Creating and Governing Cultural Heritage in the European Union Creating and Governing Cultural Heritage in the European Union: The European Heritage Label provides an interdisciplinary examination of the ways in which European cultural heritage is created, communicated, and governed via the European Heritage Label scheme. Drawing on ethnographic fi eld research conducted across ten countries at sites that have been awarded with the European Heritage Label, the authors of the book approach heritage as an entangled social, spatial, temporal, discur- sive, narrative, performative, and embodied process. Recognising that heritage is inherently political and used by diverse actors as a tool for re- imagining communities, identities, and borders, and for generating notions of inclusion and exclusion in Europe, the book also considers the idea of Europe itself as a narrative. Chapters tackle issues such as multilevel governance of heritage; geopolitics of border- crossings and border- making; participation and non- participation; and embodiment and aff ective experience of heritage. Creating and Governing Cultural Heritage in the European Union advances heri- tage studies with an interdisciplinary approach that utilises and combines the- ories and conceptualizations from critical geopolitics, political studies, EU and European studies, cultural policy research, and cultural studies. As such, the volume will be of interest to scholars and students engaged in the study of heri- tage, politics, belonging, the EU, ideas, and narratives of Europe. Tuuli L ä hdesm ä ki is a Senior Researcher and an Adjunct Professor working at the Department of Music, Art, and Culture Studies, University of Jyv ä skyl ä , Finland. Viktorija L. A. Č eginskas is a Postdoctoral Researcher working at the Department of Music, Art, and Culture Studies, University of Jyvä skyl ä , Finland. Sigrid Kaasik- Krogerus is a University Lecturer working at the Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Finland. Katja M ä kinen is a Senior Researcher working at the Department of Music, Art, and Culture Studies, University of Jyv ä skyl ä , Finland. Johanna Turunen is a Doctoral Candidate working at the Department of Music, Art, and Culture Studies, University of Jyv ä skyl ä , Finland. Critical Heritages of Europe Series editors: Christopher Whitehead and Susannah Eckersley, both at the University of Newcastle, UK The Critical Heritages of Europe series seeks to explore the cultural and social politics of the European past in the present. Bridging theoretical and empirical research, the series accommodates broad understandings of Europe – a shifting and historically mutable entity, made both of internal tensions and exogenous encounters, re-imaginings, and infl uences. ‘Heritage’ too is taken as an expansive paradigm, made in myriad practices where the past is valorised for the present, from folk traditions to museums and memorials, the management of historic sites and traditions, and everyday matters such as education, political discourse, home life, food consumption, and people’s relations with place. Consequently, the series spans a broad array of foci, disciplinary approaches, and ways of investigating and questioning the diverse meanings of European heritages today. Heritage and Festivals in Europe Performing Identities Edited by Ullrich Kockel, Cristina Clopot, Baiba Tjarve, and M á ir é ad Nic Craith Dimensions of Heritage and Memory Multiple Europes and the Politics of Crisis Edited by Christopher Whitehead, Susannah Eckersley, G ö n ü l Bozog˘lu, and Mads Daugbjerg European Heritage, Dialogue, and Digital Practices Edited by Areti Galani, Rhiannon Mason, and Gabi Arrigoni European Memory in Populism Representations of Self and Other Edited by Chiara De Cesari and Ayhan Kaya Populism and Heritage in Europe Lost in Diversity and Unity Ayhan Kaya Food Heritage and Nationalism in Europe Edited by Ilaria Porciani Creating and Governing Cultural Heritage in the European Union The European Heritage Label Tuuli Lä hdesm ä ki, Viktorija L. A. C eginskas,̌ Sigrid Kaasik- Krogerus, Katja M ä kinen, and Johanna Turunen www.routledge.com/Critical- Heritages- of- Europe/ book- series/ COHERE Creating and Governing Cultural Heritage in the European Union The European Heritage Label Tuuli L ä hdesm ä ki, Viktorija L. A. Č eginskas, Sigrid Kaasik- Krogerus, Katja M ä kinen, and Johanna Turunen First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Tuuli L ä hdesm ä ki, Viktorija L. A. Č eginskas, Sigrid Kaasik- Krogerus, Katja M ä kinen and Johanna Turunen The right of Tuuli L ä hdesm ä ki, Viktorija L. A. Č eginskas, Sigrid