Draft Initial Environmental Examination

June 2013

SRI: Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program Tranche 2 (South Part of Colombo City Subproject)

Prepared by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board Government of Sri Lanka for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 10 June 2013) Currency Unit – Sri Lanka rupees (SLRs) SLRs1.00 = $0.007915 $1.00 = SLRs. 126.35

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected person CEA – Central Environment Authority CCD – Coast Conservation Department CMC – Colombo Municipal Council DMA – district metering area EMP – environmental management plan GCWWMIIP – Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program GN – Grama Niladhari GRC – grievance redressal committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism IEE – initial environmental examination MASC – management advisory and supervision consultant MWSD – Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage MLGPC – Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council NRW – non-revenue water NWSDB – National Water Supply and Drainage Board O&M – operations and maintenance PMU – project management unit PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRO – public relations officer REA – rapid environmental assessment RSC – regional support center SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement WC – Western Central

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m2 – square meter mm – millimeter m3/day – cubic meter per day

NOTE{S}

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. “SLRs” and “ ” refer to Sri Lankan rupees.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2 A. ADB Policy 2 B. National Laws 3 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 6 A. Existing Condition and Need for the Project 6 B. Proposed Components 6 C. Implementation Schedule 7 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 7 A. Methodology Used for the Baseline Study 7 B. Physical Characteristics 8 C. Ecological Characteristics 11 D. Socioeconomic Profile 12 E. Social and Cultural Characteristics 17 V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 17 A. Anticipated Impacts – Planning and Design Phase 18 B. Anticipated Impacts – Construction Phase 19 C. Anticipated Impacts – Operations and Maintenance Phase 21 D. Mitigation Measures 22 E. Cumulative Impact Assessment 28 VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 30 A. Public Consultation Conducted 30 B. Future Consultation and Disclosure 30 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 31 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 34 A. Institutional Arrangement 34 B. Capacity Building 37 C. Environmental Management Action Plan 38 D. Reporting 55 E. Environmental Costs 55 IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 58

APPENDIXES: 1. ADB REA Checklist 60 2. Details of Project 1 Investments 63 3. Records of Public Consultations 64 4. Sample Grievance Redress Form 74 5. Outline TOR for Environment Management Specialist (MASC) 75 6. Suggested Outline for the Environmental Monitoring Report 76 7. Summary of Procedure for Obtaining Written Permission from Department of 78 Archaeology

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (GCWWMIIP) will complement the past and ongoing efforts of the government to improve water supply availability and wastewater services to the residents of Greater Colombo to unleash its economic growth potential. It will also assist the government in introducing institutional and regulatory reforms in the sector, particularly in Greater Colombo.

2. The investment program uses a multitranche financing facility (MFF) and will be implemented from 2013 to 2020. Investments under the MFF will be delivered in four projects. As per ADB’s safeguard requirements, an environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) is prepared to guide environmental assessment throughout the entire MFF period.

3. Tranche 1 covers water supply service improvement in North Colombo, including 12 km2 of critical areas; and Tranche 2 covers investments in the south part of Colombo city which aim to deliver better urban water supply services in an effective and efficient manner by reducing non-revenue (NRW) in several areas. The project will involve both physical network rehabilitation, and institutional and management enhancement to reduce NRW.

4. Categorization. GCWWMIIP has been classified by ADB as environmental assessment category B (some negative impacts but less significant than category A). The environmental impacts of the investments under the south part of Colombo city subproject have been reviewed in accordance with the EARF prepared for the program. Results of the assessment show that the south part of Colombo city subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. Thus, this initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared in accordance with ADB SPS’s requirements for environment category B projects.

5. Project Scope. The project is formulated under GCWWMIIP to address gaps in water supply infrastructure in a holistic and integrated manner. The main objective of GCWWMIIP is to improve water and wastewater service and management efficiency, security and have an important effect on public health in Greater Colombo. Investments under this subproject includes: (i) rehabilitation of the water supply network and reduced NRW in south part of Colombo city; (ii) strengthening the institutional capacity of NWSDB; and (iii) building the capacity to manage and implement the project successfully.

6. Implementation Arrangements. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply projects and the Colombo Municipal Council for wastewater projects. Project management units (PMUs) will be established in each implementing agency. A team of senior technical, administrative and financial officials, including safeguards specialists, will assist the PMU in managing and monitoring implementation activities. Consultant teams are responsible for project planning and management and assuring technical quality of design and construction; and designing the infrastructure and supervising construction; and safeguards preparation.

7. Description of the Environment. Project components are located in Greater Colombo urban area and there is no natural habitat left at these sites. The project sites are located in existing right of ways (RoWs) and government-owned land. There are no protected areas, wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or near the project location. There are no forest areas

ii within or near the project sites. Soils are deep, and do not require cutting of rocks for pipe laying.

8. Environmental Management. An environmental management plan (EMP) is included as part of this IEE, which includes (i) mitigation measures for environmental impacts during implementation; (ii) an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigating, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; and (iv) a grievance redress mechanism. A number of impacts and their significance have already been reduced by amending the designs. The EMP will be included in civil work bidding and contract documents.

9. Locations and siting of the proposed infrastructures were considered to further reduce impacts. These include (i) locating facilities on government-owned land to avoid the need for land acquisition and relocation of people; and (ii) laying of pipes in RoWs alongside main/access roads, to reduce acquisition of land and impacts on livelihoods specifically in densely populated areas of the city.

10. Potential impacts were identified in relation to location, design, construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible. Various design-related measures suggested for the water treatment plant are: energy efficiency design, automation and Improvement to existing telemetry system, and sludge treatment and disposal system.

11. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of moderate quantities of waste soil and disturbance of residents, businesses, and traffic. Mitigation measures have been developed in generic way to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. Measures such as conducting work in lean season and minimizing inconvenience by best construction methods will be employed. Traffic management will be necessary during pipe-laying on busy roads. Temporary social impacts due to construction activities are not avoidable, as residential and commercial establishments exist along the project corridor. A resettlement plan has been developed in accordance with ADB SPS, 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations.

12. In the operational phase, all facilities and infrastructure will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Facilities will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only.

13. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring to be conducted during construction. The environmental monitoring program will ensure that all measures are implemented, and will determine whether the environment is protected as intended. It will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries. Any requirements for corrective action will be reported to the ADB.

14. The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through discussions on-site and public consultation, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and in the planning and development of the subproject. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the city and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB and NWSDB websites. The

iii consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation.

15. The citizens of the Greater Colombo will be the major beneficiaries of this subproject. With the improved water supply, they will be provided with a constant supply of better quality water, piped into their homes. In addition to improved environmental conditions, the project will improve the over-all health condition of the town.

16. The most noticeable net environmental benefits to the population of the towns will be positive and large as a result of improved: (i) water efficiency and security through the implementation of NRW reduction programs and expansion and rehabilitation water supply infrastructure respectively; and (ii) river water quality through the expansion of sewerage networks, treatment capacity and sanitation coverage.

17. Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress. Public consultations were done in the preparation of the project and IEE. Ongoing consultations will occur throughout the project implementation period with the assistance of the NGOs. A grievance redress mechanism is described within the IEE to ensure any public grievances are addressed quickly.

18. Monitoring and Reporting. The PMU, PIUs, and management and supervision consultants (MASC) will be responsible for monitoring. The MASC will submit monthly monitoring reports to PMU, and the PMU will send semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB. ADB will post the environmental monitoring reports on its website.

19. Conclusions and Recommendations. Therefore the proposed project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential impacts that are associated with design, construction and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed. No further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS, 2009 or Sri Lankan EIA National Environmental Act and its amendments.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Current infrastructure deficiencies and deteriorating levels of service in both water supply and wastewater are emerging as serious constraints to economic development, environmental management, and quality of life in Greater Colombo, 1 and threaten to frustrate the Government of Sri Lanka's development plans.2 The Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (GCWWMIIP) will complement the past and ongoing efforts of the government to improve water supply availability and wastewater services to the residents of Greater Colombo to unleash its economic growth potential. It will also assist the government in introducing institutional and regulatory reforms in the sector, particularly in Greater Colombo.

2. The impact of the investment program will be improved urban environment and quality of life for the residents of Greater Colombo. The expected outcome will be improved water and wastewater service and management efficiency in Greater Colombo. The Program will: (i) reduce non-revenue water (NRW) in Colombo City from 49% in 2012 to 20% by 2020 and in critical areas in particular from 60% to 18% in 2020,3 and enhance the institutional and operational capacity of the Western Central Regional Support Center (RSC-WC) to reach 100% 24-hour quality water supply in Colombo city; and (ii) expand wastewater collection, introduce wastewater treatment, enhance the capacity of Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), and sustainability of the sanitation coverage in Greater Colombo. The investment program uses a multitranche financing facility (MFF) and will be implemented from 2013 to 2020. GCWWMIIP is comprised of four tranches.

3. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply components and the CMC for wastewater components.

4. GCWWMIIP is comprised of two water services improvement tranches – Tranche 1 covers North Colombo, including 12 km2 of critical areas; and Tranche 2 covers south part of Colombo city, Ambatale, and six towns east of Colombo. Tranche 1 is being implemented while Tranche 2 will be implemented starting 2013 and will continue to focus on reducing NRW and improving water service efficiency in Colombo City and towns east of Colombo. The south part of Colombo city subproject includes consulting services, as well as civil works, capacity building activities, and project management and implementation. A detailed description of the

1 Greater Colombo comprises 7 local authorities: 3 municipal councils (Colombo, Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia, and Sri Jayawardenepura-Kotte), 2 urban councils, and 2 Pradeshiya Sabhas (smallest political unit in peri-urban or rural areas). 2 Government of Sri Lanka. 2010. Mahinda Chintana: Vision for a New Sri Lanka. 2010-2020. 3 Critical areas cover 12 km2 north of Colombo. CWSSIP Project 1 will involve the following types of physical works: (i) rehabilitation and replacement of about 318 km of seriously degraded distribution network pipes; (ii) installation of new electromagnetic flow meters, valves, and special fittings for formation of DMAs and for NRW monitoring and remote control system; (iii) replacement and transfer of around 51,000 service connections with polyethylene pipes and fittings; (iv) replacement of about 17,000 defective water meters; (v) introduction of 5,000 water meters with AMR (automatic meter reader) facility in a pilot area; (vi) validation and updating of geographical information system (GIS) network for rehabilitated system; (vii) establishment of fully equipped citywide active leakage control (ALC) units/ teams, and reinforcement of the O&M units/teams to undertake NRW activities and major repairs; and (viii) construction of dedicated NRW office for Colombo city with buildings, materials, equipment, and vehicles. Areas to be rehabilitated under Project 1 includes 22 km2 area that falls within the wards of Colombo 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and parts of Colombo 3, 7 and 8.

2 investments is provided in Section III. Under the south part of Colombo city subproject, the proposed project is expected to have the following benefits: (i) rehabilitation of distribution network, which will result in substantial reduction in water losses in the project area from the current 49% losses to 20% losses; and (ii) proper accounting for use of water and system losses by installation of metered connections.

5. GCWWMIIP has been classified by ADB as environmental assessment category B (some negative impacts but less significant than category A). The impacts of activities conducted under the program loan were therefore reviewed in accordance with the Environmental Review and Assessment Framework (EARF) prepared for the program. The environmental impacts of the investments under the south part of Colombo city subproject have been identified and assessed as part of the planning and design process, and actions will be taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. An environmental assessment using ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist for Water Supply (Appendix 1) was conducted, and results of the assessment show that the project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. Thus, this initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared in accordance with ADB SPS’s requirements for environment category B projects. This IEE covers only south part of Colombo city subproject’s civil works components for design, construction and operational phases.

II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. ADB Policy

6. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB’s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB SPS, 2009. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.

7. Screening and categorization. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts. (ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. (iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. (iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

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8. Environmental management plan. An EMP, which addresses the potential impacts and risks identified by the environmental assessment, shall be prepared. The level of detail and complexity of the EMP and the priority of the identified measures and actions will be commensurate with the project’s impact and risks.

9. Public disclosure. ADB will post the following safeguard documents on its website so affected people, other stakeholders, and the general public can provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation:

(i) for environmental category A projects, draft EIA report at least 120 days before Board consideration; (ii) final or updated EIA and/or IEE upon receipt; and (iii) environmental monitoring reports submitted by the project management unit (PMU) during project implementation upon receipt.

B. National Laws

10. The implementation of the projects will be governed by Government of Sri Lanka environmental acts, rules, regulations, and standards. These regulations impose restrictions on the activities to minimize/mitigate likely impacts on the environment. It is the responsibility of the project executing and implementing agencies to ensure projects are consistent with the legal framework, whether national, state, or municipal/local. Compliance is required in all stages of the project, including design, construction, and operation and maintenance. The summary of environmental regulations and mandatory requirements for the proposed project is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Applicable Environmental Regulations Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required National Environment Act The requirements for environmental Environmental Not applicable No. 47 of 1980 and its assessment in Sri Lanka are clearance from amendments established by the National Central The project components Environment Act, and the procedures Environmental are not included in the are defined in the Environmental Authority prescribed activities, Impact Assessment Regulations and the project area (1993). The regulations specify does not fall within activities for which environmental sensitives areas. assessment is mandatory. Projects that fall within sensitive areas4 are also required to undergo environmental assessment.

4 Sensitive areas are defined in the EIA Regulations as: (i) any erodable area declared under the Soil Conservation Act (Chapter 540); (ii) any flood area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (1924, 1955); (iii) any flood protection area declared under the Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act (1968, 1982); (iv) 60 m from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown Land Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having a width of more than 25 m at any point in its course; (v) any reservation beyond the full supply level of a reservoir; (vi) any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined or declared under the Antiquities Ordinance (1965); (vii) any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (1928, 1973); (viii) areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of any area declared under the Forest Ordinance and National Heritage and Wilderness Act (1988); (ix) areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of any area declared as a sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937); (x) areas within or less than 100 m from the high flood level contour of a public lake, as defined by the Crown Lands Ordinance (1947, 1949, 1956), including those declared under Section 71 of the ordinance.

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Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required National Environment Act Applicable for industries/activities with Environmental Not applicable No. 47 of 1980 and its potential to discharge effluents, protection license amendments, Gazette deposit wastes, emit from Central The project is not Notification No: 1533/16 of smoke/gases/fumes/vapor or Environmental included in the Gazette 25 January 2008 excessive noise /vibration into the Authority Notification No: 1533/16 environment. Gazette Notification No: of 25 Jan 2008 1533/16 of 25 Jan 2008 prescribes the prescribed list of industries/activities required to obtain industries/activities. an environmental protection license. The Coast Conservation The law specifies that approval from Permit from the Required Act No. 57 of 1981 the Coast Conservation Department Coast amended by Act No. 64 of must be obtained if a project is Conservation The project area 1988 located:(i) wholly or partly within the Department for includes sites6 which fall coastal zone (the area lying within a all works in the in prescribed areas limit of 300 m landwards of the mean coastal zone under the Coast high water line and a limit of 2 km Conservation Act; thus, seawards of the mean low water line; a permit is required. and (ii) in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of water connected to the sea, either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight baseline drawn between the natural entrance point thereof, and shall include waters of such rivers, streams, and lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea).5 The Fauna and Flora Five categories of protected areas are Clearance from Not applicable Protection Ordinance Act established: (i) strict nature reserves, Wildlife No. 49 of 1993 and its (ii) national parks, (iii) nature reserves, Conservation The project components amendments (iv) jungle corridors, and (v) Department will not be located within intermediate zones including a national reserve or sanctuaries. Any development activity within 1 mile (1.6 km) within a national reserve or within 1 from the boundary of mile (1.6 km) from the boundary of any any national reserve. national reserve is required to be subjected to EIA/IEE, and written approval shall be obtained from the director general, Department of Wildlife Conservation, prior to project implementation. The Mines and Mineral Act Mining and exploitation for minerals, Permit from Required No. 33 of 1992 including sand, must be licensed Geological

5 In consideration of the tsunami event of December 2004, the government declared that “A 100-m buffer zone from the permanent vegetation line of the beach front should be delineated for any new construction in the west and south coast from Kala Oya river mouth (Gange Wadiya) to Kinindi Oya river mouth, and a 200-m buffer zone from the permanent vegetation line of the beach front should be delineated for any new construction in the east and the north coast from Kinindi Oya river mouth to Kala Oya (Gange Wadiya).” All permits for the development activities within the buffer zone will be issued by the director, Coast Conservation. 6 Lunupokuna, Modara, Aluth Mawatha, and Mattakkuliya Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisions are areas (i) lying within the limit of 300 m landwards of the mean high water line and a limit of 2 km seawards of the mean low water line; and (ii) landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight baseline drawn between the natural entrance point thereof, and shall include waters of such rivers, streams, and lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea. There are no environmentally sensitive features in these areas.

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Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required under the act by the Geological Survey Survey and Construction contractors and Mines Bureau. Permit is required Mines Bureau are required to obtain for earth and quarry material for permit from the construction of buildings etc., either Geological Survey and directly or through contractors. Mines Bureau and/or Alternatively, project contractors can procure materials from procure the material from the open licensed market, but they will have to make sources/traders. sure that such sources/traders are operating with valid licenses. Gazette No. 1152/14 dated Written permission from the Permit from the Required 4 Oct 2000 to be read with Department of Archaeology must be Department of the Section 43(b) of the obtained before conduct of Archaeology Construction contractors Antiquities (Amendment) excavations exceeding 500 m in length are required to obtain Act No. 24 of 1998. These for laying pipes and conduits for written permission from orders are called drainage, water, gas, electricity, and the Department of procedural orders of No. 01 telephone facilities. Archaeology prior to Projects of 2000. excavation works.7 Occupational Health and This manual includes requirements for No permit or Required as part of the Safety – Sri Lankan Manual traffic control devices and signing of clearance is environmental on Traffic Control Devices roadwork areas during trenching of required. management plan (Part II - Road Work Areas) roads. It also prescribes the essential safety measures to ensure the safety of road users and workmen during day and night. National Environmental These regulations provide maximum Written consent All activities shall (Noise Control) permissible noise levels for activities to from the Central comply with noise Regulations No.1 1996 be conducted during daytime and Environment standards prescribed in nighttime. Authority Schedules I, III, and V. Manual on Traffic Control The regulations publish in the No permit or All traffic signs, Devices, 2nd Edition, 2007 Government Gazette (Extraordinary) clearance barricades, and lighting by the Ministry of Roads No. 444/19 dated 13 March 87under required devices to be used and Highways and the Section 237 along with Section 164 of during excavation shall Road Development the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for comply with the manual. Authority providing traffic control devices. These regulations were gazetted to amend the existing traffic signs and to incorporate international traffic signs agreed upon for adoption at the UN Conference on Road Traffic held in Vienna on 8 November 1968. Sri Lanka is a signatory to the convention for adoption of international traffic signs. The traffic control devices that are being adopted in Sri Lanka are those that were agreed upon at the convention for adoption in the Asian region.

