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The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae

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The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-8-2020 What Makes a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ Hot? The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae Kristen Nolting University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Nolting, Kristen, "What Makes a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ Hot? The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 2520. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2520 What Makes a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ Hot? The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae Kristen M. Nolting, PhD University of Connecticut, 2020 The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) in southwestern South Africa is a ‘biodiversity hotspot,’ hosting ~9,000 plant species in an area just over 90,000 km2. What is especially extraordinary about the CFR is that diversity here rivals that in many tropical forests, but it is not located in the highly diverse equatorial regions, making it difficult to identify the ecological and evolutionary processes that generate diversity and maintain it today. One way to better understand variation in species diversity across communities is to evaluate the distribution of the traits species’ possess. Specifically, trait variation within and across species can indicate how organisms interact with both their abiotic and biotic environments. For my dissertation I take a trait-based approach to identify how trait variation could influence the performance of plants in the CFR, and how traits might mediate ecological interactions so as to minimize competition and promote coexistence. I focus on fynbos communities dominated by plants in the family Proteaceae, a family that represents much of the species diversity and abundance in local communities. I identify functional relationships between plant traits, performance, and fitness in a multivariate framework. I find that within species Kristen M. Nolting – University of Connecticut, 2020 variation in traits related to performance might minimize fitness inequalities among co-occurring species, and that the covariance structure of traits might be important in leading to this outcome. Lastly, I show that trait differences among neighboring individuals are important for predicting performance in local neighborhoods by possibly minimizing competitive effects and also promoting adaptation to the local environment. What Makes a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ Hot? The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae Kristen M. Nolting B.S., University of Evansville, 2010 M.S., Michigan State University, 2014 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2020 Copyright by Kristen M. Nolting 2020 ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation What Makes a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ Hot? The Consequences of Trait Variation and Covariation for Individual Plant Performance and Species Coexistence in South African Proteaceae Presented by Kristen M. Nolting, B.S., M.S. Major Advisor ______________________________________________________________ Kent E. Holsinger Associate Advisor ______________________________________________________________ Robert Bagchi Associate Advisor ______________________________________________________________ Cynthia S. Jones Associate Advisor ______________________________________________________________ John A. Silander Jr. Associate Advisor ______________________________________________________________ Mark C. Urban University of Connecticut 2020 iii Acknowledgements I want to first thank my family, who despite not fully understanding my desire to become a ‘plant doctor,’ has nonetheless supported me on this journey. To my mom, Michaele Nolting: thank you for always being my biggest supporter and cheerleader (I am sorry this journey took me so physically far from home!), and absolutely a fantastic field assistant (completing 1,500 stomatal peels is no easy task!). You are the strongest person I know, and from your example, I have learned that the best way to do a hard thing is to wake up, make some coffee, make a plan, and get to work. To my Dad, Jon Nolting: thank you for encouraging from a young age, my love for reading, writing, and story telling. To my brother, Jason Nolting: thank you for sharing my love of travel and desire to go on adventures and get to know the world. To my sister, Katy Nolting: thank you for your constant love and support, and for being the first to inspire my love of science. To my brother, Josh Nolting: thank you for always, always believing in me, and for sharing my love of nature (especially big, old trees!). To my nieces and nephews, thank you for being a bright spot for me during challenging times. I want to thank those, past and present, in the EEB department at UConn. From you I have received tremendous mentorship, scholarship, and friendship. I especially need to thank Elizabeth Jockusch, Carl Schlichting, Morgan Tingley, Paul Lewis, Louise Lewis, Sarah Knutie, and Erin Kuprewicz, who while not on my committee nevertheless were tremendously important for me reaching the finish line and staying somewhat sane along the way. I would also like to highlight the all star administrative team (Pat Anderson, you will always be a magical unicorn in my eyes, not just for your ability to solve any problem I might have, but for always having a hug, smile, and kind word for me on the most difficult days), the awesome students, faculty, and staff iv with whom I collaborated on teaching (special thanks to Miranda Davis, Susan Herrick, Mary Brescia, and Mary Ellen Petersen), the incredible greenhouse staff, and the super hero tech support team. I also want to thank my lab family and the friends that became family along the way. Nora Mitchell, thank you for always having an answer to any question I had (especially early on, when I was learning the ropes), being ever supportive and encouraging, and always down for a ‘lunch beer’ on a bad day. Katie Taylor, Kaitlin Gallagher, and Lauren Stanley: thank you for the often-needed ice cream breaks, dinners, walks around campus, and constant support and love over the last several years. I have to especially thank Tanisha Williams who I first got to know as my brilliant, dedicated, and awesome lab sister, but who I am fortunate to have since gotten to know as a ‘bad ass’ field assistant, housemate, and the best friend I could have made during my time here in Storrs. I could not have done any of this without you and ‘our boys’ (#Monte #Carlo #BayesCats). Thank you to my “fr-amily” who I got to know and love from my time in Michigan: Emily Dittmar, Heather Stadden, and Carina Baskett you are the best friends I could have or know. I look forward to being able to take a vacation with you all now that I am [hopefully] going to be less stressed and more open to fun and laughter. Thank you to my colleagues and friends in South Africa, who not only made this research possible, but who helped make my field work an [mostly] enjoyable and always a tremendously fun experience. I have to especially thank Tony Rebelo, Pat Holmes, Guy Midgley, Martina Treurnicht, Jasper Slingsby, Karen Esler, and other colleagues and support staff at the University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, SANBI, and Cape Nature. Guy, particularly, I could not have done this work without your support: both with respect to loaning me lab space and equipment, teaching me how to trouble-shoot using said equipment (I will forever remember v how you walked me through LiCor ‘surgery’ on ‘Pandora’ over the phone during my first real week of field work), and also just being tremendously supportive and encouraging along the way. Your energy and enthusiasm for all things science, and especially fynbos, is contagious. Lastly, I need to thank my committee. Cindi Jones, thank you for teaching me SO many amazing things about plants that I had never considered. Because of your teaching and mentorship, I finally feel confident owning the #iamabotanist label, and I love passing on what I have learned from you both in and out of the classroom to other aspiring botanists. To John Silander, thank you for being my ‘Devil’s Advocate,’ but always in a way that pushed my science farther, even if I found it frustrating in the moment. To Robi Bagchi and Mark Urban: thank you for always being willing to talk through difficult conceptual problems, quantitative problems, and challenging me to bring my research into the context of the broader literature. Finally, I have to thank my advisor, Kent Holsinger. I often joke that I decided to come to UConn for the basketball (and I have sure loved being able to support the UConn women’s basketball team in person the last six years!), but in actuality, I came specifically because I wanted to work with Kent. Kent, you are one of the most brilliant people that I have ever met, but also have the rare phenotype of simultaneously being incredibly humble, kind, and generous. You have taught me so much. You taught me that I don’t actually hate math, models, statistics, and theory (you tricked me into this, I
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