CEU eTD Collection
F I RAMEWORK NCLUSION In partialIn fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts Genderin Studies. W OMEN S ’
TRATEGY TRATEGY (2011) S H Second SusanZimmermann Reader: Professor EALTH EALTH IN THE Department of Gender Studies Supervisor: Professor Central EuropeanCentral University AND
AND THE Anna Csilla DarócziCsillaAnna Budapest, Hungary (2011): I MPL Submitted to 2013 By ICIT H
U UNGARIAN EU
NDERLYING Anna Loutfi Anna G
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CEU eTD Collection norm statistical the is, that me they inclusion, and integration read documents Europe. in slope civilizational a within state the of position the and govermnentality, colonial state, biopolitical the of functioning assump underlying their links and health, women’s concerning documents policy reinforced. hasbe woman Romani the of health The well. as evaluations life ethical imply which rates, abortion expectancyand as such differences, statistical along groups both defining by done being is It objectives. betw boundary firm a draw they Roma, of inclusion and integration economic and social the are which makers, policy the of declaredgoals post biopolitical, of help the with argue Thr years. seven next the for Roma concerning actions and policies national determine which (2011), Strategy Inclusion National Hungarian the in Integration and (2011) Roma Framework EU the in health women’s on discourse the analyses critically thesis This A BSTRACT arranging h ehdlg novs ls ciia icus nlss f h xepso the of excerpts the of analysis discourse critical close a involves methodology The
en used as a discourse through which the differences and the stereotypes been have thedifferences and the a discourse which through used as en .
of the behaviors of Roma and non and Roma of behaviors
According to the findings of this study, where the policy policy the where study, this of findings the to According - Marxist and postcolonial literature that contrary to the to contrary that literature postcolonial and Marxist een Roma and non and Roma een i
n omlzto i te ocuda sense Foucauldian the in normalization an - Roma -
in a hierarchy a in Roma and thus hinder the initial the hinder thus and Roma oughout the thesis I thesis the oughout
along the rule of rule the along tions to the the to tions a
CEU eTD Collection recreational theseyears. throughout two support Erzsébet Jova Jelena ones, new the especially and through went I changes mention to like also would I source ofstrength.spiritual patience and support her for mother my inspiration, the Éva G especially and Program, Access Roma of staff the thank to want I stylestructure andwriting bu comments his for instructor Writing Academic my Kumar, Sanjay to I what understood she that supervisor my to gratitude my express to like would I A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS , David Ridout Ridout David ,
throughout the time I spent at CEU at spent I time the throughout ró Orsolya, Orsós and my tutor Varsa tutor my and intended
n Aaa Zahariev Atanas and t content
those
to argue from the beginning, som beginning, the from argue to red wo eand eie e n pt o te sign the of spite in me beside remained who friends - wise aswell. wise Eszter
for encouraging and believing in me. in believing and encouraging for and my brother for being a model figure and my and figure model a being for brother my and ii understanding, my sister and my nieces for their for nieces my and sister my understanding,
mn others among ,
Anna Loutfi for her useful comments and comments useful her for Loutfi Anna novic, novic, etimes better than I did and and did I than better etimes o ter nelcul and intellectual their for eorgeta Munteanu, eorgeta o only not Fejős Anna, Anna, Fejős regarding My father for father My Gulyás ificant Fodor the CEU eTD Collection SOURCES 6. CONCLUSIONS 5. INTEGRATINGA NOR POLICYTHE DOCUMENTS 4. DEFINING W ROMANI EUROPE AND HUNGARY OF 3. HISTORY THE RO CONCE2. THEORETICAL 1. SCOPE OF AND AIMS OFTABLE CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT T ABLE OF R P 4.5. 4.4. 4.3. 4.2. 4.1. 3.4. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1 RIMARY EFERENCES
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CEU eTD Collection inthecountriesRoma produ that analysis discourse her documents in asserts (2012) Bo Boroka states, member Decade Roma programs focused more rates, mortality and expectancy life alarming the to due and perspective gender the lacks plan action Hungary’s scholars. academic them from and ago, years two approximately adopted were policies the Although found inthem. opinion these next the As for Roma concerning issues. actions political reproductive future determine and documents health of terms in and children with together mentioned a pages three almost of length the area in chapter framed the a includes Strategy in Hungarian The women healthcare. and employment Romani of situation the to emphasis additional an puts Framework acces intervention: of areas four number big significantly by experienced poverty extreme the eliminate to and population Romani the of (Strategy) own its created Hungary year same the in and minority ethnic 2020 to up Strategies the published Commission European the 2011, In 1.
S COPE AND s
t s ot aayig h udryn peupin ad h mlct roiis n aims and priorities implicit the and presumptions underlying the analyzing worth is it of Roma of . The basic goal of these documents is to address the ma the address to is documents these of goal basic The .
have started to be implemented, not much criticism an criticism much not implemented, be to started have “ ndetnl o proeul cnrbt t te erdcin f prsin f the of oppression of reproduction the to contribute purposefully or inadvertently
A ,
IMS IMS THEOF preeminently by their integration into the labor market. The policies focus on focus policies The market. labor the into integration their by preeminently Nevertheless, ot Te iuto o Rmn Wmn. oe ms o te ie are times the of most Women Women”. Romani of Situation “The bout
(Framework) in order order in (Framework) cing thestrategies S TUDY s to education, employment, healthcare and housing. The The housing. and healthcare employment, education, to s wt Mkn Kml, n e tei (01 wrs that warns (2011) thesis her in Kamble, Mukund Swati would
to improve the situation of Roma, Europe’s biggest Europe’s Roma, of situation the improve to ” (Bo ”
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EU Framework for National Roma Integration Roma National for Framework EU needed. roka Boroka Analyzing , 2012,p.2). National Social Inclusion Strategy Inclusion Social National d reflection can be found from found be can reflection d rginalization, social exclusion social rginalization,
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les as (Rorke, caregivers. 2011 the whole family(Rorke whole the ubr f criticism of number focusing, when relevant, on relevant, when focusing, eiae to dedicated g f Gs omte t Rm) eesd t rcmedtos indicating recommendations its released Roma) to committed NGOs of ng have been have 13). ihsol eicue n h ainl s national the in included be should hich
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rm Roma from , 2011 ,
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hn men than
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May cted attention to the fact that gender inequality is not among not is inequality gender that fact the to attention cted -
, p. , p. , n hmn ihs NGOs rights human and
as published at the end of 2011 of end the at published as
concerning gender equity gender concerning 3).
Te uoen oa oiy olto (RP (an (ERCP) Coalition Policy Roma European The . 53). The report of the ERPC the ofreport The 53).
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women. The construction and realization of projects in a blindly obedient manner could manner obedient blindly a in projects of realization and construction The women.
women’s flection can be found to the mother and caregiver roles ascribed to Romani women women Romani to ascribed roles caregiver and mother the to found be can flection
understanding of the basic goals of the of goals basic the of understanding
bodies throughreproduction policies. bodies tto poess f h plce i qeto. ih h hl o a of help the With question. in policies the of processes ntation r the Hungarian National Strategy regarding gender regarding StrategyNational Hungarian the r 3
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will have practical implications and consequences, the wider social context consequences,socialwiderand the practicalhave implications will sal fo te non the from ishable 4
ns the exploration of the types of assumptions of types the of exploration the ns H w s h ‘dis the is ow ework and the Hungarian National National Hungarian the and ework - oa Dig o te policy the so, Doing Roma. - integratedness’ of Roma Roma of integratedness’ ,
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ry to to ry CEU eTD Collection polic the and how show scholarly with sections relevant the of abortion, and contraception motherhood, self expectancy, life of themes accentuated health women’s Romani with concerned sections the In of frameworkRoma a commonandnational European strategies. the sentiment inthe public of manifestations the to introduction brief a contains also Hungary Roma of History the of overview comprehensive but brief a gives 3 Chapter mentioned theories withthepotential finally, and used; being in and themselves East the of Melegh Attila by suggested theory the introduces It relations. class maintaining for concepts ideological as ethnicity and and Balibar biopower, the of concept Foucault’s Strategy Inclusion Social Hungarian the and Framework segments the of analysis the for used theories main the introduces 2 Chapter specific the about claims my supporting am literature with implications field from ofbiopolitic the I context. political and theoretical wider, a subsequent , for the better understanding of the severity and complexity of the analyzed policies. It policies. analyzed the of complexity and severity the of understanding better the for , y documents. The Discussion gives an overall analysis of how integration and social social and integration how of analysis overall an gives Discussion The documents. y
why a picture of the Roma as “O as Roma the of picture a why
chapter I chapter which process the discursive creation of a of creation discursive the process which
and h chapter the
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am introducing am icalFinally, discourse. the s,
connects the ideological forces derived from the above above the from derived forces ideological the connects lying in the health discourse of colonial lit lying health discoursecolonial inthe of literature -
et iiiainl lp o wih ain tts posit states nation which on slope civilizational West and traditional gender roles. I connect the assumptions the connect I roles. gender traditional and
my findings o findings my - 5
etutv bhvo drn penny early pregnancy, during behavior destructive Wallerstein’s neo Wallerstein’s thers” has been created and maintained through through maintained and created been has thers”
n ipltc ad ooils rl i odr to order in rule colonialist and biopolitics on in s and postcolonial studies.
h plc dcmns epaiig the emphasizing documents, policy the
chapter draws the way of development way chapter draws the of f the critical discourse analysis of the of analysis discourse critical the f
the prevalent and growing anti growing and prevalent the eae t wmns health women’s to related “less civilized” minority group minority civilized” “less - Marxist understanding of race of understanding Marxist
of the of erature.
n uoe and Europe in
EU Roma Roma EU sc as such ,
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is CEU eTD Collection of my study, argument my summarizing beyond conclusion, policy the of objectives the describe to use to appropriate more be would inclusion is
understood according to the analyzed policies, asserting that the term normalization normalization term the that asserting policies, analyzed the to according understood I am offer ing
questions for further analysis.further questions for
6 and main findings main and
and presenting the limitation the presenting and makers. Finally, in the in Finally, makers. s
CEU eTD Collection Framework Roma EU the to connection in particularly but states, nation in general in inclusion understa to useful is theory This “inhabitants”. its think way the in not but people, of groups different between war ongoing an is there that titled lectures his in power to relation individuals’ power the of understanding his explains Foucault Michel b 2.1 The the terms wh themselves, and and internal the in state nation a of idea connection in Strategy Hungarian the with especially so doing and role the betwe demarcation discursive clear a establishing of show function order in studies postcolonial and biopolitics fields, interdisciplinary two s imaginary general, case. theOtherI theRomainthis to soto andextending claim in this am that vocabulary and imagery thought, of tradition a and history a has that idea “an but nature”, of fact inert an “…not is it that Orient, non about imaginary an create Roma, of integration social and economic the is which goal declared their of spite in Strategy, Inclusion Social National Hungarian the and Framework Roma EU the that argue I thesis this In 2. trengthen and integration therefore thestereotypes the process. hinder
T - oa hnuigtewr mgnr, ee o h seto fEwr ad bu the about Said Edward of assertion the to refer I imaginary, word the using When Roma. HEORETICAL s
about iopolitical need for
the policy makers reaffirm the existing and prevailing picture picture prevailing and existing the reaffirm makers policy the war , but rather through the discourses of creating and defining the nation the defining and creating of discourses the through rather but , C ONCEPTS them ich theories Iich theoriesam using inparticular. minorities
as a homogenous group and as clearl as and group homogenous a as I NFORMING THE
have given it r it given have
in
the European context European the 7
Society must be Defended be must Society d o ol te ucin o ecuin and exclusion of functions the only not nd S eality and presence” and eality TUDY en segments of the population. I am I population. the of segments en -
tutr o gvrnnaiy and govermnentality of structure . to
Let me explain what I mean by mean I what explain me Let
building and maintaining the maintaining and building y distinguishable from the the from distinguishable y I using am theliterature of
about (Said, 1994, p. 1994, (Said,
(2004)
By creating this the group, thus group, the . one He claims He - state and state
usually 132), CEU eTD Collection added tot mod biopolitics. constitutes what is individuals, predictable more are events expectancy life rates, mortality and birth as such lives, their to referring numbers statistical by described individually. than rather people of mass a as population, a as managed being are people level: individualized the to additionally power, exercising of level another is there material, their through individuals, as disciplined were people sovereignty, of model classical the in Before, whatlet die.This is to lives their of aspects particular over power their over handing by citizens the by constituted power, sovereign of type theshif sovereign. to Due correspond to order in bodies individual as disciplined were They them. kill literally to right the had he or etc.; reproduce, living, a make could context, the This die. make and live let to right his to according people the over power exercised etc.) cesar, the to According line andbe is in is states of functioning the of description this how show will I well. as Strategy Hungarian the and e meant that people were either lives accordingmeant sothatwere ignoredbythey him, to couldtheir that people lead : the disciplinary techniques still operate on the individual level, but there is another level level another is there but level, individual the on operate still techniques disciplinary the : his, thesetof regulat ,
etc. Managing the lives of masses through figures, thanks to which populations which to thanks figures, through masses of lives the Managing etc. Foucault’s individual bodies to comply with the rules of the ruler. In this new biopower mode mode biopower new this In ruler. the of rules the with comply to bodies individual ing by po supported the Foucault the government they contract in with, exercises the right to make live and live make to right the exercises with, in contract they government the
historical overview, until the 18 the until overview, historical t from this mode of functioning of t from mode this
and calls thebiopolitical mode ofpower. ory techniques over theory masses. techniques over
through licy documents I licy documents analyzed. have
interv
However, this does not rule out does not does out rule not does this However, 8 ention aimed at groups of people rather than at at than rather people of groups at aimed ention
in the era of the social contract, the new new contract, the social the era of in the th
Century, the sovereign (i.e. the king, king, the (i.e. sovereign the Century,
with the rules provided by the the by provided rules the with
They are being being are They
the former former the and CEU eTD Collection nat or racism of content Identities Ambiguous Class: Nation, Wallerstein Immanuel and BalibarEtienne of book the in explained are contents conflating of categories different the between connection The 2.2. “us” by thenation state. explaining soc of ethnicization the is here observe can determined be territorial of “should basis groupthe on primarily target the and strategy” Roma a just not but strategy Roma a Soc “The clearlythat is stated it Also, status. socioeconomic equatedwith being is case this in ethnicity Roma) the Poverty, Child Poverty, Extreme (i.e. subtitle the in and word the contain not does Strategy Hungarian the of title main The level. that on intervening at aim and numbers, statisticalof terms in population target the describe analyzed documents the later, see shall we As class serves or sex) this the on other favored of expense be to have always society the of parts some mass, this normalize to balance, t if level statistical mass, a on intervening and data state. the of that i and state the of function protecting the between contradiction the that argues Foucault threats. internal and external from population the defend preserve, to is power regulatory the of role The Ethnicity t still t still “ the
kills He
as Class as Class economic significance in the creation of creation the in significanceeconomic
asserts that the state’s aim is to maintain a state of equilibrium, through collecting throughcollecting equilibrium, of state a maintain to is aim state’s the that asserts ” s. Racism (in his understanding his (in Racism s.