7 A summary of procedure to obtain the written permission is summarized in Appendix 7.

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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Existing Condition and Need for the Project

11. Colombo, the capital city and economic and administrative hub of the country, was one of the few cities in Asia that was fortunate to get piped water supply in the 1800s. Many parts of the distribution network were built in Colombo as early as 100 years ago.8 Though there have been various projects to address the increasing water demand and 95% coverage has been reached in the city with piped water supply, significant rehabilitation of the network has not been carried out, causing the NRW to reach extremely high levels of around 49%.9

12. NWSDB supplied piped water to 127,000 service connections in Greater Colombo as of December 2011. The water tariff is currently below the total cost recovery level. The system suffers from flunctuating pressures, with some low-pressure areas receiving water only at off- peak hours. There are around 4,036 unmetered standpipes in the city that supply free water to low income settlements called “tenement gardens.” In order to control the amount of free water supplied through standpipes and increase revenues from them, NWSDB launched various programs which need to be implemented on a larger scale.10

13. NWSDB carried out limited network rehabilitation and leak repairs under its routine O&M activities, without much impact on NRW reduction. More recently, a focused program of pipe replacement and metering was implemented in a small part north of Colombo City.

14. The 2007-2011 corporate plan of the NWSDB emphasizes the NRW issue under its Goal 2, in which various short- and medium-term rehabilitation studies and pilot projects have been outlined for the different RSCs distributed nationally. For Colombo, a staff and management reorganization plan and capacity building strategy have been prepared essentially to reorient and strengthen the capabilities of the zoning officers, managers, customer/field agents, and engineers in their respective due diligences and responsibilities. The NRW section of the NWSDB has been renamed the Water Loss Management Section to highlight the focused efforts to reduce NRW incidence in its most populous service areas. Projects have been outlined for the different RSCs distributed nationally.

B. Proposed Components

15. The south part of Colombo city subproject investments aim to deliver better urban water supply services in an effective and efficient manner by reducing NRW in south part of Colombo city. NWSDB, in consultation with stakeholders, has prioritized 15 km2 of area which include areas11 such as Narahenpita, Cinnamon Garden, Bambalapitiya, Havelock Town and Wellawatte covered within the wards of Colombo 4, 5, 6 and parts of Colombo 3 (Colpetty), Colombo 7 and 8 (Cinnamon Gardens and Gothamipura), which were not covered under Tranche 1. South part of Colombo city subproject will involve both physical network rehabilitation, and institutional and management enhancement to reduce the NRW and the outputs are as follows:

8 About 700 km out of total 927 km of water supply distribution network in Colombo City are more than 50 years old. 9 The 49% NRW for Colombo, which is twice the average NRW for the rest of the country, comprises 33% physical losses, 5% commercial losses, and 11% free water supplied to low-income settlements. 10 NWSDB managed to form about 170 consumer societies, out of some 400 standpipes in Colombo City, on a community participation basis, and charges the minimum tariff of Rs 3 per m3. 11 Colombo city extends over an area of 37 km2 and its existing water supply pipe network is close to 1,000 km.

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(i) output 1: Rehabilitated water supply network and reduced NRW in south part of Colombo city; (ii) output 2: NWSDB institutionally strengthened, reformed, and more capable; and (iii) output 3: Project managed and implemented successfully.

16. Under the south part of Colombo city subproject, Output 1, the following are the types of physical works: (i) Rehabilitation and replacement of about 242 km of seriously degraded distribution network pipes in the areas in the south part of Colombo city; (ii) Installation of new electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic flow meters, valves, and special fittings for the formation of district metered areas (DMAs) and for the establishment of NRW monitoring and remote control system; (iii) Replacement and installation of priority customer metering with new electromagnetic flow meters, valves, and special fittings for connections of 150mm and above; (iv) Replacement and transfer of about 44,500 service connections with polyethylene pipes and fittings; (v) Replacement of about 15,000 defective water meters; (vi) Updating of GIS network for the rehabilitated system; (vii) Establishment of fully equipped active-leakage-control teams and reinforcement of the O&M units to undertake NRW activities and major repairs in Project 2 areas; (viii) Construction of two NRW operation & maintenance office buildings and provision of O&M vehicles.

C. Implementation Schedule

17. The project is to be implemented over a period of 4 years. The detailed design stage is expected to commence in 2013, and the construction period will cover 36 months.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Methodology Used for the Baseline Study

18. Data collection and stakeholder consultations. Data for this study has been primarily collected through comprehensive literature survey, discussion with stakeholder agencies, and field visits to the proposed subproject sites.

19. The literature survey broadly covered the following:

(i) project details, reports, maps, and other documents available with the ADB Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) consultants, NWSDB, Urban Development Authority, and Colombo Municipal Council (CMC); (ii) National Environment Act, Extra Ordinary Gazettes, its relevant guidelines and standards; (iii) other relevant acts, extraordinary gazettes, and guidelines issued by other Government of Sri Lanka agencies; and (iv) literature on land use, soil, geology, hydrology, climate, socioeconomic profiles, and environmental planning documents collected from Government of Sri Lanka agencies and websites.

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20. Several visits to the project sites were made in December 2012 and February 2013 to assess the existing environment (physical, biological, and socioeconomic) and gather information with regard to the proposed sites and scale of the proposed project. A separate socioeconomic study was conducted to determine the demographic information, archeological and religious places, densely populated pockets, and settlements.

21. Data analysis and interpretation. The data collected was analyzed and interpretations made to assess the physical, biological, and socioeconomic features of the project area. The relevant information is presented in the succeeding paragraphs.

B. Physical Characteristics

22. Location. The geographical location of Colombo is 6º 55’ N latitude and 79º 52’ E longitude. The project area is located within CMC area (extent of 4,021.14 ha) and covers mainly south part of Colombo city. South part of Colombo city subproject covers 15 km2 of the southern part of Colombo city that includes the townships of Narahenpita, Cinnamon Garden, Bambalapitiya, Havelock Town and Wellawatte covered within the wards of Colombo 4, 5, 6 and parts of Colombo 3, 7 and 8, which were not covered under Tranche 1. The proposed building for the Manpower Development and Training Division will be located in Telawala and the Area Engineer Office will be located in Nagaswatta Road Junction. The meter testing facility in Polwatta will also be renovated.

23. Geology and geomorphology. The project area falls in the pre-Cambrian South Western group (600 million years old) lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka. This coastal peneplain rises to a maximum elevation of less than 500 ft from the sea coast. The underlying geological formations of the present coastal plain consist of gneisses and granites, predominantly of the Vijayan complex of the pre-Cambrian era. As a consequence of the sea level rising during the Holocene period, this old basement is covered by more recent coastal deposits.

24. The major rock types in Colombo consist of meta-sediments (quartzites and quartz schist, garnet sillimanite, gneisses, quartz feldspar, and granulites), charnockite gneisses and allied rocks, basic rocks, migmatitic and granitic gneisses, granite, and pegmatite. Overlying the pPre-Ccambrian basement are alluvial and littoral sedimentary deposits of Quaternary age, within the project area. The fluvial deposits here include a thick alluvium (20–30 m) in some areas of marshes, and water bodies. These alluvial deposits include lean/plastic clays, organic clays/peat, and sand with clay.

25. Soil. According to the Sri Lankan Survey Department soil maps, the main soil types in the project area are as follows: (i) red yellow podzolic soils with soft or hard laterite: undulating and rolling terrain; (ii) bog and half-bog soils: flat terrain; (iii) alluvial soils of variable texture and drainage: flat terrain; and (iv) regosols on recent beach and sand sands: flat terrain.

26. Topography. Colombo is a mix of flat and marshy land. The east and southeast areas are bordered by marshy land. The city has many canals, and Beira Lake is in the heart of the city. On the north and the northeast borders of the city flows the Kelani River. The river meets the sea in part of the city known as the “Modera” in Sinhala, which literally means “delta.” The project area is more or less flat to gradual undulating.

27. Hydrology and drainage. The Colombo drainage system consists of a network of canals and marshes functioning as retention basins. The Colombo canal drainage network has

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6 outlets, 3 discharging to the sea (Wellawatta, Dehiwala, and Mutwal tunnel), 1 closed at present (Beira Lake), and the other 2 draining into the Kelani River. The Mutwal tunnel, Wellawatta canal, and Dehiwala canal have discharge capacities of 5, 60, and 30 m3/s, respectively. A fourth outfall, St. Sebastian South Canal and Beira Lock, has no drain function under normal circumstances due to the high crest level of Beira Lake (+1.8 m mean sea level or msl).12 There are four marshy lands identified as “flood retention areas” in Colombo, namely (i) Bloemendhal Marsh, (ii) Kolonnawa Marsh, (iii) Heen Marshes, and (iv) low-lying lands known as the Green Belt surrounding the Parliament Lake.

28. Climate. The climate is classified as tropical monsoon, having a wet season and a short dry season. The project area is located in the southwestern quarter of the island, which is classified as a wet zone. The climate is characterized by the northeast monsoon from December to February, and the southwest monsoon from May to September. Heavy rainstorms occur mainly in the southwest monsoon period from May to September and occasionally in the two intermonsoon periods (March-April and October-November), as well. The average annual rainfall is around 2,000–3,000 mm. There are two peaks of monthly rainfall in a year, May and October. The mean daily maximum temperature ranges from 31.1 oC in April to 29.3 oC in August, while the mean daily minimum temperature ranges from 25.3 oC in May to 22.2 oC in January.

29. Water quality. Surface water pollution is the most serious issue among the environmental problems in the project area. Pollution of urban water bodies by domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater causes environmental problems as well as health hazards. The main causes of surface water pollution are: (i) discharge of urban drainage water mixed with waste of industrial and domestic origin into natural streams; (ii) runoff from open markets and garbage dumps; (iii) unauthorized connections of domestic wastewater pipes into drainage canals; (iv) direct discharge of industrial wastewater into rivers, lakes, canals, and lowlands; (v) uncontrolled and illegal dumping of waste of industrial and domestic origin in waterways, embankments, and lowlands; (vi) discharge of sewage into canal/surface water bodies mainly by shanty settlements along canals and around the lowlands such as marshes; and (vii) insufficient maintenance and cleaning of watercourses and embankments resulting in siltation, blockage, and aquatic plant growth. Table 2 shows the results of surface water monitoring in the project area conducted by the Central Environment Authority (CEA).

Table 2: Results of Water Quality Monitoring and Status of Pollution

Station

Description pH

No. DO

COD BOD

Nitrate

Salinity

Turbidity

Ammonia

Phosphate

Conductivity Temperature

1 Baseline road crossing of Dematagoda N S N T H N T T T N Canal, Orugodawatta 2 End point of St. Sebastian Canal N N N N H N H H H N (Outlet to Beira Lake) 3 Bridge on Kotte North Canal N N N N H N H H H N 4 Railway bridge on Torrington Canal N S N T H N T T T N

12 Beira Lake is artificially kept at +1.8 m mean sea level (msl) by means of pumps installed at Beira Lock. This is mainly done to prevent buildings constructed on wooden piles along the lake from collapsing. As a consequence, Beira Lake’s flood discharge function is only operational at water levels exceeding +1.8 m msl.

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Station

Description pH

No. DO

COD BOD

Nitrate

Salinity

Turbidity

Ammonia

Phosphate

Conductivity Temperature

5 Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal N S N N N H N T T T S 6 Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal N S S N N H N T T T S 10 Serpantine Road Canal N N N N H N H T H N 11 St. Sebastian Canal – bridge near N S N T H N T T H N Ingurukade Junction 12 Dematagoda Canal – Kolonnawa Bridge near Ceylon Petroleum N N N T H N T T H N Corporation 13 Mahawatta Canal – Cotta Road Bridge, N N N T H N T T H N Rajagiriya 14 Kirillapone Canal – Near Open N N N N H N H T H N University Bridge, Nawala 18 Station No. 1 – Diyawanna Oya – N N N N H N H N T N Kimbulawala Madiwela 19 Station No. 2 – Diyawanna Oya – N N N N H T H N T N Battaramulla South, Pelawatte 20 Station No. 3 – Diyawanna Oya – Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya N N N N H N H N T N Outlet 21 Kelani River – Close to new bridge, upper stream to confluence of St. N S N N N H N H N NA N Sebastian Canal 22 St. Sebastian Canal – North Lock Gate N S N T H N T T NA NA 23 Kelani River – Close to Victoria Bridge – downstream confluence of St. N S N N N H N H H NA NA Sebastian Canal 24 Beira Lake – Just behind Pettah Private N S N T H N T T NA NA Bus Stand 25 St. Sebastian Canal – About 200 m downstream from location 2 (about 200 N S N T H N T T NA NA m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake) 26 St. Sebastian Canal (north) – Outfall to N S N N T H N T T NA NA Kelani Ganga 27 Bloemendhal Canal – Branch earthen N S S N T T N T T NA NA drain coming through garbage pile 28 Bloemendhal Canal – At the confluence N S S N T T N T T NA NA of earthen drain of 27 29 Norris Canal – In front of Colombo NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA General Hospital 30 Colombo 10, D. R. Wijewardena Mawatha Canal along former UDA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA office Notes: N – within the normal range according to CEA standards for aquatic life; H – above the standard values for aquatic life; T – above or below the threshold and significantly higher or lower than the standards and threat to aquatic life and human health; this indicates the health authorities have to take necessary actions immediately to improve the quality of water in these canals; S – no standards for the parameter but significantly high compared to other locations or significantly high according to available literature; N. A. – not available. The CEA standard values for aquatic life are the following (in milligrams per liter or mg/l) dissolved oxygen (DO) = 3, ammonia = 1, nitrate = 5; phosphate = 0.4, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 15; biological oxygen demand (BOD) = 4; and turbidity = 20 NTU ( as indicated by other countries).

30. The Beira Lake plays an important role in conveying surface drainage and flood waters in CMC. The lake is a stagnant water body which covers approximately 65.4 ha and has an

11 average depth of 2 m at maximum elevation. It comprises of four main basins: East Lake, Galle Face Lake, West Lake, and South West Lake. Beira Lake’s flood discharge function is only operational at water levels exceeding +1.8 m msl.19 Although the local people do not derive other benefits than diverting their surface drainage into these canals, the intrinsic function is vital and most important in draining the flood waters of the area. There are numerous illegal discharge points of gray water from residences, commercial establishments, and warehouses adjoining the lake, and due to the high level of water pollution, no other local uses can be derived from the water body. At present, most of the lake bank is covered with commercial establishments, human settlements, institutions, religious places, etc. Therefore, it is hard to see vegetation or ground cover. Only in some part of the lake bank, which has been interrupted by human interventions, can vegetation and tree cover be found. Mangifera indica (amba), Cocos nucifera (pol), Terminalia catappa (kottan), Gliricidia sepium (weta mara), Leucaena leucocephala (ipil-ipil), Azadirachta indica (kohomba), Filicium decipiens (pehimbiya), Plumeria obtuse (araliya), Musa x paradisiaca (kesel), Carica papaya (papol), Ficus religiosa (bo), Hibiscus rosasinensis (wada), Delonix regia (mai mara), Calotropis gigantiea (wara), Lantana camara (gandapana), etc. are the tree species which can be found on the bank. These provide an ecological niche to many bird species. However, these are common trees and do not have a special conservation status.

31. Air quality. The population growth and increase in commercial and social activities have led to an unprecedented increase in the demand for mobility, with a consequential increase in the number of motor vehicles entering CMC daily. The project area is generally along roadsides, which are experiencing heavy traffic. Vehicle emissions are considered the major contributor for air pollution in Colombo. Based on monitoring conducted by CEA, the ambient air quality in the project area is within the prescribed standards.

32. Noise levels. The project area is in the built-up part of Colombo, with residential, commercial, and institutional establishments. A significant volume of traffic passes through these sections, causing frequent traffic jams. Heavy traffic movement is considered the major cause of noise pollution.

C. Ecological Characteristics

33. Forests and ecological sensitive areas. As Colombo is considered a built-up area, there are no protected forests or ecologically sensitive areas in the project area.

34. Flora and fauna. Animals and plants in the project area are those commonly found in urban and built-up areas. There are no rare or endangered animal or plant species reported in the project area.

35. Wetlands. Approximately 20% of the Western Province (composed of districts of Colombo, Gampaha, and Kalutara) is composed of wetlands The definition given for wetlands in the Sri Lankan National Wetland Policy13 is “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or

13 The National Policy and Strategies on Wetlands (2005) seeks to give effect to the National Environment Policy and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international conventions, protocols, treaties, and agreements on wetland protection to which Sri Lanka is a party. Among the international conventions, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) are significant.

12 salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 m and may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than 6 m at low tide within the wetlands.” One of the most important functions of wetlands is their capacity to act as a drainage basin for temporary storage of storm water, acting as kidneys, purifying wastes entering into the wetland systems and safeguarding human health.

36. The wetlands located within the project area are mostly inland systems14 and are not categorized as protected wetlands or wildlife sanctuaries. It has also been observed during the field visits conducted for this IEE that the wetlands in the project area were drained or used to dump refuse and urban waste.

D. Socioeconomic Profile

37. The estimated number of households in South Colombo subproject area is 41,525 with a total population of 205,278 living in 35,899 housing units (Table 3).

