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Algal diversity of Adada River, Nigeria. I. (green algae) and Euglenophyta (euglenoids)

Article · January 2009 DOI: 10.4314/pprj.v13i1.65812

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ALGAL DIVERSITY OF ADADA RIVER, NIGERIA. I. CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) AND EUGLENOPHYTA (EUGLENOIDS)

Nweze, N. O. Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]; Phone: 08064664556

ABSTRACT

Adada river is one of the rivers that flow through the major rice producing areas of Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu State and Omor in Anambra State. It is used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. Commercial water tankers collect water and sell to indigenes and towns around the river, hence the need to investigate the algal biodiversity in other to access its suitability for human consumption using known algal indicators of water quality and add to the pool of data useful for long term trends in floral composition in relation to climatic change. Phycological studies were carried out between 1998 and 2008 by collecting water samples, mud and attached algae from various locations along the course of the river, during both wet and dry seasons. Samples were preserved with Lugol’s iodine and identified using standard texts and information from the internet. Thirty four taxa of Chlorophyta belonging to 13 families with 27 genera and 7 taxa of Euglenophyta belonging to one family with 3 genera were observed and described. Among the Chlorophyta, Mesotaeniaceae and Desmidiaceae had the highest composition (7), followed by Scenedesmaceae (6). Thirteen potential taste, odour and toxin producing species were encountered. The variation in species composition indicates oligotrophy.

Keywords: Algal biodiversity, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, , Water quality indicators, Toxins

INTRODUCTION and dry seasons of 1998 to 2008. Attached algae and mud from swamps were collected also. Water The Adada River is situated between latitude 6O 25' samples for plankton studies were collected with – 6 O 45' N and 7 O 00' E – 7 O 23' E (Fig 1). The area wide mouth specimen bottles of 250 ml capacity falls within the Eastern Nigeria fourth climatic zone from about 10 cm below the surface from the banks (1). Anthropogenic activities have intensified in the and open water. Submerged and floating aquatic river over the years after the construction of a and objects with attached algae and mud standard bridge over the river at Nkpologu. It is a from the bottom (for benthic forms) were collected major source of water for the natives and the and put in river water in wide mouth jars of 250 ml surrounding towns being permanent throughout the capacity. Encrusted and attached algae were year. Commercial tanker drivers collect water for scrapped off from substrata gently using tweezers sale to the natives and towns within Nsukka area and razor blade. Samples were preserved with especially during the dry season. Apart from normal Lugol’s iodine, 1 part to 100 parts of sample (23, cultivation along the river’s course during the 24). Algae were examined under X 400 farming season, the water is used for irrigation by magnification using a binocular microscope, Leica many communities along its length for dry season model, and identified following the methods, farming. taxonomic keys and descriptions of West and West There have been intensified investigations (25, 26), Prescott (27, 28) Belcher and Swale (29), on the algal flora of various water bodies in Nigeria. Lee (30), Bellinger (23), Kadiri (7, 8, 31), Opute, They include investigations on Lake Chad ( 2, 3); (14), Rai et al., (32); materials from the internet (33, River Oshun (4, 5, 6), Ikpoba reservoir (7, 8), 34, 35) and many journal publications. Identified springs (9) and coastal areas (10, 11); Warri algae were drawn to scale, described and Forcados estuaries (12, 13); the Niger Delta and compared with previous records from Nigeria and Lagos (14, 15); a fish farm in Jos (16); Bonny River West Africa. (17); Qua Iboe Estuary (18); the New Calabar river (19); Opi Lake (20, 21) and Nike Lake (22). RESULTS This study attempts to build up the information on the algal biodiversity as part of the Taxonomic Descriptions: Taxa indicated by an living resources of Nigeria, giving detailed asterisk are first records for Nigeria. All dimensions description of the species found and information on are given in micrometer (µm); L = length; W = width; potential bloom, taste, odour and toxin producing D = diameter; L/W = length : width ratio; the bar species. The results will add to the pool of data beside the drawings represent 10 µm. Illustrations useful for long term trends in floral composition of of identified algae are presented in Plate 1. Nigerian water bodies in relation to climatic change. Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) MATERIALS AND METHODS Family Palmellaceae Benthic, periphytic and planktonic algal samples *Dispora crucigeniodes Printz 1914 (Plate 1. 1), W were collected randomly from various locations 1 - 5 = 3 – 4 µm; L = 4 – 6 µm; Colony W = 20 – 30 µm. (Fig. 1) along the length of the river during both wet