Roma, but refers to a social group, class if we like, which should be “included” be should which like, we if class group, social a to refers but Roma, and excludes groups from its frame of protection is resolved by the racist nature racist byresolved the protection of is groupsfromand frame excludes its
role in the functioning of biopower. inthefunctioning role of ionalism is based on the working of the capitalist economy. He observes observes He economy. capitalist the of working the on based is ionalism …and social criteria” (Strategy, 2011, (Strategy, criteria” social …and
(1991) ial/class characteristics. In the next paragraphs I am I paragraphs next the In characteristics. ial/class .
In one of the chapters Wallerstein claims that the that claims Wallerstein chapters the of one In 9
not necessarily based on ethnicity, but also on also but ethnicity, on based necessarily not ee s dvain I odr o ep the keep to order In deviation. a is here aim n class and racism an ethnic minority, ethnic an
- based oppression, their their oppression, based ial Inclusionis Strategy ial
a group different from differentgroup a p. 60). Thus what we what Thus 60). Race, CEU eTD Collection group minority within contradiction “hierarchic the justify to order in groups different the of “culture” the as to referred are and people to determined) genetically not (and taught are the of levels [different the by behavior “normal different of need the with explains he distinction this for need The majority. the of those from different behaviors of modes of transmitters and bearers the households, the labor and power social of terms Wallerstein to According to the answer. such of significance economic the understand to have we citizens, of groups between differentiation the reinforce would inclusion and integration power political thus (and wealth nation of concept capitalist the to them division connecting with class) and nation (race, terms three the of difference the explains He belongingness. and fixity of indicator an as serves case either in but behavior, unchangea for justification as either serve can characteristics mentioned the of whichever on based “pastness”, that claims author The 77). category forms ensuring cultura ofbehaviors, oncertain based a an location; territorial on based one sociopolitical a is nation one; visible genetic, a is race whereabout categories important three are there nationhood, of construction the in that
xrse te competition the expresses
f labor. of race
emerges with the acceptance of this theory. this of acceptance the with emerges
s explanatory is
h tre aeois ersn tre ees n alrti’ aayi. The analysis. Wallerstein’s in levels three represent categories three The t e da f h ceto o plce amn a eooi itgain f a of integration economic at aiming policies of creation the of idea he ,
] workforce” (Wallerstein, 1 (Wallerstein, workforce” ] ethnic groups emerge from the need of the majority for a minority in minority a for majority the of need the from emerge groups ethnic - division. He understands this this understands He division. ) with . To understand why a policy document whose declared goal is goal declared whose document policy a why understand To . ihn h to oe fr rank for zones two the within
regard bility or for the need for the alteration of elements of of elements of alteration the for need the for or bility to 10
h rltosi bten etr and center between relationship the an act at first. This theory helps us to get closer closer get to us helps theory This first. at act an
l elt o cptls” ii, p. (ibid, capitalism” of reality al 991, p. 991, On the one hand, the majority needs needs majority the hand, one the On ethnicity
83). Different modes of behavior of modes Different 83). l continuity (Wallerstein, 1991,p. l continuity
in the hierarc the in
manifested on the lev the on manifested y f possessing of hy d ethnicity is a is ethnicity d periphery;
84). el of el
A
CEU eTD Collection analyzing pre politic “modern the of parcels and an parts are racism stigmatized, being are time that same the at who claims groups of normalization the He disciplining, discourses: population through Europeanness and racism between link positive a finds author the but politicians, Hungarian by strategy Roma European sign a be to p. (ibid, slope on themselves locate to struggling are system, world capitalist the reentering Cent in those especially states, nation that claims He manifested in“racial” terms. (ibid knowledge”areas of non and developed or civilizational a of idea the by recaptured been has geoculturalimagination andgeopolitical the 1980s the “from Europe andEastern Central on discourses book Melegh’s Attila reasons, nation a of need the understand To Minority Role2.3. The of European international, wider, a context. into it locating phenomenon, contradictory a such behind them lower voluntary a have to
n n qa bss Truh h nx prgah I m xliig h ipii objectives implicit the explaining am I paragraphs next the Through basis. equal an on
of “non of -
189). Part of this in the case of Hungary is that within this discourse, racism seems seems racism discourse, this within that is Hungary of case the in this of Part 189). and post
East - developed - - Westernness”, which would give and adequate sense for the initiation of a of initiation the for sense adequate and give would which Westernness”, et lp” Mlg, 06 p. 2006, (Melegh, slope” West - World War II War World throughFou discourses . - ). The vertical dimension of this frame of reference is merit, most oftenmost merit,reference frame of is this of verticaldimension The ).
class, but on the other hand other the on but class, Groups in
countries. He identifies this as a discursive structure in “different “different in structure discursive a as this identifies He countries. On the East the On al systems of domination” (ibid, p. (ibid, domination” of systems al - tt fr aig ioiis wti ad eod economic beyond and within minorities, having for state the Development (2006) - West Slope: Globalization, nationalism, racism and racism nationalism, Globalization, Slope: West 11
is an importaan is ral and Eastern Europe due to their recent their to due Europe Eastern and ral 0 rpeetn civilization representing 10) ,
with the policies the with Discourse cauldian biopoliticallenses. nt index nt
- 51). Melegh does this by this does Melegh 51). board. Melegh states thatboard.statesMelegh ,
the y want to i to want y this civilizational this - abrs or barbarism
ntegrate d the the d CEU eTD Collection groupsas “us” “others”, notlike value ethical involve always characteristics the these that for is groups justification minority of case the in difference a makes What behaviors. their altering governance sense ( practices th social changing existing by people a over dominance establishing of practices of set a but that, assists governanceto systemof establishinga and and farpopulations propertiesof and lands the powerover gaining of history throughout processes the mean only not do I colonization, By useful. be also can colonialism of theme the policies, Roma the of goals the understanding In 2.4. thatoutside ofthispile, servesa fo tool as normalization and uplifting their which in and Hungarians, from differences their along defined is which group cent discourse witha resolved canThis contradiction be homogenous population. and “civilized” wholly a with slope the of side Western the on place Hungary’s legitimate would of Europeanness discourse political and everyday the in non as represented group a as Roma, of differentiation the hand one the on that imply “W developed, non as represented been has latter the Central that suggests He Labor, Ethics and and Ethics Labor, Colonialism are hite (ethnic) Hungarians and on the other hand, their social integration or inclusion inclusion or integration social their hand, other the on and Hungarians (ethnic)
at stake. In this case the emphasis in not on ethnic Hungarians but on a group a on but Hungarians ethnic on not in emphasis the case this In stake. at is always colonization as it thrives for the normalization of people’s lives by lives people’s of normalization the for thrives it as colonization always is ”
uoe especial Europe, alterations is based on “cultural” differences. differences. “cultural” on based is alterations - European countries are in are countries European see also Comaroff, 1992; 1992; Comaroff, also see – the majority.
ly ly - white, and that they would like to gain to like would they that and white, by r defining“true Hungarians as Europeans”. ,
- hi acsin o h Erpa Uin Ti might This Union. European the to accession their rm non from uget ad rae mgntos f h minority the of imaginations create and judgments
12
- between the “West” and the Balkan, where Balkan, the and “West” the between Mel - oa evs s jsiiain o the for justification a as serves Roma g, 2006 egh, . n could One ). R frig o cultural to eferring their places in the the in places their ered on Roma, a ered onRoma, say that in that that in that say
- exercising exercising European eir eir CEU eTD Collection wil not am I subordinated. but equal, made not were colonized the usage, their and bodies their of understanding Western the for them training With capacities. productive well is habits disciplined the taught be to needed “bodies that was behind reason the earlier, Wallerstein at found we what to similarly view, Mitchell’s In practicesgroup. the target of order in collectivelevel a on intervention and masses, as people over control health a of understanding 19 late the health of field the in especially understanding,Foucault’s in biopolitics in writes Mitchell Timothy What measures EURomaStrategy ofthe Framework. and theHungarian and na over power governing their establishing Others remained have still while altered, behavior their and managed controlled, been have peoples different how of presentations power this way the understand us help would it state, nation a within minorities about talking when literature colonial of usage the of limitations creates, latter people, serve which the group, homogenous governable simply the from already different minority, a an of imagination an of maintains and reconstitutes operation the at aims one first the governan between difference the Therefore, describing them as divergentas them describing - nw, h ga ws o nrdc Eytas o o sau lbr ad o xli their exploit to and labor, status low to Egyptians introduce to was goal the known, - care system, where bodies would be enumerated and registered. This made possible the possible made This registered. and enumerated be would bodies where system, care th
Century, health education in Egypt by the British aimed at implementing a European European a implementing at aimed British the by Egypt in education health Century,
the body the s as a justification for a stronger intervention to their lives. Although there are there Although totheir lives. intervention a justificationfor stronger a s as -
as a distinct category from the mind, so to enable the establishment of establishment the enable to so mind, the from category distinct a as
from the norm, the from ,
n otooil ieaue Te ol o te ooies for colonizers the of tools The literature. postcolonial in Colonizing tive populations tive ce and colonization in my understanding is that while that is understanding my in colonization and ce 13
- are strongly consonant with the descriptions and descriptions the with consonantare strongly structure is made manife made is structure
Egypt of wage of
a mk m asrin cer about clear assertions my make can - , such as measuring them statistically statistically them measuring as such , labour” (Mitchell, 1991, p. 1991, (Mitchell, labour”
- care. He claims that from that claims He care. ling to say that the goal the that say to ling st. to change the bodily bodily the change to One can find can One
96). As it As 96).
clear CEU eTD Collection provide aand picture direct carried clearofthe been ofhowtheories out. the have implications responsibilities. and roles gender of discourse prevailing the to according “culture” transmit and carry who ones the are women and labor domestic and procreation are functions primary bodies’ Women’s out. group a into intervention where place the control, population of sites the are bodies women’s because thesis my in health women’s on focusing e to order in following minds consequently and bodies people’s disciplining for tool a as used is which and implications moral contains which discourse a is health that argue I afflict moral degeneracy his disorder, and dirt of very embodiment the “was savage the which in order” bodily and social a as health of “sense a employed civilization that assert They colonizers. the of imagination the in health of role the on similarly in Comaroff Jane and John the majority access population,equal to from differences their by defined are they which in discourse a maintaining and creating with that but Roma, the of potential working the of exploitation the is question in policies the of the argumentation of argumentation the …” (Comaroff,Comaroff,…” 1992, pp.
The refore the examination examination the refore tngah ad h Hsoia Imagination Historical the and Ethnography
Foucault, Wallerstein, Melegh, Mitchell and the Comaroffs the and Mitchell Melegh, Wallerstein, Foucault, the labor market seems bethe labor to improbable. market of the policy texts’ approach to women’s health will will health women’s to approach texts’ policy the 14 215
s’ life, behavior can be most directly carried directly most be can behavior life, s’ - 6).
o al f pee ih i physical his with piece a of all ion
(1992) tbih domination stablish
,
con very account . I am am I .
CEU eTD Collection 2 1 population Romani the of half the over Holocaust, the of end the By disease”. genetic transmitted on their belonging to later those a as strict as twice were Gypsy a as classification for “[c]riteria studies Hancock’s targeted projects research hygiene racial harshest and first the many, by known Not ages. middle the since power in been already had they as laws, anti new establish to have not did Germany in 1933 in Hitler of administration new The du persecuted also were Roma people, disabled and homosexual Jewish, besides that is fact historical significant Another p. years two until slaves as kept were they Moldova, and Romania to belong today which territories the on that is Europe Eastern and Central in Roma of history the regarding important most the considered elements Western reached groups Bigger landowners. and down the them until continent settled the Church around travelling were They trades. special their to thanks welcome Eastern In 2004). Brownlee, 2004; Courthiade, 1 of population India a from with originated Europe in minority ethnic biggest the today is Roma 3 AND 3
pplied for Jews” (Hankock, 1987, p. 1987, (Hankock, Jews” for pplied Meaningdevouring MeaningOverall .1. Who are.1. Who People? the Romani .