Table 3: Population Data of Thimbirigasyaya DS Division No. of Households Population No. of Housing No of Households GN Division (estimated) (estimated) Units 2001 (Census) Colpetty 1,738 9,189 1,443 1,573 Bambalapitiya 2,373 12,634 2,076 2,148 Cinnamon Gardens 2,214 20,285 1,954 2,204 Gothamipura 1,618 8,612 1,462 1,522 Narahenpita 2,803 12,891 2,419 2,537 Thimbirigasyaya 3,316 15,683 2,800 3,001 Milagiriya 1,945 10,724 1,683 1,761 Havelock Town 2,504 11,578 2,172 2,267 Kirula 5,251 22,408 4,522 4,753 Kirulapona 4,635 20,024 3,937 4,195 Wellawatta North 3,563 17,083 3,330 3,225 Wellawatta South 3,116 14,765 2,614 2,820 Pamankada West 3,191 14,147 2,714 2,888 Pamankada East 3,258 15,255 2,773 2,949 Total 41,525 205,278 35,899 37,643 Source: Statistical Data 2009 – Thimbirigasyaya DS Office

38. In the absence of Census 2011 data, available demographic estimates from published, official sources for 2009 were used for the analysis. The average family size in the south part of Colombo city subproject area is 4.9. Approximately seventy percent of the total population of Thimbirigasyaya DS area lives within the project area. Population density is approximately 820 persons per hectare within the project area. According to information collected by Sevanatha (an NGO) 259 low-income housing settlements (tenemant gardens) are within the project area with 16,372 families living in 12,403 housing units. The number of families in the area exceeds the number of housing units as several extended families live within the same housing unit. The population density of the area is very high with over-crowding and unhygienic housing with shanties, slums and low-cost flats. Around 33% of the population lives in underserved settlements in the project area and belong to the poor groups as shown in the following table (Table 4).

14 There are three major types of wetlands in Sri Lanka, namely: (i) offshore and marine systems; (ii) coastal systems; and (iii) inland systems.

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Table 4: Underserved Settlements No. of underserved No. GN area No. of houses No. of families Population settlements 1. Colpetty 28 524 717 2,360 2. Cinnamon Gardens 10 395 535 1,767 3. Narahenpita 33 1,886 2,231 9,217 4. Thimbirigasyaya 20 711 1,398 7,627 5. Kirula 38 4,026 4,890 23,117 6. Kirullapone 26 2,041 2,558 12,231 7. Pamankada East 14 742 1,057 5,488 8. Bambalapitiya 9 162 271 1,001 9. Milagiriya 5 86 178 533 10. Havelock Town 5 139 260 715 11. Pamankada West 9 291 343 1,312 12. Wellawaththa North 19 953 1,364 6,423 13. Wellawaththa South 13 447 570 2,391 Total 229 12,403 16,372 74,182* Source: Sevanatha Urban Resource Centre -2012 *Note: While Gothamipura is not included in the Sevanatha survey, it is part of the south part of Colombo city subproject area

39. Compared with the Colombo DS area which has a poverty head count index of 12, Thimbirigasyaya DS area is less poverty prone, with a poverty head count index of 4.4. (Department of Census and Statistics) These figures are based on food and non-food consumption poverty line only and the multi-dimensional nature of poverty is not captured in the assessment. Majority of the urban population in Colombo is characterized by households with income above the official poverty line of Rs 3,797 for Colombo District. The national poverty line calculated for the month of September 2012 by the Department of Census and Statistics is Rs.3,545 (minimum expenditure per person per month) whereas it is pegged at Rs.3,797 for Colombo District.

40. The population in Colombo City is pluralistic, comprising Sinhala, Tamil and Moor. In the total sample, 56.2% are Sinhala, 33.5% Tamil, 9.7% Moor, with other minority communities comprising the remaining 7%. Similar representation is visible in religious groups too, i.e. 53.3% Buddhist, 28.5% Hindu, 9.5% Christian and 8.3% Muslims. Ethnic division of the population indicated in the sample is somewhat different to the national figures which indicate 73.9% Sinhala, 18.2% Tamil and 7.1% Moor and the remaining .8% others. In the total sample, tenement gardens have 18% Sinhala, 11.5% Tamil, 2.3 % Moor and 0.2% and other areas have 38.2% Sinhala, 20.9% Tamil, 8.5% Moor and 0.4% Malay.

41. The distribution of the total sample by age shows a concentration of population within the age group 18-60 comprising 65.5% in tenement gardens and 69.5% in other areas. The second highest category is those 60 and above comprising 14.4% in tenement gardens and 15.5% in other areas which is higher than the national average of 11% for elderly population. The population of children within the age group of 5-18 is comparatively less in both sectors representing the low population growth rate of the country which is 1. %. (Central Bank of Ceylon-2012). Average household size for south part of Colombo city subproject area is 4.3 as per primary survey and 4.0 as per official, published data (Department of Census and Statistics, 2010 ). The sex ratio in south part of Colombo city subproject area is 971 females per 1,000 males. Primary data has indicated that the percentage of women headed households in south part of Colombo city subproject area is 20%, with 19% in tenement gardens and 21% in other areas, which is slightly lower than the national average of 23 % (Census and Statistics).

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42. According to the employment data available with the Thimbirigasyaya DS office for 2009, 18% are employed in the government sector, 3.4% in semi-government, 60% in the private sector, 2.7% entrepreneurs, 13.7% self-employed and 1.2% unemployed. However, the survey data reveals a different scenario:

43. Unemployment among the sample population is high in both tenement gardens and other areas at 36.6% (tenement gardens) and 37.3% (other areas) respectively, contrary to the figures obtained from DS office which indicates unemployment figure as 1.2%. This is possibly because urban unemployment figures encompass a very large number of under-employed, mainly in the informal sector and those engaged in wage labor. Of the employed, the highest number is working in non-labor grades in the private sector comprising 26.8% within tenement gardens and 27.9% in other areas. There are slight variances in the distribution of employment among other employment categories between the two sectors. It also shows that the poor are not confined to tenement gardens only but reside in the other areas too with 37.3% unemployment and 9.4% working in labor grades. Employment in labor grades is higher in tenement gardens than in the other areas.

44. Female participation in workforce in the government, private and informal sectors is only 17.7% which is very low compared with the Census data which is between 33% - 35% annually. Female unemployment is nearly 30%, which is very high compared with 7.5% male unemployment. As expressed at the focused group discussions (FGDs), women also engage in casual employment to supplement the family income, which is wage labor based livelihoods, such as domestic work.

45. There are few differences in the levels of education between the two sectors. Of the population in the tenement gardens a larger proportion (30.6%) has studied in Grades 9-11 while in other areasthe highest number is in Grades 12-13 (30.6%). However the number of those having Degrees or Diplomas is almost equal with slight variation in the two sectors (9.5% in tenement gardens and 9.4% in other areas). The education level of the first generation of the underserved population is low, but their children (youth) study up to Grade 11 and drop out after sitting for the O/L Examination. The situation is similar with those representing education level in Grade 1-5 having 5.0% in tenement gardens and 5.1% in other areas. Making education compulsory for 5-14 age group, proving free education and the incentives given by the state have to a large extent eliminated the differences in education between the poor and the non-poor.

46. According to primary survey data, 0.4% of the households are below the poverty line. Those who earn less than Rs 10,000 belong to the poorest categories, followed by 6.2% who are in the threshold of poverty and 30.9% having a moderate income between RS 20,000 - 30,000 and the balance belonging to higher income brackets. In both the sectors (tenement gardens and other areas), the majority earn an income above Rs. 20,000 which is 23.8% for the tenement gardens sector and 53.3% in other areas. The data shows a big difference in the income levels between the two areas. The percentage of those earning more than Rs 50,000 in other areas is 7.0% while only 4.7% of those in the tenement gardens earn the same amount.

47. Samruddhi benefits are received by those having a monthly income of less than Rs 3,000. According to baseline survey data, 6.9% of the households receive Samruddhi benefits, 5.3% in tenement gardens and 1.6% in other areas. The data available at Thimbirigasyaya DS office indicates 11% of the households receiving Samruddhi benefits which is higher compared with survey data. The Samruddhi benefits are paid depending on the number of family members, the highest payment of Rs. 1,000 for a family with six members, Rs. 550 for those

15 having three members, and Rs. 150 for a single member household per month. Compared with the income data, expenditure pattern is high in almost all the categories. Expenditure of less than Rs.10,000 stands at 6.2%, Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000 is 10.7%, Rs 20,000 to Rs 30,000 is 32%, and the balance above Rs 35,000. Expenditure is less among the tenement garden sector in all the categories compared with the expenditure pattern in other areas. The poverty indicator calculated at Rs 3,797 expenditure per head and for a family of five the total expenditure amounts to approximately Rs 20,000. Those who expend less than Rs 20,000 fall into the category of poor.

48. Only 8 persons in tenement gardens and 4 persons in other areas (i.e., 2% of sample population) reported suffering from water borne diseases (using the 180 day recall method). This was confirmed at the FGDs as well. All participants at FGDs confirmed having access to free medical services, which are well developed, with a high level of outreach by all social strata. Health related opportunity costs due to water borne diseases were therefore not significant for a majority of households.

49. Access to water. The water supply is satisfactory, with 88.5% in tenement gardens and 94.1% in other areas having access to individual connections. Only 3.6% of households use well water, 1.9% use tube wells, while 1.1% use mineral water as alternative water sources. The few households using a shared connection, common tap or having no connection to water supply are those unable to pay for the connection due to various reasons such as poverty, lack of space to install a pipeline or those living on unauthorized land. The common taps are situated close to the dwellings at an average distance of 54 meters and people spend thirty eight minutes per day on an average, to fetch water. On an average the members of sample households make two trips per day to the water tap. Number of households sharing water connections is negligible at only 2.9% and 4.9% households in tenement gardens and other areas respectively. Primary data reveals that very few households use alternative or supplementary water sources for drinking and other purposes since they have easy access to household water supply.

50. Nearly one third of households in tenement gardens and other areasconsume 21 to 30 liters, followed by approximately 22% in both groups consuming over 75 liters per person per day. Despite a few variances in certain categories water consumption is similar in both areas. Around 70% consume less than 50 liters per person per day while the remaining balance of 30% consuming more than 50 liters which is significantly below the national average of 100 to 120 liters per person per day (as per NWSDB).

51. Hours of water supply are highly satisfactory, as reported by 96% in tenement gardens and 91% in other areas receiving water 24 hours of the day. Use of water source by people other than household members is negligible. More than 75% of the households in both the tenement gardens and other areas are satisfied with adequacy and reliability of water supply. Water pressure is an issue with 54% households in tenement gardens and 46% in other areas expressing less satisfaction over water pressure. Low water pressure was one of the issues raised at the FGDs, with less pressure during daytime and water not flowing to the upper floors of the flats. In Hathbodiya and in Kirula GN Divisions, families living in upper floors have difficulties in water supply.

52. Few residents have installed pumps to have an uninterrupted water supply. Around half of the households in both the sectors have installed mechanisms to control overflow of water from tanks. Less than 10% of households in both sectors have mentioned about having leaks in pipe lines and taps. Comparatively, water quality is a problem with 42% in tenement gardens

16 and 39% in other areas complaining about water quality issues water getting rusty and dirty as the main reasons among others. It was an issue raised at the FGDs too, complaining about the color and high concentration of chlorine in water. About half of the households use boiled or filtered water for drinking, while the rest use water direct from the tap.

53. Seventy percent households in both the tenement gardens and other areas are satisfied with the water supply. Expenditure incurred on water ranges from Rs.300 to Rs. 3000 which is high in view of the limited income of such households and was a matter raised at every FGD meeting. The reasons for higher rates have been attributed to leaks in taps, air pressure, and having more than one family living in the same house. Those living closer to stand posts continue to use water from the source to minimize water costs, despite having an individual connection. Stand post users pay an individual monthly charge between Rs 50 to 75, which is shared among the water user households. There are few stand posts without water meters providing space for excessive wastage of water leading to NRW.

54. At an overall level, households expressed satisfaction with water supply services; with 88% sample households in tenement gardens and 80% sample houseolds in other areas having rated the service high.

55. Access to safe sanitation. Availability of toilets is highly satisfactory having individual toilets by 87.0% in the tenement gardens and 94% in other areas. Sharing of toilets is negligible, but common toilets are used by 11% in tenement gardens and 6% in other areas. Issues were raised at the meetings about the cleanliness of the public toilets. The households in tenement gardens have constructed toilets within the tiny space after obtaining pipe borne water, except for a very few households who lack even such little space belonging to the poorest category. Most of them have connected the toilets to the sewerage network while the rest have diverted to septic tanks and soak pits for solid waste. More than fifty percent of households divert waste water to open drains while one third uses underground drains and the rest direct into water bodies and open plots nearby.

56. Access to solid waste disposal and drainage. Issues are minimal in garbage disposal, with 95% households using CMC’s garbage disposal system. About 17% of the project areas are flood prone. Floods during rains and poor drainage were raised by the communities in Samagipura and Kalinga Mawatha tenement gardens at the FGDs.

57. Availability of storm water drainage and wastewater disposal. Surface drains and underground drainages were available in almost all areas of the project. About 86% households reported using underground drainages and open drains for wastewater disposal. Only 1% of households diverted their wastewater into nearby open areas, while 3% diverted them into surface water bodies.

58. Generally, Colombo City’s drainage system is not efficient enough to bear the runoff water during monsoon, resulting in the submerging of several low land areas. Thirty percent (30%) of surveyed households reported incidence of flooding in the vicinity of their house during monsoons (May-July and September-December). Of that, 26% lived in non-slum areas while only 4% lived in tenement gardens (slum households). However, due to lack of appropriate drainages, most tenement gardens were badly affected during monsoons. It is evident that 20% of households affected during floods are in high-income categories (monthly income > Rs 15,000). Only 2% of households in low-income categories were affected by seasonal floods.

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E. Social and Cultural Characteristics

59. Existing public parks and playgrounds in the CMC area. Parks and playgrounds account for 95.4 hectares (ha) or 2.5% of CMC total area. There are also 75.91 ha of other private and semi-public outdoor recreation spaces and 171.15 ha of outdoor recreation spaces (almost half of which belongs to private clubs and other organizations).

60. Historical and archaeological sites in the CMC area. Colombo has a number of historical places with the potential for expanding both local and foreign tourism. The list of archaeological sites found in CMC15 is detailed in Table 5. St. Lucia Church in Kotahena and Vihara and Awasageya in Deepaduththaramayaare are located in South Colombo subproject area. However, excavation works will not be conducted in the vicinities of these archaeological sites.

Table 5: Historical and Archaeological Sites in Colombo Municipal Council Area Colombo Port Ancient Security House near Ancient Parliament Keragala Inscriptions, Tampita Vihara, Wall and Dagoba Colombo Kuppiyawatta Ancient Image House, Awasageya, Dewalaya in Kuppiyawatta Jayasekera Vihara Colombo Maligakanda Ancient Image House, Awasageya Colombo Pettah Olcutt Building Colombo Dematagoda Ancient Awasageya Colombo Maligakanda Mahabodh Vihara at Maligakanda Kotahena St. Lucia Church at Kotahena Maradana Ancient Railway Station at Fort Colombo Pettah Dutch Museum Colombo Fort Dutch Warehouse at Sri Lanka Ports Authority Kotahena Vihara and Awasageya at Deepaduththaramaya Colombo Ancient Lighthouse (Northwestern) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Inner Breakwater Colombo Ancient Lighthouse (North) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Inner Breakwater Colombo Ancient Building (Ragu Mandiraya) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority Colombo Ancient wall at Sri Lanka Ports Authority Colombo Ancient Grand Oriental Hotel Buildings at York Street, Sri Lanka Ports Authority Colombo Ancient Post Master General Office Building at Janadipathi Street, Sri Lanka Ports Authority Colombo Ancient Clifan Burg House at Sri Lanka Navy Headquarters, Sri Lanka Ports Authority Colombo Ancient Chartered Bank Building at Janadipathi Mawatha Colombo Ancient Walkers Building at Sir Baron Jayatilake Mawatha Colombo Ancient Lanka Maccanance Macancy Company Limited Building at Lady Bastian Mawatha Colombo Portland Building at Sir Baron Jayatilake Mawatha Colombo Pettah Dutch Bell Tower at Kaiman Gate, Pettah Colombo Central Ancient Kovil, Rest Hall and Road Colombo Ancient Chartered Bank Building at Janadipathi Mawatha Colombo Central Ancient Kovil, Rest Hall and Road

V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

61. The present report assesses the impacts of the proposed activities on various environmental attributes of the project site.

62. Methodology. Issues for consideration have been raised by the following means: (i) input from interested and affected parties; (ii) desktop research of information relevant to the proposed project; (iii) site visit and professional assessment by environment specialist engaged by the implementing agency; and (iv) evaluation of proposed design scope and potential

15 Complete list for Colombo District can be found at http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/.

18 impacts based on the environment specialist’s past experience. Categorization of the project and formulation of mitigation measures have been guided by ADB’s REA Checklist for Water Supply (Appendix 1) and ADB SPS 2009.

A. Anticipated Impacts – Planning and Design Phase

63. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible. The concepts considered in design of the water supply project are: (i) no involuntary land acquisition; (ii) substantial reduction of NRW; (iii) age of distribution mains; (iv) material of distribution main; (v) age of service connections in the area; (vi) material of service connections/supply pipe; (vii) areas with ground service pipes; (viii) soil aggression; (ix) previous burst record; (x) customer complaints; (xi) active leak control completed recently; and (xii) period of supply.

64. The winning contractor will bid based on the concept and details included in the bid documents. The bidders will be advised to make their own due diligence study prior to the bidding. Necessary documents and studies will be made available to them for their evaluation. It will be up to the bidders to maximize the use of resources made available to them. The following environment-related design criteria which are the criteria for the Project 1 will also be applied in the implementation of the south part of Colombo city subproject. Salient design features are presented in Table 6. As a result, some measures have already been included in the project designs. This means that the impacts and their significance have already been reduced.

Table 6: Environment-Related Design Features of the Project Parameter Design Consideration Location - The civil works for pipe replacement will be carried within the available ROW, and no acquisition is required beyond the ROW. - Land ownership of sites of the proposed buildings is with the NWSDB, hence no land acquisition is envisaged. Information campaign - Careful planning and extensive coordination with various government agencies must be established. - An effective information campaign must be carried out before any construction activity is commenced in order to make the public aware of the extent of the implications that might affect their lives during the period of construction. Hauling of excavated - All excavated materials shall be hauled away from the construction site and deposited in an materials area designated by NWSDB. - The stockpile shall be processed where it is deposited so that it can be brought back to the trenches as selcetd filling material. - Hauling vehicle must always be present at the excavation site. Closure of roads - Careful planning and scheduling of pipe laying activities to be performed as some roads are allowed for closure only during night time and the construction period will be limited to maximum of 8 hours from 9:00 pm to 5:00 am. All excavation and backfilling, including reinstatement shall be completed within this time frame. - Full scale road closure will be allowed only after ensuring undisrupted traffic flow. - Proper traffic management plan shall be prepared and the approval to be obtained from Police and roads authorities before commencement of work. Barricades and - Easily transportable barricades and warning signs such as thos made of high reflector warning signs plastic materials should be used. - Aluminized rolled warning signs can also be used. - Necessary night lamps, illuminators and other safety measures to be adopted before execution of night works. Trench backfill - Process excavated materials at disposal site and use these as selected backfill materials. materials - If readily available, local sand can be mixed with the backfill material to insure pipe integrity. Application of no-dig - 16 km of pipe length in south part of Colombo city subproject will use trenchless technology technology (pipe bursting, re-lining, or horizontal direct drilling/micro-tunneling.