24 Nweze 25

Family Cladophoraceae Cladophora glomerata (L) Kuetzing 1845 (Plate 1. 6), Cells: L = 60 – 120 µm; W = 20 – 45 µm. Dark green fluffy, streaming thalli attached to concrete walls of bridge, with regular branching; branches crowded in the upper parts; cells slightly tapering towards the blunt apices; main axis long (23, 27,). The alga has been reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (36); Creek Periphyton, Lagos Nigeria (37).

Family Oedogoniaceae Bulbochaetae sp. (Agardh 1817) Hirn 1900 (Plate 1. 7), L = 40 – 60 µm; W = 10 – 30 µm. Small plants with branched filaments; cells cylindrical with bulbous bases, long hairs or seta; chloroplast parietal, net-like; stand out stiffly on other wooden stumps, grasses and stones on the banks; oospores not seen in other to ascertain the species (23). Also recorded in freshwater system of Warri/Forcados (12).

Fig. 1: Map of the study area showing *Oedogonium angustum Hirn Tiffany 1934 (Plate 1. Adada river and sampling locations 8), L = 50 – 130 µm; W = 15 – 30 µm. Filamentous; vegetative cells elongate cylindric; subovoid Oval Cells, irregularly arranged in fours forming a oogonia one to three in a series; attached to flat plate – like colony; embedded in a mucilaginous submerged plants (27). sheath; tychoplankton (28). Family Characeaceae Family Tetrasporaceae *Characium ornithocephalum A. Braun 1855 (Plate *Tetraspora cylindrica (Wahlb.) C. A. Agardh 1824 1. 9), L = 20 -32 µm long; W = 10 - 14 µm. Cells (Plate 1. 2), D = 14 - 19 µm. Green thallus solitary, spindle shaped or ovoid, with a narrow consisting of a long cylinder of firm mucilage anterior end; body curved away from the stipe, attached by means of a narrow base; thallus uninucleate, with single parietal chloroplast bearing irregularly lobed; cells scattered within the one or more pyrenoids; cells with a slender stipe mucilage; found during the wet season at the banks extending to a basal disc; epiphyte of submerged in slow flowing portions (27). aquatic plants (27).