25). H ISTORY THEOF H
UNGARY killings (Marushiakova, 2010, p. 2010, (Marushiakova, killings , rape or gaping (Hancock, 2004 gaping or (Hancock, rape ,
the category“incurablythe Gypsy mentally ill”. criminality “a was as perceived after R rm hr te fe aon te er 00 A.D 1000 year the around fled they where from ring the Holocaust (Samudaripen Holocaust the ring
OMA ANDOMA THE OF
the creatio the
they
64). The final solution for Gypsies, elimination, was based was elimination, Gypsies, for solution final The 64). n of the nation nation the of n eae h poet, lvs f h Cuc o bigger or Church the of slaves property, the became 4) )
P - 15 uoe eoe en sedenta being before Europe OLICIES -
Euro hs wt Rmn origins Romani with those state of state pe, from the 14th Century, Roma were were Roma Century, 14th the from pe, C 1
ONCERNING or Porrajmos or Romania, in 1864 (Hancock, 1987, (Hancock, 1864 in Romania, 2
R in Ro in OMA INOMA . r zd Oe f the of One ized. Hnok 2002; (Hancock, , mani language). mani
n according and 0 - 12 E UROPE million, million, - Gypsy
CEU eTD Collection rates. poverty highest the with ones the p are there however regions, all almost in found be can but Hungary, of territories particular more or one in live not do Roma 3 with nostalgia institutio they countriesthe of lifestyles. deviant their with society ideal the to obstacle an problem, a as perceived were p. 2002, (Barany, society socialist homogenous the to them assimilate easily to mandatory order in resettlement, labor” wage communities, compulsory and Romani education compact of “dispersal the at aimed mostly participation; their cou without most in tokens as speakers Romani some had Party the nevertheless made were Roma the targeting Policies citizens. socialist good class new the to Roma the assimilate to was regime the of goal The soc ra redistribution” “equal the from out left are bloc” mi ethnic for harmful is Leninism State under Europe in Eastern Roma and of history Central the introduce briefly me let Hungary, is thesis my of focus main the As 250 000(Wogg, 5 Nazi of . 2. it nutc” Fida, 93 pp. 1993, (Friedman, injustice” cist ialist states hadialist different approaches for and integrating policies minorities.
Roma Hungary in - occupied Europe was terminated, the (official) estimated number of the vi the of number estimated (official) the terminated, was Europe occupied ns thus ns .
,
many R many .0 , p.
were given jobs in the industrial sector industrial the in jobs given were
7). oma who lived and worked under state under worked and lived who oma
laces where laces norities because the ones not belonging to the “dominant ethn “dominant the belongingto not ones the because norities 114). Zoltan Bara Zoltan 114).
224 Roma having oral history oral having Roma the - oils. lhuh dad remn lis that claims Friedman Edward Although Socialism. - ) i hs o e cnwegd ht ifrn state different that acknowledged be to has it 6), ir
16 concentration
and thus the apparatus is “an embodiment of embodiment “an is apparatus the thus and ny notes that Roma in the public discourse public the in Roma that notes ny
and had the right to maintain cultural maintain to right the had and is higher. These places are usually usually are places These higher. is - , their arrival to the region can can region the to arrival their , s ocialism ocialism - based society, constituting constituting society, based ntries. State polices were polices State ntries. remember that time time that remember
cti ms is at least at is ms
In most most In ic - CEU eTD Collection state during society an as seen not were Roma broughtgave theSoviets by aftertheWar, themthehope ofequal citizenship. I. approx up Beashmakes and Hungary of population Romani the of 21% constitute language strong a through gone already have they today reality,In sub this sub the constitute they today and Century 19th the the of middle in Rumania in slavery of abolition the after Hungary to came Roma of wave second The Affairs middle or peasant Hungarian by raised be to away taken were children their and language, their use to forbidden were Roma assimilation. and down settling Centu 18th the of middle the invaders Turkish the of expulsion the After smiths. arm and soldiers as Turks the against mostly battles historical in participated They 2005). musician the as known sub one constitute they today and language its majority process:lost strong assimilation through a the gone wavewith this have horse and musicians wave the to According them. mentioning population majority the of documents written by concluded be
n wr dpre ad xctd n ag nmes uig h Hlcut Te “freedom” The Holocaust. the during numbers large in executed and deported were and studies of Istvan Kemeny, the most prominent scholar researching Roma in Hungary, the first first Hungary,the in Roma researchingscholar prominent most the IstvanKemeny, of studies
f Roma of , 2004,p. - group are considered to be bilingual as the as bilingual be to considered aregroup
2). ece Hnay eoe h 1t Cnuy Te promd s blacksmiths, as performed They Century. 15th the before Hungary reached
- - s sellers, but executioners as well. Throughout the centuries the Throughout well. as executioners but sellers, ocialism - Roma, making up 71% of the Roman the of 71% up making Roma,
imately8 ethnic or national minority but as a group excluded excluded group a as but minority national or ethnic ry, decrees of Maria Theresa and his son, Joseph II aimed at their their at aimed II Joseph son, his and Theresa Maria of decrees ry,
- codn t te seto o Dvd . Crowe M. David of assertion the to according group % f ugra Rm, h Romungre the Roma, Hungarian of
( Ministry of ForeignAffairsof Ministry ,
their services were not needed anymore thus, from thus, anymore needed not were services their 17
y speak Hungarian and one dialect of Romani. Romani. of dialect one and Hungarian yspeak
(Kemeny, 2005). (Kemeny, - - i population of Hungary (Kemeny, Hungary of population i class families ( families class group of Olah Roma. Members of of Members Roma. Olah of group - exchange process. Olah Roma Roma Olah process. exchange , 2004) ,
A third group is called is group third A .
Roma foughtin WW Roma r oe commonly more or
Ministry of Foreign of Ministry . Thus the Roma Roma the Thus . , people arriving arriving people , from capitalist capitalist from
CEU eTD Collection and m factories. in work industrial or agriculture in mainly market, labor formal the entered (ibi employment female t to due were differences the non and Roma of wages the of differences The employed. were Roma of 30% only 1971, in conducted full of communication official the of spite In them (Kemeny, 2005,pp. than rather settlements Roma reconstituted programs the thus villages, dwindling we houses new the Ironically houses. peasant old renovating for and value subdued called so of houses building for loans cheaper for ask could jobs permanent had who Roma The settlements.Roma of elimination their conserves and 196 in society ideology, this Following socialist separatedness. the to assimilation their hinders education, language Romani as such differences, cultural their of promotion the and minority national a constitute explicitl time first the for stated resolution This government. socialist the is 1961 in resolution Party’s The termsin termsnot of ofethnic economy, affiliation. but clas ‘working the to belonged mostly Roma but lastedtwo onlyforestablished,was Hungarian GypsyCouncil fifties, the of end the ho Towards issue. social a as but one ethnic an as seen not was question any c any wever, minority culture and education was promoted by Kadarist policies. In 1957 the the 1957 In policies. Kadarist by promoted was education and culture minority wever,
needs. Some started to collect metal, which they then handed to state to handed then they which metal, collect to started Some needs. ontinued their traditional occupations with modifications applied for the new environment new the for applied modifications with occupations traditional their ontinued - Roma show that they faced discrimination also at that time. According to the research, the to According time. that at also discrimination faced they that show Roma e ul ne built re , p. d, 53 - 4). e ih ubr f hlrn mn Rm ad hi lw ee of level low their and Roma among children of number high he t o ah te ad h renov the and other each to xt 54).
a famous and infamous one. A one. infamous and famous a
n eea i cn e ad ht uig State during that said be can it general In s’, state socialism seemed socialism state s’, - employme 18 5 the state started a huge program aiming at the at aiming program huge a started state the 5
nt of the citizens, according to a research a to according citizens, the of nt
able ones were available at small, small, at available were ones able ssimilation was the main goal of goal main the was ssimilation years (Crowe, 2007, p. years2007, (Crowe,
benefic - y that the Roma do not do Roma the that y owned agencies. Many Many agencies. owned ial for them. It was It them. for ial - oils Roma Socialism
terminating However, However, 92). As92). ,
CEU eTD Collection on data statistical by strengthened were criminality (Crowe, 2007). sentiments These Roma. towards fear or hatred of level some felt Hungarians of third two 1990, in conducted survey a to According songs. rock elec publiclocalspeeches atin manifest and rise to began ethnicity, on not class, on based equality of discourse socialist the of because earlier voiced not ( them for jobs of loss multitudinous in occupied were Roma most As ones. urban in than worse much were opportunities employment where areas rural in lived Roma heal and housing as such rates unemployment high the of reasons the Among 1). 468,000 only up made alt Roma, was population unemployed Hungary’s of percent 9 1993, in conducted survey a According follow. not did changes positive but well, have not did represent t it but 1985, in state the by established Council) Gypsy t Among goals. political in compromises to arrive is trend this (and Unfortunately population. Roma the of needs the represent better to created were factions political and organizations Roma many 1980’s the of end the towards time, same the In strengtheningRoma, stereotypes. the conflic causes which activity, this from living their make to try still still visible today) they were constantly competing with each other for funding and co and funding for other each with competing constantly were they today) visible still
he Roma of Hungaryhe (Crowe, 2007,p. of Roma –
approximately 5 percent of the of percent 5 approximately h ws ako dcto vrpiaysho adta 0pret of percent 60 that and school primary over education of lack was th,
in the industrial sector under state under sector industrial the in
Kemeny, 2005, p. 2005, Kemeny, 19
100).
hem hough the overall official number of Roma Roma of number official overall the hough -
and
The transition gave new hopes to Roma as new gave hopesThe transition toRoma was the Országos Cigánytanács (National Cigánytanács Országos the was
total population (Kemeny, 2005, pp. 60 pp. 2005, (Kemeny, population total
tion campaigns, in graffiti drawingsgraffiti and in campaigns, tion 65). consequently
Anti - s - ocialism, its collapse result collapse its ocialism, Roma sentiments which were which sentiments Roma ts between Roma and non and Roma between ts
the bad social conditions social bad the h lgl uhrt to authority legal the u ld not not ld ed - - CEU eTD Collection 2009. in Parliament European the to member support enough gained soon rhetoric their and actions Their Roma. op the the established have They Gypsy as such Society, Hungarian the of problems real about openly speak that ones first and community youth a as 1999 in established was It party. Hungary) Better/Righter a for (Movement Mozgalom Magyarországért anti of representative prominent hate in even and organizations recent anti Growing 3.3. GrowingAnti in step Inclusionlegislation isthe Hungarian toRoma Roma inconnection Strategy. significant next The values. cultural of cultivation the to restricted been has function reality in but them, self minority of institution the establishing of elements constituent were minorities acc Constitution, the in incorporated was sentence a 1990 rights, minority strengthen to government the urged circumstances These country. state policy common and unity of creation the aggravated which other, cooperation Growi - s
caim siha gop apae, takn Rm gete i dfeet on o the of towns different in ghettoes Roma attacking appeared, groups skinhead ocialism, anti ng rtos fwih a gigt eaoae nltr hndsusn hate discussing when later, on elaborate to going am I which of erations years among it has it - - oa etmn has sentiment Roma oa etmn, ep oet, n hg uepomn rts i nt subse not did rates unemployment high and poverty, deep sentiment, Roma
manifested in several speeches, political programs, rise of far right parties and parties right far of rise programs, political speeches, several in manifested -
Roma SentimentRoma groups of Roma. As the majority blamed them, they started to blame each blame to started they them, blamed majority the As Roma. of groups the new law new the
Magyar Gárda (Hungarian Guard) (Hungarian Gárda Magyar - crimes. Let me Let crimes.
did not grant any political power to the representatives. Their Their representatives. the to power political any grant not did
- formed a party in 2003. They have claimed that they that claimed have They 2003. in party a formed en ecie sne h fl o State of fall the since perceived been oa etmn i Hnain oiis s h Jobbik the is politics Hungarian in sentiment Roma
h N the - oenet, hc ejyd ih oe rltd to related hopes high enjoyed which governments, During mention some of the most striking ones. striking most the of some mention 20 ation
the parliamentary elections parliamentary the .
In 1993 a minority law was adopted, adopted, was law minority a 1993 In rig o hc ntoa ad ethnic and national which to ording , a ,
paramilitary organization, about organization, paramilitary goals. Right after Right goals.
o Jobbik for - oils, u i the in but Socialism,
- in 2010 Jobbik 2010 in
crimes against against crimes o sending for therefore the fall of of fall the
The most most The - are crime. crime.
rve the
in a CEU eTD Collection within occupation endangerment negligent of commitment and crime; in involvement ammunition; and guns of misuse group; in guns with robbery 14; of age the under person a against and motivation e and murder multiple premeditated, suspects with the of charged trial The people. six of death the to led and shootings arsons, included They attack an 2009 of spring the and 2008 of summer the Between recent demon to order scandalsin most the mention to like only would I example. their follow to started figures public and parties their with support public gain to started Jobbik categories The mostly committed them main anti and racist implicitly or explicitly give members Party Parliament. the to and discourse public globalist are ant of frequency The Jobbik, of homepage the to (www.jobbik.hu) according which parliament, the anti and Israeli Christian Hungarian the emphasize to aim which party, wing constitute they Today Parliament. Hungarian the to members 47 send could and votes the of 16,67% collected - Semitic comments in the Parliament and on public gatherings, demonstrations. One of One demonstrations. gatherings, public on and Parliament the in comments Semitic “Gypsy is es ( Amnesty, 2010, p.14) Amnesty, 2010,
- of more than 12% of the members the of 12% than more EU politics. They claim to be a national party contrary to all the other parties in parties other the all to contrary party national a be to claim They politics. EU .