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Parameter Design Consideration Equipment - Use small mechanical excavators. - In areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground, use small mechanical excavators to attain faster trenching progress. - The excavator shall be immediately followed by skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them. Access - Make available steel plates and wooden planks which will be deployed on top of trench excavation to provide temporary access to building carports and garages, street crossings, and other areas where these will be necessary.

B. Anticipated Impacts – Construction Phase

65. Construction method. Tasks to be performed for the pipe replacement works are listed in the order of priority as:

(i) obtain excavation permits; (ii) mobilize and establish site offices; (iii) arrange road closure, finalize detours, inform police, and inform public transport agencies and affected road users; (iv) inform NWSDB of required water supply interruptions for interconnection to existing system; (v) excavate trial pits and identify existing utilities; (vi) set out pipe routes, prepare shop drawings, and obtain PMU approval; (vii) identify bad soil areas to ascertain backfill material requirement; (viii) identify borrow pits; (ix) identify disposal sites for excess and unsuitable excavated materials; (x) transport pipes to nearby locations; (xi) close roads and implement detours; (xii) excavate trenches, lay pipes, provide anchor blocks, backfill trenches, and construct chambers, and provide special bedding where specified; (xiii) inform affected NWSDB customers; (xiv) complete interconnection to existing pipeline; (xv) carry out pressure test; (xvi) flush and disinfect; (xvii) coordinate with NWSDB operations for closing down of transmission main tappings; (xviii) close down transmission main tappings; (xix) open supply to existing pipeline; (xx) reinstate road; and (xxi) hand over to NWSDB.

66. The pipes will be buried in trenches on or immediately adjacent to roads. Trenches will be dug by backhoe digger, supplemented by manual digging where necessary. Excavated soil will be placed nearby, and the pipes (brought to site on trucks and stored on unused land nearby) will be placed in the trench by crane or using a small rig. After the pipes are joined, loose soil will be shoveled back into the trench, and the surface layer will be compacted by hand-operated compressor. Any excavated road will be reinstated.

67. For descaling and relining of distribution network, the method to be used is trenchless “cured in place” pipeline. Only a small section of the distribution network will be excavated to provide access for the descaling machine and reliner. Pressurized air and water will be pumped

20 into the pipes by jetting or using pneumatic tools to remove the scales/calcified materials. After the cleaning process is complete, relining will immediately follow. It is estimated to require 10 days per section to complete the process. During this period, alternate water supply such as delivery by water tanks will be provided to the affected community by NWSDB. Flushed water and debris/sediments can contain several contaminants especially bacteriological. Disposal of water is generally through the stormwater drain. However debris/sediments need to be collected and disposed at a designated site such as the landfill.

68. Tasks to be performed for the building construction are listed in order of completion as follows:

(i) site clearing; (ii) laying of foundations; (iii) casting of ground floor slab; (iv) construction of floor beams and floor slabs; (v) construction of roof beams and roofing; (vi) installation of doors and windows; (vii) installation of architectural components and finishes; (viii) ordering, procurement, and installion of building services; and (ix) relocation of NWSDB staff to the new buildings.

69. The sites for the buildings are on land owned by NWSDB. There is sufficient space for a staging area, construction equipment, and stockpiling of materials. However, the contractor will need to remove all construction and demolition wastes on a daily basis.

70. Table 7 summarizes the activities and facilities that are likely to be undertaken during construction of the project, including the associated inputs and outputs.

Table 7: Activities and Facilities, Resource Use, and Produced Outputs during Construction Phase Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production  Construction camp and its  Bitumen  Old asphalt (removed from road associated facilities (including  Cement carriageway during laying of lay-down areas)  Chemical additives used in pipelines)16  Storage camps and lay-down concrete  Waste concrete and other areas  Chemical blasting agents construction rubble − Materials and equipment  Paving blocks  Waste bitumen17 stockpiles  Aggregate (sand and stone)  Materials from pipe descaling − Handling and storage of  Gravel (fill material and selected and re-lining hazardous materials material for sub-base and base  Used fuels, lubricants, solvents including chemicals layers) additives, gravel, cement, and other hazardous waste  Water  General waste concrete, and lubricants − Drinking, cooking, and  Source of water  Contaminated soil

16 The water supply rehabilitation works affecting roads may involve the stripping and demolition of old asphalt layers. Ideally, old asphalt shall be reused during construction of the new road in order to avoid large quantities of waste being produced. However, depending on the availability and cost of virgin aggregate in the area through which the road is aligned, reusing the old asphalt may be more costly than using virgin aggregate. 17 Bitumen has relatively low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is largely inert. However, certain other potentially hazardous chemical may be added to the bitumen or to the aggregate during the construction process in order to render the compound more workable. The objective is to use the least hazardous chemicals available and to locate asphalt plants, aggregate stockpiles, and mixing areas where they do not pose a significant environmental risk.

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Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production  Vegetation clearance sanitation at construction − Soil contaminated with  Bulk earthworks, grading, and camps bitumen contouring − Water for dust suppression − Soil contaminated with  Drilling − Water applied to base and petrochemicals (i.e. oils and  Movement of construction staff, sub-base layers during − lubricants) and other equipment, and materials compaction chemicals  Importation of selected materials − Water for application to sub-  Sewage and gray water for construction base and base layers prior (temporary construction camp  Temporary detours to compaction sanitation)  Noise and vibrations  Petrochemicals  Spoil material (excess soil  Dust suppression  Other removed during excavations)  Waste production and chemicals/lubricants/paints  Noise and vibrations temporary storage/disposal, i.e.  Construction vehicles, (construction vehicles and used fuels, waste concrete and machinery, and equipment machinery) bitumen, spoil materials, and  Temporary energy supply to  Lighting at construction camps, general waste construction camps equipment yards, and lay-down  Use of bitumen/asphalt  Labor areas  Erosion prevention − Recruitment of construction  Plant material removed from  Concrete batching plant (and work force servitude/right-of-way during associated storage and mixing − Skills training vegetation clearance areas, chemicals)  Public movement control  Smoke and fumes  Rehabilitation of disturbed areas − need barriers (not just − Burning of waste − Burning of vegetation cover  Interaction between construction danger tape) to protect − Fires used for cooking and workforce and local people from trenches during space heating (construction communities construction camps)  Management of the passing pedestrians and points of − Vehicle exhaust emissions congestion  Implementation of the resettlement plan prior to start of construction  Reminders to affected people of construction with time frames

C. Anticipated Impacts – Operations and Maintenance Phase

71. The main operations and maintenance (O&M) activities of the rehabilitated pipes will be detection and repair of leaks and pipe bursts. These are, however, likely to be minimal as proper design and selection of good quality pipe material shall mean that leaks are minimal. Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work as earlier explained. Trenches will be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be removed and replaced if necessary. Disposal of flushed water is generally through the stormwater drain but debris/sediments need to be collected and disposed at a designated site such as the landfill. It is important that the designated disposal site’s base is of a non-permeable membrane in order to prevent leachate that can contaminate the soil and groundwater. This will require careful coordination between the EA and disposal site managers.

72. Table 8 presents an indication of what activities and facilities are likely to be undertaken during operation and maintenance of the project, including the associated inputs and outputs.

Table 8: Activities and Facilities, Resource Use, and Produced Outputs during Operation and Maintenance Phase Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production  Signages  Labor  Vehicle exhaust emissions

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Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production  Safety barriers  Vehicles and equipment used  Waste/worn-out material  Lighting for inspections and maintenance removed during maintenance  Noise and vibrations  Aggregate and other material including scoured debris during  Litter collection used during repairing and periodic flushing of the system.  Maintenance activities (repairing maintenance of pipelines. and maintenance of pipelines)

D. Mitigation Measures

73. There are no impacts that are significant or complex in nature, or that need an in-depth study to assess the impact. Thus, the project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and O&M can be mitigated to acceptable levels with the following mitigation measures (Table 9).

Table 9: Recommended Mitigation Measures Parameter Mitigation Measures Planning phase Work schedule and - Ensure careful planning and scheduling of the activities. closure of areas - To minimize impact on traffic flow, businesses, and road users, as much as possible schedule trenching works during nighttime. - Consider low-traffic and non-sensitive areas (other than schools, religious places, and commercial/business) for daytime trenching works. - Increase workforce in areas to be excavated during daytime. - Limit work time in areas to 24 hours. - Prepare a traffic management plan and road safety plan.18 Barricades and warning - Use easily transportable barricades and warning signs such as those made of high signs reflector plastic materials. 19 - Also use aluminized rolled warning signs to warn the public. Reuse of excavated - Use quarry dust as backfill material as it is widely available. materials - If readily available, mix local sand with the backfill material to ensure pipe integrity. - Ensure backfill materials do not contain pointed broken stones, since these might affect the plastic pipe and cause breakage. Road crossings - Manual borings are recommended for road crossings in narrow streets to minimize traffic. - Apply local technology, knowledge, and minor equipment such as augers, galvanized iron pipes, and high-pressure water pumps to deliver the water to the tip of the auger. This method can easily make bores to be able to install 225-mm diameter pipes. - Use horizontal drilling machines after making sure that no other utilities are in the way of drilling equipment. Equipment - In areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground as verified from the results of the surveys, trial pits, and NWSDB GIS mapping, the contractor shall use small mechanical excavators to attain faster trenching progress. - For rock and concrete breaking, use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals.20 Workers - Employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how. It is always advantageous for the contractor to employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how in the line of work that they are doing. These people are usually reliable

18 Traffic management plan and road safety plan for roadside excavation for trenching along road edges should be prepared as suggested by the “Construction Manual” by the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Transport and Highways. 19 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority regulations published in the Sri Lanka Government Gazette (Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13 March 1987 under Section 237 along with Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for providing traffic control devices. 20 These products come in powder forms, and once mixed with water (being the catalyst) simply expand, and crack the rock from hole to hole. This product is environmentally friendly and can be washed away after it has been used.

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Parameter Mitigation Measures and can be counted upon to exercise good judgment in the field. Community and public - Establish extensive coordination with various government agencies. awareness - A m,assive information campaign must precede any construction activity in order to make the public aware of the extent of the problem that might be present during the period of construction. The road closure together with the proposed detour, needs to be communicated via advertising, pamphlets, radio broadcasts, road signage, etc. - Open liaison channels shall be established between NWSDB, the contractors, and interested and affected parties such that any queries, complaints, or suggestions can be dealt with quickly and by the appropriate persons. Legislation, permits, and - In all instances, NWSDB, service providers, contractors and consultants must remain agreements in compliance with relevant local and national legislation. - A copy of the IEE must be kept on-site and disclosed in NWSDB and ADB website Access to site - Access to site will be via existing roads. The contractor will need to ascertain the existing condition of the roads and repair damage due to construction. - The local Traffic Police Department shall be involved in the planning stages of the road closure and detour and shall be available on-site for the monitoring of traffic in the early stages of the operations during road closure. - The Local Traffic Department must be informed at least a week in advance if the traffic in the area will be affected. - No trees, shrubs, or groundcover may be removed or vegetation stripped without the prior permission of the environment management specialist. Setting up of construction - Choice of site for the contractor’s camp requires the environment management camp21 specialist’s permission and must take into account location of local residents, businesses, and existing land uses, including flood zones and slip/unstable zones. A site plan must be submitted to the environment management specialist for approval. - If the contractor chooses to locate the camp site on private land, he must get prior permission from the environment management specialist and the landowner. - Under no circumstances may open areas or the surrounding bushes be used as a toilet facility. - Recycling and the provision of separate waste receptacles for different types of waste shall be encouraged. Establishing equipment - Storage areas shall be secure so as to minimize the risk of crime. They shall also be lay-down and storage safe from access by children, animals, etc. area22 - The contractor shall submit a method statement and plans for the storage of hazardous materials (fuels, oils, and chemicals) and emergency procedures. Materials management – - The contractor shall prepare a source statement indicating the sources of all materials sourcing23 (including topsoil, sands, natural gravels, crushed stone, asphalt, clay liners, etc), and submit these to the environment management specialist for approval prior to commencement of any work. - Where materials are mined, proof must be provided of authorization to utilize these materials from GSMB. Education of site staff on - Ensure that all site personnel have a basic level of environmental awareness training. general and environmental - Staff operating equipment (such as excavators, loaders, etc.) shall be adequately conduct24 trained and sensitized to any potential hazards associated with their task. - No operator shall be permitted to operate critical items of mechanical equipment without having been trained by the xontractor. - All employees must undergo safety training. Construction phase Trench width excavation - During the preparation of the trenches, allowance of 150 mm shall be made on each side of the pipe. - For 160 mm, the minimum trench excavation width shall be 460 mm and 525 mm for the 225 mm diameter pipe.

21 Careful planning of the construction camp can ensure that time and costs associated with environmental management and rehabilitation are reduced. 22 Storage areas can be hazardous and unsightly and can cause environmental pollution if not designed and managed carefully. 23 Materials must be sourced in a legal and sustainable way to prevent offsite environmental degradation. 24 These points need to be made clear to all staff on site before the project begins.

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Parameter Mitigation Measures - For the interconnections, a wider trench or “bell holes” shall be required to be within the minimum allowable size without sacrificing the quality of work. - For rock and concrete breaking, use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. - The excavated earth shall always be dumped on the side opposite the carriageway as this will not restrict the vehicular movement on the carriageway and not create bottlenecks on the roadway. - In the event that excavated trenches are to be kept open overnight, lights, high visibility warning signs, and barricades shall be provided. 25 Hauling of excavated - The contractor shall haul away all excavated materials from the excavation site and materials deposit these in an area designated by NWSDB. - The stockpile shall be processed where it is deposited so that it can be brought back to the trenches as selected filling material. - Hauling vehicles must always be present at the excavation site. Pipe descaling and relining - The contractor shall ensure all water materials from the descaling and relining activities are collected in a tanker and deposited in an area designated by NWSDB. - The contractor shall provide water supply to all affected persons during disruptions. Closure of areas - Excavation, pipe laying, and installation of service connections, installation of valves and hydrants, interconnection with existing pipelines, hydro-testing, backfilling, and pavement restoration shall be completed within 24 hours. - The contractor must maintain all the materials necessary in his inventory so that these can be easily hauled to the construction site when needed. - Advance signage for affected parking areas must indicate duration and alternative parking arrangements. Reuse of excavated - The contractor can process the excavated materials at the disposal site and use these materials as selected backfill materials. - If excavated materials are not suitable for reuse, the contractor shall deposit these in an area designated by NWSDB. Equipment - The contractor shall use small mechanical excavators in areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground as verified from the results of the existing utilities survey and NWSDB GIS mapping. - The excavator shall be immediately followed by skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them. Access - The contractor shall make available in his stock steel plates and wooden planks which will be deployed on top of trench excavation to provide temporary access to building carport and garages, street crossings, and other areas where these will be necessary. - Advance road signage must indicate the road detour and alternative routes. Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. Occupational health and - Employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how. safety - These workers shall be led by an experienced supervisor or engineer, who will provide the leadership in daily activities. - A general regard for the social and ecological well-being of the site and adjacent areas is expected of the site staff. Workers need to be made aware of the following general rules: (i) no alcohol/drugs on site; (ii) prevent excessive noise; (iii) construction staff are to make use of the facilities provided for them, as opposed to ad hoc alternatives (e.g. fires for cooking, the use of surrounding bushes as a toilet facility); (iv) no fires permitted on site except if needed for the construction works; (v) trespassing on private/commercial properties adjoining the site is forbidden; (vi) other than pre- approved security staff, no workers shall be permitted to live on the construction site; and (vii) no worker may be forced to do work that is potentially dangerous or that he/she is not trained to do. - The contractor must monitor the performance of construction workers to ensure that the points relayed during their induction have been properly understood and are being

25 Layout of traffic control devices, number of traffic signs, traffic cones, barricade boards, and lighting requirement should follow the Manual on Traffic Control Devices Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority.