Kaasik- Krogerus, Katja M ä kinen and Johanna Turunen to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com , has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial- No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 14835- 5 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 429- 05354- 2 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK Contents List of fi gures vii List of authors ix Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction: Europeanizing cultural heritage 1 PART I Governing Europe 31 1 Multilevel and participatory governance of European cultural heritage in the EU 33 2 Economics and branding European cultural heritage 55 PART II Geo- graphing Europe 77 3 Geo- graphing European cultural heritage 79 4 Heritage and bordering: Unity in diversity and diff erence 96 PART III Engaging Europe 117 5 Participation: Inclusive and exclusive heritage 119 6 Constructing communities through heritage participation 140 vi Contents PART IV Embodying Europe 165 7 Heritage sites as poly- space 167 8 Bodies in European cultural heritage 187 9 Europe’s gendered heritage 217 Conclusions: Narrating Europe 236 Appendices 254 Index 277 Figures 0.1 The actual increase in the number of documents (n = 2,949) including the search term “cultural heritage” in the EUR- Lex domain “EU law and case law” from 1957 to 2018. Seven hits from 1957 have been ignored as these documents were consolidated versions of the Treaty of Rome dating from 1997 to 2010. Copyright: EUROHERIT 7 0.2 The proportionate increase in the number of documents (n = 2,949) including the search term “cultural heritage” in the EUR- Lex domain “EU law and case law” from 1957 to 2018. Seven hits from 1957 have been ignored as these documents were consolidated versions of the Treaty of Rome dating from 1997 to 2010. Copyright: EUROHERIT 7 0.3 A map of sites awarded with the European Heritage Label between 2014 and 2018. Fieldwork sites are bolded and marked with a star. Please note the map is an approximation and is not geographically fully accurate. Copyright: EUROHERIT 10 2.1 The EHL plaque at the entrance (on the right side of the door) of Alcide De Gasperi House Museum in Trento, Italy. Photo: EUROHERIT 65 2.2 The EHL logo in Dutch. In the coloured version, the fi ve shapes are lilac, yellow ochre, light green, green, and red ochre, while the text is blue. Copyright: EUROHERIT 66 2.3 Descriptive words used by heritage practitioners working at the EHL sites when asked what they associate with the design of the EHL logo. Copyright: EUROHERIT 67 2.4 Descriptive words used by visitors to the EHL sites when asked what they associate with the design of the EHL logo. Copyright: EUROHERIT 67 3.1 Maps presenting various scalar entities are the most prominent exhibits at the EHL sites. This collage consists of the maps displayed in the Camp Westerbork, European Solidarity Center, Lieu d’Europe, Great Guild Hall, and Carnuntum. Photo: EUROHERIT 83 viii Figures 4.1 Categories of bordering formed on the basis of the visitor interviews at the EHL sites 102 6.1 A warm- up exercise related to the Visions of Europe 2.0 project, organized by the Alcide De Gasperi House, prompted the participants to think which animal, food, or cartoon character the EU could be. Photo: EUROHERIT 154 7.1 The radio telescopes, Camp Westerbork, Netherlands. An example of bizarreness. Photo: EUROHERIT 175 7.2 The view from the living room in the Franz Liszt Memorial Museum in Budapest, Hungary. Photo: EUROHERIT 178 8.1 One of the canvases showing both perpetrator and victim. Camp Westerbork, the Netherlands. Photo: EUROHERIT 193 8.2 Braziers used during martial law in 1980 (bottom left). European Solidarity Centre, Poland. Photo: EUROHERIT 194 8.3 Pictures of the past. Camp Westerbork, the Netherlands. Photo: EUROHERIT 196 8.4 The visitor’s perspective on the Gate No. 2. The Historic Gdań sk Shipyard, European Solidarity Centre, Poland. Photo: EUROHERIT 200 8.5 The Commander’s House re- photographed from a visitor’s photograph. Camp Westerbork, the Netherlands. Photo: EUROHERIT 203 8.6 The re- enactment of Roman times. Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Austria. Photo: EUROHERIT 206 8.7 The train on the rails. Camp Westerbork, the Netherlands. Photo: EUROHERIT 208 8.8 The proverb. Lieu d’Europe in Strasbourg, France. Photo: EUROHERIT 211 9.1 Europe’s Great Men and one Woman. Lieu d’Europe, France. Photo: EUROHERIT 224 The copyright of the photographs taken by visitors is owned by the EUROHERIT project, as the interviewed visitors signed consent forms allowing the researchers to photograph their photos and to use them for schol- arly purposes.