU, Varanasi Table 2. Subject-Wise Distribution of Seats at BHU, Varanasi National Institute of Ayurved, Institute Subjects Seats for Postgraduate Training and Research in Kayachikitsa (Chikitsa) GEN 1, OBC 1 Ayurveda, and Government Akhandananda Kayachikitsa (Mano Vigyan evam OBC 1 Ayurveda College (GAAC) Manas Roga) Students can download application and Kayachikitsa (Panchakarma) GEN 1 Prasuti Tantra Avam Stree Roga GEN 1, OBC 1 prospectus for the joint PG entrance test Shalya Tantra GEN 1, ST 1 for admission to postgraduate courses Sangyaharana GEN 1 (MD/MS) in National Institute of Ayurved Kaumarbhritya–Balroga GEN 1 (Jaipur), Institute for Postgraduate Training Shalakya Tantra Netra Roga GEN 1 Roga Nidana evam Vikrati Vigyana GEN 1 and Research in Ayurveda (IPGT&RA) Dravyaguna Vigyana SC 1, OBC 1 (Jamnagar), and Government Akhandananda Rasa Shastra SC 1 Ayurveda College (GAAC) (Ahmedabad) Swasthavritta SC 1 Kriya Sharira GEN 1 from the following websites: Ayurveda Siddhanta OBC 1 • www.nia.nic.in Rachana Sharira GEN 1 Ayurveda Samhita OBC 1 • www.ayurvedauniversity.com Table 3. Subject-Wise Distribution of Seats at NIA, Jaipur Sl In-service Subjects CGN SC ST OBC PH GEN Total No. SC ST OBC GEN 1. Agad Tantra 1 - - - - - 1 1* 1 1 + 1* 6 2. Dravya Guna 1 - - 1 - - 1* 1 + 1* - 2 + 1* 8 3. Kaumara Bhritya 1 - - - 1* - - 1 - 2 + 2* 7 4. Kaya Chikitsa 1 1* 1* 1* 1 1 - 1 + 1* - 1 9 5. Pancha Karma 1 1 - 1 1* 1* - 1* - 1 7 6. Prasooti Tantra 1 - - - 1* 1 - 1 - 1 + 2* 7 7. Rasa Shastra & 1 - - 1 1* 1 - 1* - 2 + 2* 9 Bhaishajya kalpana 8. Roga & Vikriti 1 1 - 1* 1 1* - 1 - 1 + 1* 8 Vigyana 9. Samhita 1 - - 1* 1 1 1* 1 + 1* - 1 8 10. Shalakya Tantra 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 + 2* 6 11. Shalya Tantra 1 - - - 1* 1* 1 1 + 1* - 1 7 12. Sharira Kriya 1 - 1 - 1 1* - 1 + 1* - 1 + 1* 8 13. Sharira Rachana 1 - - - - - 1 1 1* 1 + 2* 7 14. Swastha Vritta 1 - - - 1 1* - 1* - 2 + 1* 7 Total 14 3 2 6 11 10 5 18 2 30 + 3** 104 *RAU/UOR seats **Three seats reserved for BIMSTEC countries (including one seat for Sri Lanka)

53 53 How to prepare for pg entrance examinations

Table 4. Subject-Wise Distribution of Seats at IPGTRA, Jamnagar Sl Other states Gujarat state Govt. of Govt. of Department Specialty Foreigner Total No. GEN OBC SC ST GEN OBC SC ST Gujarat India 1. Basic Principle Ay.D.S - 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 6 Samhita 1 - - - 1 ------2. Dravyaguna 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 6 PH 1 3. R.S. & B.K. Rasa S. 1 ------1 5 B.K. - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 4. Panchkarma 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - 6 5. Kayachikitsa 1 - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - 4 6. Roga Vijyana - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 3 7 Kaumar-bhritya 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - 4 8. SRPT 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - - SC 1 6 9. Shalakya 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - ST 1 - 5 10. Shalya 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 5 Total 11 5 3 2 9 6 3 2 3 3 3 50 **Three seats reserved for BIMSTEC countries (including one seat for Sri Lanka) *RAU/UOR seats