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Parameter Mitigation Measures followed. If necessary, the EE and/or a translator shall be called to the site to further explain aspects of environmental or social behavior that are unclear. - The rules that are explained in the worker conduct section must be followed at all times. Community health and - Contractor’s activities and movement of staff will be restricted to designated safety construction areas. - Should the construction staff be approached by members of the public or other stakeholders, staff shall assist them in locating the environment management specialist or contractor, or provide a number through which they may contact the environment management specialist or contractor. - The conduct of the construction staff when dealing with the public or other stakeholders shall be in a manner that is polite and courteous at all times. Failure to adhere to this requirement may result in the removal of staff from the site by the environment management specialist. - Disruption of access for local residents, commercial establishments, institutions, etc. must be minimized and must have the environment management specialist’s permissions. - Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles. - Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours, and factor this in work schedules. - The contractor is to inform neighbors in writing of disruptive activities at least 24 hours beforehand. This can take place by way of leaflets placed in the postboxes giving the environment management specialist’s and contractor’s details or other method approved by the environment management specialist. Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. - The contractor will ensure that there is provision of alternate access to business establishments during the construction, so that there is no closure of these shops or any loss of clientage. - The contractor will ensure that any damage to properties and utilities will be restored or compensated to pre-work conditions. - Lighting on the construction site shall be pointed downwards and away from oncoming traffic and nearby houses. - The site must be kept clean to minimize the visual impact of the site. - If screening is being used, this must be moved and re-erected as the work front progresses. - Machinery and vehicles are to be kept in good working order for the duration of the project to minimize noise nuisance to neighbors. - Notice of particularly noisy activities must be given to residents/businesses adjacent to the construction site. Examples of these include: noise generated by jackhammers, diesel generator sets, excavators, etc. - Noisy activities must be restricted to the times given in the project specification or general conditions of contract. - The environment management specialist and contractor are responsible for ongoing communication with those people who are interested in or affected by the project. - A complaints register (refer to the grievance redressal mechanism) shall be housed at the site office. This shall be in carbon copy format, with numbered pages. Any missing pages must be accounted for by the contractor. This register is to be tabled during monthly site meetings. - Interested and affected parties need to be made aware of the existence of the complaints book and the methods of communication available to them. - The contractor must address queries and complaints by: (i) documenting details of such communications; (ii) submitting these for inclusion in complaints register; (iii) bringing issues to the environment management specialist’s attention immediately; and (iv) taking remedial action as per environment management specialist’s instruction. - The contractor shall immediately take the necessary remedial action on any complaint/grievance received by him and forward the details of the grievance along with the action taken to the environment management specialist within 48 hours of receipt of such complaint/grievance. Community and public - Storage facilities and other temporary structures on-site shall be located such that

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Parameter Mitigation Measures awareness they have as little visual impact on local residents as possible. - Special attention shall be given to the screening of highly reflective materials on site. - In areas where the visual environment is particularly important (e.g. along commercial/ tourism routes) or privacy concerns for surrounding buildings exist, the site may require screening. This could be in the form of shade cloth, temporary walls, or other suitable materials prior to the beginning of construction. Construction camps and - The contractor is to ensure that open areas or the surrounding bushes are not being storage areas used as toilet facility. - The contractor shall ensure that all litter is collected from the work and camp areas daily. - Bins and/or skips shall be emptied regularly and waste shall be disposed of at the pre- approved site. Waybills for all such disposals are to be kept by the contractor for review by the environment management specialist. - The contractor shall ensure that his camp and working areas are kept clean and tidy at all times. - After construction work, all structures comprising the construction camp are to be removed from site or handed over to the property owner/community as per mutual agreement (if established on private/community land). - The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these shall be cleaned up. - All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area shall be ripped, all imported materials removed, and the area shall be topsoiled and regrassed using the guidelines set out in the revegetation specification that forms part of this document. - The contractor must arrange the cancellation of all temporary services. Dust and air pollution - Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits so as to avoid producing excessive dust. - Access and other cleared surfaces, including backfilled trenches, must be dampened whenever possible and especially in dry and windy conditions to avoid excessive dust. - Vehicles and machinery are to be kept in good working order and to meet manufacturer’s specifications for safety, fuel consumption, etc. - The contractor is to have the equipment seen to as soon as possible should excessive emissions be observed, Noise levels - Noise-generating equipment must be fitted with silencers. - Maximum permissible noise levels in silent zones26 must be less than or equal to 50 Leq T27 during day time and 45 Leq T during night time. - Maximum permissible noise levels for construction activities must be less than or equal to 75 Leq T during day time and 50 Leq T during nighttime. - For noise sensitive areas (silent zones) in which background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +3 dB(A) from the measured background level - For mixed residential or commercial areas in which the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +5 dB(A) from the measured background level during daytime and +3 dB(A) from the measured background level during nighttime. - If a worker is exposed to noise above a noise exposure limit, the contractor must investigate options for engineered noise control such as using low-noise excavators, jackhammers, drills, and power generators. - If it is not practicable to reduce noise levels to or below noise exposure limits, the contractor must post warning signs in the noise hazard areas. Workers in a posted noise hazard area must wear hearing protection. Utilities - Prepare a list of affected utilities and operators - Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.

26 National Environmental (Noise Control) regulations No. 1 1996 defines silent zone as area covered by a distance of 100 m from the boundary of a courthouse, hospital, public library, school, zoo, sacred areas, and areas set apart for recreation or environmental purposes. 27 Leq T means the equivalent continuous, A-weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T (in decibels).

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Parameter Mitigation Measures Water quality28 - Every effort shall be made to ensure that any chemicals or hazardous substances do not contaminate the soil or water on-site. - Care must be taken to ensure that runoff from vehicle or plant washing does not enter the surface/ground water. - Site staff shall not be permitted to use any stream, river, other open water body, or natural water source adjacent to or within the designated site for the purposes of bathing, washing of clothing, or for any construction or related activities. Municipal water (or another source approved by the environment management specialist) shall instead be used for all activities such as washing of equipment or disposal of any type of waste, dust suppression, concrete mixing, compacting etc. - All concrete mixing must take place on a designated, impermeable surface. - No vehicles transporting concrete to the site may be washed on-site. - No vehicles transporting, placing, or compacting asphalt or any other bituminous product may be washed on-site. - All substances required for vehicle maintenance and repair must be stored in sealed containers until they can be disposed of removed from the site. - Hazardous substance/ materials are to be transported in sealed containers or bags. Waste management - Wastes must be placed in the designated skips/bins which must be regularly emptied. These shall remain within demarcated areas and shall be designed to prevent wastes from being blown out by wind. - Littering on-site is forbidden and the site shall be cleared of litter at the end of each working day/night period. - Recycling is to be encouraged by providing separate receptacles for different types of wastes and making sure that staff is aware of their uses. - All waste must be removed from the site and transported to a disposal site or as directed by the environment management specialist. Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. - Construction rubble shall be disposed of in pre-agreed, demarcated spoil dumps that have been approved by the environment management specialist, or at disposal sites. Conservation of natural - As the work front progresses, the contractor is to check that vegetation clearing has environment the prior permission of the environment management specialist. - Only trees that have been marked beforehand are to be removed, if cutting of trees is required. Cultural and historical - All the staff and laborers of the contractor are to be informed about the possible items environment of historical or archaeological value, which include old stone foundations, tools, clayware, jewelry, remains, fossils etc. - If something of this nature is uncovered, Department of Archaeology shall be contacted and work shall be stopped immediately. Safeguards supervisors - The contractor shall appoint one environment safeguard supervisor and one resettlement supervisor who will be responsible for assisting the contractor in implementation of EMP, coordinating with the MASC, environment management specialist, and resettlement specialist, community liaison, consultations with interested/affected parties, reporting, and grievance redressal on a day-to-day basis. Operation and maintenance phase Detection and repair of - Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work as earlier explained. Trenches leaks and pipe bursts will be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be removed and replaced if necessary. - Although impact is likely to be minimal due to new and well-designed efficient system, it must be ensured that leak detection and restoration time are minimized to the extent possible. Periodic flushing for scour - Mitigation measures as pipe descaling during construction phase will apply. maintenance - Ensure all water materials from the descaling and relining activities are collected in a tanker and deposited in an area designated by NWSDB. - Provide water supply to all affected persons during disruptions.

28 Water quality is affected by the incorrect handling of substances and materials. Soil erosion and sediment are also detrimental to water quality. Mismanagement of polluted runoff from vehicle and plant washing and wind dispersal of dry materials into rivers and watercourses are detrimental to water quality.

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74. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and environmentally sound engineering and construction practices.

E. Cumulative Impact Assessment

75. The cumulative impact assessment (CIA) examined the interaction between the project’s residual effects (i.e., those effects that remain after mitigation measures have been applied) and those associated with other past, existing, and reasonably foreseeable future projects or activities. The interaction of residual effects associated with multiple projects and/or activities can result in cumulative impacts, both positive and negative. The project’s potential cumulative effects were considered with respect to valued components (VCs) in environmental and socioeconomic categories, in four areas:

(i) of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time; (ii) consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the project; (iii) potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if not directly related to the proposed project; and (iv) future developments that are reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to proceed.

76. The project has identified the VCs as water quality, noise, traffic management, socioeconomic and socio-community components, and human health. There are no foreseeable projects that will overlap with the project. The spatial boundary of the project is the area along the pipe alignment, existing right of ways, and building sites. The temporal boundary can be considered as the whole Colombo City.

77. Given the water supply requirement in Colombo will be met and the sources considered adequate, there are no significant cumulative impacts expected on the future water supply.

78. Air quality effects will occur during construction. Consequently, although emissions of common air contaminants and fugitive dust may be elevated in proximity to active work sites, this impact will be short-term and localized to the immediate vicinity of the alignment. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may increase as a result of project activities (i.e., vehicle and equipment operation, concrete production, disposal of excavated material, landfilling of residual wastes). Given the project’s relatively minor contribution to common air contaminants and GHG emissions during construction, the overall significance rating of both these potential residual effects is considered to be negligible.

79. Noise levels during construction in the immediate proximity of most work sites are expected to increase. The duration of this exposure will be relatively brief. This exposure represents a temporary, localized, adverse residual effect of low to moderate significance for affected receptors. While building damage due to ground vibrations is unlikely, there may be annoyance to spatially located receptors during construction. Noise levels associated with the project O&M will be largely imperceptible, as the buildings are located in relatively small sites within the city proper.

80. Land use/traffic management concerns will occur spatially during construction. Site- specific mitigation measures will be implemented to address temporary disruptions to land use and access, traffic delays and detours, parking modifications, and increased volumes of

29 construction-related traffic. The contractor shall prepare a traffic management scheme (road closure program or diversions) and incorporate detail of traffic diversions and pedestrian routes, all traffic signs (for the regulation and for information) and road markings shall be ensured prior to start of road cutting. Traffic movement along the alignment will be improved once construction is completed. Since the project will be the rehabilitation of existing pipelines and a building to be constructed adjacent to existing water supply facilities, it will not conflict with existing or planned land use. However, following improvement in infrastructures and services, added residential developments, commercial, and business facilities and increased densities are expected to develop and enhance the project area. This can be considered a long-term cumulative benefit of the project.

81. Given the scale of the project it is likely that large numbers of local people will obtain at least temporary socio-economic benefits, by gaining employment in the construction workforce, and thus raising their levels of income. These benefits can bring wider social gains if they are directed at vulnerable29 groups.

82. Upon completion of the project, the sociocommunity will benefit from improved water supply system by improving access to safe water supply, whose main outcome is a reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea and accordingly a proportionate reduction in the number of deaths. Beyond reducing the water-borne and water-washed diseases, providing better access to improved water confers many other diverse benefits ranging from the easily identifiable and quantifiable (costs avoided, time saved) to the more intangible and difficult to measure (convenience, well-being). One set of benefits related to health impacts that are relatively easy to quantify, are the cost-offsets (costs avoided due to less illness). Cost savings in health care are mainly due to the reduced number of treatments of diarrhoeal cases. Also, patients will avoid costs incurred by seeking treatment, including expenditures on care, drugs and transport and the opportunity costs of time spent on seeking care. Another set of benefits related to less illness are the avoided days lost, with respect to formal or informal employment, other productive activities in the household, or school attendance. Finally, one of the major benefits of improving access to water derives from the time saving associated with closer location of the facilities. Time savings occur due to, for example, the installation of piped water supply in house which translates into increased production, higher school attendance and more leisure time. These are considered a long-term cumulative benefit.

83. No adverse residual effects to human health will occur as a result of project construction or operation. While exposure to elevated noise levels and fugitive dust and common air pollutants will occur in proximity to project work sites during construction, due to their short-term, localized nature, these effects are expected to be minor and insignificant with no measurable effects on human health.

84. Therefore the project will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in Colombo City.

29 Vulnerable groups as those without legal title to land and other assets; households headed by single earner females, the elderly or disabled; indigenous peoples (based on ADB OM); and households with incomes that are below the poverty line.

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VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

A. Public Consultation Conducted

85. The public participation process included (i) identifying interested and affected parties (stakeholders); (ii) informing and providing the stakeholders with sufficient background and technical information regarding the proposed development; (iii) creating opportunities and mechanisms whereby they can participate and raise their viewpoints (issues, comments, and concerns) with regard to the proposed development; (iv) giving the stakeholders feedback on process findings and recommendations; and (v) ensuring compliance to process requirements with regards to the environmental and related legislation.

86. The following methodologies have been used for carrying out public consultation:

(i) Local communities, individuals, and owners and employees of commercial establishments who are directly or indirectly affected were given priority while conducting public consultation. (ii) Walk-through informal group consultations were held in the proposed project area. (iii) The local communities were informed through public consultation, with briefing on project interventions, including its benefits. (iv) The environmental concerns and suggestions made by the participants were listed, and discussed, and suggestions accordingly incorporated in the EMP.

87. Different techniques of consultation with stakeholders were used during project preparation (interviews, public meetings, group discussions, etc). A questionnaire was designed and environmental information was collected. Apart from this, a series of public consultation meetings were conducted during the project preparation. Various forms of public consultations (consultation through ad hoc discussions on-site) have been used to discuss the project and involve the community in planning the project design and mitigation measures.

88. Key respondents included project-affected persons, who only include owners of houses/residences and commercial shops/establishments who will suffer temporary access disruptions during project implementation due to the laying of pipelines, shopkeepers/businessmen from the project area, and daily commuters consulted randomly. In addition to a number of informal consultations conducted regularly in the project corridor, a total of 42 people, selected on a stratified basis to ensure diversified representation, were consulted in January 2013. Issues discussed and feedback received along with details of date, time, location, and list of participants are given in Appendix 3.

B. Future Consultation and Disclosure

89. The IEE and other relevant documents will be made available at public locations in the city and posted on the NWSDB and ADB websites. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during the project implementation through a nongovernment organization (NGO), to ensure stakeholders participate fully in project execution, as well as to implement a comprehensive information, education, and communication plan.

90. The public consultation and disclosure program with all interested and affected partied will remain a continuous process throughout the project implementation, and shall include the following:

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(i) Consultations during construction phase: (a) public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programs and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and (b) smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and to provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in project monitoring and evaluation. (ii) Project disclosure: (a) public information campaigns (via newspaper, TV, and radio) to explain the project to the wider city population and prepare them for disruptions they may experience once construction is underway; (b) public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in local language; (c) formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the study areas, and informing the public of their availability; and (d) providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.

91. For the benefit of the community, the summary of the IEE will be translated in the local language and made available at (i) NWSDB office, (ii) area offices, and (iii) contractor’s campsites. It will be ensured that the hard copies of IEE are kept at places which are conveniently accessible to citizens, as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. An electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of NWSDB and the ADB website after approval of the IEE by ADB.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

92. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established to receive, evaluate, and facilitate the resolution of AP’s concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance at the level of the project. The GRM will aim to provide a time-bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns linked to the project. Figure 1: Grievance Redress Process

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93. Common GRM. A common GRM will be in place for social, environmental, or any other grievances related to the investment program; the RP and IEE will follow the grievance redress mechanism described below, which is developed in consultation with key stakeholders. The GRM will provide an accessible and trusted platform for receiving and facilitating resolution of affected persons’ grievances related to the project. The multi-tier GRM for the project is outlined below, each tier having time-bound schedules and with responsible persons identified to address grievances and seek appropriate persons’ advice at each stage, as required. 94. The citywide public awareness campaign will ensure that awareness on grievance redress procedures is generated, using electronic, radio, and print media. The implementing NGO will ensure that poor and vulnerable households are made aware of grievance redress procedures and entitlements, and will help ensure that their grievances are addressed.

95. APs will have the flexibility of conveying grievances/suggestions by dropping grievance redress/suggestion forms in complaints/suggestion boxes, or through telephone hotlines at accessible locations, by e-mail, by post, or by writing in a complaints register in the NWSDB Area Engineer’s Office (Appendix 4 has the sample grievance registration form). Careful documentation of the name of the complainant, date of receipt of the complaint, address/ contact details of the person, location of the problem area, and how the problem was resolved, will be undertaken. The PMU social development/safeguards officer will be responsible for timely grievance redressal on environmental and social safeguards issues, registration of grievances, related disclosure, and communication with the aggrieved party.

96. Grievance redress process. In case of grievances that are immediate and urgent in the perception of the complainant, the contractor and supervision personnel from the PMU/MASC on-site will provide the most easily accessible contact for quick resolution of grievances. Contact phone numbers and names of the PMU social development and safeguards officer, MASC safeguards specialists30, and contractor site engineer will be posted at all constructions sites in visible locations. In tenement gardens, the point of contact will be the contractor/supervision personnel or the project NGO personnel that will be involved in community mobilization and awareness generation among such communities. The contractors and supervision personnel of PMU/MASC and/or the project NGO can immediately resolve issues on-site in consultation with each other, and will be required to do so within 7 days of receipt of a complaint/grievance. If required, the advice of the area engineer and/or the concerned Grama Niladhari (GN) officer as well as the advice or assistance of PMU social development and safeguards officer and MASC safeguards specialists will be sought, for resolution of the issue by any one or all of them jointly.

97. All grievances that cannot be redressed within 7 days at field level will be jointly reviewed by the PMU social development/safeguards officer and MASC safeguards specialists, who will attempt to resolve them within 15 days, enlisting the assistance of the local representative of CEA and other concerned stakeholders, as required.

98. The project director will refer major issues to the grievance redressal committee (GRC)31, which will resolve them within 30 days, and very major issues that are beyond the jurisdictional authority of the GRC, or those that have the potential to cause social conflicts or

30 MASC environment management specialist and resettlement specialist 31 The grievance redress committee (GRC) will have the following as members: divisional secretary as chairperson, CWSSIP project director, PMU social development/safeguards officer as the convener, project public relations officer, director of the project NGO, concerned NWSDB deputy general manager (DGM) for the Western Central Region, assistant general manager (AGM) in charge of NRW, the area engineer, NWSDB, representatives of APs, community-based organizations (CBOs), and eminent citizens. The GRC must have at least two women members.

33 environmental damage, will be referred directly to the program steering committee (PSC)32. Grievances which the GRC is unable to resolve within 30 days will also be referred to the PSC. All paperwork (details of grievances) needs to be completed by the PMU social development and safeguards officer, facilitated by the project public relations officer, and circulated to the respective GRC and PSC members at least a week in advance of the scheduled meetings. All decisions taken by the GRC and PRC will be communicated to the APs by the project public relations officer.

99. Despite the project GRM, an aggrieved person shall have access to the country's legal system at any stage, and accessing the country's legal system can run parallel to accessing the GRM and is not dependent on the negative outcome of the GRM.

100. Composition of GRC and PSC. The grievance redress committee (GRC) will have the project director, safeguards officer of the PMU (convener), the PRO (PMU), the divisional secretary (chairperson), the director of the implementing NGO in tenement gardens, the concerned deputy general manager (DGM) NWSDB for the Western Central region, assistant general manager (AGM) in charge of NRW, the area engineer, NWSDB, representatives of affected persons, community-based organizations (CBOs), and eminent citizens as members. The GRC must have at least two women members.

101. The local representative of CEA and representatives of Road Development Authority (RDA), Provincial Road Development Authority (PRDA), CMC, and concerned GN Officers may be invited to GRC meetings as and when required. Presence of at least five members, including one AP/civil society representative, is necessary for resolutions to be passed.

