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Region 6 Wilderness Air Quality Plan

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Region 6 Wilderness Air Quality Plan Pacific Northwest Region United States Department of Agriculture Wilderness Air Quality Plan Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region June 2012 View from Twin Lakes in Glacier Peak Wilderness, eastern WA Cascades Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Wilderness Stewardship Challenge ........................................................................................................................... 1 Regional Air Quality Management Approach ............................................................................................................ 2 Objectives of the Region 6 Wilderness Air Quality Plan ............................................................................................ 3 Laws, Policy and Other Guidance ........................................................................................... 4 Federal Laws .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 State Air Pollution Laws............................................................................................................................................. 9 Forest Service Policy and Other Guidance ................................................................................................................ 9 Wilderness Areas ................................................................................................................. 14 Class I and Class II Areas .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Ecoregions ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Wilderness Characteristics ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Air Pollutants ...................................................................................................................... 26 Pollutants of Interest to Wilderness in the Pacific Northwest ................................................................................ 26 Emission Rates ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Regional Sources of Air Pollution ............................................................................................................................ 32 Source Locations ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Deposition, Concentration and Distribution ........................................................................................................... 36 Future Air Pollution Emissions ................................................................................................................................ 44 Wilderness Air Quality Values and Sensitive Receptors ...................................................... 47 Visibility ................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Flora ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49 Soils ......................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Water ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Fauna ....................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Cultural Resources................................................................................................................................................... 56 Priority Sensitive Receptors and Indicators ............................................................................................................ 57 Establishing a Baseline ............................................................................................................................................ 58 Wilderness AQRV Monitoring in R6...................................................................................... 60 Visibility ................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Flora: Lichens........................................................................................................................................................... 66 Flora: Ozone Sensitive Plants .................................................................................................................................. 69 Water: Lake Chemistry ............................................................................................................................................ 71 Fauna: Mercury in Fish ............................................................................................................................................ 80 Wilderness Air Quality Monitoring Strategy for R6 ............................................................... 81 Visibility Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................ 81 Flora: Lichen Bio-monitoring ................................................................................................................................... 82 Flora: Ozone Injury Surveys for Sensitive Plants ..................................................................................................... 82 Water: Wilderness Lake Chemistry Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 83 Fauna: Mercury in Fish Tissue Analysis ................................................................................................................... 83 Example – Roaring River Wilderness ....................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix A: 10-YWSC Wilderness Scoring ............................................................................ 87 Visibility ................................................................................................................................................................... 87 Flora: Lichen ............................................................................................................................................................ 87 Flora: Ozone Sensitive Plants .................................................................................................................................. 88 Water: Lake Chemistry ............................................................................................................................................ 88 Fauna: Mercury in Fish ............................................................................................................................................ 89 Summary of Scoring for Each Wilderness ............................................................................................................... 90 Appendix B: Summary WAQRV Data .................................................................................... 92 Appendix C: References ....................................................................................................... 94 List of Tables Table 2-1. NAAQs for Six Principal Pollutants, October 2011 ....................................................................... 6 Table 3-1. Class I Wilderness Areas in Oregon and Washington ................................................................ 16 Table 3-2. Class II Wilderness Areas in Oregon and Washington ............................................................... 16 Table 3-3. Wilderness Characteristics That May Be Affected by Air Quality .............................................. 25 Table 4-1. Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds ............................................................................................ 29 Table 4-2. Hazardous Air Pollutants Released into the Atmosphere in 2010 in tons/year ........................ 32 Table 4-3. Sources of NOx, SO2, PM2.5, NH3, and VOCs ............................................................................ 33 Table 4-4. Regional Sources of Greenhouse Gases ..................................................................................... 33 Table 5-1. Potential Effects of Air Pollution on Wilderness Air Quality Values .......................................... 48 Table 5-2. Ozone Sensitive Plant Species used as Bio-indicators ............................................................... 52 Table 5-3. Ozone Exposure Metrics Associated with Injury or Reduced Growth ....................................... 52 Table 5-4. Sensitive Receptors and Indicators for Water ..........................................................................
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