Table 5. Subject-Wise Distribution of Seats at GAAC, Ahmedabad Other Gujarat Reserved category (Gujarat Sl states State Gujarat state state) as per the Subjects Total No. (teacher quota) instructions/decision of GEN OBC SC ST GEN OBC SC ST Govt. of Gujarat on rotation 1. Kayachikitsa 2 - - - 2 - - - - SEBC/OBC 1 5 2. Panchakarma 2 - - - 2 - - - 1 SC 1 6 Total 4 - - - 4 - - - 1 2 11

List of some important books that would be helpful in preparing for PG entrance examination has been given in Table 6. Table 6. List of Some Important Books for PG Entrance Test Sl No. Title of the book Author(s)/publisher(s) 1. A Comprehensive Study for Ayurvedic Competitive Dr Praveen K Choudhary Examination 2. Prasna Vikalpa Dr Sunil Kumar Joshi 3. Guide to Ayurvedic PG Entrance and Public Service Dr Nishteswar K Commission Tests 4. A Guide to Ayurvedic Competitive Examinations Dr Prabhakara Rao G 5. Postgraduate Medical Entrance Examination Guide Dr Nandkishor Raja 6. Objective Ayurveda Dr Murali K (published by Center for Indian Medicine, Thrissur, Kerala) 7. Ayurveda in Numbers Prastuta Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka 8. Ayurvedansh (Book in Hindi) Dr Mukesh Sharma 9. Multiple Choice Questions on Caraka Samhita Dr Prabhakara Rao G 10. Multiple Choice Questions on Sushruta Samhita Dr Prabhakara Rao G 11. Post Graduate Student Association Guide for PGSA, Govt. Ayurveda College, Trivandrum, Kerala Competitive Exams 12. Guide for Competitive Examinations in Ayurveda Dr JLN Sastry (Chaukhamba Publications, New Delhi)

54 54 How to write a scientific paper

Dr Mandip Kaur*, Dr Damayanthie Fernando KP** *Assistant Professor, **MD (Ay.) Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat

Purpose • Spell out abbreviations at first mention (in Like the objective of any other writing, a text); some very common abbreviations research paper also is written to communicate need not be expanded. with its readers. Writing a research paper • Use affirmative instead of negative becomes a tedious task if the writer is ignorant constructions in the statements. of the proper format or the guidelines to • Provide citation for all the references used be followed while developing it. Also, it in the paper. is important to understand the aim and • Spell check and proofread the paper appropriateness of the paper before starting carefully before submission. the writing process. This article highlights some of the general guidelines, as listed below, Drafting the Outline for developing a good research paper. First, an outline of the paper should be • Make an outline of the paper. developed, process of dividing the entire developing phase into small tasks, keeping • Define new terms, concepts, symbols, in mind the requirements specified by the or infrequently used terms in the first journal. The basic outline of a research paper occurrence in the paper. Use simple can be made in the following way. examples to clarify abstract definitions or complex methodology. • Title • Avoid redundancy and in-depth • Abstract explanation of familiar techniques and • Introduction terminologies. • Materials and methods • Avoid using strange, outlandish, or • Results/observations barbarous language. • Discussion • Keep sentences as short and simple as • Conclusion possible and appropriate for your subject • Acknowledgments matter. Use past tense to report results of the paper and present tense to • References/bibliography discuss them. • Appendix • Use active voice rather than passive voice.

55 55 How to write a scientific paper

Title containing annotated bibliographies (eg, Title should be short, simple, appropriate, and CABI), science citation index, and higher informative. degree theses.

Abstract Materials and methods A well-prepared abstract gives a concise The main purpose of the materials and summary of the whole paper. It should state methods section is to provide adequate the purpose of the study and the techniques information for a competent researcher to used. Also, it should report the results repeat the study and reproduce the same obtained and the conclusions derived. results. It should provide information on The abstract must be brief as defined by the equipment and materials used for clinical or journal. Use past (perfect) tense and passive experimental study, study design including voice. References, tables, and figures should inclusion and exclusion criteria, criteria used not be cited in the abstract. Also, it should not for assessment of results, and the statistical contain any undefined abbreviations. methods used to evaluate the observations.