Family Ulothrichaceae Family Oocystaceae Ulothrix tenuissima Kuetz. 1833 (Plate 1.3), W = 16 Ankistodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs 1848 (Plate - 20 µm; L = 12 - 16 µm. Long filaments of thin 1. 10), L = 20 – 100 µm; W = cells 2 – 6 µm. Cells walled cylindrical cells that are shorter than wide; needle-like, solitary, sometimes in clusters of 2 to cross walls not constricted; chloroplast in form of 28 not sheathed; chloroplast 1, without pyrenoids; bracelet encircling the cell; 2 or more pyrenoids grows together with other algae (27). The alga is (27). U. tenuissima is also found in Chad, Central also distributed in Sierra Leone, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo (36); African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of freshwater Warri/Farcados (12). Congo (36); Creek Periphyton, Lagos (37); freshwater in Warri/Forcados (12), Opi Lakes, (20, Family Cylindrocapsaceae 21); Nike Lake (22). *Cylindrocapsa geminella Wolle 1887 (Plate 1. 4), L = 18 – 30 µm: W = 10 – 15 µm; L/W = 2. Long Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 1890 (Plate 1. 11), W = unbranched filaments; cells oblong or ovoid; 5 – 8.5 µm. Small unicellular spherical green alga, filament enclosed in copious lamellate gelatinous with a single parietal cup shaped chloroplast with a sheath; cells with single massive chloroplast with a pyrenoid that nearly fills the cell; found in swamps pyrenoid, prominent enlarged oogonial cells; adjacent farmlands (23, 27). This alga is also common in swamp (27). distributed in Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (36); Nigerian Family Chaetophoraceae coastal waters (10); Lagos lagoon (15), Lower River *Chaetophora attenuata Hazen 1902 (Plate 1. 5), Niger ( 38), Ikpoba reservoir, (39) Lake Chad (3); Cells: L = 15 – 30 µm; W = 5 – 6 µm. Palmelloid River Oshun (4, 5, 6); Opi Lakes (21) Swamps of thallus, macroscopic, globose or hemispherical, eastern Niger Delta (14); Nike Lake (22). attached by means of rhizoidal structure; covered with mucilage; made up of filaments dichotomously *Oocystis natans var. major G. M. Smith 1918 branched ending in sharp pointed setiferous cells; (Plate 1. 12). L = cells 31 – 36 µm; W = 16 – 23 µm. main axis 2 – 5 mm in diameter; attached to old Colony of 2 to 4 cells enclosed by an expanded old leaves and stumps (27). mother cell wall; colony about 120 µm long, 90 µm wide; poles of cells sharply rounded; 4 parietal star Diversity of Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta in Adada river, Nigeria 26

Plate 1: Illustrations of Chlorophyta (green algae) and Euglenophyta (euglenoids) diversity in Adada river, Nigeria

shaped or lobed chloroplasts each with a pyrenoid; tychoplankton; in the shores during dry season (27).

*Westella linearis G. M. Smith 1920 (Plate 1. 13), Cell: W = 3 – 6 µm. Irregularly shaped colony of about 40 spherical cells arranged in linear series of about 4 cells; colony held together by fragments of old mother cell; planktonic (27).

] Family Scenedesmaceae Crucigenia rectangularis (A. Braun) Gay 1891 (Plate 1. 14), Cells: L = 5 – 10 µm; W = 4 – 7 µm. Cells ovate; arranged in a rectangular colony of four cells arranged in a cross, held together by thin mucilage, with a large central space at the centre; chloroplast parietal with a pyrenoid; colonies may clump together; tychoplankton (23, 27). The alga is distributed in Democratic Republic of Congo (36); Opi Lake (21).