102. Recordkeeping. Records will be kept by the PMU of all grievances received, including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome.

103. The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the offices of the PMU, NWSDB’s NRW office, and the area engineer’s office and website, as well as reported in monitoring reports submitted to ADB on a semiannual basis.

104. Periodic review and documentation of lessons learned. The safeguards officer will periodically review the functioning of the GRM and record information on the effectiveness of the mechanism, especially on the project’s ability to prevent and address grievances. Lessons learned will be shared with the CEA and Ministry of Land Development as required under the National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP), 2001.

105. Costs. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication, and information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU; cost estimates for grievance redress are included in resettlement cost estimates.

32 The program steering committee responsible for grievance redress will have the following as members: Ministry of Finance and Planning (MOFP), with the Secretary to Treasury (ST) as the chairperson, the Secretary of the MWSD, the Secretary of MLGPC and senior officials from Department of External Resources (DER) and Department of National Planning (DNP), Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, NWSDB, and CMC as members. Representatives of concerned government ministries such as Ministry of Land and Land Development, Health etc. may be invited to participate as and when required.

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VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

106. The purpose of the environmental management plan (EMP) is to ensure that the activities are undertaken in a responsible, non-detrimental manner with the objectives of: (i) providing a proactive, feasible, and practical working tool to enable the measurement and monitoring of environmental performance on-site; (ii) guiding and controlling the implementation of findings and recommendations of the environmental assessment conducted for the project; (iii) detailing specific actions deemed necessary to assist in mitigating the environmental impact of the project; and (iv) ensuring that safety recommendations are complied with.

107. A copy of the EMP must be kept on work sites at all times. The EMP will be made binding on all contractors operating on the site and will be included in the contractual clauses. Non-compliance with, or any deviation from, the conditions set out in this document constitutes a failure in compliance.

A. Institutional Arrangement

108. Executing and implementing agencies. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and Ministry of Logal Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are NWSDB and CMC. PMUs will be established in each implementing agency.

109. The executing agencies will provide all the necessary logistic support (vehicle, computers, support staff, etc.) to the PMUs for carrying out the related activities for environmental and social safeguard implementation and monitoring. The implementing agencies will ensure that bidding and contract documents include specific provisions requiring contractors to comply with all applicable labor laws and core labor standards on (i) prohibition of child labor as defined in national legislation for construction and maintenance activities; (ii) equal pay for equal work of equal value regardless of gender, ethnicity, or caste; (iii) elimination of forced labor; and (iv) the requirement to disseminate information on sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS to employees and local communities surrounding the project sites.

110. The program steering committee (PSC). At the central level, a program steering committee (PSC) will be established at the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MOFP), with the Secretary to Treasury (ST) as the chairperson, the Secretary of MWSD, the Secretary of MLGPC and senior officials from the Department of External Resources (DER) and Department of National Planning (DNP), the Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, the NWSDB, and CMC, as members. The PSC will be the apex decision-making body for the investment program. The PSC will meet quarterly, review progress, provide policy guidance, resolve inter- agency issues that impede program progress, and advice on necessary action, particularly with respect to scope, cost, and reform agenda of the investment program, and facilitate inter- agency coordination. The PSC will be responsible for: (i) providing sanctions and approvals under the investment program; (ii) making all important decisions on the investment program implementation; and (iii) ensuring timely investment program implementation.

111. For water supply investments, MWSD will be the executing agency and NWSDB will be the implementing agency. The PMU in the RSC WC has been established and headed by a full- time project director. The PMU will be responsible for: (i) preparation and implementation of the investment program; (ii) management of loan consultants; (iii) disbursement of funds and recovery of loan repayments; and (iv) conducting overall investment program monitoring and

35 evaluation, including preparation of necessary investment program reports, with the help of loan consultants.

112. The PMU will also be responsible for implementing and monitoring safeguards compliance activities, public relations activities, gender mainstreaming activities, and community participation activities. The PMU will have a social development and safeguards officer who will be responsible for safeguards functions. The responsibilities of the PMU social development and safeguards officer are to: (i) ensure that the EARF provisions are observed, such as ensuring that works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection; (ii) review and approve project IEEs and EMPs; (iii) confirm existing IEE and EMP are updated based on detailed designs; (iv) confirm whether the EMP are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (v) provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the project and ensure EMP is implemented by contractors; (vi) establish a system to monitor environmental safeguards of the project, including monitoring the indicators set out in the monitoring plan of the EMP; (vii) facilitate and confirm overall compliance with all government rules and regulations regarding site and environmental clearances, as well as any other environmental requirements, as relevant; (viii) review, monitor, and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMP is implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; (ix) consolidate monthly environmental monitoring reports from MASC and submit semiannual monitoring reports to ADB; (x) ensure timely disclosure of final IEE/EMP in locations and form accessible to the public; and (xi) address any grievances brought about through the GRM in a timely manner. The monitoring report will focus on the progress of implementation of the IEE and RP, issues encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as status of compliance with relevant loan covenants.

113. MASC. The MASC will be engaged to work closely with and advise the PMU, to build capacity on NRW reduction, and to be involved in project supervision including construction. The MASC will have an environment management specialist and a resettlement specialist. For environmental related work, the MASC environment management specialist will (i) ensure design and location of works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection; (ii) prepare project IEEs and EMPs; (iii) conduct environmental compliance audit of existing facilities as per Item F, Appendix 4 of ADB SPS, 2009; (iv) update the IEE/EMP during detailed design stage; (v) include EMP in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (vi) ensure all requisite government approvals are in place to allow implementation, and that these are renewed in a timely fashion where required; (vii) oversee implementation of EMP during construction, including environmental monitoring of contractors; (viii) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts; (ix) review monthly reports by contractors and submit monthly environmental monitoring reports to the PMU; and (x) address any grievances brought about through the GRM in a timely manner as per IEEs. The outline TOR for the MASC environment management specialist is attached as Appendix 5.

114. Contractor. The contractor will have an environment supervisor to (i) coordinate with MASC on updating the IEE/EMP based on detailed designs, and (ii) and ensure implementation of EMP during civil works..

115. NGO. The project NGO, which will be responsible for formation of water user groups in tenement gardens, will also help the PMU/MASC ensure poor and vulnerable APs in tenement gardens are identified, and receive benefits of the project and any entitlements. The NGO will collect and analyze data as required to help the MASC/PMU monitor impacts on the poor and vulnerable. The NGO will (i) put forth grievances of APs/vulnerable groups in tenement gardens to the PMU/MASC and GRC; (ii) generate awareness among APs and vulnerable groups about

36 opportunities for employment in project-related activities, rights, entitlements, and grievance redress process, and help them make informed choices; (iii) assist the PMU in providing assistance to APs in tenement gardens, if required/applicable; (iv) participate in public meetings and consultations as and when required; (v) document lessons learned each year; (vi) identify follow-up actions to ensure sustainability of water user groups formed; (vii) follow up on WASH program33; (viii) follow up on key messages of awareness campaign among tenement garden communities; and (ix) analyze and report on gender impacts of project interventions. The success of NGO inputs will largely depend on their liaison with APs and other concerned government agencies.

116. Organizational procedures/institutional roles and responsibilities for thesafeguards implementation are described in Table 10 and Figure 2.

Table 10: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for Safeguards Implementation Activities Agency Responsible Disclosure of proposed project and anticipated social and environmental ADB impacts on website NWSDB Disclosure of proposed project, social/environmental impacts, proposed NWSDB entitlements/mitigation measures in local languages Disclosure of grievance redress mechanism/process NWSDB PMU MASC Nongovernment organization Finalization of sites and alignments NWSDB PMU MASC Identification of roads for closure, existing utilities, road conditions NWSDB PMU MASC Updating of safeguard documents (IEE and RP) based on detailed design MASC Review of updated RP/IEE and send to ADB for approval prior to contract NWSDB PMU award Clearance and disclosure of updated safeguard documents ADB NWSDB Conducting transect walks through road stretches to identify extent of impacts MASC Contractor NGO (in case of road in tenement garden) Conducting meetings at community/household level with affected persons MASC (APs) Contractor NGO (in case of road in tenement garden) Design/implementation of detailed measurement survey (DMS)34 on roads MASC identified for full/partial closure; identification of poor and vulnerable APs Nongovernment organization Computation of entitlements NWSDB PMU Categorization of APs for finalizing entitlements MASC NGO Conducting focus group discussions/meetings/consultations/workshops during MASC DMS survey and updating safeguards documents Finalizing entitlements and rehabilitation packages for all APs NWSDB PMU MASC Disclosure of final entitlements and rehabilitation packages NWSDB PMU MASC NGO Delivery of entitlements/award of checks NWSDB PMU NGO

33 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program. 34 Detailed measurement survey to be carried out during detailed design, to record and quantify resettlement impacts and entitled persons.

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Activities Agency Responsible Implementation of mitigation and rehabilitation measures NWSDB PMU MASC Contractor Consultations with APs during rehabilitation activities MASC Contractor NGO Grievance redressal NWSDB PMU Grievance redressal committee MASC NGO Contractor Internal monitoring NWSDB PMU MASC

Figure 2: Safeguards Implementation Arrangement (Project 1 and 2 Investments)

B. Capacity Building

117. A training program has been developed to build the capability of PMU. This will be conducted by the MASC.

118. PMU and the MASC will organize an induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on: (i) EMP implementation, including environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures; and (ii) taking immediate actions to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation. The contractor will be required to conduct environmental awareness and orientation of workers prior to deployment to work sites. The suggested outline of the training program is presented in Table 11.

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Table 11: Indicative Capacity Building and Training Program (Project 1 and 2 Investments) Description Contents Schedule Participants Program 1 Module 1 – Orientation 1 day MWSD and NWSDB Orientation workshop ADB Safeguards Policy Statement officials involved in the Sri Lankan Environmental Laws project implementation and Regulations PMU Module 2 – Environmental Assessment Process ADB Sri Lanka ADB environmental process, Resident Mission identification of impacts and safeguards specialists mitigation measures, formulation of may be invited as an environmental management resource speakers. plan (EMP), implementation, and monitoring requirements Review of environmental assessment report to comply with ADB requirements Incorporation of EMP into the project design and contracts Program 2 Environmental issues during 1 day PMU Orientation program/ construction contractors workshop for contractors and Implementation of EMP supervisory staff Monitoring of EMP implementation Reporting requirements Program 3 Experiences on EMP 1 day on a regular PMU Experiences and best implementation – issues and period to be MASC practices sharing challenges determined by PMU Contractors Best practices followed and MASC Nongovernment organization

C. Environmental Management Action Plan

119. The EMP will guide the environmentally sound construction of the project and ensure efficient lines of communication between the PMU, MASC, and contractors. The EMP identifies activities according to the following three phases: (i) site establishment and preliminary activities, including finalizing IEE/EMP; (ii) construction stage; and (iii) post- construction/operational stage. Table 12 outlines the mitigation measures and persons responsible for implementation and monitoring. The EMP will be updated by MASC during the detailed design stage. Note that the final IEE/EMP should be reviewed and cleared by NSWDB and ADB at time of detailed design and prior to commencement of construction work.

120. Environmental monitoring program. Prior to commencement of any civil work, the contractor will submit a compliance report35 to the MASC ensuring that all identified pre- construction environmental impact mitigation measures as detailed in the EMP will be

35 This compliance report will include information on (i) barricades and warning signs; (ii) area for setting up of construction camps; (iii) methodology for surveys; (iv) area for establishing lay-down and storage; (v) sources of materials; (vi) records of environmental awareness, safety training, and orientation of workers prior to deployment to work sites; (vii) contact information of the environmental and resettlement supervisors; and (viii) construction method statement.

39 undertaken. The MASC will review the report, and thereafter PMU will allow commencement of civil works. PMU and the MASC will be responsible for monitoring.

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Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Planning phase Work - Ensure careful planning and scheduling of the MASC PMU safeguards Plan and Prior to start of Detailed Design schedule activities. environment officer to schedule for civil works documents and closure - To minimize impact on traffic flow, businesses, management approve road closures of areas and road users, as much as possible schedule specialist to schedule and trenching works during nighttime. coordinate with areas - Consider low-traffic and non-sensitive areas contractor (other than schools, religious places, and commercial/business) for daytime trenching works. - Increase workforce in areas to be excavated during daytime. - Limit time in areas to be worked on to 24 hours. - Prepare a traffic management plan and road safety plan.36 Barricades - Use easily transportable barricades and Contractor to MASC Lists and Prior to start of Detailed design and warning warning signs, such as those made of high submit environment samples of civil works documents signs reflector plastic materials.37 information to management warning signs - Also use aluminized rolled warning signs to MASC as part of specialist and barricades warn the public. compliance report and construction method statement Reuse of - Use quarry dust as backfill material as it is Contractor to MASC Lists of sources Prior to start of Standards excavated widely available. submit sources environment civil works prescribed by materials - If readily available, mix local sand with the of materials to management the Geological backfill material to ensure pipe integrity. MASC specialist to Survey and - Ensure backfill materials do not contain pointed check permit Mines Bureau broken stones since these might affect the from Geological plastic pipe and cause breakage. Survey and Mines Bureau

36 Traffic management plan and road safety plan for roadside excavation for trenching along road edges should be prepared as suggested in the construction manual” of the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Transport and Highways. 37 Manual on Traffic Control Devices, Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority, regulations published in the Sri Lanka Government Gazette (Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13 March 1987 under Section 237 along with Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for providing traffic control devices.

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Pipe - The contractor shall ensure all water materials Contractor to MASC Construction Prior to start of Detailed design descaling from the descaling and relining activities are submit environment method civil works documents and relining collected in a tanker and deposited in an area information to management statement designated by NWSDB. MASC as part of specialist - The contractor shall provide water supply to all compliance affected persons during disruptions. report and construction method statement Road - Manual borings are recommended for road Contractor to MASC Construction Prior to start of Detailed design crossings crossings in narrow streets to minimize traffic. submit environment method civil works documents - Apply local technology, knowledge, and minor information to management statement equipment such as augers, galvanized iron MASC specialist pipes, and high-pressure water pumps to deliver the water to the tip of the auger. This method can easily make bores to be able to install 225- mm diameter pipe. - Use horizontal drilling machines after making sure that no other utilities are in the way of drilling equipment. Workers - Employ workers with adequate experience, Contractor Contractor’s Workers list (for Prior to start of Detailed design training, and know-how. It is always environmental internal civil works documents advantageous for the contractor to employ supervisor monitoring) workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how in the line of work that they are doing. These people are usually reliable and can be counted upon to exercise good judgment in the field. Community - Careful planning and extensive coordination Contractor in PMU safeguards Communication Prior to start of No complaints and public with various government agencies must be coordination officer and and participation civil works received awareness established. with the MASC strategy - Massive information campaign must precede nongovernment environment any construction activity in order to make the organization (in management public aware of the extent of the problem that tenement specialist and might be present during the period of gardens) and resettlement construction. The road closure, together with the media contractor specialist proposed detour, needs to be communicated via advertising, pamphlets, radio broadcasts, road signage, etc. - Open liaison channels shall be established between NWSDB, the contractors, and interested and affected parties such that any queries, complaints, or suggestions can be dealt with quickly and by the appropriate persons.

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Legislation, - In all instances, NWSDB, service providers, Contractor PMU safeguards All applicable Prior to award of Permit for permits, and contractors, and consultants must remain in officer and permits and contract and as excavation, agreements compliance with relevant local and national MASC approvals necessary permit from legislation. environment Coast - A copy of the IEE must be kept on-site and management Conservation disclosed in NWSDB and ADB website specialist Department, permit from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, excavation permit from the Minister of Cultural and Religions Affairs, written consent from the Central Environment Authority, tree- cutting permits, permit for use of non- explosive/chemi cal rock breakers, etc. (Excavation permit to be obtained from (i) Department of Archaeology for excavation works of more than 500 m in length; (ii) police office; (iii) Road Development Authority (RDA) for excavation of roads belonging to RDA; and (iv) CMC for excavation of roads belonging to CMC)

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Access to - Access to site will be via existing roads. The Contractor MASC Traffic Prior to start of No complaints site contractor will need to ascertain the existing environment management civil works received condition of the roads and repair damage due to management plan construction. specialist and Minimal traffic - The Local Traffic Police Department shall be resettlement disturbance involved in the planning stages of the road specialist closure and detour, and shall be available on- site for the monitoring of traffic in the early stages of the operations during road closure. - The Local Traffic Department must be informed at least a week in advance if the traffic in the area will be affected. Setting up of - Choice of site for the contractor’s camp Contractor MASC Location plan Prior to start of Approved construction requires the environment management environment civil works location plan camp38 specialist’s permission and must take into management account location of local residents, businesses specialist Construction and existing land uses, including flood zones method and slip/unstable zones. A site plan must be submitted to the environment management No complaints specialist for approval. received - If the contractor chooses to locate the campsite on private land, he must get prior permission from both the environment management specialist and the landowner. - Under no circumstances may open areas or the surrounding bushes be used as a toilet facility. - Recycling and the provision of separate waste receptacles for different types of waste shall be encouraged. - No trees, shrubs, or groundcover may be removed or vegetation stripped without the prior permission of the engineer. Establishing - Storage areas shall be secured so as to Contractor MASC Location plan Approved equipment minimize the risk of crime. They shall also be environment location plan lay-down safe from access by children, animals, etc. management and storage - Submit a method statement and plans for the specialist Construction area39 storage of hazardous materials (fuels, oils, and method chemicals) and emergency procedures. No complaints

38 Careful planning of the construction camp can ensure that time and costs associated with environmental management and rehabilitation are reduced. 39 Storage areas can be hazardous and unsightly and can cause environmental pollution if not designed and managed carefully.