Introduction Results/observations The introduction should not be too long. It The results section should contain the findings should begin by introducing the reader to of the study and presentation of appropriate the pertinent literature. It should provide data in the form of tables and graphs. the reader with information necessary to Discussion and conclusion understand the scientific basis of the study This section discusses the study and the results and the techniques used. The introduction obtained. Be sure to address the objectives of should include background of the subject, the study in this section. The section should state of the present knowledge, gaps in the also indicate the practical implications of the existing knowledge, and the reason for the findings and the necessity of further research. current investigation. Use present tense for End the discussion with a short summary or referring the established knowledge and past conclusion regarding the significance of tense for literature review. the study. Information related to this section can be Acknowledgments gathered from sources such as World Wide In this section, acknowledge any people/ Web, scientific textbooks, newspaper articles, institute who/that helped in the successful articles on science subjects in popular journals completion of the study. (eg, New Scientist [http://www.newscientist. com/], review articles in scientific journals References/bibliography (http://www.trends.com/), grey literature (eg, Reference is a source of information to which conference proceedings, research reports, a reader is referred. All references to the annual reports, and abstracting journals), literature should be cited in the text, tables, or bulletin (http://www.cabi.org/), databases figures. 56 56 How to write a scientific paper

The most common reference formatting styles extra photographs, explanation of formulas, are Modern Language Association (MLA), specialized computer programs for a American Psychological Association (APA), particular procedure) that is nonessential to Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), and Council the understanding of the paper. of Science Editors (CSE). Formatting varies among academic fields, so be sure to check Sources for Further Information with the reviewer before submitting the paper. Websites Most of the references contain the following • http://www.sportsci.org/jour/9901/ information. wghstyle.html - Guidelines On Style For • Name(s) of author(s) Scientific Writing • Title of the paper (or chapter if citing • http://www.mason.gmu.edu/~arichar6/ a book) logic.htm - The Science of Scientific Writing; George D. Gopen and Judith A. • Name of the journal (or book) Swan American Scientist, Volume 78 • Name of the editor(s) when a book • http://mason.gmu.educ/~arichar6/logic. is cited htm -Logical Fallacies In Scientific • Volume number Writing; A. Stephen Richardson • Page number (first and last page of the • http://bio.winona.edu/delong/ work cited) EcoLab/21%20Suggestions.html - • Year of publication Twenty-One Suggestions for Writing Bibliography (also known as a works cited Good Scientific Papers page) is an alphabetical listing of the source • http://filebox.vt.edu/eng/mech/writing/ materials that were used to write a research - Alley, M. 1996. The craft of scientific paper. Although format of the bibliography writing, 3rd edn; Prentice Hall, NJ may vary based on the style guide, most Book sources of these usually contain the following • American Medical Association Manual of information: Style: a Guide for Authors and Editors, • Name of the author(s) 9th edn; Williams &Wilkins: • Title of the work Baltimore, 1998. • Name of the publisher • Atlas, Michel C. Author’s Handbook of • Date of publication Styles for Life Science Journals; Iverson, Cheryl, Ed.; CRC Press: Appendix Boca Raton, 1996. Appendix is a supplementary material • Byrne, Daniel W. Publishing your Medical usually attached at the end of a paper. It is Research Paper: What They Don’t Teach optional and contains information (such You in Medical School; Williams & as raw data, maps [foldout type especially], Wilkins: Baltimore, 1998.

57 57 How to write a scientific paper

• Day, R. How to write and publish a • Zeiger, Mimi. Essentials of Writing scientific paper, 5th edn; Biomedical Research Papers, 2nd edn; Orynx Press. 1998 McGraw-Hill, Health Professions • Matthews, Janice R.; Bowen, John Division: New York, 2000. M.; Matthews, Robert W. Successful • McMillan, Vicky. Writing Papers in the Scientific Writing: a Step-by-step Guide Biological Sciences, 3rd edn; Bedford for Biomedical Scientists, 2nd edn; Books: Boston, 2001. Cambridge University Press: New York, 2000.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions of authors expressed in their articles do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Himalaya Drug Company. The information shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The Himalaya Drug Company does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services mentioned in this book. Some websites have been mentioned in the book for the convenience of users. The Himalaya Drug Company shall not be responsible for the availability or content of these external sites, nor does Himalaya endorse, warrant, or guarantee the products, services, or information described or offered on these websites. 58 58

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