Gypsy and Hungarian are consistently being disti being consistently are Hungarian and Gypsy
by Roma because they are not not are they because Roma by i - oapbi pehs a icesdsnete neigo obk o the to Jobbik of entering the since increased has speeches public Roma - crime” with which t which with crime” strate the tensions. strate the tensions. , has been going on for more than two years, hasgoing been more onfor thantwo now. hey assert that specific types of crimes have been have crimes of types specific that assert hey 21
(www.parlament.hu) “
pn problem open capable of cohabitation with the Hungarians. the with cohabitation of capable
dneig tes lvs ih depraved a with lives others’ ndangering traditions, with anti with traditions, - - series against Roma Roma against series definitions nguished in their rhetoric. their in nguished . They claim to be a right a be to claim They ” mmes f other of members , - America, anti America,
took - liberals
place.
their
As - -
CEU eTD Collection ambassador Hungarian present and minister former of book The recently. cas two are there Roma, or hatred incite which publications and speeches Regarding crime” Jobbik of group a attacked had they because yearsprison four to half a and two for sentenced were Roma nine 2013 May in Recently, sente and charged were Roma but no non introduced were sincebut curiouslyenough, they as qualifies o basis the on motivation depraved Also crime. hate of category the under falls but crime, simple considereda not is disability, orit orientation identity, sexual sexual some against hate a February 2008 In which extremistprohibits similar campaigns. law new a of introduction the and outcry public huge a caused It groups. paramilitary settlemen Roma the to close announced was camp training paramilitary the After tension. the and fear uniform black the increasing settlement, in Roma the of streets the on march would whips and dogs with equipped dressed people that meant it practice In joined. organizations other which to security public ensure to there remained Guard the which after crime” “Gypsy non a maj the segregatedfrom (living sy a out carried Guard Hungarian the 2011 In - Roma pension Roma .
an aggravative circumstance. The aim of these acts initially was to protect minorities, protect to was initiallyacts these of aim The circumstance. aggravative an one on the basis of his or her belonging to an ethnic, religious group on his or her her or his on group religious ethnic, an to belonging her or his of basis the on one er the Jobbik party and the Guard held a demonstration in the village against against village the in demonstration a held Guard the and party Jobbik the er es which have gained public attention in Hungary and in Europe as well as Europe in and Hungary in attention public gained have which es - crime act was adopted, according to which if a crime is committed committed is crime a if which to according adopted, was act crime ority) of a Northwestern town, Northwestern a ority)of
nced for committing racist crimes against ethnic Hungarians. ethnic against crimes racist committing for nced oenets oie secondment police government’s supporters
mbolic attack on the 10 percent 10 the on attack mbolic 22 , demonstrating in their village against “Gypsy against village their in demonstrating ,
- Roma was sentenced according sentenced was Roma
Gyöngyöspata. After the suicide of of suicide Afterthe Gyöngyöspata. promote f someone’s someone’s f
h etbihet f a of establishment the
t by one of the joined joined the of one by t in Norway, Jeszenszky Jeszenszky Norway, in discrimination
Roma population Roma group - ie o like - affiliation affiliation
to against them, utfit, - CEU eTD Collection political parties getting discourse cannotpopulist outsideofthe risk b will rights human of efforts the general, regard With of crimes are mostly committed by Roma. types several that “fact” the to attention the attract to forget not no they people, antisocial Jobbik criticisms, for reactions as represen Although, group. homogenous a as Roma the of image and discourse public a of reaffirmation and creation the to contributing conflated get criminality sup public significant them brings party, Jobbik the of politicians the by frequently delivered been have speeches Hateful serious consequences animals like behave who animals, population the of part this called He cohabitation. for unsuitable who unsuccessfully Trea Equal Hungarian the to filed was case a and publication the of development intercourse sexual in engage to or married these in because disabilities mental with there that implying Hungary in Roma of behavior sexual the about passages contains university Hungarian a at minorities about course a for written Géza, se. s the As seen. e for published an article where article an published
changing the legislation or the implementation of the laws the of implementation the or legislation the changing tatives declare that they do not mean to be racist and their intents are aimed only against only aimed are intents their and racist be to mean not do they that declare tatives
o h responses the to .
A similar case from 2013 is that of that is 2013 from case similar A e speeches se
. Byr 2013) (Bayer,
reach many people and meet the expectations of the public, the the public, the of expectations the meet and people many reach
o uh rms n sece ad o h anti the to and speeches and crimes such to
he claimed that a great proportion of the Roma of Hungary is is Hungary of Roma the of proportion great a that claimed he - Aan ulc ucy olwd h pbiain bt without but publication, the followed outcry public Again . port
and Roma NGOs can be mentioned, but without the politicalthe without but mentioned, be can NGOs Roma and
I tee pehs tnc fiito, oil tts and status social affiliation, ethnic speeches these In .
omnte i i acpe fr ls rltvs o get to relatives close for accepted is it communities
Jsesk, 2009) (Jeszenszky, 23
Zsolt Bayer Zsolt is
a big proportion of Romani children Romani of proportion big a ,
a . Public debates followed the the followed debates Public . , founder
. much effective change cannot cannot effectivechange much
of the governing party governing the of - oa lmt in climate Roma tment authority, tment consequently which which
CEU eTD Collection (S people” Roma ma a including groups, social poorest the of integration economic and social real the ensure potentially can “measures which segments”, various their and aspects qualification) and villages) regions, disadvantaged (more “regional of basis the on group target its definedIt sports. and media treatment, culture, equal and of objectives education,employment,housing,and health responsibilities f Plan and Strategic Decade The organizations. tasks the allocated which two a with 2007, in adopted was Plan Strategic Hungarian A countrycreated DecadeAction its Plan. of elimination the towards work membe every declaration the Inwith line inclusion. social their and Roma will against discrimination countries signing the of governments the that states o Decade the of states Slovakia, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Macedonia, of F.Y.R. Hungary, Republic, Czech the Croatia, Bulgarian Herzegovina, and Bosnia Albania, of representatives I Roma of Decade and the of Declaration Serbia Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Inclusion…"” Roma of "Decade the endorsed Republic, each Slovakia and Montenegro, Czech the Croatia, Bulgaria, of C Europe: Expanding an in “Roma Budapest high international an 2003 In beginning. the from role major a played Hungary Europe in policies Roma of development the In 2003. in shape official an take formulatio the and frameworkEuropean common a for need The 3.4 . Roma thePolicies Focus in of
oil eg dsdatgd iuto, long situation, disadvantaged (e.g. social P, 2007, p. 2007, P, f Roma Inclusion 2005 Inclusion Roma f 3). It is visible that the main target group was defined on a social social a on defined was group target main the that visible is It 3).
nclusion was signed in 2005 in Sofia, Bulgaria by the the by Bulgaria Sofia, in 2005 in signed was nclusion or 2008 or hallenges from the future” where “the governments governments “the where future” the from hallenges - 24 2015, and Slovenia as observer. The declaration The observer. as Slovenia and 2015,
- 2009 - em nmlyet low unemployment, term between
included already the four target areas of areas target four the already included
n of a “Roma problem” began to began problem”“Roma a of n oenetl ntttos and institutions governmental - - er oenet cin Plan Action Government year ee cneec ws ed in held was conference level and Spain and
(OSI, 2003). The 2003). (OSI, jor propor jor - level school school level
as member as tion of of tion r CEU eTD Collection (MEMO, 2010,p. strate Roma national for Framework EU an of Citizenship presentation the and announced Rights Fundamental Justice, for Commissioner EU Commission, European Funds the of allocation the for requirements basic of introduction the propose to and Funds Structural the of availability and use adequate the ensure to map, road a creating by Inclusion Roma for Platform issues Roma mainstreaming to itself committed “Trio” the which in Hungary and Belgium Spain, by signed was declaration joint a outcome an used 200 t but existed, tools the that stated ex w Report Commission a 2008 July, In Internationalthe 12th Steering Meeting. Committee Policy” Roma European a for “Call a initiated Inclusionpresidency Roma of Decade its during loc health about Roma of knowledge the improving and professionals; pr Roma Roma of of proportion high a number the with increasing examinations; preventive areas in participation Roma’s in increasing inhabitants; services enhance to system incentive an of up acc Roma’s to related section The included be might Hungary in Roma the disadvantageous position. of most or many that and basis mn te vial isrmns o ipoig oas iuto i te uoen no and Union European the in situation Roma’s improving for instruments available the amine l elh evcs Indicators services. health al 8 October, 8 ,
based on best on based
(Spanish Presidency, 2010). Presidency, (Spanish fsinl i hat cr; raiig anti organizing care; health in ofessionals
the First Roma Summit was held in order to identify the identify to order in held was Summit Roma First the
2).
practices.
The Secound Roma Summit was held in 2010 April in Cordoba. AsCordoba. in 2010 April in heldwas Summit Roma SecoundThe
he implementation processes had processes implementation he ee tahd s el o h lss f ak. In tasks. of lists the to well as attached were ess to healthcare services contains the following goals: setting goals: following the contains services healthcare to ess as released based on a request a on based released as
In the same year, Viviane Redding, Vice Redding, Viviane year, same the In 25 , to contribute to the forthcoming meetings of the of meetings forthcoming the to contribute to ,
- iciiain riig fr healthcare for trainings discrimination
to be enhanced (EC, 2008). In 2008). (EC, enhanced be to from 2007 by EU leaders EU by 2007 from - related issues; improving improving issues; related
policy instruments to be to instruments policy gies for April April for gies - President of the the of President 08 Hungary, 2008
mle their implies 2011
to at at CEU eTD Collection Administrat So for Framework. by created the was Strategy Inclusion Social National Hungarian of basis the as served which adopted was Inclusion Roma on Strategy the 2011 of beginning the In pp. partic active the and society; civil of involvement authorities; evidence of inter non and pragmatic Constructive, which upon, agreed the were policies for the of Principles implementation the Basic and creation Common 10 the things other among where 2012, March and 2009 April between place taken Inclusionhad Roma for PlatformIntegrated the of meetings seven The later Framewor the of areas target four the with inclusion social etc.; justice, to access equality, gender and rights hate of legislation criminal as such formulated, been have goals major nine the of states no priorities: of member list a on agreed Europe of Council the document, this Signing Roma. on Meeting Level High Europe of Council the of outcome an as October 2010 in created was Roma on Declaration Strasbourg The
5 - - cultural approach; aiming for the mainstream; awareness of th of awareness mainstream; the for aiming approach; cultural 8). cial Inclusion now Minister of State for Social Inclusion of the Ministry of Public Public of Ministry the of Inclusion Social for State of Minister now Inclusion cial
- ion andJustice,ZoltanBalogh. ae plce; s o Cmuiy ntuet; novmn o rgoa ad local and regional of involvement instruments; Community of use policies; based k as well ask as cultureand well andinternational (COE,2010). language; cooperation
Report of Lívia Járóka (Member of European Parliament) on the EU EU the on Parliament) European of (Member Járóka Lívia of Report
- iciiaoy oiis epii bt o ecuie targeting; exclusive not but explicit policies; discriminatory
26
n - discrimination and citizenship, within which within citizenship, and discrimination a ipation of the Roma (CoEU, 2009, (CoEU, Roma the of ipation
team of the then State Secretariat State then the of team e gender dimension; transfer dimension; gender e were - rm, women’s crime,
the followings: the
The The
CEU eTD Collection that stated is it six, page On data. empirical to references without assumptions many of consists paragrap two the regarding Framework, The nation state. moti the the and assertions show the of to effects order possible in literature relevant with topics five these within statements the connect will I women. Romani of lives the affecting families Romani within roles” gender “traditional Romani among abortion and contraceptives of use the motherhood, early non and Roma between expectancy life in differences text: the in emphasized been have which themes five on elaborate presenting beyond Strategy, Hungarian the regardto With challengingthem. least atundermining or of stereotypesinstead the Framework, the Regarding society. the into Roma of inclusion and integration social and economic the is which makers, policy the of objective stated the with contradicts representation of mode this that argue I development. of and Europe of population particular in Hungary Roma the them through and women Romani present documents policy these how exactly show to is goal My colonialism. and biopolitics of literature academic of meanings the then Framework, Roma S EU Inclusion the Social first Hungarian of statements the presenting am I chapter this In P 4. OLICY OLICY
D EFINING
D OCUMENTS
h rlvn statements relevant the R OMANI , as a homogenous group homogenous a as , - Roma (women), self (women), Roma
W I am presenting the general assumptions about Roma which reaffirm which Roma about assumptions general the presenting am I OMEN ALONG THEIR the trategy concerning Roman women’s health. I am analyzing the the analyzing am I health. women’s Roman concerning trategy
uniaie curne f h tpc f oe’ hat, wi I health, women’s of topic the of occurrence quantitative
n asrin ad oncig hm with them connecting and assertions and hs in which women and the issue the and women which in hs -
destructive behavior of pregnant Romani women, Romani pregnant of behavior destructive ves behind them behind ves different from non from different 27
H EALTH - RELATED informed by informed - Rom a in terms of the of terms in a women and prevailing and women F
IGURES IN THE the interests of the of interests the
of health appear, appear, health of the applicable ir
“level” ll
CEU eTD Collection programs, the into involvement their of process the in persons passive are Roma qualified the attention: special deserve recommendation this of elements Two group. target important particularly a as appear Communities” their targeting programmes “ that asserted is it recommendation, the In poor thelackhousingand ofemployment,a psychological conditions, features row of aswell. ignored. being are factors other rate mortality paragraph same the in mentioned child and expectancy life in differences the reduce will latter the of change the that assert they when care” health “quality to access of lack Roma’s to expectancy life low attribute makers policy the that is paper the of segment this in important more is What terms ofstatistics. 132) p. to argume but data, its of source p. (ibid, som are Roma the of expectancies life reasonable beyond doubtthat “it seems but methodological datafor reasons, of that thereisalack claims(2008)(SECthat 2172) Commission the of workingdocumentreferenceda to is statement 1396, (2009) (SEC Communities European the of Commission the of communication a on based is reference, the to according assumption, existential This population. life their existence as a group a as existence their
expectancy at birth for Roma in Europe is estimated to be 10 years lower than for the overall overall the for than lower years 10 be to estimated is Europe in Roma for birth at expectancy
nt that the idea of a group, the data and terms referring to them give reality and presence and reality give them to referring terms and data the group, a of idea the that nt To be able to intervene into the life of a group, fir group, a of life the into intervene to able be To
3). Thus, it is an assumption, based on another policy paper which does not indicate the indicate not does which paper policy another on based assumption, an is it Thus, 3). and
they become active agents when it comes to solving problems within the the within problems solving to comes it when agents active become they it s rsne a a at Ti srntes y seto, sn S using assertion, my strengthens This fact. a as presented is , regardless of whether the figures reflect the truth or not or truth the reflect figures the whether of regardless ,
hs idctr cn presumably can indicators These –
between Roma and non and Roma between e 10 e (Fra - 15 years lower than those than lower years 15 ulfe Rm sol b ivle i healthcare in involved be should Roma qualified 28 mework, p. mework,
st
- 7)
Roma. With this assertion the role of role the assertion this With Roma. they have to be described, be to have they
within which within
e a be
1397), in which the same the which in 1397), of majority populations” majority of ffected, for instance, by by instance, for ffected, women and children children and women
(Said, 1994, (Said, –
created in created hc is which a id’s CEU eTD Collection the present will I sections forthcoming the In paragraphs. 13 in appear reproduction or sexuality and health, length the p is section distinctive a Situation” Current the of “Analysis the chapter third in the in issues Embedded Strategy. Inclusion health Social National and Hungarian women Romani concerning sections and paragraphs 17 are There of theFramework. a goals main the with conflicts actually which women, Romani and Roma of picture perceived are but changed, be to not a verbs substantive exclusively almost contain health and women Romani with connection in paragraphs two The level areno women” of “typesOther criticized. caregivers as roles primary their have or discussed, not are which children as position power same the in either are they women: towards cas Both community. or family the of units attached closely be might or agency of level same the possess might They aspects. some from group same the to belong they that implies which times the of most together mentioned are children and Women majority)responsibility bear the their ofsolving o the from chance the given are who professionals (the Roma ground”, the “on people the of lives the developing to comes it When minority. helpless a and majority committed and helpful the of crea This majority. the byplace, first the in agency their exercise effectively can they where positions into say, to so uplifted, helped, being are instance this in Roma, communities. ,
thus exclude a perhaps considerable number of Roma from the scope of the Framework. the of scope the from Roma of number considerable perhaps a exclude thus
f lot he pgs Srtg, p 26 pp. (Strategy, pages three almost of most frequent and emphasized issues concerning women’s health. All five of them of five All health. women’s concerning issues emphasized and frequent most
nd passive sentences, which indicates indicates which sentences, passive nd as
valid. Thus they hold the power of creating a permanent a creating of power the hold they Thus valid. t represented in these paragraphs which paragraphsthese in represented t laced entitled “Situation of Roma Women” framed, in framed, Women” Roma of “Situation entitled laced 29 wn problems.
