DHCP for Windows 2000.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
DHCP for Windows 2000 by Neall Alcott Copyright 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc, 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472. Editor: Sue Miller Production Editor: Leanne Clarke Soylemez Cover Designer: EllieVolckhausen Printing History: January 2001: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The assocation between the image of a frilled coquette hummingbird and DHCP is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. While every precaution have been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data can be found at: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/dhcpwin2000 ISBN: 1-56592-838-5 [M] Table of Contents Preface ........................................................... 1 Conventions Used in This Book ....................................... 1 How to Contact Us ................................................. 2 Acknowledgments .................................................. 2 1. TCP/IP Overview ................................................ 4 1.1 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite ........................................ 5 1.2 MAC Addresses ............................................... 11 1.3 IP Addressing ................................................. 14 1.4 DNS and Hostnames ............................................ 21 1.5 WINS and NetBIOS Names ...................................... 24 1.6 Summary .................................................... 28 2. In The Beginning: RARP and BOOTP ............................... 29 2.1 RARP ...................................................... 29 2.2 What Is BOOTP? .............................................. 30 2.3 BOOTP Packet Structure ........................................ 31 2.4 The BOOTP Conversation ....................................... 32 2.5 Summary .................................................... 38 3. Making Life Easier: DHCP ........................................ 39 3.1 Why DHCP? ................................................. 39 3.2 DHCP Packet Structure .......................................... 42 3.3 The DHCP Conversation ......................................... 43 3.4 The DHCP Relay Agent ......................................... 52 3.5 Summary .................................................... 55 4. Designing a DHCP Infrastructure ................................... 56 4.1 Who Needs DHCP? ............................................ 56 4.2 Creating an IP Addressing Plan .................................... 57 4.3 Network Topology ............................................. 64 4.4 DHCP Client Needs ............................................ 65 4.5 Defining Scopes ............................................... 66 4.6 Fault Tolerance ............................................... 67 4.7 Putting It All Together: DHCP Strategies ............................. 68 4.8 Summary .................................................... 73 5. The DHCP Server ............................................... 74 5.1 Introduction to Windows 2000 .................................... 74 5.2 DHCP Server in Windows 2000 ................................... 75 5.3 Installing DHCP Server in Windows 2000 ............................ 76 5.4 The DHCP Console ............................................ 82 5.5 Configuring a DHCP Server ...................................... 85 5.6 Leases ...................................................... 97 5.7 Options ..................................................... 98 5.8 Summary ................................................... 106 6. DHCP Clients ................................................. 108 6.1 Windows 2000 Professional ..................................... 108 6.2 Windows NT Workstation 4.0 .................................... 120 6.3 Windows 9x ................................................. 127 6.4 Windows for Workgroups ....................................... 133 6.5 MS-DOS ................................................... 137 6.6 Summary ................................................... 140 7. Advanced DHCP ............................................... 142 7.1 Superscopes ................................................. 142 7.2 Delegating Administration ...................................... 144 7.3 Using Netsh Commands for DHCP ................................ 145 7.4 Configuring Multihomed DHCP Servers ............................ 150 7.5 The DHCP Database ........................................... 152 7.6 Supporting BOOTP Clients ...................................... 155 7.7 Configuring Cisco Routers ...................................... 155 7.8 Configuring Windows 2000 as a DHCP Relay Agent ................... 157 7.9 Summary ................................................... 159 8. Multicasting: Using MADCAP .................................... 161 8.1 Multicast Address Allocation .................................... 161 8.2 Summary ................................................... 172 9. DHCP Failover: Using Clusters .................................... 173 9.1 Windows Clustering ........................................... 173 9.2 Building a Windows 2000 Cluster ................................. 179 9.3 Summary ................................................... 194 10. Integrating DHCP and DNS ..................................... 195 10.1 Domain Name System ........................................ 195 10.2 Windows 2000 DNS Server ..................................... 195 10.3 Dynamic Update ............................................. 202 10.4 Summary .................................................. 212 11. Monitoring and Troubleshooting DHCP ............................ 213 11.1 Monitoring DHCP ........................................... 213 11.2 Troubleshooting DHCP ........................................ 218 11.3 Summary .................................................. 225 12. What Lies Ahead: IPv6 and DHCPv6 .............................. 226 12.1 IPv6 ...................................................... 226 12.2 DHCP for IPv6 .............................................. 230 12.3 Summary .................................................. 238 A. Appendix:DHCP Options ........................................ 239 Colophon ...................................................... 244 DHCP for Windows 2000 Preface Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a means of allocating and managing IP addresses dynamically over a network. Before the advent of DHCP, administrators configured each host on a network with an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. Maintaining the changes and the logs of the changes took a tremendous amount of time and was prone to error. DHCP uses a client/server model in which the network information is maintained and updated dynamically by the system. This book discusses DHCP in a Windows 2000 environment. It provides an introduction to the DHCP protocol and shows how to implement a DHCP server into the network. It also covers the more advanced features of DHCP. The book begins with an overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite and shows how DHCP coexists with the rest of the TCP/IP suite. It identifies DHCP's predecessors, RARP and BOOTP, and explores the reasons that DHCP was developed. DHCP design considerations are discussed, as well as the different methods of deployment. The book shows how to install and configure DHCP servers in routed and non-routed environments and how to configure a client to use DHCP. It also discusses how to administer a DHCP server in Windows 2000 using DHCP scopes, options, and leases. Finally, the book covers DHCP's close relationship with Dynamic DNS, as well as some of the future directions for DHCP. Conventions Used in This Book The following conventions are used throughout this book: Italic Used for URLs, filenames, email addresses, and new terms when first defined. Constant width Used in examples to show the contents of files or the output from commands. Constant bold Used in examples to show commands or other text to be typed by the user. Constant italic Used in examples and command syntax definitions to show variables for which a context-specific substitution should be made. Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note. Indicates a warning. page 1 DHCP for Windows 2000 How to Contact Us We have tested and verified the information in this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that features have changed (or even that we have made mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as your suggestions for future editions, by writing to: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 101 Morris Street Sebastopol, CA 95472 (800) 998-9938 (in the U.S. or Canada) (707) 829-0515 (international/local) (707) 829-0104 (fax) We have a web site for the book, where we list errata, examples, or any additional information. You can access this page at: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/dhcpwin2000 To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to: [email protected]