Family Zygnemataceae Mougeotia sp. Agardh 1824 (Plate 1.15), Cells W = 3.5 – 35 µm; L /W = 5 – 12. Filaments consisting of cylindrical cells forming entangled cottony masses, floating or intermingled with aquatic plants; sometimes attached or epiphytic; flat plate-like chloroplast, one per cell, axial sometimes twisted in the middle; along the banks in stagnant portion (23, 27, 28). Also found in the freshwaters of Warri / Plate 1 on the Illustrations of Chlorophyta (green Forcados estuaries (12). algae) and Euglenophyta (euglenoids) diversity in Adada river, Nigeria continues *Spirogyra aequinoctialis G. S. West 1907 (Plate 1. 16), L = 15 µm; W = 23 – 29 µm. Filaments with long cylindrical cells, with plane end walls; cells with Nweze 27 crenate margins; 2 – 3 chloroplasts with large *Roya anglica G. S. West 1920. Synonym Roya pyrenoids; on the banks (27). obusta var. anglica (G. West) W. Kreiger (Plate 1. 25), L = 80 - 100 µm; W = 7 - 10 µm. Single Spirogyra crassa (Web and Morh) Kuetzing 1843 cylindrical cell, slightly curved; with a single (Plate 1. 17), W = 130 – 160 µm; L/W = 2 – 4. Dark chloroplast with a row of pyrenoids; chloroplast green masses of coarse filaments with a glossy slightly notched in the mid region (26). feel; cells with plane end walls; numerous spiral chloroplasts, more than 6; in swamps and still areas *Roya obtusa (Breb.) W. & G. S. West (Plate 1.26), during the dry season (27). Also found in Nike Lake, L = 50 – 60µm; W = 10 – 15 µm. Single cylindrical Enugu (22). cell, straight, with a single chloroplast with a row of pyrenoids. Chloroplast notched in the mid region *Spirogyra subsalsa Kuetzing 1845 (Plate 1. 18), (28). Cells, L = 35 – 48 µm, W = 26 – 28 µm. Filaments with slender cells, with plane end walls; single Spirotaenia condensata Breb. in ex Ralfs 1848 chloroplast making 1½ to 3 turns; found in swamps (Plate 1.27), L = 140 – 144 µm; W = 17 – 20 µm (27). wide. Unicellular, cylindrical, slightly curved, with broadly rounded apices; chloroplast spiral, ribbon- *Zygonium ericetorum Kuetzing 1845 (Plate 1. 19), like, making numerous turns (up to 14), with several W = 15 – 24 µm; L/W = ½ - 4. Filaments with scattered pyrenoids; cell wall smooth (7, 13). cylindrical cells; slightly constricted at the cross Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (36), walls; thick cell walls; 2 pad – like chloroplasts with Sudan (42); Lake Bangweulu, Zambia (43); Ikpoba a pyrenoid; colourless cytoplasm; on damp soils at reservoir, Nigeria (7); Warri Forcados estuaries, the banks (27). Nigeria, (13).

*Zygnema insigne (Hass.) Kuetzing 1849 (Plate Family Desmidiaceae (Placoderm Desmids) 1.20), W = 16 – 30 µm; L/W = 1 – 2. Unbranched Closterium calosporum Wittrock 1869 (Plate 1.28). filaments, with soft mucilaginous sheath; cells L = 135- 140 µm; W = 13 - 15 µm; L/W 9 – 10. cylindrical with plane end walls; 2 stellate Unicellular moderately curved cells, cell wall chloroplasts each with a large pyrenoid; zygospore smooth, not constricted; ventral margin almost formed in one