- ) Wti ti scin sus once to connected issues section this Within 8). the statement the
s teghn cmo attitude common a strengthen es
of of – hc rl i nt being not is role which facts which are to be or be to are which facts –
h polmtc of problematics the ,
on a discursive discursive a on nd principles principles nd tes a picture picture a tes
CEU eTD Collection “under the justifying for tool effective an is health ( goals development achieving of means a is year, health this from (econo for p. (Escobar,2001, factor obstructive the poverty, measuring for indicators the of r or emerged, development of notion the when era postcolonial early and colonial the to relation In produce governable a and (Appadurai, manageable 1993). population whi need the level, disciplinary the health statistical presenting claims, Appdurai Arjun As diseases the mention not but figures, specifying low the causing by increased further be can which threat, manner same the in imply numbers these Also, 2006). (Melegh, world developed” “Western, the of category the of outside abou indexes and presenting literature and creating postcolonial level obvious to most and according representational the On aims, studies. development two serving as viewed be can population health the describing numbers other and expectancy Life Expectancy4.1. Life Statistics Women Presenting Romani integration and inclusion. def are who women Romani non and the form Roma different about significantly picture general a of drawing the to contribute ather was invented, Arturo Escobar writes that “development missions” embraced health as one as health embraced missions” “development that writes Escobar Arturo invented, was ather ined along their differences from the majority within a text which was prepared to serve to prepared was which text a within majority the from differences their along ined h beyond ch, t poor health conditions create conditions health poor t
sus lsl rltd o elh sre te rcs o eueain n re to order in enumeration of process the serves health, to related closely issues
24). As can be read in one of the UNDP chiefs’,Helen UNDP the of one readin becan As 24).
f introducing of - oa ouain T b mr peie Rm ae being are Roma precise, more be To population. Roma ing them still generates a feeling of danger and mystery. mystery. and danger of feeling a generates still them ing
a picture of a people a of picture a
30 hs pol affected people those
- development” of a specific group of people, people, of group specific a of development” - related data encourages and justifies, on justifies, and encourages data related -
tt o a pcfc se specific a of state Clark “underdeveloped”, thus falling falling thus “underdeveloped”,
to , 2013). Thus the issue the Thus 2013). ,
h health the Clark’s communicationClark’s i) development mic) - ae system, care mn o a of gment their
of
CEU eTD Collection expec life the to refer statement the comparison unclear. remains men, than longer years few a live to likely are women general in that known is it As are women Romani that states it end the at but health, of state women’s the of meaning The and comparisonRomanimen’s sentence a previousintroduces as between sentence the isunclear, reference. empirical any without up brought is expectancy life shorter such relationship, the from out left important are of factors number a Framework, the of statements similar the regarding earlier discussed therefo and services, social men’s Romani than he of state women’s Romani factors, other with along that, stated is it Strategy the In force, i onpublichealth expenses woulddecrease thus work the in longer remain to and enter to people of number greater a enable would span life the enhancing by that argue report the of authors The Organization. Health World the of reports the the by others among countries found be can market, European labor the to the population Romani their of of inclusion growth economic facilitate to is that documents, policy Johnso f evidence statistical no is there 2006, from study their in claim Johnson Simon and Acemoglu Daron as However, be will they reproductive more the live, people longer the prosperity: economic of indicator an be to considered is expectancy Life congruent thepublicpoliticalinHungary. with discourse Roma about state of importance the thus n, 2006, p. 2006, n,
3). The justification for connecting life expectancy with the initial goal of the of goal initial the with expectancy life connecting for justification The 3). : “They are in a poorer state of health, have less access to the health care and care health the to access less have health, of state poorer a in are “They : or this causal relationship, causal this or re their life expect life their re - interven
Isgeneral the tendency theopposite incaseofRomaor does this ac o non of tancy , therefore the number of workers on the labor market grows. market labor the on workers of number the therefore , in o atrn ter oe o bhvo. hs s also is This behavior. of modes their altering for tion - ancy is also shorter” (Strategy, p. (Strategy, shorter” also is ancy
oai oe a is ai? h epaain of explanation The basis? its as women Romani 31 their figures show the opposite the show figures their
s osn cniin fr example for conditions housing as n thelong 2001). term (WHO,
expected to live shorter. live to expected
trend (Acemoglu, (Acemoglu, trend
26). As I have have I As 26).
alth is worse worse is alth the basis of basis the As, the Also, . in one of of one in CEU eTD Collection transpar of goals the serves data, statistical with groups whole of typifying The numbers. statistical associates it which to masses into population the of bodies pol disciplined,andbe to bodyhas individual that the of level assertions. Foucault’s recall the affect sentences these how reveal To ethnic unlike enough responsible not Hungarians figuresare whose muchbetter. being with integration own their hinder themselves m this In health. their of care taking not when irresponsible, are they that implies time same the at but intervention, state for need the emphasizes only not general) in Roma (and women Romani shorter presenting consideration, (ibid citizensdisciplineits to state the of meansa became group levels p. 2007, [ of values ethical key the of one become had health century, twentieth the of half second the “By citizenship. biological calls he which citizenship, our of constructive been have we embedded onward Century 20th the from suggests, Rose Nikolas As health. to attached values ethical the to connected is manner this in women Romani presenting of importance The state limited their health to access and health of state worse their in lies expectancy life shorter women’s Romani ne, eod eeaiig h caatrsis f oa te oiy set ta Roma that asserts policy the Roma, of characteristics the generalizing beyond anner, icy document icy ments create
22). He claims that the promotion of self of promotion the that claims He 22). in nation states where health and individual responsibility of our biology became became biology our of responsibility individual and health where states nation in - care services, which the policy makers do tackle, but at the same ti same the at but tackle, do makers policy the which services, care -
a generala picture ofRomaas unhealthy leading lives. on the mass level, which has to be regulated. Today’s Western state Western Today’s regulated. be to has which level, mass the on In his life expectancy and through this, the lower state of health of of health of state lower the this, through and expectancy life
theory of biopolitics, biopower operates on two levels: on the the on levels: two on operates biopower biopolitics, of theory
imagination about Roma and their lives, we have to to have we lives, their and Roma about imagination 32 -
health - management both on the individual and individual the on both management -
and this is what we can see here in thehereseein can we what is this and ency of the mass and predictability predictability and mass the of ency .
). Taking his assertion intoTakingassertion). his West ern] societies” (Rose, societies” ern] me, with such such with me,
r enders the enders CEU eTD Collection inequality practical and equality theoretical “for justification a as capitalism, of framework the in theory social a defending behavior group equalit national of concept the violate would it as but apparatuses, state by done formal, be can pressure This manner. certain a in up brin to “pressured” are groups ethnic that asserts He generations. through passed that claims Wallerstein Immanuel ethnicity. to connection being is particular in Roma e and why achieved, group distinctive this of creation the how understand To Hungarianas Strategy well. the and Framework the of case the in witness we what is this view of point my in and necessary creati the Thus, inferior. as regarded be must society the of groups some die let to who “choose”, to able be to order In majority. the of benefit the for sacrificed biopolitics, biological the within caesuras create to addresscontinuum fragment, to racism: of function first the is “That th for die people the of some let to have they etc.), healthier, (longer, live people make to power the have they As equilibrium. maintain to order in population the control and manage count, to who right the gain voters, representatives their of protection their electing by contract the into enter citizens The entailsgovernance. theracistmodern nature of necessarily Foucault, to according process, This 2003). (Foucault, it within occurring events of - …by utilizing the mentalities of working theworld’s (ibid.). …by utilizing strata”
therefore, to secure the protection of the life of the population, parts of it have to be be to have it of parts population, the of life the of protection the secure to therefore, xactly this group is “being chosen” the economic aspect need aspect economic the chosen” “being is group this xactly ed by biopower” (Foucault, 2003, p. 2003, biopower”(Foucault, by ed
‘identity’” , t s ial done finally is it y, e sake of this equilibrium. As Foucault himself puts it puts himself Foucault As equilibrium. this of sake e
(Wallerstein, 1991, p. 1991, (Wallerstein,
33
255).
ethnicity is based on a shared culture shared a on based is ethnicity
y h gop tef s “ as itself group the by In the Foucauldian understandingInof Foucauldian the
84). The author positions his positions author The 84). on of a distinctive group is group distinctive a of on
i rtr o the of return in , s
g their children their g to be raised in raised be to
‘voluntary’ CEU eTD Collection population. non and Roma the between habits smoking in differences the about data is there neither pregnan non among than women Romani “self that in women, b Romani with born on children and section rate mortality infant framed to connection special, the of end the towards mentioned is later) show will I as marriages early to referring (without sense general a in motherhood of issue The 4.2. a way maindeclared thathinders the in Roma about documents policy throughthe drawn picturegeneral the into feed followingissues ethical with do mor to but have again, implications These particular. in women to comes it when pregnancy to related implications ethical have which g the about data statistical presenting Besides who isnot. rates expectancy life case this and Roma is who defining clearly in differences, the of maintenance and creation the to data, contributes statistical by Roma to referring that is here shown What documents. the of aspect particular this of adequateness the analyze to willing not i.e. documents policy However, Motherhood Self and cy (Strategy, p. p. (Strategy, cy -
etutv bhvor atrs sc a soig ae 0 mr feun among” frequent more 10% are smoking, as such patterns, behaviour destructive the above men above the
the integration of Roma in the labor market through social inclusion social through market labor the in Roma of integration the 27). Similarly to th Similarly27). to tioned concept seems to perfectly contradict perfectly to seems concept tioned - destructive Behavior e with population control. As we shall see the presentation of the the of presentation the see shall we As control. population with e - , Romani women and more than half of them smoke during their during smoke them of half than more and women Romani
h plce fcs oty n ohrod n hat issues health and motherhood on mostly focus policies the goals . e previous cases the source of the data is not given and isnot data the source of casesthe e previous
nrl tt o hat o te oai population, Romani the of health of state eneral 34
of of Romani Women elow - average
with the main aim of the of aim main the with weight ti asserted is It . - I have have I , I am I , Roma CEU eTD Collection and society, the from lying contradiction whom to But population. political of matter a act, political a as understood self the thesis, this accept we If the is observed be can biopolitics of concentration camp, thatthe real claims space biopolitical intoday’s society functioning the where place very the that assertion fo Miller, A. Ruth about women’ mention no is There childbearing. with connection in only relevant is health woman’s (Strateg pregnancy” during beforehealth statewomen’s of on impactan with “factorsthey saysare it that page,but same affect paragrap whole a is there hand, other the On reproduction. of means a as predominantly least at or solely serves latter the that and important more is former itself body women’s the on effects their disregarding fetus, the for risks S oig n self and moking
(Miller, (Miller, 2007, p. another” one into collapse fact and law fundamentally, most which, in and becomes citizen every which interna becomes enemy racialized the which in question, into existence biological his call politics animal’s human Aristotelian th which in trope, political a becomes environment the which in concern, central of are which “in a woma a s
health who arehealthnot fertile for whoanymorefor their example, ownsake. n’s state of health, with a significant role given to the pregnancy the to given role significant a with health, of state n’s
the right to make live and let die, holds sway, in which fertility and morbidity and fertility which in sway, holds die, let and live make to right the - llowing and reconstructing the ideas of Foucault’s biopolitics and Agamben’s and biopolitics Foucault’s of ideas the reconstructing and llowing etutv bhvo i mnind n oncin ih hlbaig n their and childbearing with connection in mentioned is behavior destructive with
29).
