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T.C. Selçuk Ünġversġtesġ Fen Bġlġmlerġ Enstġtüsü T.C. SELÇUK ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ SIKIġTIRILMIġ RASTER GÖRÜNTÜLERĠN FOTOGRAMETRĠK OTOMASYONDA KALĠTE VE DOĞRULUK ÜZERĠNDEKĠ ETKĠLERĠNĠN ARAġTIRILMASI Ekrem UÇAR DOKTORA TEZĠ Harita Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Nisan-2011 KONYA Her Hakkı Saklıdır TEZ BĠLDĠRĠMĠ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. İmza Ekrem UÇAR Tarih: ÖZET DOKTORA TEZĠ SIKIġTIRILMIġ RASTER GÖRÜNTÜLERĠN FOTOGRAMETRĠK OTOMASYONDA KALĠTE VE DOĞRULUK ÜZERĠNDEKĠ ETKĠLERĠNĠN ARAġTIRILMASI Ekrem UÇAR Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Harita Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı DanıĢman: Prof.Dr. Ferruh YILDIZ 2011, 101 Sayfa Jüri Prof.Dr. Ferruh YILDIZ Prof.Dr. F.Gönül TOZ Doç.Dr. Hakan KARABÖRK Doç.Dr. Murat YAKAR Y.Doç.Dr. Engin KOCAMAN Sıkıştırılmış veriler veri depolama ve iletimi aşamasında sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Fazla sayıda görüntü kullanımını gerektiren fotogrametrik çalışmalarda kullanılan sıkıştırılmış görüntülerin, çalışmada elde edilcek doğruluğu ve görüntü kalitesini ne şekilde etkilediğinin belirlenmesi önem arzetmektedir. Bu çalışmada sayısal hava kamerası ile 1:20.000 ve 1:65.000 ölçekli, analog hava kamerası ile 1:26.000 ölçeğinde elde edimiş hava fotoğraflarının kullanılması ile fotogrametrik blok oluşturulmuştur. Mevcut görüntüler, JPEG2000 ve MrSID görüntü formatlarına 10:1, 20:1, 40:1 ve 80:1 sıkıştırma oranları kullanılarak sıkıştırılmıştır. Her blok için orijinal ve sıkıştırılmış görüntüler kullanılarak fotogrametrik triangülasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fotogrametrik triangülasyon sonrası oluşturulan stereo modeler üzerinden belirlenen kontrol noktalarının üç boyutlu koordinat ölçmeleri tamamlanmıştır. Radyometrik bozulma miktarlarının tespit edilebilmesi amacıyla orijinal görüntüler ile sıkıştırılmış görüntüler arasındaki fark değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler kullanılarak karesel ortalama hata, ortalama hata ve pik sinyal gürültü oranı değerleri elde edilmiştir. Genel olarak bakıldığında, aynı sıkıştırma oranında JPEG2000 görüntülerinin, MrSID görüntülerinden daha iyi geometrik ve radyometrik sonuçlar sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Görüntü Sıkıştırma, Kayıpsız ve Kayıplı Sıkıştırma Teknikleri, Görüntü Sıkıştırmada Geometrik ve Radyometrik Doğruluk, JPEG2000 ve MrSID. iv ABSTRACT Ph.D THESIS EVALUATION OF QUALITY AND ACCURACY EFFECTS OF COMPRESSED RASTER IMAGES IN AUTOMATED PHOTOGRAMMETRY Ekrem UÇAR THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF SELÇUK UNIVERSITY THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MAP ENGINEERING Advisor: Prof.Dr. Ferruh YILDIZ 2011, 101 Pages Jury Prof.Dr. Ferruh YILDIZ Prof.Dr. F.Gönül TOZ Doç.Dr. Hakan KARABÖRK Doç.Dr. Murat YAKAR Y.Doç.Dr. Engin KOCAMAN Compressed data commonly used in data storage and transmission stage. It is very important to identify that how compressed images affect the image quality and accuracy in the photogrammetric applications in which lots of images must be handled. In this study photogrammetric blocks were prepared from 1:20.000 and 1:65.000 scaled digital aerial cameras and 1:26.000 scaled analogue aerial camera images. Images compressed into both JPEG2000 and MrSID image formats by 10:1, 20:1, 40:1 and 80:1 compression ratios. For each block photogrammetric triangulation process was done with original and compressed images. After triangulation process 3D coordinates of pre- defined check points measured in stereo models. In order to calculate the radiometric distortion, the difference of the pixel values were calculated from the original and the compressed images. By using difference values mean error, mean square error and peak-signal-to-noise ratio values were calculated. In generally, for the same compression ratio JPEG2000 compressed images give better results than MrSID compressed images both in geometric and radiometric aspects. Keywords: Image Compression, Lossless and Lossy Compression Techniques, Geometric and Radiometric Accuracy on Image Compression, JPEG2000 and MrSID. v ÖNSÖZ Sıkıştırılmış görüntülerin fotogrametrik üretimdeki otomatik işlemler üzerindeki görüntü kalitesi, geometrik ve radyometrik doğruluk üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılarak, kullanıcılara en uygun sıkıştırma format ve oranlarının sunulmaya çalışıldığı tez çalışmasında, danışmanlığımı üstlenerek, her aşamada