gametangium; along the banks (27). smooth in middle portion; obliquely rounded apices; chloroplast with 4 – 6 pyrenoids in each cell (13). Family Mesotaeniaceae Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (36), *Cylindrocystis diplospora P. Lundell 1871, Warri/Forcados freshwater and estuary (12, 13). synonym Actinotaenium diplosporum (P. Lundell) Teil 1954 (Plate 1.21), L = 46 – 68 µm; W = 24 – 36 Closterium setaceum (Ehr. 1834) Ralfs 1848 (Plate µm. Unicellular, cylindrical, saccoderm desmid with 1.29), L = 200 – 220 µm; W = 8 – 10 µm. Very 2 stellate chloroplasts, one in either semicell; no slender minute cell, finely striated, narrow - constriction, pores or decorations; in swamps (25, lanceolate straight body, tapering at each extremity 34). into a blunt very long slender beak that is longer than the inflated body; Chloroplast with 2 - 3 Gonatozygon brebissioni De Bary 1858 (Plate pyrenoids; tychoplankton (13, 33). Distribution: 1.22), L = 87 – 124 µm; W = 5 – 8 µm; L/W = 10 or Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo (36); more. Cell cylindrical; poles slightly swollen; wall Opi Lakes (20); Lower River Niger (38). spiny; one parietal chloroplast with many pyrenoids (28, 40). Closterium dianae var. minus (Wille) Schroeder Distribution: Sierra Leone (36) 1879 (Plate 1.30), L = 100 – 150 µm; W = 8 – 14; L/W = 12. Cell body slightly curved tapered toward Gonatozygon kinahani (Acher) Hasting (Plate both ends, truncated with slanted edges; inner side 1.23), L = 162 – 230 µm; W = 11 – 14 µm. at centre slightly convex, cell wall smooth; Unicellular, cylindrical, straight with slightly dilated chloroplast with 5 – 8 pyrenoids in each chloroplast apices; cell wall smooth; both end walls not swollen; (33, 40). Distribution: Democratic Republic of 2 plate – like chloroplasts each with 4 to 10 Congo (36); Ikpoba reservoir, Benin City (41). pyrenoids; tychoplankton (13, 40). Distribution: Warri/Forcados Freshwater & Estuaries, Nigeria Cosmarium bioculatum (Breb. in Breb and Godey) (13, 41) Coastal areas of Nigeria (10). Breb. ex Ralfs 1848 (Plate 1.31), L = 17 – 25 µm, W = 15 – 21 µm. Oblong to elliptical small semi-cell Netrium digitus (Ehr.) Itzigs. & Rothe in Rabh. 1937 with deep sinus; cell wall smooth, without markings (Plate 1. 24), L = 226 – 340µm; W = 51 - 52 µm. on the wall; tychoplankton (7, 32). Distribution: Cell slender, tapering to a rounded truncate apex, Ikpoba reservoir, Benin City, Nigeria (7, 41), slightly depressed in the mid region; chloroplast 2, Democratic Republic of Congo (36). axial with notched margins and one elongate pyrenoid (23, 27). Distribution: Sierra Leone (36); Cosmarium phaseolus (Bréb. in Menegh. 1840) Opi Lake, (22); Akoko – Edo (41); Calabar River Breb. ex Ralfs 1848 (Plate 1.32), L = 25 – 27; W = (19); coastal areas of Nigeria (10); River Oshun (4, 23 – 26 µm. Semi – elliptical cell with median conial 5, 6); swamps of Eastern Niger Delta (14). protuberance; cell almost as long as broad; dry season plankton. Distribution: Sierra Leone (36).