h itrss f h bd pltc o te state. the of politics body the of interests the in the intersection of the interests of the ethnic group, being excluded excluded being group, ethnic the of interests the of intersection the in
y, p. y, is
h mte rsosbe Te usin trcs h atnin o a to attention the attracts question The responsible? mother the
27). It asserts that the importance of a (Romani or non or (Romani a of importance the that asserts It 27). homo sacer homo - destructive behavior of the pregnant women should be be should women pregnant the of behavior destructive , n hc rcs bcms self becomes racism which in l,
–
capable of being killed but not sacrif not but killed being of capable 35
responsibility in reproducing a (manageable) a reproducing in responsibility epann te an atr that factors main the explaining h h itrs o te group the of interest The - ietd ad in and directed, , which ,
is the womb the is
implies that the that implies - iced history on the the on history – e -
Romani) and CEU eTD Collection thei of “owners” responsible are they future, the about care do who ones the are they well: as evaluation moral a non the who clearlydefines text the time same the at progenies, their enter people which of protection the is this as the system, biopolitical in role important very a has (which health the for responsibility bear not do who women non and Roma between line border firm a among smoking of frequency non then women pregnantRomani higher 10% like figures, Introducing level: representational differentiating The reproductionmajority of the only self from women minority dissuade account any on not but encourage, would it if group, minority doc policy a of case the in racist considered be could concept a such Using 2006).(Weir, healthgeneration’s future the of sake the forfreedoms her of some giveup ready to cas in breaks body own her or his regarding and general in freedoms and rights with citizen the of concept The maker. the elabor to going am I which abortion, of that to similar groups. both for undesirable is fetus the harming hand, other the On patterns. these changing be would mainstream the of interest “cultural the and here) term their the of content constitute the of (regardless heritage" which patterns behavioral the keeping but reproducing, be would se - etutv bhvos sc a smoking as such behaviors, destructive
issues in the Strategy is required for the understanding of the implicit goals of the policy the of goals implicit the of understanding the for required is Strategy the in issues
The question of smoking and other self other and smoking of question The ftepenn wmn Frse s epnil o h cletv,sehs o be to has she collective, the for responsible is she For woman. pregnant the of e r wombs. It mig It wombs. r nature of the text cannot be tackled in the explicit content, but again, on the on again, but content, explicit the in tackled be cannot text the of nature ht worth ht .
- Roma women in the same state operates in a way that it dr it way athat in operates state same the in women Roma
mentioning - Roma. Therefore, while creating a picture of Romani of picture a creating while Therefore, Roma. , because that would aim at the preservation and and preservation the at aim would that because , 36 - destructive behaviors from this point of view are view of point this from behaviors destructive
that the that ate on later. However, the placement of of placement the However, later. on ate
10 percent in itself is not telling, as telling, not is itself in percent 10
to the social contract social the to - Roma women are women Roma ument targeting a a targeting ument ,
which is which
society society for aws ) of ) CEU eTD Collection re as understood be can which referenced) not are they (although country the of regions particular on focusing studies from is data the that stated same is the it Insentence section. this in embedded implications the of one to attention the attract me Let status living indisadvantagedconve regions tendto suppor to seems sentence A market. labor the entering women Romani hinders motherhood early round; encourage jobs of lack the whether employment policy the 27 page on later as position, market T childbearing decreased, socio of non and Roma between differences the all almost of cause the be to presented is bein is motherhood early of theme the women, pregnant of p. (ibid, numbers (ibid the drop of high the one for reasons as mentioned is It text. the in frequently appears motherhood early of theme The 4.3. Romani Women asAdolescent Mothers between Romaand non differe of strengthening the only serve numbers the Thus, 700,000. and 10,000 instance for of percent 10 the between difference significant a is There reference. of point a have not do we he causal relationship remains unclear between early motherhood and Romani women’s labor women’s Romani and motherhood early between unclear remains relationship causal he . ; for ); te omr yohss ie child i.e. hypothesis, former the t - economic status and within that the state of health. It is implied that if the rates of early of rates the if that implied is It health. of state the that within and status economic
h bd tt o hat ( health of state bad the
one’s only chance t chance only one’s
48). Like the description of life expectancy rates and self and rates expectancy life of description the Like 48). -
Roma wouldRoma beeasierintegrate. to Roma - out rates from s from rates out
o maintain her self her maintain o s bd p. ibid,
hoig ohrod t n ale ae r h ohr way other the or age earlier an at motherhood choosing - ern csos f non of customs bearing chool ( chool
7; n fr ihr eiaa and perinatal higher for and 27);
37 - maker asserts that in the lack the in that asserts maker Strategy
rge with - esteem, is giving birth. It is equivocal then, equivocal is It birth. giving is esteem, , p. ,
g generalized to Romani women. This women. Romani to generalized g those
26); for the low employment rat employment low the for 26);
of Roma (Strategy,of Roma p. - oai oe i a similar a in women Romani in wt vr lmtd job limited very with gions - destructive behavior behavior destructive of possibilities for possibilities of
nat mortality infant - Roma in terms terms in Roma
27).
nces nces es es CEU eTD Collection governance.inherent of racism people worthy the youngmothers become encouragedtoare not Hungarians ethnic unlike women, Romani as racism, selectivity,orof issue to able the in (non discourse of encouragement the public with country general the into motherhood early of problematization the Positing healthy(Strategy, pregnancy” p. con women Romani the on and problems uponthis drawn assumption this on Based today. until up tendency this prove to unable been has prevalent thr among communities Romani are motherhood early and marriages early that heard often and problematic is It data. empirical tim first the for birth gen in 20 of age at children the first their thatthey have states which on a sentence womenRomani isbased the of one non poor, as Roma of representation the to contributes This reinforced. being is Romaniness and poverty between r disadvantaged highly in live Roma the the to Due higher. is of most which to accordingearlier, pages two information the to and detail this ambiguousnessof population Romani the of density the where regions or opportunities have eral, which is much earlier than earlier much is which eral, basic goals of the document the of goals basic
more
- non , during their life their during productive people, strengthening prevalent stereotypes, the stereotypes, prevalent strengthening people, productive cerning “conscious family planning, teenage pregnancy and preparation for preparation and pregnancy teenage planning, family “conscious cerning e at the age of 15 of age the at e . This asserts that the state wants people to be more reproductive, but only but reproductive, more be to people wants state the that asserts This . - oa r non or Roma ,
the policy maker formulates its recommendations about campaigns for about for campaigns recommendations its formulates the policy maker
89). - span
- 16 (Strategy, p. (Strategy, 16 -
poor. This illustrates the assertion of Foucault on the the on Foucault of assertion the illustrates This poor. , because Hungarian population is decreasing is population Hungarian because , - is e Romani) wome Romani) oughout Central and Eastern Europe, but empirical data data butempirical CentralEasternEurope, oughout and gions of the country (Strategy, p. (Strategy, country the of gions
. The frequent indication of early motherhood among motherhood early of indication frequent The . the national average and that one that and average national the 38
27). This statement lacks any reference to reference any lacks statement This 27). n to bear children earlier in order to be to order in earlier children bear to n
25), the connection the 25), - third of them give them of third opposite of which of opposite , raises the raises ,
a CEU eTD Collection wheth monitoring behaviour, own his/her to regard with vigilance “exercise to behavior, expected the is what “normal” is what communicating with p Institutional Hungaryas anation tosituateitself slo civilizational t while non average The “much”. word: one only on but women, the of age particular the on not is emphasis the because numbers, exact provide who 15 around many 20, of age the at time first the for givebirth general ethnic hand, other the On non among similar are rates pregnancy teenage that stated also is it whereas women, Romani of inequalities” “further the for cause explanatory would I discipline, of techniques are these throughmoral and Durrheim,2003).and judgment surveillance (MacLeod that said be can it Durrheim, and MacLeod by thoughts Fouc of interpretation the Continuing particular. in Strategy the of text the in observe can we as provided, are services care health special and programs population, the normalize to order a into population deviations mass, manageable the structuring in element basic the is family the authors, the to according Foucault, of South About bear their first children first their bear - based one, one, based e vrg Rmn wmn eits rm t Ti i i ln wt te hoy f the of theory the with line in is This it. from deviates woman Romani average he like here like - that African policies MacLeod and Durrheim claim, Durrheim and MacLeod policies African orm adrgltos prt o ol ntemnfs,isiuinllvl but level, institutional manifest, the on only not operate regulations and rograms p
the image of the adolescent mother questions the normalized family system. As, system. family normalized the questions mother adolescent the of image the to e suggested by Melegh, within which Roma serve as a point of reference for reference of point a as serve Roma which within Melegh, by suggested e h plc mkr draws maker policy the in spite of that of spite in stress
two things: On the one hand, in the text early motherhood is earlymotherhood text the in hand, one the On things: two
from the norm aggravate the well the aggravate norm the from much later. The policy maker does not even feel the necessity to to necessity the feel even not does maker policy The later. much
on the Western slide of slide it. on theWestern at one point there i there point one at -
Romani woman therefore suits the normative image, normative the suits therefore woman Romani a clear boundary between Romani women, who in in who women, Romani between boundary clear a 39 - Roma with similar socio similar with Roma
s an indication of that the issue is not an an not is issue the that of indication an s
using the theory of govermnentality govermnentality of theory the using - functioning of the governance. In governance. the of functioning - 16, and non and 16, but - also also economic background. economic
urge er what s/he does s/he what er - Romani women women Romani
the individual individual the
used as an as used ault’s ault’s CEU eTD Collection tim multiple often abortion, choosing ones the of proportion high the for reason the be to said is This well. as technologies contraceptives to thus, services gynecological inequal of aspects various to due that asserted is it women, Romani among abortion and contraception issues T manner. like teenageJust abortion pregnancy,are ratessaidtoprevailRom high among noContraception Abortions but 4.4. Multiple delineating Hungarians. from ethnic them to literature romantic a 2007) O’Brian, 1997, (Hankock, images media today’s from seductive and flirtatious as depicted been have women Romani deviant. is sexuality their that message the sends general in women Romani of representation lif safe and meaningful a have and living own their make to them enable would which mobility social of sort any for available i situation, life their “in originates motherhood early that finds then she contrary, the On 2002). (Durst, practices childbearing early their of reason the be can this and earlier, mature girls Romani that academia, common a is there that notes 2002 in published study her in Durst Judit history. throughout women Romani of practices representational the into fits and new not is women Romani of sexuality “deviant” the stressing that mention to like would I minoritygroups alsointernalize will their and oneself over judgment (Ma norm” the fits which ities between Romani and non and Romani between ities i, eod t ethi its beyond his,
question n the fact that they live on the margins of society and that they lack the resources the lack they that and society of margins the on live they that fact the n cLeod, Durrheim, 2002, p. 2002, Durrheim, cLeod,
h gas f nerto ad nlso o Rm. eadn te s of use the Regarding Roma. of inclusion and integration of goals the additionally e career outside their homes” (ibid, p. (ibid, homes” their outside career e a ipiain ad difference and implications cal - Romani women, the women, Romani
to the image created for the majority, the members of the the of members the majority, the for created image the to
own
immorality. 40 47). Thus the individual starts to exercise moral moral exercise to starts individual the Thus 47).
understanding even within the Hungarian the within even understanding nd it has been reinforced by the Strategy the by reinforced been has it nd
previous - enocn ntr, ra nature, reinforcing
group has limited access to access limited has group 473). es. These phenomena are are phenomena These es.
Taking a look on the the on look a Taking a, inageneralizing ss other ises CEU eTD Collection c are of means bodies as women’s importantly most that understood namely earlier, mentioned This implication children. the future the asserts of understanding perspective the from foremost and first important be to said is f health women’s of importance the on focus might it than abortion, of instead contraception of forms to access women’s Romani promote and encourage to willing very is children future of health the to problematic connection in to referred is abortion that fact The the habits ofthecontraceptiongeneral useof of population. the about information no have we Also costly. very are abortion to contrast in methods contraceptive p. (Strategy, serv etc.” prejudice, to access discriminatory qualifications, educational low incomes, low segregation, than woman a of children future the on contraception. effects term long worst have to said is Abortion policy: the of text the at look to have only we difference the out find To other. the than solution The methods? contraceptive about awareness raise but abortions, of numbers the lower to try maker policy the does why Hungary, in women Romani African for injections outcom the 80’s and 1970’s the By freedoms. mean not did freedoms these color of women for that out turned it soon and suicide” “race against warned parties opposing their over control women’s for fight reproduct the within contraception and abortion of issues The future mothers’ conditions. health the for harmful factors as children, future of prospect health the to connection in mentioned also ive decisions in the U.S., from the very beginning implicated a racist racist a implicated beginningvery the from U.S., the in decisions ive . It is hard to extract the core of the problem from the text. If the policy maker is maker policy the If text. the from problem the of core the extract to hard is It .