engin bilgi, ulusal ve uluslararası deneyimleriyle beni yönlendiren, desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen sayın hocam Prof.Dr. Ferruh YILDIZ’a gönülden teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmasını değerli bilgileri ile yönlendirmeleri nedeniyle, Tez İzleme Komitesindeki sayın hocalarım Prof.Dr. Gönül TOZ (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi) ve Yrd.Doç.Dr. Engin KOCAMAN’a; bu seviyeye gelmemde çok büyük katkısı olan, çalışmamda kullanılan veri, yazılım ve donanımı sağlaması nedeniyle Harita Genel Komutanlığı’na ve personeline; çalışmalarım esnasında sebat göstermeleri nedeniyle, eşim Zeliha, kızım Simge ve oğlum Anıl’a en derin şükranlarımı sunarım. Tez çalışmamda belirtilen teorik esasları, çalışma aşamalarını ve elde ettiğim sonuçları, fotogrametrik harita üretimi uygulamalarında kullanmasını arzuladığım bütün kullanıcılara ithaf ediyorum. Ekrem UÇAR KONYA-2011 vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ............................................................................................................. vii SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR .............................................................................. ix 1. GĠRĠġ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ARAġTIRMASI ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Sıkıştırma Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması Konusunda Yapılan Çalışmalar ........ 5 2.2. Sıkıştırılmış Görüntüler ile Yapılan Fotogrametrik Uygulama Çalışmaları .......... 8 3. TEORĠK ESASLAR ................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Kayıpsız Sıkıştırma .............................................................................................. 14 3.2. Kayıplı Sıkıştırma ................................................................................................ 16 3.3. Sıkıştırma Algoritmaları ...................................................................................... 16 3.3.1. Kayıpsız sıkıştırma algoritmaları .................................................................. 17 3.3.2. Kayıplı sıkıştırma algoritmaları .................................................................... 28 3.3.3. Niceleme (Quantization) ............................................................................... 34 3.3.4. Örnek sıkıştırma algoritmaları uygulamaları ................................................ 35 3.4. Görüntü Formatları .............................................................................................. 36 3.4.1. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) ................................................................ 37 3.4.2. JPEG2000 ..................................................................................................... 38 3.4.3. MrSID (Multiresolution Seamless Image Database) .................................... 40 3.4.4. JPEG ............................................................................................................. 41 3.4.5. ECW .............................................................................................................. 45 3.4.6. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) ............................................................. 46 3.4.7. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) ............................................................... 46 3.4.8. BMP (Windows BitMap) ............................................................................. 47 3.5. Sıkıştırmadaki Performans Kriterleri ................................................................... 48 3.6. Sıkıştırmadaki Distorsiyon Kriterleri ................................................................... 49 3.7. Modelleme ve Kodlama ....................................................................................... 53 3.8. Görüntü Eşleme ................................................................................................... 54 4. ARAġTIRMA SONUÇLARI VE TARTIġMA ...................................................... 56 4.1. Çalışma Bölgesi ve Kullanılan Veriler ................................................................ 56 4.2. Çalışmada Kullanılan Sistemler ........................................................................... 61 4.2.1. Zeiss RMK TOP 15 analog hava kamerası ve Vexcel UltraCamX sayısal hava kamerası ........................................................................................................
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