Diversity of Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta in Adada river, Nigeria 28

*Penium navicula Breb. 1856. Synonym Closterium navicula (Breb.) Lukemuller (Plate 1.33), L = 26 – 74 Phacus caudatus var. ovalis Drezepolski 1925 µm; W = 7 – 20 µm; L/W = 4. Cell short cylindric, (Plate 1.40), L ≤ 30; W ≤ 18 µm. Cell small, leaf-like straight, in two sections separated by a cross wall; , dorsoventrally flattened; body oval, broad at rounded at the poles; walls with coarse granules; anterior and pointed at posterior end; tail straight, one chloroplast in each semi-cell, each with one or short and blunt; Numerous, small discoid more pyrenoids (23). chloroplasts; single large paramylon granule; common in shallow water adjacent farmland (27). * Spondylosium moniliforme P. Lundell 1871 (Plate Distribution: Sierra Leone (36); Lagos, Nigeria 1.34), L = 12 – 14 µm; W = 8 - 12 µm. Filamentous storm water channels (44) desmid; unbranched; no copious mucilage; cells constricted; semicells moniliforme; one chloroplast Trachelomonas hispida var. crenulatocollis with one pyrenoid in each semi cell; tychoplankton Deflandre 1926 (Plate 1.41), L = 20 – 40 µm; W = (30). 15 – 26 µm. Cell enclosed in firm gelatinous sub- spherical shell/test with short warts and a collar with Phylum Euglenophyta an opening for flagellum; plant highly motile with one flagellum; numerous discoid chloroplasts with Family Euglenaceae many pyrenoids; common in shallow water adjacent Euglena acus (O. H. M.) Ehrenb. 1830 (Plate 1.35), farm lands (27). Distribution: Sierra Leone (36); L = 120 – 145 µm; W = 10 – 14 µm. Elongated, freshwater, Warri/Forcados (12); Lagos, Nigeria spindle-shaped, rigid, straight motile cell, with a storm water channel (44). narrow long tail and blunt truncate anterior end; cell large; chloroplast numerous (27). Distribution: DISCUSSION Sierra Leone (36); Warri Focacados Estuary (11, 12); Lake Chad (2); Bonny River (17); Panyam Fish Thirty–four taxa of Chlorophyta belonging to 13 farm, Jos (16); Lagos (37, 44); Opi lake (20, 21); families with 27 genera and 7 taxa of Euglenophyta coastal areas of Nigeria (10). belonging to one family with 3 genera were observed and described. The families of *Euglena elongata Shewiakoff 1893 (Plate 1.36), L Chlorophyta encountered were Palmellaceae, = 55 – 60 µm; W = 5 – 8 µm. Cells elongate, Tetrasporaceae, Ulothtrichaceae, Cylindrocapsa- fusiform, cylindrical, firm, motile, tapering to a blunt ceae, Chaetophoraceae, Cladophoraceae, posterior end; chloroplast band-like, parallel with the Oedogoniaceae, Characiaceae, Oocystaceae, long axis of the cell with numerous rod-like Scenedesmaceae, Zygnemataceae, Mesotaenia- paramylon grains; cells relatively small; in shallow ceae and Desmidiaceae. Among the Chlorophyta, water and swamp adjacent farmland (27). Mesotaeniaceae (Saccoderm desmids) and Desmidiaceae (Placoderm desmids) had the Euglena oxyuris Schmarda 1846 var. minor highest species composition (seven), followed by Prescott (Plate 1.37), L = 10 – 14 µm; W = 70 – 85 Zygnemataceae (six). Within the Chlorophyta, µm. Elongate cylindric and twisted motile cell, Closterium and Spirogyra had the highest species tapering abruptly to a short tail piece; numerous composition (three) followed by Cosmarium, disc-like chloroplasts with 2 large flat paramylons, Gonatozygon and Roya species (two), while within one posterior, another anterior; in shallow water and the Euglenophyta, Euglena had the highest species swamp adjacent farmland (27). Distribution: Sierra composition (four) followed by Phacus (two). The Leone, Senegal, Democratic Republic of Congo presence of a wide diversity of algae indicates clean (36); Warri/Forcados estuary (12); Ikpoba water and oligotrophy (30, 45, 46, 47). Most of the Reservoir, Nigeria (11); lower River Niger (38). species encountered have been recorded in other parts of West Africa and Nigeria. Eighteen species Euglena spirogyra Her. 1838 (Plate 1.38), L = 70 – are new records for Nigeria. They are Dispora 120µm; W = 8 – 24 µm. Elongate-cylindric, twisted, crucigeniodes, Tetraspora cylindrica, Cylindrocapsa slightly motile; narrow posteriorly, ending in a sharp geminella, Chaetophora attenuate, Oedogonium bent tail-piece; periplast spirally twisted; numerous angustum, Characium ornithocephalum, Oocystis discoid chloroplasts with 1 anterior and 1 posterior natans var. major, Westella linearis, Spirogyra ring-like paramylon bodies; in shallow water and aequinoctialis, Spirogyra subsalsa, Zygonium swamp adjacent farmland (11, 27). Distribution: ericetorum, Zygnema insigne, Cylindrocystis Sierra Leone, Zaire (36, 42); Warri/Forcados diplospora synonym Actinotaenium diplosporum, estuary (12): Lagos (37, 44); Ikpoba reservoir (11) Roya anglica synonym Roya obusta var. anglica, and Panyam fish farm, Jos (16). Roya obtusa, Penium navicula synonym Closterium navicula, Spondylosium moniliforme, and Euglena Phacus anacoelus Stokes 1888 (Plate 1.39), L = 30 elongata. Some of the observed algae are known to – 48µm; W = 20 – 32 µm. Cell leaf-like, broadly produce taste, odour, and toxin while some ovoid with short tail turned to the left side; lateral especially euglenoids are bio-indicators of pollution margins of cell with 2 – 3 folds, pellicle/membrane (27, 30, 37, 44). A list of algae that may have convex between folds; 1 – 2 circular paramylon potential negative impact on the water quality is granules; periplast striated longitudinally; common presented in Table 1. in shallow water adjacent farmland (27). Distribution: Lagos, Nigeria storm water channel (44). Nweze 29