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received Materials - Prepare a source statement indicating the Contractor to MASC Lists of sources Prior to start of Standards manage- sources of all materials (including topsoil, sands, submit sources environment civil works prescribed by ment – natural gravels, crushed stone, asphalt, clay of materials to management the Geological sourcing40 liners, etc.), and submit these to the environment MASC specialist and Survey and management specialist for approval prior to resettlement Mines Bureau commencement of any work. specialist to - Where materials are mined, proof must be check permit provided of authorization to utilize these from Geological materials from GSMB. Survey and Mines Bureau Education of - Ensure that all site personnel have a basic Contractor PMU safeguards Records of Prior to start of Environmental site staff on level of environmental awareness training. officer and training civil works and management general and - Staff operating equipment (such as excavators, MASC every new plan (capacity environment loaders, etc.) shall be adequately trained and environment employee building) -tal sensitized to any potential hazards associated management conduct41 with their task. specialist - No operator shall be permitted to operate critical items of mechanical equipment without having been trained by the contractor. - All employees must undergo safety training. Construction phase Trench width - During the preparation of the trenches, Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavation allowance of 150 mm shall be made on each environment method progresses method side of the pipe. management statement - For 160 mm, the minimum trench excavation specialist Detailed design width shall be 460 mm, and 525 mm for the 225- documents mm diameter pipe. - For the interconnections, a wider trench or “bell holes” shall be required to be within the minimum allowable size without sacrificing the quality of work. - For rock and concrete breaking, use non- explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. - The excavated earth shall always be dumped on the side opposite the carriageway as this will not restrict the vehicular movement on the

40 Materials must be sourced in a legal and sustainable way to prevent offsite environmental degradation. 41 These points need to be made clear to all staff on-site before the project begins.

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carriageway and not create bottlenecks on the roadway. - In the event excavated trenches are to be kept open overnight, lights, high visibility warning signs, and barricades shall be provided.42 Hauling of - The contractor shall haul away all excavated Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavated materials from the excavation site and deposited environment method progresses method materials in an area designated by NWSDB. management statement - The stockpile shall be processed where it is specialist Detailed design deposited so that it can be brought back to the documents trenches as selected filling material. - Hauling vehicles must always be present at the excavation site. Closure of - Excavation, pipe-laying, installation of service Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction areas connections, installation of valves and hydrants, environment method progresses method interconnection with existing pipelines, hydro- management statement and testing, backfilling, and pavement restoration specialist inventory Detailed design shall be completed within 24 hours. documents - The contractor must maintain all the materials necessary in his inventory so that these can be Zero complaints easily hauled to the construction site when from community needed. Reuse of - The contractor can process the excavated Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavated materials at the disposal site and use these as environment method progresses method materials selected backfill materials. management statement specialist Detailed design documents Equipment - The contractor shall use small mechanical Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavators in areas where there are few utilities environment method progresses method buried under the ground as verified from the management statement results of the GIS mapping.43 specialist Detailed design - The excavator shall be immediately followed by documents skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them.

Access - The contractor shall make available in his stock Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction

42 Layout of traffic control devices, number of traffic signs, traffic cones, barricade boards, and lighting requirement should follow the Manual on Traffic Control Devices, Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority. 43 Included as Output 4 of the project.

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steel plates and wooden planks which will be environment method progresses method deployed on top of trench excavation to provide management statement and temporary access to building carport and specialist and inventory Detailed design garages, street crossings, and other areas resettlement number of documents where these will be necessary. specialist warning signs - Advance road signage indicating the road and baricades Zero complaints detour and alternative routes. Provide sign from community boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. - Expedite works in front of businesses with increased manpower to limit time of disruption. Occupatio- - Employ workers with adequate experience, Contractor MASC Occupational As work Construction nal health training, and know-how. environment health and progresses method and safety - These workers shall be led by an experienced management safety plan supervisor or engineer, who will provide the specialist Detailed design leadership in daily activities. Number of documents - A general regard for the social and ecological accidents and wellbeing of the site and adjacent areas is work-related Zero accident expected of the site staff. Workers need to be injuries and work-related made aware of the following general rules: (i) no injuries alcohol/drugs on-site; (ii) prevent excessive Complaints from noise; (iii) construction staff are to make use of community Zero complaints the facilities provided for them, as opposed to ad from community hoc alternatives (e.g. fires for cooking, the use of and workers surrounding bushes as a toilet facility); (iv) no fires permitted on-site except if needed for the construction works; (v) trespassing on private/commercial properties adjoining the site is forbidden; (vi) other than pre-approved security staff, no workers shall be permitted to live on the construction site; and (vii) no worker may be forced to do work that is potentially dangerous or that he/she is not trained to do. - The contractor must monitor the performance of construction workers to ensure that the points relayed during their induction have been properly understood and are being followed. If necessary, the EE and/or a translator shall be called to the site to further explain aspects of environmental or social behavior that are unclear. - The rules that are explained in the worker conduct section must be followed at all times. Community - Storage facilities and other temporary Contractor in MASC Complaints from As work Zero complaints and public structures on-site shall be located, such that they coordination environment community progresses from community

47 awareness have as little visual impact on local residents as with the NGO (in management and workers possible. tenement specialist and Activities based - Special attention shall be given to the garden) and resettlement on the screening of highly reflective materials on-site. media contractor specialist communication - In areas where the visual environment is and participation particularly important (e.g. along commercial/ strategy tourism routes) or privacy concerns for surrounding buildings exist, the site may require screening. This could be in the form of shade cloth, temporary walls, or other suitable materials prior to the beginning of construction. Construction - The contractor is to ensure that open areas or Contractor MASC Approved Monthly Approved camps and the surrounding bushes are not being used as environment location plan location plan storage toilet facility. management areas - The contractor shall ensure that all litter is specialist Complaints from Zero complaints collected from the work and camp areas daily. community from community - Bins and/or skips shall be emptied regularly and workers and waste shall be disposed of at the pre- approved site. Waybills for all such disposals are to be kept by the contractor for review by the environment management specialist. - The contractor shall ensure the material safety data sheets of chemicals are posted in conspicuous areas. - The contractor shall ensure that his camp and working areas are kept clean and tidy at all times. Dust and air - Vehicles travelling to and from the construction Contractor MASC Vehicle As work No visible pollution site must adhere to speed limits so as to avoid environment emission testing progresses increase in dust producing excessive dust. management records and particulate - Access and other cleared surfaces, including specialist matters backfilled trenches, must be dampened Complaints from whenever possible and especially in dry and community Zero complaints windy conditions to avoid excessive dust. from community - Vehicles and machinery are to be kept in good working order and to meet manufacturer’s specifications for safety, fuel consumption, etc. - The contractor is to have the equipment seen to as soon as possible should excessive emissions be observed.

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Water - Every effort shall be made to ensure that any Contractor MASC Complaints from As work No visible quality44 chemicals or hazardous substances do not environment community progresses increase in contaminate the soil or water on site. management water pollution - Care must be taken to ensure that runoff from specialist Waste disposal due to the vehicle or plant washing does not enter the manifest/record project surface/ground water. - Site staff shall not be permitted to use any Zero complaints stream, river, other open water body, or natural from community water source adjacent to or within the designated site for the purposes of bathing, washing of clothing, or for any construction or related activities. Municipal water (or another source approved by the environment management specialist) shall instead be used for all activities such as washing of equipment or disposal of any type of waste, dust suppression, concrete mixing, compacting etc. - All concrete mixing must take place on a designated, impermeable surface. - No vehicles transporting concrete to the site may be washed on-site. - No vehicles transporting, placing, or compacting asphalt or any other bituminous product may be washed on site. - All substances required for vehicle maintenance and repair must be stored in sealed containers until they can be disposed of/ removed from the site. - Hazardous substances/materials are to be transported in sealed containers or bags. Noise levels - Noise-generating equipment must be fitted with Contractor MASC Complaints form As work National silencers. As much as possible, use noise environment community progresses Environmental buffering equipment. management (Noise Control) - Maximum permissible noise levels in silent specialist Noise level Regulations No. zones45 must be less than or equal to 50 Leq T46 monitoring 1, 1996 during daytime and 45 Leq T during nighttime. record - Maximum permissible noise levels for

44 Water quality is affected by the incorrect handling of substances and materials. Soil erosion and sediment are also detrimental to water quality. Mismanagement of polluted runoff from vehicle and plant washing and wind dispersal of dry materials into rivers and watercourses are detrimental to water quality. 45 National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations No. 1, 1996 defines a silent zone as area covered by a distance of 100 m from the boundary of a courthouse, hospital, public library, school, zoo, sacred area, and areas set apart for recreation or environmental purposes. 46 Leq T means the equivalent continuous, A-weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T (in decibels).

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construction activities must be less than or equal to 75 Leq T during daytime and 50 Leq T during nighttime. - For noise sensitive areas (silent zones) in which background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +3 dB(A) from the measured background level. - For mixed residential or commercial areas in which the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +5 dB(A) from the measured background level during daytime and +3 dB(A) from the measured background level during nighttime. - If a worker is exposed to noise above a noise exposure limit, the contractor must investigate options for engineered noise control such as using low-noise excavators, jackhammers, drills, and power generators. - If it is not practicable to reduce noise levels to or below noise exposure limits, the contractor must post warning signs in the noise hazard areas. Workers in a posted noise hazard area must wear hearing protection. - Use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. Utilities - Obtain the list of affected utilities and operators Contractor MASC Number of As work No disrupted from MASC and confirm during existing utilities environment affected utilities progresses service survey, management - Prepare a contingency plan to include actions specialist Length of time to Before 5 a.m. or to be done in case of unintentional interruption of restore completion of services. disrupted works - Water supply must be provided to affected services people if disruption will be more than 24 hours. Waste - Wastes must be placed in the designated Contractor MASC Complaints from As work No dumped manage- skips/bins which must be regularly emptied. environment community progresses wastes and litter ment These shall remain within demarcated areas and management at work sites at shall be designed to prevent wastes from being specialist Waste disposal all times blown out by wind. manifest/record - Littering on-site is forbidden, and the site shall Zero complaints be cleared of litter at the end of each working from community day/night period. - Recycling is to be encouraged by providing

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separate receptacles for different types of wastes, and making sure that staff is aware of their uses. - All waste must be removed from the site and transported to a disposal site or as directed by the environment management specialist. Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. - Construction rubble shall be disposed of in pre- agreed, demarcated spoil dumps that have been approved by the environment management specialist, or at disposal sites. Conserva- - As the work front progresses, the contractor is Contractor MASC Permit for tree- As required Only allowed tion of to check that vegetation clearing has the prior environment cutting trees to be natural permission of the environment management management cleared environment specialist. specialist - Only trees that have been marked beforehand are to be removed, if cutting of trees is required. Community - Contractor’s activities and movement of staff to Contractor MASC Complaints from As work Zero compliant health and be restricted to designated construction areas environment community progresses from community safety - Should the construction staff be approached by management members of the public or other stakeholders, the specialist Notification to staff shall assist them in locating the affected persons environment management specialist or 1 week and 24 contractor, or provide a number by which they hours prior to may contact the environment management start of specialist or contractor. excavation - The conduct of the construction staff when dealing with the public or other stakeholders shall be in a manner that is polite and courteous at all times. Failure to adhere to this requirement may result in the removal of staff from the site by the environment management specialist. - Disruption of access for local residents, commercial establishments, institutions, etc. must be minimized and must have the environment management specialist’s permission. - Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles. - Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours, and factor this in work schedules.

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- The contractor is to inform neighbors in writing of disruptive activities at least 24 hours beforehand. This can take place by way of leaflets placed in the postboxes giving the environment management specialist’s and contractor’s details or other method approved by the environment management specialist. Provide signboards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. - The contractor will ensure that there is provision of alternate access to business establishments during the construction so that there is no closure of these shops or any loss of clientele. - The contractor will ensure that any damage to properties and utilities will be restored or compensated to pre-work conditions. - Lighting on the construction site shall be pointed downwards and away from oncoming traffic and nearby houses. - The site must be kept clean to minimize the visual impact of the site. - If screening is being used, this must be moved and re-erected as the work front progresses. - Machinery and vehicles are to be kept in good working order for the duration of the project to minimize noise nuisance to neighbors. - Notice of particularly noisy activities must be given to residents/businesses adjacent to the construction site. Examples of these include noise generated by jackhammers, diesel generator sets, excavators, etc. - Noisy activities must be restricted to the times given in the project specification or general conditions of contract. - The environment management specialist and contractor are responsible for ongoing communication with those people interested in/ affected by the project. - Contact information of PMU, MASC, and contractor shall be posted visibly at each construction site. - A complaints register (refer to the grievance redressal mechanism) shall be housed at the

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site office. This shall be in carbon copy format, with numbered pages. Any missing pages must be accounted for by the contractor. This summary of the register shall be included in the monthly report to be submitted by the contractor to MASC. - Interested and affected parties’ need to be made aware of the existence of the complaints book and the methods of communication available to them. - The contractor must address queries and complaints by: (i) documenting details of such communications; (ii) submitting these for inclusion in complaints register; (iii) bringing issues to environment management specialist’s attention immediately; and (iv) taking remedial action as per environment management specialist’s instruction. - The contractor shall immediately take the necessary remedial action on any complaint/grievance received by him and forward the details of the grievance, along with the action taken, to the environment management specialist within 48 hours of receipt of such complaint/grievance. Cultural and - All the staff and laborers of the contractor be Contractor MASC Chance finds As necessary All chance finds historical informed about the possible items of historical or environment shall be reported environment archaeological value, which include old stone management and turned over foundations, tools, clayware, jewelry, remains, specialist to the fossils, etc. Department of - If something of this nature is uncovered, the Archaeology. Department of Archaeology shall be contacted and work shall be stopped immediately. Safeguards - The contractor shall appoint one environment Contractor MASC Hiring and As work Continuous work supervisors safeguard supervisor and one resettlement environment actual work progresses output and supervisor who will be responsible for assisting management reporting contractors in implementation of EMP, specialist and records coordinating with the MASC environment resettlement management specialist and resettlement specialist specialist, community liaison, consultations with interested/affected parties, reporting, and grievance redressal on a day-to-day basis. Post-construction phase (prior to turnover to NWSDB) Access - All excavated roads shall be reinstated to Contractor MASC Road conditions Prior to turn- Pre-existing

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original or better condition. environment over conditions management specialist Utilities and - All disrupted utilities restored Contractor MASC All affected Immediately All disrupted other - All affected structures environment utilities after civil works services existing rehabilitated/compensated management restored infrastruc- specialist ture Construction - After construction work, all structures Contractor MASC General Prior to end of Pre-existing camps and comprising the construction camp are to be environment condition of the construction condition storage removed from site or handed over to the management areas period/demobiliz areas property owner/community as per mutual specialist ation agreement (if established on private/community land). - The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these shall be cleaned up. - All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area shall be ripped, all imported materials removed, and the area shall be topsoiled and regrassed using the guidelines set out in the revegetation specification that forms part of this document. - The contractor must arrange the cancellation of all temporary services. Waste - All wastes shall be removed from the site and Contractor MASC General Prior to end of Pre-existing manage- transported to a disposal site or as directed by environment condition of the construction condition ment the environment management specialist. management areas period/demobiliz Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be specialist ation provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. Operation and maintenance phase Detection - Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe- NWSDB NWSDB Number of As part of Standards set and repair of laying work as earlier explained. Trenches will reported leaks operations and by NWSDB leaks and be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty and replacement maintenance of pipe bursts connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be NRW the improved removed and replaced if necessary. system - Although impact is likely to be minimal due to new and well-designed, efficient system, it must be ensured that leak detection and restoration time is minimized to the extent possible. Periodic - Mitigation measures as pipe descaling during NWSDB NWSDB Number of As part of flushing for construction phase will apply. reported leaks operations and

54 scour - Ensure all water materials from the descaling and replacement maintenance of maintenance and relining activities are collected in a tanker NRW the improved and deposited in an area designated by system NWSDB. - Provide water supply to all affected persons during disruptions.

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D. Reporting

121. The MASC will submit monthly monitoring reports to PMU, and the PMU will send semiannual monitoring reports to ADB. ADB will post the environmental monitoring reports on its website. The format of the monthly report is given in Appendix 6.

E. Environmental Costs

122. The contractor’s cost for site establishment, preliminary activities, construction, defect liability activities, and environmental mitigation measures related to EMP implementation during planning, design, and construction will be incorporated into the contractual agreements and engineers costs, which will be binding on him for implementation. The survey will be conducted by the contractor.

123. The operation phase mitigation measures are again of good operating practices, which will be the responsibility of the implementing agency (NWSDB). All monitoring during the operation and maintenance phase will be conducted by NWSDB; therefore, there are no additional costs.

124. The activities identified in the EMP mainly include site inspections and informal discussions with workers and local community, and this will be the responsibility of PMU with the assistance of MASC, costs of which are part of project management.

125. Table 13 presents the estimated cost to implement the EMP.

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Table 13: Indicative Cost for EMP Implementation Cost per Unit Cost Component Description Number Source of Funds (USD) (USD) Legislation, permits, and Permit for excavation, permit from As required Not Applicable Not Applicable These consents are to agreements Coast Conservation Department, permit be obtained by from Geological Survey and Mines contractor at his own Bureau, excavation permit from the expense. Minister of Cultural and Religions Affairs, written consent from the Central Environment Authority, tree-cutting permits, permit for use of non- explosive/chemical blasting for rock breaking (excavation permit to be obtained from (i) Department of Archaeologyfor excavation works of more than 500 m in length; (ii) police office; (iii) Road Development Authority (RDA) for excavation of roads belonging to RDA; and (iv) CMC for excavation of roads belonging to CMC) Public consultations and Information disclosure and As per requirement Lump sum $150,000 Covered under MASC information disclosure consultations during preconstruction contract, NGO, and and construction phase, including public media packages awareness campaign through media Capacity building (i) Orientation workshop for the MWSD Three modules, 1 $500 per module $3,000 Covered under MASC and NWSDB officials involved in the day per module per tranche contract project implementation on ADB Safeguards Policy Statement, Sri Lankan Environmental Laws and Regulations, and environmental assessment process; (ii) induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on EMP implementation and environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures; and taking immediate actions to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation; and (iii) Lessons learned information sharing Providing access to Providing access, in case of access As per requirement Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under commercial establishments disruptions, to affected properties liability engineering design and properties and cost – contractor

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Cost per Unit Cost Component Description Number Source of Funds (USD) (USD) Dust suppression at work Application of dust suppression As required Contractor’s $5,000 Covered under sites measures during construction phase liability engineering design and cost – contractor Traffic management Safety signboards, delineators, traffic Wherever required Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under regulation equipments, flagmen, throughout the liability engineering design temporary diversions, etc. project corridor and cost – contractor Baseline monitoring for Once before start of construction works Two samples $100 per sample $200 for each Covered under noise at specified corridor per work day (daytime and work area per engineering design nighttime) per work start of excavation and cost – contractor day

Construction monitoring for Ongoing at two locations near pipe Portable noise Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under noise replacement corridors meters liability engineering design and cost – contractor Surveys Ongoing before start of construction Lump sum Contractor’s $5,000 Covered under work along pipe replacement corridors liability engineering design and cost – contractor Any unanticipated impact Mitigation of any unanticipated impact Lump sum Contractor’s As per insurance Covered under due to project arising during construction phase and liability requirement engineering design implementation defect liability period and cost – contractor’s insurance

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IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

126. This document has assessed the environmental impacts of all elements of the project in Colombo City. All potential impacts were identified in relation to pre-construction, construction, and operation phases.

127. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process wherever possible; thus, environmental impacts due to the project design or location were minimized and were not significant. However, the social impacts (access disruptions) due to construction activities are unavoidable, as the residential and commercial establishments exist along the project corridor. A resettlement plan has been developed in accordance with ADB SPS 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations to address the social impacts.

128. Anticipated impacts during the construction period include (i) temporary disruption of services during realignment of existing utilities along the corridor; (ii) temporary closure of roads for laying of pipelines; (iii) interference with accesses to properties and businesses due to construction works; (iv) risk of accidents associated with vehicular traffic and transport of materials; (v) increased volume of construction vehicles on the roads that may lead to increased wear and tear of roads in the vicinity of the project sites; and (vi) exposure to increased noise, dust, vibrations, hazardous chemicals (oils and lubricants), and waste materials. The EMP will assist the PMU, MASC, and contractors in mitigating the environmental impacts, and guide them in the environmentally sound execution of the proposed project. The EMP will also ensure efficient lines of communication between the implementing agency, project management unit, and contractors.

129. Anticipated impacts during operation and maintenance will be related to detection and repair of leaks and pipe bursts. These are, however, likely to be minimal, as proper design and selection of good quality pipe material shall mean that leaks are minimal. Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work.

130. The public participation processes undertaken during project design ensured stakeholders are engaged during the preparation of the IEE. The planned information disclosure measures and process for carrying out consultation with affected people will facilitate their participation during project implementation.

131. The project’s grievance redressal mechanism will provide the citizens with a platform for redressal of their grievances, and describes the informal and formal channels, time frame, and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance.

132. A copy of the EMP shall be kept on-site during the construction period at all times. The EMP shall be made binding on all contractors operating on the site, and will be included in the contractual clauses. Non-compliance with, or any deviation from, the conditions set out in this document shall constitute a failure in compliance.

133. The project will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in Colombo City. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and environmentally sound engineering and construction practices.

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134. Therefore, as per ADB SPS, the project is classified as environmental category B and does not require further environmental impact assessment.

60 Appendix 1

APPENDIX 1: ADB REA CHECKLIST

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area…  Densely populated?  The population distribution shows that the project area is densely populated.  Heavy with development activities?  Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive No water supply project components are areas? within locations in or near sensitive and valuable ecosystems, including protected areas and forests.  Cultural heritage site   Protected area   Wetland   Mangrove   Estuarine   Buffer zone of protected area   Special area for protecting biodiversity   Bay  B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…  Pollution of raw water supply from upstream  The existing water supply sources are wastewater discharge from communities, industries, Labugama impounding reservoir, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff? Kalatuwawa impounding reservoir, and Ambatale river intake. Water produced at these facilities is sent through a network of pipes and storage facilities. The existing environmental condition of the water sources is good. Soil erosion runoff draining towards the water source is insignificant.  Impairment of historical/cultural  Not applicable monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?  Hazard of land subsidence caused by  Not applicable excessive groundwater pumping?  Social conflicts arising from displacement of  No displacement of communities is required communities? in this project.  Conflicts in abstraction of raw water for  Water quantity is sufficient and there is no water supply with other beneficial water uses for additional abstraction. surface and ground waters?  Unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g.,  Raw water is being treated prior to excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)? distribution. Water quality of treated water complies with the Sri Lankan standards for drinking water.  Delivery of unsafe water to distribution  The project will provide treated water system? through new pipes to prevent leakages and contamination.  Inadequate protection of intake works or  The intake will be secured and will be wells, leading to pollution of water supply? accessible only to authorized persons. It will also be regularly monitored to ensure only treated and unpolluted water are distributed.  Overpumping of groundwater, leading to  Not applicable salinization and ground subsidence?  Excessive algal growth in storage reservoir?  Not anticipated. The storage reservoirs are fully enclosed structures. In addition, treated water will only be stored for a short period of time.  Increase in production of sewage beyond  Sewerage system improvements are being capabilities of community facilities? undertaken by Colombo Municipal Council

Appendix 1 61

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks (CMC). Projects 3 and 4 of the investment program include wastewater management improvement components.  Inadequate disposal of sludge from water  Not applicable treatment plants?  Inadequate buffer zone around pumping  Not applicable and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities?  Impairments associated with transmission  Anticipated during construction activities. lines and access roads? However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP includes measures to mitigate the impacts.  Health hazards arising from inadequate  Not applicable design of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling chlorine and other hazardous chemicals?  Health and safety hazards to workers from  Personal protective equipment will be handling and management of chlorine used for provided to workers. Regular training will disinfection, other contaminants, and biological and also be conducted to ensure that workers physical hazards during project construction and are aware of the health hazards of working operation? in excavation and construction sites.  Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of  No displacement of communities is required people? in this project.  Disproportionate impacts on the poor,  Not applicable women and children, indigenous peoples, or other vulnerable groups?  Noise and dust from construction activities?  Anticipated during construction activities. However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP includes measures to mitigate the impacts.  Increased road traffic due to interference of  Anticipated during construction activities. construction activities? However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP ensures measures are included to mitigate the impacts. Construction contractors will be required to coordinate with the local traffic police.  Continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from  Not anticipated, as topography of Colombo construction operations? is plain. However, the EMP still includes measures to mitigate the impacts. Construction contractors will be required to include channelization where required.  Delivery of unsafe water due to poor O and  Not anticipated M treatment processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems?  Delivery of water to distribution system,  Not anticipated. Water quality is being which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to regularly monitored by NWSDB. feeding of corrective chemicals?  Accidental leakage of chlorine gas?  Not anticipated  Excessive abstraction of water affecting  Not anticipated. Water quantity is sufficient downstream water users? and there is no additional abstraction.  Competing uses of water?  Not anticipated  Increased sewage flow due to increased  Sewerage system improvement will be water supply? undertaken by CMC.  Increased volume of sullage (wastewater  Sewerage system improvement will be from cooking and washing) and sludge from undertaken by CMC. wastewater treatment plant?  Large population influx during project  Improved water supply management construction and operation that causes increased systems through capacity building and

62 Appendix 1

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks burden on social infrastructure and services (such institutional development will ensure as water supply and sanitation systems)? reduced burden on services and infrastructure.  Social conflicts if workers from other regions  Priority in employment will be given to local or countries are hired? residents.  Risks to community health and safety due  Not applicable. Trenching will be done to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of manually. Construction will not involve use materials such as explosives, fuel, and other of explosives. For rock and concrete chemicals during operation and construction? breaking, contractors will be required to use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. These products come in powder form, and once mixed with water (being the catalyst), simply expand and crack the rock/concrete from hole to hole. Chemical material safety data sheets will be posted in conspicuous areas. The EMP ensures measures are included for the storage areas.  Community safety risks due to both  Operational area will be clearly demarcated accidental and natural hazards, especially where and access will be controlled. Only workers the structural elements or components of the project and project concerned members will be are accessible to members of the affected allowed to visit the operational sites. community, or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation, and decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.  Is the project area subject to hazards such as  Environmental factors like lithology, regolithic earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone characteristics have very limited or no influence winds, storm surges, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, on the foundation, which are already found to be and climate changes (see Appendix I)? suitable, and the area is free from landslide problems. Any proposed facility will require compliance with government rules for seismic design.  Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or  extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased extreme rainfall increases flooding, damaging proposed infrastructure)?  Are there any demographic or socio-economic  Proposed project will not impact any marginalized aspects of the Project area that are already population, rural-urban migrants, illegal vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized settlement, etc. populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?  Could the Project potentially increase the climate  or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by paving vulnerable groundwater recharge areas, or using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

Appendix 2 63

APPENDIX 2: Map Showing Water Supply Projects 1 and 2

Note: Tranche 1 = Project 1; Tranche 2 = South part of Colombo city subproject; total length of pipes for rehabilitation and replacement under Project 1 is 318 km of seriously degraded distribution network pipes, including 279 km of cast iron pipes below 225 mm diameter and 39 km of spaghetti pipes in tenement gardens.

64 Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3: RECORDS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

GN Division Date Venue No. of Key Safeguard Overall Specific Suggestions Willingness to Participants Issues Discussed Concerns Concerns Of from People for Participate in M F T Expressed People Who the Project Project Related to the are Presently Project Dependent on Non-NWSDB Sources 1 Represented 20.Jan.2013 Sariputta 6 4 10 There will be no All the All the It is required a Participation in several GNDs Viharaya, impact on participants had participants proper terms of labour in Elvitigala Narahenpita community life. If the idea that were depended coordination is quite tricky Flats and there are minor this project as a on the NWSDB between the but people will Narahenpita temporary impacts, time need and water sources contactors and help in the people are ready no objections the authorities community to bear these for the project who belongs awareness impacts. activities. the road, to activities immediate and There is no Some people proper damage Resettlement and asked whether recovery. land acquisition the water bill Otherwise the due to this project. rates increases road system will due to this damage Obstruction of project and they severely due to drainages and realized that the this project. culvers might be water bill is not occurred during increase due to Placing of the project this project alternative activities and other than water sources proper mechanism government’s for emergency for diverting the regular use (i.e: water drainage water is increment of the bourses). helpful. water charges. Immediate Since this area is damage centrally located recovery for the traffic impact due roads and to the construction monitoring the activities might be damage severe than other recovery areas, hence traffic process. management plan at the construction period is required.

Appendix 3 65

GN Division Date Venue No. of Key Safeguard Overall Specific Suggestions Willingness to Participants Issues Discussed Concerns Concerns Of from People for Participate in M F T Expressed People Who the Project Project Related to the are Presently Project Dependent on Non-NWSDB Sources

All the meters and water supply systems should be rechecked for the leakages. 2 Wellawatta 19.Jan.2013 In front of the 3 9 12 There will be The The The Some of the South a house in impact on respondents participants respondents respondents Rajaguru Sri community life realized that this were willing to sought a soft willing to Subhuthi during the project project is a time have exclusive mechanism to participate as Road implementation need. water supply have water daily paid since this connection to supply workers at the community is living their houses connection for project much closer to the and the the houses that construction road. problems are are period. (unauthorized their houses unauthorized. dwellings) are unauthorized There are about 65 and they unauthorized cannot afford houses and they for a large sum only have four of money to toilets and 4 pay initial common water instalment at posts. Hence they once. required a alternative water supply during the project construction works since they do not have water storing facilities at their premises.

Damaged roads should be repaired by NWSDB or

66 Appendix 3

GN Division Date Venue No. of Key Safeguard Overall Specific Suggestions Willingness to Participants Issues Discussed Concerns Concerns Of from People for Participate in M F T Expressed People Who the Project Project Related to the are Presently Project Dependent on Non-NWSDB Sources CMC. If a property damages due to the construction work that should be replaced with original manner.

All the meters and water supply systems should be rechecked for the leakages.

A proper constriction mechanism should be employ in order to have a efficient damage recovery to the roads which have recently constructed with a heavy investment by the government. 3 Sarana 19.Jan.2013 At a 4 2 6 Damaged roads All the All the The Respondents Mawatha, Participant’s should be repaired percipients participants respondents are willing to Colobo 07 house, by NWSDB or agreed for the were depended have the participate for Colombo 07 CMC. If a property project but they on the NWSDB concern about the project by damages due to asked to carry water sources save the information the construction out project drinkable water dissemination. work that should activities with by having be replaced with minimum industrial water original manner. disturbance to supply for other the community uses such as All the meters and life. bathing and water supply gardening. systems should be No critical rechecked for the issues

Appendix 3 67

GN Division Date Venue No. of Key Safeguard Overall Specific Suggestions Willingness to Participants Issues Discussed Concerns Concerns Of from People for Participate in M F T Expressed People Who the Project Project Related to the are Presently Project Dependent on Non-NWSDB Sources leakages. regarding the project were A proper expressed. constriction mechanism should be employ in order to have a efficient damage recovery to the roads which have recently constructed with a heavy investment by the government. 4 Kirulapone 20.Jan.2013 At a 2 6 8 Other than No objection for All the Carry out major Respondents Participant’s replacement of the project participants construction are willing to house, existing steel pipe activities but the were depended works in night participate for Colombo 05 network, other laid participants on the NWSDB time. the project by pipes also required sought a water sources information recheck for minimum dissemination potential leakages. disturbance for with the local the traffic and community. A proper social life and replacement of properties. newly constructed road is a prime requirement along with the project activities. 5 Bambalapitiya 19.Jan.2013 Bambalapitiya 2 4 6 There will be At this moment The The There are impact on day most of the participants respondents people who today activities people don’t were willing to sought a soft willing to during the project realize the have exclusive mechanism to participate as implementation as necessity of this water supply have water daily paid the community is project as most connection to supply workers at the living closer to the of the people their houses connection to project road network. not and they the houses. construction (Flats type houses) experiencing cannot afford period.

68 Appendix 3

GN Division Date Venue No. of Key Safeguard Overall Specific Suggestions Willingness to Participants Issues Discussed Concerns Concerns Of from People for Participate in M F T Expressed People Who the Project Project Related to the are Presently Project Dependent on Non-NWSDB Sources the problems for a large sum There are about related to water of money to 500 houses supply and the pay initial belongs to this quality aspects. instalment at GND and more But, people are once. than 99% people really keen if have got toilet and they can get a other sanitation good/efficient facilities. There are supply of water. few common stand posts with meters It was a great and few common concern toilets. Hence they whether the required an water bill will be alternative water increased due supply during the to project project intervention. construction works since they do not have water storing facilities at their premises. Note: M = number of male participants; F = number of female participants; T = total number of participants

Appendix 3 69

ATTENDENCE SHEETS OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS-COLOMBO SOUTH AREA

70 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 71

72 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 73

74 Appendix 4

APPENDIX 4: SAMPLE GRIEVANCE REDRESS FORM

(To be available in Sinhala, Tamil, and English)

The ______Project welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries, and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback. Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name. Thank you.

Date Place of Registration

Contact Information/Personal Details Name Gender * Male Age * Female Home Address Place Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where, and how) of your grievance below:

If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here: How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official registering grievance)

Mode of communication: Note/Letter E-mail Verbal/Telephonic Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Officials Reviewing Grievance)

Action Taken:

Whether Action Taken Disclosed: Yes No Means of Disclosure:

Appendix 5 75

APPENDIX 5: OUTLINE TOR FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST (MASC)

The MASC environment management specialist will:

(i) organize an orientation workshop for the MWSD and NWSDB officials involved in the project implementation on ADB Safeguards Policy Statement, Sri Lankan environmental laws and regulations, and environmental assessment process;

(ii) organize an induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on EMP implementation, environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures, and taking immediate action to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation;

(iii) ensure design and location of works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection;

(iv) conduct rapid environmental assessment as per ADB REA checklist and submit to PMU;

(v) conduct environmental compliance audit of existing facilities as per Item F, Appendix 4 of ADB SPS, 2009;

(vi) prepare project IEEs and EMPs;

(vii) update the initial environmental examination (IEE) and environmental management plan (EMP) during detailed design stage;

(viii) Include the EMP in bidding documents and civil works contracts;

(ix) comply with all government rules and regulations regarding site and environmental clearances as well as any other environmental requirements (e.g., permit from Coast Conservation Department, permit from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, excavation permit from Department of Archaeology, written consent from the Central Environment Authority, tree-cutting permits, use of non-explosive/chemical blasting agents for rock breaking, etc.), as relevant;

(x) oversee implementation of the EMP during construction, including environmental, health and safety monitoring of contractors;

(xi) coordinate with the MASC resettlement specialist, NGO, and media contractors on mitigation measures involving the community and affected persons;

(xii) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts;

(xiii) review compliance reports by contractors and submit monthly environmental monitoring reports to the PMU; and

(xiv) address any grievances through the grievance redress mechanism in a timely manner as per the IEEs.

76 Appendix 6

APPENDIX 6: SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

A. Component and Status of Implementation Package Physical Completion (%) Date of Award Expected Date of Completion

B. Environmental Permits and Status of Compliance/Approvals Conditions Provided in Particulars Date Obtained Compliance/Remarks the Permit

C. Field Visits, Ocular Inspections, and Trainings Conducted Date Site Visited Persons Met Remarks Field Visits/ Ocular Inspections

Date Location Nature of Training Participants

Training

D. Environmental Management Plan Implementation Compliance Particulars of Non- Actions Particulars (Yes/No) Compliance Required Prior to commencement of civil works (mitigation measure 1) (mitigation measure 2) (mitigation measure …)

Construction phase (mitigation measure 1) (mitigation measure 2) (mitigation measure …)

Occupational health and safety Social impacts Others

E. Grievance Redressal Date of Grievance Details Nature of Grievance Action taken

Appendix 6 77

F. Criticial Issues for Immediate Action and Recommendations Issues/Deviations for Immediate Action Corrective Actions to be taken

F. Status of Corrective Actions for Past Criticial Issues Issues/Deviations Reported for Corrective Actions Taken Remarks/Status Immediate Action

Period covered: from to

Prepared by:

Checked and verified by:

78 Appendix 7

APPENDIX 7: SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Legislation Regulatory Agency Summary of Procedure Time Frame Under Section 47 read with Department of 1. Proponent to submit During feasibility stage Section 43(b) of Antiquities Archaeology (DA) application to DA (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2. DA regional office to About 30 days 1998; Gazette Notification No. conduct preliminary 1152/14 dated 04 Oct 2000 observation and submit report to DA Item 4: To make excavations 3. (i) If there are no exceeding 500 meters in length antiquities according to for purposes of laying conduit the recommendation and pipes for drainage, water, gas, observation report, land electricity, and telephones will be released for the project. http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/ (ii) If the preliminary 30 days observation report has proposed to carry out an archaeological impact assessment survey, steps will be taken to conduct the survey, including scoping with other agencies. 4. DA to call for quotations and award contract for archaeological impact assessment (AIA) survey 5. Selected agency to 42 days conduct AIA survey and submit report to DA 6. DA to submit AIA About 30 days report to minister in charge of approval 7. DA to issue approval