Among the ind the Among - American women and forced sterilizations (Roberts, 1997). In case of of case In 1997). (Roberts, sterilizations forced and women American
irect causes of choosing abortion “inequalities amongst localities, amongst “inequalities abortion choosing of causes irect 28) are mentioned, hinting, but not pronouncing explicitly that that explicitly pronouncing not but hinting, mentioned, are 28)
hildbearing. 41
seto ipis ht n i a better a is one that implies assertion The focus on the children’s health, health, children’s the on focus The
or itself. It is not clear why it it why clear not is It itself. or es were contraceptive were es characteristic . The . ices, ices, CEU eTD Collection than younger significantly population Roma Hungary’s that declared is it Population” Roma the of “Situation section the fertile life but frugal, a by replaced be “will population Hungarian the decades, few next bi the with that fear the is encouragedbeenhas bi basis, ethnic and class a on 1960s the since documents policy in even stigmatized (Mele born are children ill mentally because and “Christianness”, Hungary’s of importance the of rise the of because hand one the on encouraged not is Abortion selective. is it prevalent, is This clearer a gains women Romani understanding. among contraception of is promotion population “Hungarian” the the present, of explicitly decline the to contrast in Roma ant the of of “overpopulation” level high a by characterized 89). price” discount a at or charge o devices contraceptive various to access personalised providing for plan “…a 89: page on found be can figures warning the decreasing for provided recommendation The 2007). nati the of future is body woman’s The capacities. reproductive women’s natureof political abortion and contraceptives the both of effects the disregarding
oiigteeasrin i tebodrsca cnet priual ntepltcl climate political the in particularly context, social broader the in assertions these Positing
Gypsy population” ( Gypsypopulation” a
on wh point
on relies, thus its health is of major importance for the holders of power (Miller, (Miller, power of holders the for importance major of is health its thus relies, on r rcs cn e ake i te et Atog a pro a Although text. the in tackled be can racism ere
in order to lower the number of “worseof number the lower orderto in
r Melegh, 2006, p. Melegh,2006, the overall of the country: 36.8% of the Roma are under the the under are Roma the of 36.8% country: the of overall the th rates of Roma and non and Roma of rates th
and
“advice on family planni family on “advice h 20, p. 2006, gh, i - oa etmn, ihn hc te er f the of fear the which within sentiment, Roma
88). 42
I would like to note here that in the beginning the of in noteherethat to like Iwould
6 o te other. the on 86) - Roma following the prevalent trend for the the for trend prevalent the following Roma the
- more abortions performed, abortions more qu ng and contraception” (Strategy, p. (Strategy, contraception” and ng ality citizens”. The reason for this this reasonforThe ality citizens”.
n oe’ bodies women’s on
But as Roma have been been have Roma as But n a needs basis, free of of free basis, needs a n the - aait icus is discourse natalist space on which the which on space - adoring and adoring
rth control control rth
imply the the imply age of 14 of age the more the
is
CEU eTD Collection the but disadvantages, women’s for explanation an up as mentioned are family the in drown roles” gender “Traditional it. of is length the through relationship causal the but document, the in way exact this in formulated not is in roles their from partlystems which school, from earlydropout their by affected is health women’s Romani follows: as goes are argument The roles” times. several mentioned gender “traditional women, Romani of condition health the to relation indirect In Tradition4.5. Culturethe on and Blame 48) implie (Strategy: section this disadvantaged, highly as women Romani and Roma of image stereotypical index sign maker policy the restrictions) legal to (due data ethnic of lack the In particular. in groups disadvantaged from women among those to and general, in abortion for applying women among trends to but all, at women Romani per women of health of state the on focusing not health, children’s with connection in also is abortion and use contraceptive to reference find we when case Another fairlywhere can univocal racism be instance institutional detected. three for or two funding than more with state families “big” ofRomani especially supporting allocation the instance for methods, contraceptive to of instead access population providing the of group disadvantaged be a in can childbirth solutions of rate other high a that for imagined is theory conspiring seemingly this supporting claim Another also the with contrast in
among theindicators - ubr i rgos hr te itiuin f oa s ihr Bsds teghnn the strengthening Besides higher. is Roma of distribution the where regions in numbers s theirirresponsibility. 15.4% of the non the of 15.4%
of the policy
als the affectedness of Romani women by referring to worse worse to referring by women Romani of affectedness the als
- Roma (Strategy, p. (Strategy, Roma
ouet ee epiae is enn ad hr i no is there and meaning its explicates never document (Strategy, p. (Strategy,
43
132).
25). The rate of teenage pregnancies is pregnancies teenage of rate The 25).
se. This part does not refer to refer not does part This se.
the traditional family. This family.traditional the
children. This is one is This children. CEU eTD Collection 2013) May, http://index.hu/belfold/2012/09/11/kiallnak_a_fideszes_nok_a_noi_karriert_biralo_varga_mellett/ (video: 2012 Spetember, 11 code, criminal 3 West the in those needs it then country European a as itself define to aims HungaryIf slope. civilizational developmental/ the on nation a of position self the to again back us leads controversy and topic This knowledge. common our t the of content the for explanation an provide not does document The “traditional roles” gender have differentfor and meaningsRoma non favorable is what that seems the of favor in times, several mentioned were roles gender “adequate” children…” their of care taking to back get all of first should mothers maybe repres a of sentence one only quote violence domestic of legislation the on debate parliamentary me the during speech politician’s Let happening. is different very something population detrimen socially of cause a as document policy the in mentioned are roles” gender “traditional that interesting very itself is It becomes ethnicized. poverty how is This belonging. ethnic of outcomes the become women, of rates employment mot early roles”, gender “traditional through conditions, say to is that characteristics” “cultural their without roles” gender describing “traditional term the of use The assumption. implicit this with reader the leaves it however, families, Romani in prevalent are roles traditional that saying statement
István Varga during the perlamentary debate on the inclusion of the distinc category of domestic violence into the intothe violence domestic of category distinc ofthe theon inclusion debate perlamentary the during Varga István ents well the general discourse general the well ents
its meaning mystifies the conditions Roma live Roma conditions the mystifies meaning its
in terms of women’s emancipation. In this aspect Roma with their “traditional their with Roma aspect this In emancipation. women’s of terms in
a cneune, hl i te ulc icus aot h general the about discourse public the in while consequences, tal
for
to assert that among other things, gender roles a roles gender things, other among that assert to one part of the population is dangerous for the other, or or other, the for dangerous is population the of part one : “in order to impede the occurrence of domestic violence… violence… domestic of occurrence the impede to order “in : ,
44 to to
hi ehiiy I ti wy socio way this In ethnicity. their among eho, col d school herhood,
and implicitly attribute them to them attribute implicitly and - Roma. erm, thus we are left with left are we thus erm, “ t
aiinl model raditional rop . L 3 I te debate the In . - - us n lo and outs definition and and definition ast accessed: 20 20 accessed: ast re similar to similar re - economic
which ” It . w CEU eTD Collection progress helpscreatebehind modernization, this to in “European” a homogenous nation of Roma the than progressed are Hungarians civilizational more that theslope,presenting nation on the a locating reference for “Europe”, serves ofHungaryas Strategy. it tobelong to Taking considerationthewillingness into pra roles gender the of terms in Hungarians ethnic from different appear can traditions d whom, to compared reference, of point a provide can roles” gender eveloped
or civilized or only . On the other hand, being insistent on and proud of following Christian following of proud and on insistent being hand, other the On . . At the same time, a policy aiming to uplift a population which is left is which population a uplift to aiming policy a time, same the At . in domestic public and political discourse. Roma are being defined as as defined being are Roma discourse. political and public domestic in
45
cticed in their families in the in families their in cticed (ethnic) Hungarians (ethnic)
are more are - state.
CEU eTD Collection non and Roma between relations social of enhancement the foster would market labor the to Roma of entrance the that asserted economic and “social the Roma”, of situation allocate understood be can Integration hierarchies,excluding homogenizingaccording and people norm. toacreated of system a in ranking comparing, of Foucault by described process the mean I normalization By the is at aim policies the depict are what who Roma of that normalization claim I normalization. of level certain a presupposes Roma of document strategy the where that suggest to like would I policies, the of recommendations the about chapter previous the in introduced have I what and interchangeably, used recently been have inclusion and integration that Regarding formulation of theStrategy Framework. and the the on basedunderstood becan inclusion and integration how show to like Iwould section In this t in andrelations social ofthe life in orderintegratethem in to women Romani of enhance to aim makers policy the how for texts policy the from given were examples particular chapter previous the In process. integration the hinders which Roma about stereotypes distingui clearly as and group homogenous a as Roma about imaginary an create Hungary, and Europe of population Roma the of integration social and economic the is which goal declared their of spite in Strategy, work this In 5.
I NTEGRATING A a .
I do not mean that meanI not do certain issue in question. According to the EU Framework the goal is “improving the “improving is goal the Framework EU the to According question. in issue certain I argue that the EU Roma Framewor Roma EU the that argue I shable from the non the from shable N ORMALIZED the terms the n ay as dpnig n h dsiln oe ol lk to like would one discipline the on depending ways, many in - Roma, thus would create greater openness of the majority majority the of openness greater create would thus Roma,
can be substituted with each other, but rather that inclusion inclusion ratherthat but each other, with substituted becan P - ed as different form non form different as ed Roma. Doing so Doing Roma. OPULATION s read ‘inclusion’ what ‘inclusion’ read s 46
nerto o Rm” Faeok p. (Framework, Roma” of integration
k and the Hungarian National Social Inclusion Social National Hungarian the and k
,
the policy makers reaffirm the existing the reaffirm makers policy the - Roma, deriving from the norm. the from deriving Roma, they
mean
is he labor marketlaborhe ‘ normalization’ the health health the
) I is It 2). .
CEU eTD Collection states member the that is strategies national the thus and Framework the of aim the Nevertheless, trans to access of obstacles states, member the among area” social argues policies, social examining after integration, social European about article her in Threlfall, Monica realize. to harder is integration social Defining ethnic, region butto those and statistical is integrated” be would pp. (Strategy, introduced be should micro prostitution, and trafficking human the reduce to and usury eliminate grounds” disposal “elimina the programs, employment public creating value establish to order in experiences”, of evaluation the to “according that, asserted is it mentioned: is economy of economi international and national the from separated is in, participate they system the but economy, in involved are they that implies above definitions the of understanding close the Roma, of case In economies systems nation u Union European the with connection in integration Economic desegregation. unit, larger a into parts of incorporation unity, creating of process a is Integration ways. many in defined be can which of both integration, economic different two with working are we Therefore population. - states become less discontinuous, thereby leading to the formation of more comprehensive more of formation the to therebyleading discontinuous, less become states ” c
Mni adSuat 17) n a in 1976), Sauvant, and (Mennis already present in the labor market. The kind of data that shows that Roma are “un are Roma that shows that data of kind The market. labor the in present already system which were previously separated . There are two instances where the involvement of Roma in disintegrated parts parts disintegrated in Roma of involvement the where instances two are There . should be placed (Strategy, p. (Strategy, placed be should al characteristics. - ainl oil institution social national
do 102
sually refers to the “process whereby boundaries between boundaries whereby “process the to refers sually not attribute the differences in unemployment rates to to rates unemployment in differences the attribute not - 3). T 3). eutn fo dmnsig h lgl n institutional and legal the diminishing from resulting ,
into ainto common system. oegnrl otx i s the is it context general more here are no other statements claiming that Roma Roma that claiming statements other no are here 47
83). The ot The 83). ad evcs Trlal 20, p. 2003, (Threlfall, services and s that it is it that
definit her
is an assertion that in order to order in that assertion an is
os sca itgain and integration social ions: a process creating a “single a creating process a process tion of illegal waste waste illegal of tion - rdt programs credit which unite which
124). -
CEU eTD Collection “ follows: as exclusion social define Nations what from stems inclusion of definition The title. its in integration of instead inclusion, social term the contains Strategy Hungarian The adapt thename in of integration. hav might Roma that assertion no is there but etc, facilities, housing adequate services, care health to access equal ( intervention earlier, recommendations shown have I As sense, integration a plural multiculturalist leadssociety. to group dominant the environment, p. c towards orientation its in inclusive and open is society dominant b pursued successfully and chosen be only can “Integration that states Berry example For studies. cultural in emphasized is integration in element mutual mai and achieve to dialogue in participate members “ as understood be also can integration Social and theprovision of access equal everyone. to states member different the a create to is area social European goal term long central, the if i.e. here, observed be can contradiction inherent first .) H cam ta wie ioiy rus hud cet h bsc aus f hi larger their of values basic the accept should groups minority while that claims He 2.6).