Table 1: Potential environmental impact of some observed 6. Egborge, A. B. M. (1979). The effect algae of impoundment on the phytoplankton Observed Taxa Potential of River Oshun, Nigeria. Nova Environmental Impact Hedwigia, 31: 407 – 418 Taste & Toxin 7. Kadiri, M. O. (1993a). Further Odour desmids from the Ikpoba reservoir Ankistodesmus falcatus + - (Nigeria) compared with other records Cladophora glomerata + - Chlorella vulgaris + + from Africa. Algological Studies 71: 23 Closterium setaceum + - – 35. Cosmarium bioculatum + - 8. Kadiri, M. O. (1993b). Records of C. phaseolus + - members of the Cosmarium Crucigenia rectangularis + - Corda Ralfs, Desmidiaceae, Dispora crucigeniodes + - Chlorophyta) in a shallow West Roya anglica + - African reservoir. Nova Hedwigia, 57 Spondylosium moniliforme + - (1 - 2): 109 – 122. Spirogyra crassa + - S. subsalsa + - 9. Kadiri, M. O. (1999) Phytoplankton S. aequinoctialis + _ distribution in some coastal areas of Euglena acus + _ Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Botany E. elongata + _ 12: 51 – 62. E. oxyuris + _ 10. Kadiri, M. O. (2000) Limnological E. spirogyra + _ studies of two contrasting but closely Phacus anacoelus + _ linked springs in southern Nigeria. P. caudatus var. ovalis + _ Plant Biosystems 134: 123 – 131. Trachelomonas hispida var. crenulatocollis + _ 11. Kadiri, M. O and Opute, F. I. (2000)

The euglenoids of the Ikpoba reservoir, Nigeria. Out of the 41 taxa encountered, 20 species are Biologia Bratislava, 55 (4): 351 – 355. potential taste and odour imparting algae when they 12. Opute, F. I. (1991) A check-list of the form blooms. They are Ankistrodesmus falcatus, freshwater, brackish and marine phytoplankton Cladophora glomerulata, Chlorella vulgaris (also a of the Warri/Forcados estuaries of Southern toxin producer), Closterium cetaceum, 2 Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 4: 227 – Cosmarium species, Crucigenia rectangularis, Dispora crucigenoides, Roya anglica, Spondylosium 254. 13. Opute, F. I. (2000) Contribution to the moniliforme, 3 Spirogyra species, 4 Euglena knowledge of algae of Nigeria. I. Desmids from species, 2 Phacus species and Trachelomonas Warri/ Forcados Estuaries, Part II. The hispida var. crenulatocollis. It was observed that elongate baculiform desmids. Journal of most of these species were found at the banks Limnology, 59: 131 – 155. readily accessible to people who come for picnics, 14. Nwankwo, D. I (1996) Freshwater swamp suggesting the potential enrichment with nutrients at desmids from south east Niger Delta, Nigeria. such spots. The presence of euglenoids Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 43: 411 – 420. (Trachelomonas, Phacus and Euglena spp.) 15. Nwankwo, D. I. and Akinsoji, A. (1988a) indicate likely contamination by organic matter from Preliminary checklist of planktonic algae in visitors and cattle that visit the river. These Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Nigerian J. Basic & observations infer that increased anthropogenic Appl. Sc. 2: 73 - 85. activities and the influence of climatic change may 16. Khan, M. A. (1987) Contribution to the have far reaching effects on the flora of Adada river knowledge of freshwater algae of Nigeria. II. with time. Phytoplankton of some waters on a fish farm at

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