provide equal access to social services on a domestic scale to all groups of their citizens. An citizens. their of groups all to scale domestic a on services social to access equal provide i.e. e different needs regarding the target areas, to which institutions would have to have would institutions which to areas, target the regarding needs different e
osn, health housing, on - how to bring Roma to a simi a to Roma bring to how
which is hindered at the moment by the in the by moment the at hindered is which -
the objective might rather be the harmonization of the institutions the of harmonization the be rather might objective the besides defining Roma, Roma, defining besides
- has to adapt its institutions to the needs of other groups. In this this In groups. other of needs the to institutions its adapt to has ae epomn ad education). and employment care, s en s xlso o mriaiain Te United The marginalization. or exclusion as seen is Social exclusion happens when someone is left out left is someone when happens exclusion Social
48
dnmc n picpe process principled and dynamic a lar level lar ntain peaceful social relations” (UN). The The (UN). relations” social peaceful ntain
to h aaye dcmns provide documents analyzed the
non y non coherence of the institutions in institutions the of coherence ultural diversity” (Berry, 2011, (Berry, diversity” ultural - Roma at every ta every at Roma - oiat rus hn the when groups dominant
The goals are to provide provide to are goals The rget area rget where all all where
of
CEU eTD Collection ave the from deviation of aextent the as hierarchy rule, statistical this Along followed. be to of system a within placed being are then which people, of groups mean, between made is differentiation or average the of rule a creates This surveillance or observation i operation: of s mechanisms Foucault the judgment, unfolding normalizing When examination. and judgment normalizing observation, training” in Foucault by explained mean I What even thepolicies’ of inclusion purposethelifestyle is thenormalization Roma. of system. existing the into groups groups different of needs different to excluded and dominant the between mutuality to refer not does it because) (or although inclusion, by over taken being is integration term the discourses political in and sciences social many in recently etc training, and education care, health housing, adequate employment, as such society, in groups and individuals all to rights certain “ the is inclusion social Dictionary, Collins to According UN. the of principles to access a by supported beshouldpolicies, This capabilities.their deploy can equal andresources have life, social of areas all in participate fully to them allow circumstances ( processes” econo in participation for opportunities of deprived society, mainstream of
groups. The term inclusion does inclusion term groups.The Fual, 91 p. 1991, (Foucault, dvda atos n behaviors and actions ndividual NP. hs oil nlso i rahd hn epes ocs are voices people’s when reached is inclusion social Thus UNDP).
by normalization is the process through which the disciplinary power functions as functions power disciplinary the which through process the is normalization by icpie n Punish and Discipline –
are being compared to those of the mass, the of those to compared being are 7) f iies y h gvrig power governing the by citizens of 170)
Therefore I would like to suggest th suggest to like would I Therefore ays that punishment is exercised through five ways of of ways five through exercised is punishment that ays ” (Colli ” in
not emphasize the flexibilityemphasizethe of not oit, u te neto (antemn) f certain of (mainstreaming) insertion the but society, – ns, online). What is important to note here, is that is here, note to important is What online). ns, 49
s hs oe s rcdd y h technique the by preceded is mode this as rage gets a comparable value. This value should value This value. comparable a gets rage
(1991) He . claims at instead of integration, and integration, of instead at
ht h mas f “correct of means the that - by using by odr ae hierarchical are holders
the institutions to adaptto institutions the mic, social and civic and social mic,
the provision of provision the
statistical data. statistical ccording to theccordingto heard;
the of of CEU eTD Collection accounts, does, Romani. is andwho isnot, these fit not does If someone uneducated. and poor beingunderprivileged,equals woman Romani roles”, gender “traditional to correspond and methods, non earlier, than birth often give more pregnancies pregnancy, their their determine during smoke to likely more are expectancy, life lover R that stating for By given. place data corresponding the no from differ is to individuals there then, Strategy, Hungarian the to According homogenous. is group the Beyond control the creates hierarchy this conformity, explicitly butthe policies that the numbers contain be should evened. of existence the only Not abnormal. as t the between representing scale a on valued being are themselves populations non and situation the that assert documents policy the when figures, the between hierarchy of creation the with along happens This norm”. shoul that optimum are population poor) (or the Roma among numbers corresponding the and presented are Hungary of population average the fornumbers statistical the Strategy.As the of text the in apparent is above developed process The abnormality been have comparison of “ system a This creates well. as morally but terms, statistical in only not understood be
- creating and reaffirming the differences, the portrayal of a group by numbers affirms that affirms numbers groupby a of portrayal the differences, the reaffirming and creating Roma can then be understood along these statistical numbers, and at the same time the time same the at and numbers, statistical these along understood be then can Roma osrit f ofriy (bd p. (ibid, conformity” of constraint wo groups. Thus, the ones which are divergent from the norm or optimum are seen seen are optimum or norm the from divergent are which ones the Thus, groups. wo d be converged to by all groups all by to convergedbe d
created.
being being of Roma should be should Roma of oprd to compared
50 183), and therefore the values of normality and and normality of values the therefore and 183),
including Roma, they begin to operate as “the “the as operate to begin they Roma, including - oa ae es iey o s contraceptive use to likely less are Roma, improved those
h plc mkr mle ta t b a be to that implies maker policy the imp , . The differences between Roma Roma between differences The . lying that the average is the the is average the that lying a irrhcl relationship hierarchical oma ni
-
ehns of mechanism women have a a have women CEU eTD Collection org employment developer, community worker, social “ are target the to related priorities the Among roles” gender “traditional from stems indirectly which women, Romani of especially and population, s employment of areas the of justification wat inland and flood paths, bicycle of construction (e.g. municipalities and Government the between agreements the per as programmes work’ ‘Start or with largeconstructi programmesconjunction employment in grounds,public illegaldisposalwasteof elimination production, biomass roads, dirt of conservation,maintenance opportuni economy social and 81) pillars int the achieving for tools the Among and health yet.women, there tothem thus noallusion has been with connected closely not are which Strategy the of parts some mention to have which characteristics, their to fit that workplaces occupy can they that so integrated be to then normalization, through and countries integrati economic the is Strategy Hungarian the and Framework EU the of aim main the that consideration into Taking earlier. introduced have I Wallerstein Immanuel of theory the with together fit roles” gender “traditional emphasizing with these “culturalizing” of especially and homogenization this of implications The must enable 2,000 Roma women to obtain training and practical experience as family support family as experience practical and training obtain to women Roma 2,000 enable must in –
besides the “motivation of finding employment on th on employment finding of “motivation the besides the family ashave chapter. we inthe previous seen is n h floig ra: pat utvto ad nml ubnr, conventional husbandry, animal and cultivation “plant areas: following the in ties
n hs ae Hungary, case this in are at the same time low time same the at are – public employment is mentioned, which is based on temporary labor temporary on based is which mentioned, is employment public egration of Roma into the labor market, as one of the three the of one as market, labor the into Roma of egration “ h Roma the uggested is the low education level of the general Roma generalRoma the of level education low the is uggested o epomn i i sae ta te government the that stated is it employment of a 51 - status jobs. In order to confirm this statement, I statement, this confirm to order In jobs. status on of Roma in order to increase the GDP of the of GDP the increase to order in Roma of on need ”
aniser and aniser er protection, etc.)” (Strategy, p. (Strategy, etc.)” protection, er
o e rae a a ooeos group homogenous a as created be to
e open labour market” (Strategy, p. (Strategy, market” labour open e health care mediator” (Strategy, mediator” care health on industryon projects characteristics
83). The The 83).
CEU eTD Collection prosperity ofthe member economi and socially them include or integrate to able people of group a name and differentiate socio by defined are integration who measures, statistical along population social homogenous and understandable and economic of objectives stated their Rom EU The inclusion. as well as Melegh, social by of goal the achieving if population suggested homogenous a create to Hungary enables slope symbolically civilizational the of pole Western the to Hungary civilize developed, less are but Europe, in live who population, a to comparison in Europeans as themselves define can Hungarians way of integration the than rather w that argue I Therefore discussed. above the of light the in Roma, of inclusion the by meant is what question, the to answer possible a gaveI chapter this In inclusion. int not are who “others”, as created being are Roma why and how shown have I chapter previous the In especially p.
88). These occupat These 88). - economic egrated into the society, throughout the policies aiming at their economic and social social and economic their at aiming policies the throughout society, the into egrated
builds on their care ontheir builds Faeok n te Hung the and Framework a status, ions are lowly valued and valued lowly are ions which is based on their ethnic belonging. This makes it possible to easily to possible it makes This belonging. ethnic their on based is which - states and in particular Hungary.states and inparticular Roma -
taking ofchallenging roles instead altering or them.
is the reaffirmation of their differences from non from differences their of reaffirmation the is which . h edao fr ulfig a ouain pushes population a “uplifting” for endeavor The d. ra Sca Icuin Strategy Inclusion Social arian 52
has to be “civilized” or normalized in order to be be to order in normalized or “civilized” be to has -
paid in Hungary and of and Hungary in paid
cally , ,
hs o nac te economic the enhance to thus strive to create a knowable, knowable, a create to strive hat the policies achieve policies the hat
fering them to women to them fering therefore
cnrr to contrary , - Roma. This Roma. their their CEU eTD Collection of as identify myself I as way: contradictory a in policies the by affected partly am I woman Before consequently children’s for health. their and their for irresponsible as presented are women Romani time, same the at evaluations ethical to referred being also are women non from differences their of because documents policy the to according problem a constitute Roma shou from different population a producing and describing for both tool a as used is health on discourse the that shown have I act atthesame t non the of data correspondent the to compared measures, statistical dis The sense. as meant are Strategy Hungarian the integration, theobjectiveofmore theEU particularlythestated Framework, but goal of inclusion, both that studies (post)colonialand biopolitics on literatureexisting to analysis my connectingby Romani concerning policies the of excerpts the of analysis discourse critical process integration the hinders which Roma about stereotypes existing and population Roma the of integration social and economic the is which goal declared their of spite in Strategy, Inclusion have I thesis this In 6.
C - Roma, i.e. health measures generally measures health i.e. Roma, s lal dsigihbe rm h non the from distinguishable clearly as d opy n re t b pr o te ugra ad hs h Erpa sca community. social European the thus and Hungarian the of part be to order in comply ld ONCLUSION
lsn m rsac, t s motn t rfet n oe of some on reflect to important is it research, my closing - nertdes f oa s nesod n big rsne i te oiis by policies the in presented being and understood is Roma of integratedness ime the disintegrated grouplevel.ime thedisintegrated onais beingcreated discursive S
argue of Europe and Hungary, create a create Hungary, and Europe of d Hungarians
ht h E Rm rmwr ad h Hnain ainl Social National Hungarian the and Framework Roma EU the that by
, by establishing measures as norms with which Roma Roma which with norms as measures establishing by , omlzto o te oa ouain n Foucauldian a in population Roma the of normalization
hs saitcl ubr rltd o elh hc imply which health to related numbers statistical these worse - Roma. Doing so, the policy makers reaffirm the the reaffirm makers policy the so, Doing Roma. 53
than those of the general po general the of those than
picture picture of
Roma as a homogenous group homogenous a as Roma - Roma population by which which by population Roma its
iiain. s Romani As limitations. . I have revealed by a a by revealed have I .
pulation. As Romani As pulation. women’s health and and health women’s
CEU eTD Collection realchange social a of possibility the bear and term long the in useful are which projects create to able be would professionals understanding, substantive a of help the With question. in policies the of processes particular of process making institu other and decision NGOs the to and extent certain a to projects the on influence have who ones the for but scholars not useful be might it questions, these to answers offer not could thesis this if Even constructive w and stereotypes a in those reflecton could implementers the if or texts, policy bythe differentiationsstrengthened the reinforce Strategies countries’ other and Hungarian the and Framework a Also Men. and Women between Strategy European the by established ones the as such objectives, European other with line in are they extent what to meaning perspective, gender a from documents the ot areas regarding documents policy the of formulation the of motives implicit underlying, and discrepancies the reveal to studies further of objective the is It poverty. in living not woman childless educated, an being scope their from the of member a am I ethnicity Romani
very ay.
. important
research
could ir her than women’s health. It would be useful to analyze to useful be would It health. women’s than her
target
be done on how the implementation of the EU Roma Roma EU the of implementation the how on done be 54 group
, but at the same time time same the at but , tions involved in the implementationthe involvedin tions I am being excluded being am I only for the the for only CEU eTD Collection Integration (2011). W. Berry, J. andWays Multiculturalism: Solidarity. Social towards Bayer,Zs. 5.). Ki (2013January, Barany,Z. D.(2002). Imagination.Appadurai,(1993).In Number inthe Colonial A. Breckenridge, der C.A.,van AmnestyInternat Acemoglu A Magyar(2013 February). May OrszággyűlésRetrieved 20,2013,from Kiskáté (n.d.).A Jobbikról: Retrieved, from May http://jobbik.hu/jobbikrol/kiskate 30,2013 References Ministry State Administration and ofPublic Justice In Secretariat for Social European (2011). Commission Primary Sources S OURCES http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/psr/PSR2011/20_02.pdf on socialrepresentations from http://www.magyarhirlap.hu/ki Cambridge:University Press. Cambridge Philadelphia, Universityof Pennsylvania Veer, P.(Eds.) Investigate Racial Motivation National Research Bureauhttp://www.nber.org/papers/w12269Economic website: of Economic Growth http://www.parlament.hu/pairhelp/ogy_magyar.htm#_Toc261954552 %20HU 2013, from http://romagov.kormany.hu/download/5/58/20000/Strategy%20 2020) SocialInclusionNational (2011 Strategy. ExtremePoverty, Child Poverty, the Roma lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0173:FIN:EN:PDF 1, 2013,from http://eur up to2020. RomaIntegrationNational Committee AnEU Framework Strateg ofthe Regions. for Parliament, theEuropean Council, EconomicandSocial Committee andthe , D, Johnson, S. (2006)., D,Johnson,
. Budapest: Ministry Retrieved. andof Administration Public Justice. March 1, %20 ional Publications (2010). ional Publications
(COM(2011) 173 final). Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved 173final).(COM(2011) European Brussels: Commission. March - %20EN.PDF The EastEuropeangypsies:regime and ethnopolitics marginality, change, Orientalism an
(NBER Working Paper(NBER Retrieved No.2013, from 12269). May 17, Communication from the Commission to theEuropean theCommissionCommunication to from - ne legyen? ne legyen? , Disease Expectancy Life of andDevelopment:The Effect on 20
, 2.1 . London:. Benenson Peter House. d thePostcolonial Predicament - 2.21. RetrievedMay 28, Violent Attacks again Violent - Magygar Online Hírlap ne 55 - legyen
s t
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